SINGLE-PHASE MOTOR WITH BIFILAR WINDING

THEORY

Single-phase motors are used mainly in domestic applications for the operation of
vacuum cleaners, washing machines, ventilating fans, compressors and the like1. Single-phase
motors have low-power ratings and are generally noisy because the instantaneous power drawn
from a single-phase system (the only kind avaiable in an ordinary home) is pulsating in nature
( it has a positive and negative value over a complete voltage cycle).
A bifilar coil is an electromagnetic coil that contains two closely spaced, parallel
windings. In engineering, the word bifilar describes wirewhich is made of two filaments or
strands. It is commonly used to denote special types of winding wire for transformers. Wire
can be purchased in bifilar form, usually as different colored enameled wire bonded together.
For three strands, the term trifilar coil is used2. Some bifilars have adjacent coils in which the
convolutions are arranged so that the potential difference is magnified (i.e., the current flows
in same parallel direction). Others are wound so that the current flows in opposite directions.
The magnetic field created by one winding is therefore equal and opposite to that created by
the other, resulting in a net magnetic field of zero (i.e., neutralizing any negative effects in the
coil). In electrical terms, this means that the self-inductance of the coil is zero.
The bifilar coil (more often called the bifilar winding) is used in modern electrical
engineering as a means of constructing wire-wound resistors with negligible parasitic self-
inductance

1
Electric Machines : principles, applications and control schematics ( 2nd edition ) – Dino Zorbas ( m/s 332-
333)
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifilar_coil
EXPERIMENT 1 : Connection And Starting
Connection
The connection for single-phase motor with bifilar winding

Starting
The starting winding is always connected in parallel with the main winding. Because it has
higher impedence than the main winding, the starting winding draws less current. The motor’s
starting torque depends on the impedence of its windings at standstill and on the effective turns
ratio between the stator and rotor windings3.

3
Electric Machines : principles, applications and control schematics ( 2nd edition ) – Dino Zorbas ( m/s 337)
Procedure
1. Firstly, set up the circuit by following the connection diagram that given
2. Switch the brake mode to speed
3. After that, connect the ammeter/voltmeter to get the value
4. Then, run the motor by following the speeds specified in the table
 ensure that the motor current does not exceed 6A

Result :

The Nominal Data For The Motor

Nominal Power 0.37 kW
𝑈𝑁 230 V
𝐼𝑁 3.6 A
cos 𝜑 0.73
Speed 2880 rpm
Frequency 50 Hz

n/(1/min) 3000 2950 2900 2850 2800 2750

I/A 3.11 3.15 3.78 4.28 4.92 5.50
M/Nm -0.20 0.49 1.19 1.55 1.86 2.07

Discussion
What can be said about the load characteristic?
The motor current rises only slightly with the load moment it because it has higher impedence
than the main winding, the starting winding draws less current. The motor’s starting torque
depends on the impedence of its windings at standstill and on the effective turns ratio between
the stator and rotor windings.
PC MODE
Experiment procedure
1. firstly, start the ActiveDrive/SimuLoad software.
2. Then, select speed control mode.
3. Make sure the motor is to be slowed in 20 steps down to a speed of 2700 rpm using
the brake. enter the required number of steps and final speed in
4. Label the graph and axes as in the placeholder.
5. By following the parameters, record:
Torque M(n)
Mechanical power P2(n)
EXPERIMENT 2 : Rotation Reversal
Direction Of Rotation : Clockwise

When the rotation direction is positive it mean the rotation is clockwise

Direction Of Rotation : Anti-Clockwise

When the rotation direction is negative it mean the rotation is anti-clockwise

Procedure
1. Firstly, set up the circuit by following the first connection diagram that given
2. Switch on the motor
3. Then, turn off the motor and change the circuit by following the second connection
diagram that given
4. Switch on the motor again

Result :

Rotation Reversal Observation

First Connection Clockwise Positive ( + )
Second Connection Anti-Clockwise Negative ( - )

Discussion
Match each circuit to the corresponding direction of rotation

(clockwise=1 ; anti-clockwise=2)

L1 - F2, F1 - U1, N - U2 - Z2, F3 - Z1 = 1

L1 - F2, F1 - U2, N - U1 - Z1, F3 - Z2 = 2
L1 - F2, F1 - U1, N - U2 - Z1, F3 - Z2 = 1
L1 - F2, F1 - U2, N - U1 - Z2, F3 - Z1 = 2

In this experiment, we can identify the difference between clockwise and anti-clockwise
rotation. When the connection as usual (L1 - F2, F1 - U1, N - U2 - Z2, F3 - Z1 and L1 - F2, F1
- U1, N - U2 - Z1, F3 - Z2) the direction does the motor turns clockwise. When the connection
be split to (L1 - F2, F1 - U2, N - U1 - Z1, F3 - Z2 and L1 - F2, F1 - U2, N - U1 - Z2, F3 - Z1)
then the direction turn to anti-clockwise.
EXPERIMENT 2 : Load Characteristics
In this experiment, it will be run by using the pc mode. The load characteristics that we use
for this experiment is pump/fan and lifting drive

Pump/Fan Procedure

1. Firstly, start the ActiveDrive / SimuLoad software and saved as

"eem3_LoadCharacteristic_2" in the "Connection and starting" experiment).
2. Then, make the necessary settings.
3. By following parameter, record :
Torque M(n)
4. After that, commence the measurement. Slowly increase the load constant (I) until
the motor current indicated in the parameter dialog is approximately equal to the
nominal value and save the first operating point.
5. Increase the load constant to roughly 1.5 times the nominal motor current, wait
briefly and save the second operating point.
Result :

Enter the values measured for the first operating point

n = 2950 rpm
M = 0.4 Nm
P2 = 0.36 kW
P1 = 0.68 kW
Ƞ = 0.4 %

Enter the values measured for the second operating point

n = 2366 rpm
M = 1.2 Nm
P2 = 470 kW
P1 = 220 kW
Ƞ = 0.6 %
Lifting Drive Procedure
1. Firstly, start the ActiveDrive / SimuLoad software and saved as
"eem3_LoadCharacteristic_2" in the "Connection and starting" experiment).
2. Then, make the necessary settings.
3. By following parameter, record :
Torque M(n)
4. After that, commence the measurement. Slowly increase the load torque (M) until the
motor current indicated in the parameter dialog is approximately equal to the nominal
value and save the first operating point.
5. Increase the load constant to roughly 1.5 times the nominal motor current, wait
briefly and save the second operating point.
Result :

Enter the values measured for the first operating point

n = 2985 rpm
M = 0.9 Nm
P2 = 67 W
P1 = 3 W
Ƞ = 0.67 %

Enter the values measured for the second operating point

n = 2850 rpm
M = 1.5 Nm
P2 = 0.49 kW
P1 = 0.98 kW
Ƞ = 0.79 %
Discussion

What can be said about the load characteristic obtain for the two load machines?

The motor current at operating point 2 is higher by a factor of 1.5 as compared to operating
point 1. The same applies to mechanical power P2. Besides that, the efficiency increases with
the load