3/6/2018 Human reproductive system - Wikipedia

Human reproductive system

The human reproductive system usually involves internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the male
inserts his penis into the female's vagina and ejaculates semen, which contains sperm. A small portion of the sperm pass
through the cervix into the uterus, and then into the fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Only one sperm is
required to fertilize the ovum. Upon successful fertilization, the fertilized ovum, or zygote, travels out of the fallopian tube
and into the uterus, where it implants in the uterine wall. This marks the beginning of gestation, better known as
pregnancy, which continues for nine months as the foetus develops. When the foetus has developed to a certain point,
pregnancy is concluded with childbirth or labor. During labor, the muscles of the uterus contract and the cervix dilates
over the course of hours, and the baby passes out of the vagina. Human infants are nearly helpless and require high levels
of parental care. Infants rely on their caregivers for comfort, cleanliness, and food. Food may be provided by breastfeeding
or formula feeding.[1]

The female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and
nourish the fetus until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm.
Humans have a high level of sexual differentiation. In addition to differences in nearly every reproductive organ,
numerous differences typically occur in secondary sex characteristics.

Contents
Structure
Male
Female
Development
Reproduction
Production of gametes
Disease
References

Structure

Male
The male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside of the body and around the pelvis region of a male that
contribute towards the reproduction process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide
the male sperm for fertilization of the ovum.

The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories. The first category is sperm production
and storage. Production takes place in the testes which are housed in the temperature regulating scrotum, immature
sperm then travel to the epididymis for development and storage. The second category are the ejaculatory fluid producing

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glands which include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the vas deferens. The final category are those used for copulation,
and deposition of the spermatozoa (sperm) within the male, these include the penis, urethra, vas deferens, and Cowper's
gland also called bulbo-urethral gland.

Major secondary sexual characteristics includes: larger, more muscular stature, deepened voice, facial and body hair,
broad shoulders, and development of an adam's apple. An important sexual hormone of males is androgen, and
particularly testosterone.

The testes release a hormone that controls the development of sperm. This hormone is also responsible for the
development of physical characteristics in men such as facial hair and a deep voice.

Female
The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvic
region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system contains
three main parts: the vulva, which leads to the vagina, the vaginal opening, to the uterus; the uterus, which holds the
developing fetus; and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The breasts are involved during the parenting stage of
reproduction, but in most classifications they are not considered to be part of the female reproductive system.

The vagina meets the outside at the vulva, which also includes the labia, clitoris and urethra; during intercourse this area
is lubricated by mucus secreted by the Bartholin's glands. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while
the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the fallopian tubes. Each ovary contains hundreds of egg cells or ova (singular
ovum).

Approximately every 28 days, the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates some of the ova to develop and grow.
One ovum is released and it passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hormones produced by the ovaries prepare
the uterus to receive the ovum. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle
through the process of menstruation. If the ovum is fertilized by sperm, it attaches to the endometrium and the fetus
develops.

Development
The development of the reproductive system and the development of the urinary system are closely tied in the
development of the human fetus. Despite the differences between the adult female and male are derived from the
intermediate mesoderm. The three main fetal precursors of the reproductive organs are the Wolffian duct, Müllerian
ducts, and the gonad. Endocrine hormones are a well known and critical controlling factor in the normal differentiation of
the reproductive system.[2]

The Wolffian duct forms the epididymis, vas deferens, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and seminal vesicle in the male
reproductive system and essentially disappears in the female reproductive system. For the Müllerian Duct this process is
reversed as it essentially disappears in the male reproductive system and forms the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in
the female system. In both sexes the gonad goes on to form the testes and ovaries, because they are derived from the same
undeveloped structure they are considered homologous organs. There are a number of other homologous structures
shared between male and female reproductive systems. However, despite the similarity in function of the female fallopian
tubes and the male epididymis and vas deferens, they are not homologous but rather analogous structures as they arise
from different fetal structures.

Reproduction
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Production of gametes
The production of gametes takes place within the gonads through a process known as gametogenesis. Gametogenesis
occurs when certain types of germ cells undergo meiosis to split the normal diploid number of chromosome(n=46) into
haploids cells containing only 23 chromosomes.[3]

In males, this process is known as spermatogenesis and takes place only after puberty in the seminiferous tubules of the
testes. The immature spermatozoon or sperm are then sent to the epididymis where they gain a tail and motility. Each of
the original diploid germs cells or primary spermatocytes forms four functional gametes which is each forever young. The
production and survival of sperms require a temperature that is lower than the normal core body temperature. Since the
scrotum, where the testes is present, is situated outside the body cavity, it provides a temperature about 3 °C below normal
body temperature.

In females, gametogenesis is known as oogenesis which occurs in the ovarian follicles of the ovaries. This process does not
produce mature ovum until puberty. In contrast with males, each of the original diploid germ cells or primary oocytes will
form only one mature ovum, and three polar bodies which are not capable of fertilization It has long been understood that
in females, unlike males, all of the primary oocytes ever found in a female will be created prior to birth, and that the final
stages of ova production will then not resume until puberty.[3] However, recent scientific data has challenged that
hypothesis.[4] This new data indicates that in at least some species of mammal oocytes continue to be replenished in
females well after birth.[5]

Disease
Like all complex organ systems the human reproductive system is affected by many diseases. There are four main
categories of reproductive diseases in humans. They are: 1) genetic or congenital abnormalities, 2) cancers, 3) infections
which are often sexually transmitted diseases, and 4) functional problems cause by environmental factors, physical
damage, psychological issues, autoimmune disorders, or other causes. The best known type of functional problems include
sexual dysfunction and infertility which are both broad terms relating to many disorders with many causes. The human
reproductive system usually involves internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the male inserts his
erect penis into the female's vagina and ejaculates semen, which contains sperm. The sperm then travels through the
vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Upon successful fertilization and
implantation, gestation of the fetus then occurs within the female's uterus for approximately nine months, this process is
known as pregnancy in humans. Gestation ends with birth, the process of birth is known as labor. Labor consists of the
muscles of the uterus contracting, the cervix dilating, and the baby passing out the vagina (the female genital organ).
Human's babies and children are nearly helpless and require high levels of parental care for many years. One important
type of parental care is the use of the mammary glands in the female breasts to nurse the baby.[1]

Specific reproductive diseases are often symptoms of other diseases and disorders, or have multiple, or unknown causes
making them difficult to classify. Examples of unclassifiable disorders include Peyronie's disease in males and
endometriosis in females. Many congenital conditions cause reproductive abnormalities but are better known for their
other symptoms, these include: Turner syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, and Bloom syndrome.[6]

References
1. Sexual Reproduction in Humans. (http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Sexual_Reproduction.htm
l) 2006. John W. Kimball. Kimball's Biology Pages, and online textbook.
2. EDRI Federal Project Inventory: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Abnormal Reproductive Development (http://w
ww.epa.gov/endocrine/inventory/RTD-KELC.html) US EPA. Dr. William R. Kelce. 2006.

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3/6/2018 Human reproductive system - Wikipedia

3. Development of sex cells (http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/repr_sys_fin.html#developme

nt) in Reproductive system, Body Guide. Adam.
4. Tilly JL, Niikura Y, Rueda BR (August 2008). "The Current Status of Evidence for and Against Postnatal Oogenesis in
Mammals: A Case of Ovarian Optimism Versus Pessimism?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC280480
6). Biol. Reprod. 80 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.108.069088
(https://doi.org/10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.108.069088). PMC 2804806 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28
04806)  . PMID 18753611 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753611).
5. Johnson J, Canning J, Kaneko T, Pru JK, Tilly JL (March 2004). "Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the
postnatal mammalian ovary". Nature. 428 (6979): 145–50. doi:10.1038/nature02316 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnatur
e02316). PMID 15014492 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15014492).
6. Genetic Conditions > Reproductive system. (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ghr/conditionsByCategory/show/reproductivesyste
m) 2007. Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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