API 571

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1. 1. __________ is a change in the microstructure of 9. 9. Which of the following can be affected by 885º F
certain carbon steels and Embrittlement?
0.5 Mo steels after long term operation in the 800º F to A. 410 SS
1100º F range. B. 430 SS
A. Graphitization C. 308 SS
B. Softening D. Alloy 2205
C. Temper Embrittlement E. A, B and D: E
D. Creep: A 10. 10. For 5Cr-0.5Mo, what is the threshold temperature
2. 2. What structure is 304 stainless steel? for creep?
A. Martensitic A. 500º F
B. Austenitic B. 800º F
C. Duplex C. 600º F
D. Ferritic: B D. 700º F: B
3. 3. _________ is the result of cyclic stress caused by 11. 11. ________ has been a major problem on coke drum
variations in temperature. shells.
A. Creep A. Thermal fatigue
B. Thermal Fatigue B. Stress cracking
C. Cyclic Cracking C. Erosion
D. Stress Corrosion Cracking: B D. Temper embrittlement: A
4. 4. General or localized corrosion of carbon steels and 12. 12. Thermal fatigue cracks propagate ________ to the
other metals caused by dissolved salts, gases, organic stress and are usually dagger shaped, transgranular
compounds or microbiological activities is called and oxide-filled.
________. A. Axial
A. Flue Gas Corrosion B. Diagonal
B. Atmospheric Corrosion C. Transverse
C. Cooling Water Corrosion D. Angular: C
D. None of the Above 13. 13. Inspection for wet H2S damage generally focuses on
E. All of the Above: C _____ and ______.
5. 5. What structure is 410 stainless steel? A. Weld seams
A. Martensitic B. Nozzles
B. Austenitic C. Trays
C. Duplex D. Down comers
D. Ferritic: A E. A and B: E
6. 6. The sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or 14. 14. ________ is a form of erosion caused by the
applied) where the material exhibits little or no formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable
evidence of ductility or plastic deformation is called tiny vapor bubbles.
_________. A. Condensate corrosion
A. 885º F Embrittlement B. Cavitation
B. Temper Embrittlement C. Dew-Point corrosion
C. Stress Corrosion Cracking D. Atmospheric corrosion: B
D. Brittle Fracture: D 15. 15. With CUI, corrosion rates __________ with
7. 7. What structure is 409 stainless steel? increasing metal temperatures up to the point where
A. Martensitic the water evaporates quickly.
B. Austenitic A. Decrease
C. Duplex B. Increase
D. Ferritic: D C. Stay the same
8. 8. Low alloy steels contain a maximum of _______ D. None of the above: B
chrome. 16. 16. Which of the following metals is the most anodic?
A. 5% A. Zinc
B. 6% B. Carbon Steel
C. 7.5% C. Nickel
D. 9%: D D. Monel: A
17. 17. Cracking of dissimilar weld metals occurs on the 24. 24. _____________ usually occurs when a colder
_________ side of a weld between an austenitic and a liquid contacts a warmer metal surface.
Ferritic material operating at high temperatures. A. Brittle fracture
A. Austenitic B. Thermal fatigue
B. Ferritic C. Thermal shock
C. Anodic D. Stress rupture: C
D. Cathodic: B 25. 25. Nickel based alloys usually contain ________
18. 18. Soil to Air interface areas are usually more nickel.
susceptible to corrosion than the rest of the structure A. ≥30%
because of ___________ and __________ B. ≥20%
availability. C. ≥10%
A. Moisture D. ≥12%: A
B. Bacteria 26. 26. _________ is a change in the microstructure of
C. Oxygen certain carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels after long-term
D. B and C operation in the 800º F to 1100º F range that may cause
E. A and C: E a loss in strength, ductility and/or creep resistance.
19. 19. Carburization can be confirmed by substantial A. Embrittlement
increases in _______ and loss of __________. B. Carburization
A. Hardness C. Graphitization
B. Tensile Strength D. Sensitization: C
C. Ductility 27. 27. __________ is usually found in aqueous
D. A and B environments or services where water is sometimes or
E. A and C: E always present, especially where stagnant or low-flow
20. 20. Liquid metal embrittlement can occur if 300 Series conditions allow the growth of microorganisms.
SS comes in contact with molten _______. A. MIC
A. Copper B. HIC
B. Mercury C. SOHIC
C. Zinc D. None of the above: A
D. Lead: C 28. 28. With chloride stress corrosion cracking,
21. 21. Cracks that are typically straight, non-branching, __________ temperatures ________ the
and devoid of any associated plastic deformation are susceptibility for cracking.
likely associated with which type of failure? A. Decreasing, Increases
A. Stress corrosion cracking B. Increasing, Increases
B. Brittle fracture C. Increasing, Decreases
C. Thermal fatigue D. Decreasing, Eliminates: B
D. Temper embrittlement: B 29. 29. __________ is a form of cracking that results when
22. 22. At high temperatures, metal components can slowly certain molten metals come in contact with specific
and continuously deform under load below the yield alloys. Cracking can be very sudden and brittle in
strength. This time dependent deformation of stressed nature.
components is known as _______? A. SCC
A. Creep B. LME
B. Ductility C. AET
C. Softening D. SOHIC: B
D. Hardening: A 30. 30. Amine cracking has been reported down to ambient
23. 23. Permanent deformation occurring at relatively low temperatures with some amines. __________
stress levels as a result of localized overheating is called temperatures and stress levels _______ the likelihood
________. and severity of cracking.
A. Stress cracking A. Increasing increases
B. Brittle fracture B. Increasing, decreases
C. Temper embrittlement C. Decreasing increases
D. Stress rupture: D D. Increasing, reduces: A
31. 31. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking usually occurs 38. 38. Weld heat affected zone graphitization is most
at welds or cold worked areas that __________. frequently found in the heat-affected zone adjacent to
A. Have been stressed relieved welds in a narrow band, corresponding to the low
B. Have not been stressed relieved temperature edge of the heat affected zone, In multi-
C. Have high residual stress pass welded butt joints, these zones overlap each other
D. Have high-applied stress: C covering the entire cross section. Because of its
32. 32. Nitriding is usually confined to the surface of most appearance, this type of graphitization is
components and will have a dull, ______ appearance. called________.
In more advanced stages, the material will exhibit very A. Half-moon
hard surface hardness. B. Eyebrow
A. Gray C. Radii
B. Black D. None of the above: B
C. Brown 39. 39. At a given pressure, the H²S concentration in the
D. White: A sour water _________ as temperature _________.
33. 33. Carbon steel is susceptible to SCC when used in A. Increases, increases
___________ service. B. Decreases, decreases
A. Hydrogen C. Increases, decreases
B. Ammonia D. Decreases, increases: D
C. High temperature 40. 40. In order for PASCC to occur the material must be
D. High pressure: B ______.
34. 34. The grain size has an important influence on the A. PWHT
high temperature ductility and on the reheat cracking B. Non-PWHT
susceptibility. A ________ grain size results in C. Sensitized
_______ ductile heat affected zones, making the D. Austenetic: C
material more susceptible to reheat cracking. 41. 41. Which API RP recommends programs to monitor
A. Large, more small-bore piping, flange faces, blistering and
B. Small. Less HIC/SOHIC in HF alky units?
C. Large, Less A. 574
D. Small, More: C B. 751
35. 35. Equipment that is temper embrittled may be C. 571
susceptible to _______ during start-up and shutdown. D. 980: B
A. Creep 42. 42. Low creep ductility is __________ severe in high
B. Thermal fatigue tensile strength materials and welds.
C. Brittle fracture A. More
D. Stress fatigue: C B. Less
36. 36. Amine stress corrosion cracking is a term applied to C. Usually
the cracking of steels under the combined actions of D. Not: A
________ and __________ in aqueous alkanolamine 43. 43. _________ is most likely found in hard weld and
systems used to remove/absorb H²S and/or CO² and heat-affected zones and in high strength components.
their mixtures from various gas and liquid A. HIC
hydrocarbon streams. B. SSC
A. Temperature, pressure C. SOHIC
B. Pressure, stress D. Blistering: B
C. Temperature, corrosion 44. 44. At elevated temperature, the carbide phases in
D. Tensile stress, corrosion: D certain carbon steels are unstable and may decompose
37. 37. ______ is similar to HIC but is a potentially more into _______. This decomposition is known as
damaging form of cracking which appears as arrays of graphitization.
cracks stacked on top of each other. The result is a A. Silicon
through thickness crack that is perpendicular to the B. Graphite nodules
surface and is driven by high levels of stress. C. Carbon dust
A. MIC D. Graphite dust: B
B. SOHIC
C. Sulfuric SCC
D. None of the above: B
45. 45. Hydrogen blisters may form as surface bulges on the 52. 52. Different organisms thrive on different nutrients
ID, the OD on within the wall thickness of a pipe or including inorganic substances (Sulfur, H²S), and
pressure vessel. Blistering occurs from hydrogen organic substances (Hydrocarbons, Organic acids). In
generated by ______, not hydrogen gas from the addition, all organisms require a source of carbon,
process stream. nitrogen and _______ for growth.
A. H²S A. Oxygen
B. Corrosion B. Water
C. Hydriding C. Manganese
D. Sulfur: B D. Phosphorous: D
46. 46. Since all fuels contain some amount of sulfur, 53. 53. In design and fabrication, it is advisable to avoid
sulfuric and sulfurous acid __________ can occur if sharp changes in cross section, such as short radius
the metal temperature is below this temperature. fillets or undercut that can give rise to _________.
A. Corrosion Long-seam welds are particularly susceptible to reheat
B. Pitting cracking due to mismatch caused by fit up problems.
C. Dew point corrosion A. Stress concentrations
D. All of the above: C B. Cracking
47. 47. The best way to prevent 885º F embrittlement is to C. Circumferential stress
use low ________ alloys, or to avoid exposing the D. All of the above: A
susceptible material to the embrittling range. 54. 54. The most important factors affecting graphitization
A. Austenite are the chemistry, stress, temperature and _______.
B. Martensite A. Velocity
C. Ferrite B. Time at exposure
D. Chromium: C C. Pressure
48. 48. The amplitude and frequency of vibration as well as D. Ductility: B
the _________ of the components are critical factors 55. 55. Creep damage is found in high temperature
in vibration-induced fatigue. equipment operating above the ________. Fired heater
A. Velocity tubes and components, Catalytic reactors, FCC reactors
B. Temperature and FCC fractionator and regenerator internals all
C. Fatigue resistance operate in or near this.
D. Material properties: C A. Transition range
49. 49. Cavitation is best prevented by avoiding conditions B. MADT
that allow the absolute pressure to fall below the C. Creep range
___________ of the liquid or by changing the material D. None of the above: C
properties. 56. 56. Amine stress corrosion cracking is most often
A. Minimum pressure associated with lean amine services. The pure
B. Pressure/vapor ratio alkanolamine does not cause cracking. Cracking in rich
C. Maximum pressure amine services are most often associated with _______
D. Vapor pressure: D problems.
50. 50. Hardness levels above ________ are highly A. H²S
susceptible to hydrogen stress cracking (HF).Time-to- B. Stress
failure decreases as the hardness increases. C. Wet H²S
A. 225 BHN D. Temperature: C
B. 237 BHN 57. 57. The loss in strength from spheroidization
C. 241 BHN (Softening) is usually accompanied by a(n) _________
D. 247 BHN: B in ductility, which allows for deformation at stress
51. 51. __________ are the most common type of concentrations.
equipment susceptible to carburization in the refining A. Increase
industry. B. Decrease
A. Reactors C. Reduction
B. Heat exchangers D. Yield: A
C. Heater tubes 58. 58. Which of the following materials is not susceptible to
D. Fin Fans: C high temperature hydrogen attack?
A. 300 Series SS
B. 5 Cr-1Mo
C. 9Cr-1Mo
D. All of the above: D
59. 59. Which of these materials are susceptible to creep 67. 67. The graphitization rate _______ with increasing
damage? temperature.
A. Carbon steel A. Increases
B. Stainless steel B. Decreases
C. Low alloy steel C. Stops
D. All of the above: D D. Proceeds: A
60. 60. High temperature hydrogen attack results from 68. 68. The level of creep damage is a function of the
exposure to hydrogen at elevated temperatures and material and the coincident _________ level at which
pressures. The hydrogen reacts with __________ in the creep deformation occurs.
steel to produce _________, which cannot diffuse A. Pressure/Temperature
through the steel. The loss of carbides causes an overall B. Pressure/Stress
loss in strength. C. Temperature/Stress
A. Carbides, oxygen D. None of the above: C
B. Alloys, hydrogen dioxide 69. 69. Titanium should not be used in known hydriding
C. Carbides, methane services such as _____ or ______.
D. Hydrogen dioxide, H²S: C A. Caustic, amine
61. 61. Ferritic stainless steels are usually not used in B. Amine, sour water
__________ applications. C. Sour water, Alkylation
A. Non-pressure boundary D. All of the above: B
B. Pressure boundary 70. 70. Convert these temperatures - 156º C and 450º F
C. High temperature A. 304º F, 151º C
D. Low temperature: B B. 284º F, 218º C
62. 62. Stress ruptures are characterized by _________ C. 312º F, 232º C
failures and are usually accompanied by thinning at the D. 296º F, 246º C: C
fracture surface. 71. 71. Which of the following alkanolamine systems is the
A. Rapid most aggressive in causing amine corrosion?
B. Fish-mouth A. Monoethanolamine (MEA)
C. Tensile B. Diglycolamine (DGA)
D. None of the above: B C. Diethanolamine (DEA)
63. 63. With hydrofluoric acid corrosion, corrosion rates D. Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA): A
increase with _______ temperatures and ______ HF 72. 72. ________ is a loss in toughness due to a
concentrations. metallurgical change that can occur in alloys containing
A. Increasing, decreasing a ferrite phase, as a result of exposure in the
B. Decreasing, increasing temperature range 600º F to 1000º F.
C. Increasing, increasing A. Caustic embrittlement
D. Decreasing, decreasing: A B. Notch toughness
64. 64. Which of the following materials is susceptible to C. 885º F embrittlement
CO² corrosion? D. Ductile embrittlement: C
A. Carbon steel 73. 73. Hydrochloric acid corrosion is a general and
B. Stainless steel localized corrosion and is very aggressive to most
C. Duplex stainless steel common materials of construction. Damage in
D. Both B and C: A refineries is often associated with dew point corrosion
65. 65. Steel hardness, __________ and stress are critical in which vapors containing _______ and hydrogen
factors in causing hydrogen stress cracking. chloride condense from the overhead stream of a
A. Temperature distillation, fractionation, or stripping tower.
B. Alloy composition A. O²
C. Strength B. O
D. None of the above: C C. H²O
66. 66. If the BHN is 400-500 it may indicate __________. D. CO²: C
A. Carburization 74. 74. When connected to a more anodic material, titanium
B. Hydriding may suffer severe __________.
C. Temper embrittlement A. Corrosion
D. Caustic embrittlement: B B. Hydriding
C. Stress
D. Notch toughness: B
75. 75. __________ is a form of stress corrosion cracking 82. 82. General or localized corrosion of carbon steels and
normally occurring during shutdowns, startups or other metals caused by dissolved salts, gases, organic
during operation when air and moisture are present. compounds or microbiological activity is called
Cracking is due to sulfur acids forming from sulfide _______.
scale, air and moisture acting on sensitized stainless A. Cooling water corrosion
steel. B. Oxidation
A. Caustic SCC C. MIC
B. Chloride SCC D. None of the above: A
C. Polythionic acid SCC 83. 83. With CO² corrosion, increasing temperatures
D. None of the above: C _________ corrosion rates up to the point where CO²
76. 76. ________ usually occurs when a colder liquid is vaporized.
contacts a warmer metal surface. A. Decrease
A. Stress cracking B. Increase
B. Thermal fatigue C. Eliminate
C. Thermal shock D. None of the above: B
D. Stress shock: C 84. 84. Units where graphitization may be suspected are the
77. 77. Which of these materials is not susceptible to amine FCCU and the _____ unit.
cracking? A. Hydrotreater
A. Carbon steel B. Coker
B. 300 Series SS C. Alky
C. 400 Series SS D. None of the above: B
D. Both B and C: D 85. 85. Where is PASCC normally located?
78. 78. The presence of ________ in H²S streams increases A. Adjacent to welds
the severity of high temperature sulfide corrosion at B. On impellers
temperatures above about 500º F C. At stress risers
A. Amine D. At flanges: A
B. Hydrogen 86. 86. All ________ based materials and low alloy
C. Sulfides materials, 300 Series SS and 400 Series SS are
D. All of the above: B susceptible to Sulfidation.
79. 79. Increasing chromium content in the alloy improves A. Carbon
resistance to sulfidation. However, there is little B. Steel
improvement with increasing chromium content until C. Chromium
about ________ Cr. D. Iron: D
A. 3-5 87. 87. Sulfuric acid promotes general and localized
B. 5-7 corrosion of carbon steel. Carbon steel heat affected
C. 7-9 zones may experience severe corrosion. Acid
D. 9-12: C concentration, temperature, alloy content and
80. 80. _________ is the sudden rapid fracture under ____________ are critical factors affecting sulfuric
stress (residual or applied) where the material exhibits acid corrosion.
little or no evidence of ductility or plastic deformation. A. Pressure
A. Thermal fatigue B. Stress
B. Thermal shock C. Velocity
C. Brittle fracture D. Ductility: C
D. Stress fracture: C 88. 88. Which of these materials are susceptible to brittle
81. 81. Caustic embrittlement cracking can be effectively fracture?
prevented by means of PWHT at a temperature of A. Carbon steels
_______. B. Low alloy steels
A. 1100º F C. 400 Series SS
B. 1150º F D. All of the above: D
C. 1200º F
D. 1250º F: B
89. 89. ____________ is a form of environmental cracking 96. 96. The extent and depth of decarburization is a
that can initiate on the surface of high strength low alloy function of temperature and ______.
steels and carbon steels with highly localized zones of A. Pressure
high hardness in the weld metal and HAZ as a result of B. Material properties
exposure to aqueous HF acid service. C. Exposure time
A. Sulfide stress cracking D. Velocity: C
B. Hydrogen stress cracking 97. 97. Corrosion of the anode may be significantly higher
C. Caustic stress cracking ________ to the connection to the cathode, depending
D. Hydrogen induced cracking: B on solution conductivity.
90. 90. HCl acid corrosion is found in several units, A. Parallel
especially _______ and ________, units, B. Adjacent
hydroprocessing units and catalytic reformer units. C. Diagonally
A. Amine, crude D. Perpendicular: B
B. Crude, Alkylation 98. 98. Conditions favoring carburization include a high
C. Vacuum, Amine gas phase carbon activity and _______ oxygen
D. Crude, Vacuum: D potential.
91. 91. Cracking can occur at low caustic levels if a A. Low
concentrating mechanism is present. In such cases, B. High
caustic concentrations of ________ ppm are sufficient C. Negative
to cause cracking. D. Positive: A
A. 50-100 99. 99. Susceptibility to temper embrittlement is largely
B. 100-150 determined by the presence of the alloying elements
C. 150-200 manganese and _______.
D. 200-250: A A. Chromium
92. 92. Which of these materials is susceptible to 885º F B. Moly
embrittlement? C. Silicon
A. 400 Series SS D. None of the above: C
B. Duplex SS 100. 100. Improved resistance to erosion is usually achieved
C. 5Cr-1Mo through increasing substrate ________ using harder
D. Both A and B: D alloys, hard facing or face-hardening treatment.
93. 93. Spheroidization and graphitization are competing A. Composition
mechanisms that occur at overlapping temperature B. Stress
ranges. Spheroidization tends to occur preferentially C. Hardness
above _______ while graphitization predominates D. None of the above: C
below this temperature. 101. 101. Alloys with nickel content above _________ are
A. 1000º F highly resistant to Cl SCC. The greatest susceptibility is
B. 1025º F 8% to 12% nickel.
C. 1050º F A. 15%
D. 1100º F: B B. 20%
94. 94. Sulfidation is primarily caused by ________ and C. 30%
other reactive sulfur species as a result of the thermal D. 35%: D
decomposition of sulfur compounds at high 102. 102. _________ corrosion rates are found in a gas oil
temperatures. desulfurizers and hydrocrackers than naphtha
A. Sulfur dioxide desulfurizers and hydrocrackers by a factor of almost
B. H²S "2".
C. Sulfur trioxide A. Lower
D. Sulfates: B B. Higher
95. 95. Damage from sigma phase appears in the form of C. Sulfidization
________. D. Hydrogen corrosion: B
A. Corrosion 103. 103. The accepted way to test for temper embrittlement
B. Hardness is ________.
C. Cracking A. Impact testing
D. Ductility: C B. Metallographic
C. RT
D. UT Shear wave: A
104. 104. ________ eliminates the susceptibility of most 112. 112. Carbon steel and low alloy steels are subject to
common steels to SCC. excessive hydrochloric acid corrosion when exposed to
A. Preheat any concentration of HCl acid that produces a pH
B. High temperature below______.
C. PWHT A. 6.0
D. All of the above: C B. 5.5
105. 105. Changing to a more corrosion resistant and/or C. 5.0
higher hardness material _________ improve D. 4.5: D
cavitation resistance. 113. 113. Amine corrosion depends on the design, operating
A. Will practices, the type of amine, amine concentration,
B. May temperature and _________.
C. Will not A. Pressure
D. May not: D B. Velocity
106. 106. Dew point corrosion can occur if the metal C. Stress
temperature is below the dew point. The dew point of D. None of the above: B
sulfuric acid is __________. 114. 114. _________ is the main concern during start-up,
A. 280º F shutdown and/or hydro testing for equipment/piping
B. 220º F operating at elevated temperatures. This event can also
C. 310º F occur in an auto refrigeration event in units processing
D. 190º F: A light hydrocarbons.
107. 107. All piping and equipment exposed to HF acid at A. Stress fracture
any concentration with hardness levels above B. Carburization
________ are subject to hydrogen stress cracking. C. Spheroidization
A. 200 BHN D. Brittle fracture: D
B. 210 BHN 115. 115. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux weld
C. 227 BHN electrodes are used to weld carbon steel, hydrogen can
D. 237 BHN: D be charged into the steel resulting in _________.
108. 108. Cooling water corrosion and __________ are A. Reduced tensile strength
closely related and should be considered together. B. Loss of ductility
A. Stress C. Delayed cracking
B. Velocity D. All of the above: C
C. Fouling 116. 116. Thermal fatigue cracks usually initiate on the
D. Erosion: C _________ of the component. They are generally wide
109. 109. Which of the following materials is not susceptible and filled with oxides due to the elevated temperatures.
to SCC? A. Surface
A. Carbon steel B. ID
B. 300 Series SS C. Welds
C. Low alloy steel D. None of the above: A
D. Both A and C: D 117. 117. __________ caustic concentrations and
110. 110. Graphitization can be prevented by using ________ temperatures increase the likelihood and
chromium containing low alloys steels for long-term severity of cracking with caustic embrittlement.
exposure above ________. A. Increasing, Decreasing
A. 650º F B. Decreasing, Increasing
B. 700º F C. Decreasing, Decreasing
C. 750º F D. Increasing, Increasing: D
D. 800º F: D 118. 118. For pressure vessels, inspection should focus on
111. 111. Welds joining dissimilar materials (ferritic and welds of ________ operating in the creep range.
austenetic) may suffer __________ related damage at A. CrMo alloys
high temperatures due to differential thermal B. Carbon steel
expansion stresses. C. Stainless steel
A. Stress D. Low hydrogen electrodes: A
B. Creep
C. Fatigue
D. Thermal stress: B
119. 119. With Cl SCC, ________ levels of chloride 127. 127. Cl SCC usually occurs at metal temperatures above
________ the likelihood of cracking. ________.
A. Decreasing, Increases A. 125º F
B. Increasing, Decreases B. 175º F
C. Increasing, Increases C. 140º F
D. Increasing, Eliminates: C D. 200º F: C
120. 120. Dissimilar weld metal cracking forms at the toe of 128. 128. Corrosion rates of the anode will be less affected if
the weld in the heat affected zone of the ________ there is a _________ anode to cathode ratio.
material. A. Large
A. Ferritic B. Small
B. Austenitic C. Severe
C. Martensitic D. None of the above: A
D. Both B and C: A 129. 129. Hydrogen permeation or diffusion rates have been
121. 121. The major factors affecting high temperature found to be minimal at pH _______ and increase at
sulfidation are the temperature, the presence of both higher and lower pH's.
hydrogen, the concentration of H²S and the A. 4
__________. B. 5
A. Alloy content C. 6
B. Velocity D. 7: D
C. Pressure 130. 130. Cooling water corrosion can result in many
D. Water content: A different forms of damage including general corrosion,
122. 122. Stainless steels have higher coefficients of thermal pitting corrosion, ________, stress corrosion cracking
expansion than carbon steel or low alloy steel or nickel and fouling.
based alloys and are more likely to see _________. A. MIC
A. Higher temperatures B. HIC
B. Higher stresses C. SOHIC
C. Higher pressure D. All of the above: A
D. None of the above: B 131. 131. Ammonium chloride salts may be whitish, greenish
123. 123. What standard refers to Risk-Based-Inspection? or _________.
A. RP 581 A. Reddish
B. RP 579 B. Brownish
C. RP 588 C. Yellowish
D. RP 568: A D. Bluish: B
124. 124. Carburization can be confirmed by a substantial 132. 132. Stainless steel cyclones, piping ductwork and
increase in hardness and a _______ in ductility. valves in high temperature FCC regeneration service are
A. Loss susceptible areas for _________.
B. Gain A. Brittle fracture
C. Change B. Sigma phase
D. None of the above: A C. Cavitation
125. 125. In vessels and piping, creep cracking can occur D. Corrosion fatigue: B
where high metal temperatures and _________ occur 133. 133. Non-stressed relieved __________ is susceptible
together. to stress corrosion cracking when in contact with moist
A. Pressures HF vapors in the presence of oxygen.
B. Stress concentrations A. Carbon steel
C. Velocities B. Alloy 400
D. None of the above: B C. 300 Series SS
126. 126. Temper embrittlement _________ be prevented if D. 400 Series SS: B
the material contains critical levels of the embrittling 134. 134. Higher __________ containing alloys are used for
impurity elements and is exposed in the embrittling improved resistance to naphthenic acid corrosion.
range. A. Chromium
A. Can B. Carbon
B. Cannot C. Molybdenum
C. Will D. All of the above: C
D. None of the above: B
135. 135. Which material below is not susceptible to caustic 142. 142. Temper embrittlement can be identified by a(n)
corrosion? shift in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature
A. Carbon steel measured in a Charpy impact test.
B. 400 Series SS A. Upward
C. 300 Series SS B. Downward
D. Low alloy steel: B C. Abrupt
136. 136. If weld repairs are required, the effects of temper D. None of the above: A
embrittlement can be temporarily reversed (de- 143. 143. Cooling water corrosion is a concern with water-
embrittled) by heating at ______ for 2 hours per inch of cooled __________ and cooling towers in all
thickness and rapidly cooling to room temperature. applications across all industries.
A. 1000º F A. Pumps
B. 1150º F B. Vessels
C. 1200º F C. Piping
D. 1250º F: B D. Exchangers: D
137. 137. For carbon steel, common velocity limits are 144. 144. __________ is a change in the microstructure of
generally limited to _________ fps for rich amine and steels after exposure in the 850º F to 1400º F range,
_______ fps for lean amine. where the carbide phases in carbon steels are unstable
A. 8-10, 30 and may agglomerate from their normal plate-like
B. 6-9, 15 appearance.
C. 4-8, 10 A. Carburization
D. 3-6, 20: D B. Spheroidization
138. 138. Heat treatment can have a significant effect on the C. Graphiding
toughness and hence fatigue resistance of a metal. In D. 885º Embrittlement: B
general, ________ grained microstructures tend to 145. 145. Corrosion rates of the anode can be high if there is
perform better than _________ grained. a _______ anode to cathode ratio.
A. Fine, Course A. Large
B. Austenetic, martensitic B. Small
C. Course, Fine C. Severe
D. Martensitic, austenetic: A D. None of the above: B
139. 139. Short term overheating is a permanent 146. 146. Application of a post-fabrication stress relieving
deformation occurring at relatively _________ stress heat treatment of about ______ is a proven method of
levels as a result of localized overheating. This usually preventing carbonate cracking.
results in bulging and failure by stress rupture. A. 1100º F
A. Low B. 1150º F
B. High C. 1200º F
C. Even D. 1250º F: B
D. None of the above: A 147. 147. Ammonium chloride corrosion is the general or
140. 140. Temperature, ________ and stress are critical localized corrosion, often pitting, normally occurring
factors of stress rupture. This is usually found in under ammonium chloride or amine salt deposits. All
furnaces with coking tendencies and fired heater tubes. commonly used materials are susceptible to ammonium
A. Pressure chloride corrosion. A small amount of _________ can
B. Ductility lead to very aggressive corrosion.
C. Time A. Ammonium chloride
D. Tensile strength: C B. Amine
141. 141. The effects of hydrogen embrittlement C. Water
___________ with _________ temperatures. D. Salt: C
A. Increase, increasing 148. 148. _________ is a mechanical form of degradation
B. Decrease, decreasing that occurs when a component is exposed to cyclical
C. Increase, decreasing stresses for an extended period, often resulting in
D. Decrease, increasing: D sudden, unexpected failure.
A. Stress fatigue
B. Mechanical fatigue
C. Thermal fatigue
D. Cyclic fatigue: B
149. 149. ________ and _______ damage develop without 157. 157. Soil corrosion of carbon steel can be minimized
applied or residual stress so that PWHT will not through the use of special backfill, coatings and
prevent them from occurring. _______.
A. SOHIC, Blistering A. Cathodic protection
B. SCC, SOHIC B. Resistivity
C. HIC, SCC C. Temperature
D. Blistering, HIC: D D. None of the above: A
150. 150. Corrosion protection in the boiler is accomplished 158. 158. Which of the following materials are generally not
by laying down and continuously maintaining a layer of suitable for HF service?
_____. A. 300 Series SS
A. Manganese B. Carbon steel
B. Magnetite C. 400 Series SS
C. Carbon monoxide D. Both A and C: D
D. Carbonate: B 159. 159. In piping and equipment, creep cracking can occur
151. 151. Susceptibility to hydrogen stress cracking where high metal temperatures and _________ occur
__________ with __________ hardness. together. Creep cracking, once initiated, can progress
A. Increases, increasing rapidly.
B. Decreases, increasing A. Pressures
C. Decreases, Decreasing B. Stress risers
D. Both A and C: D C. Velocities
152. 152. Which of these materials are not susceptible to D. None of the above: B
Spheroidization? 160. 160. At elevated temperatures, dissimilar weld metal
A. Carbon steel cracking is aggravated by the diffusion of carbon out of
B. 9Cr-1Mo the weld metal and into the base metal. The temperature
C. 316 SS at which carbon diffusion becomes a concern is above
D. Both A and B: C ________.
153. 153. Naphthenic acid corrosion is most severe in A. 700º F
_________ flow; in areas of high velocity or turbulence B. 750º F
and in distillation towers where hot vapors condense to C. 800º F
form liquid phase droplets. D. 900º F: C
A. Single phase 161. 161. Exposure to high solution strength caustic can
B. Two phase result in general corrosion or high corrosion rates
C. Three phase above ________.
D. Negative phase: B A. 175º F
154. 154. Nitriding begins above ________ and becomes B. 150º F
severe above _______. C. 125º F
A. 500º F, 800º F D. 100º F: B
B. 600º F, 900º F 162. 162. Typical HF Alkylation units operate with 1% to 3%
C. 800º F, 1000º F water in the acid, equivalent to an HF-in-water
D. 700º F, 1100º F: B concentration of 97% to 99% and the temperatures are
155. 155. In fired heater tubes, dissimilar weld metal generally below _________.
cracking forms primarily on the _______ of the A. 300º F
material. B. 250º F
A. Outside C. 200º F
B. Inside D. 150º F: D
C. Welds 163. 163. With decarburization, the decarburized layer will
D. All of the above: A be free of carbide phases. Carbon steel will be ______.
156. 156. Which of these materials exhibit an endurance A. Annealed
limit below which fatigue cracking will not occur? B. Quenched
A. Carbon steel C. Pure iron
B. 300 Series SS D. None of the above: C
C. 400 Series SS
D. None of the above: A
164. 164. What is the chemical symbol for ethane or 171. 171. Increasing the chromium in steels offers no major
ethylene? improvement in resistance to CO² corrosion until a
A. C² minimum of __________ is reached.
B. C3 A. 9%
C. C4 B. 12%
D. CH4: A C. 5%
165. 165. Naphthenic acid corrosion is a form of high D. 7%: B
temperature corrosion that occurs primarily in crude 172. 172. _________ significantly increases the probability
and vacuum units and downstream units that process and severity of blistering, HIC and SOHIC.
certain fractions that contain naphthenic acid. Which A. Hydrogen
of the following materials is susceptible to naphthenic B. Oxygen
acid corrosion? C. Cyanide
A. Carbon steel D. Caustic: C
B. 300 Series SS 173. 173. Annealed steels are more resistant to
C. 400 Series SS Spheroidization than normalized steels. _________
D. All of the above: D grained steels are more resistant than ______ grained
166. 166. A form of corrosion caused by living organisms steels.
such as bacteria, algae or fungi is _______ . A. Fine, Course
A. HIC B. Course, Fine
B. SOHIC C. PWHT, Non-PWHT
C. MIC D. Non-PWHT, PWHT: B
D. None of the above: C 174. 174. High strength, low allow steels such as A193-B7
167. 167. ____________ are characterized by a localized bolts and compressor parts are susceptible to hydrogen
loss in thickness in the form of pits, grooves, gullies, stress cracking. A193-B7M bolts are susceptible if
waves, rounded holes and valleys. These losses often __________.
exhibit a directional pattern. A. Exposed
A. Erosion B. Overtorqued
B. Corrosion/Erosion C. Double nutted
C. Environmental corrosion D. None of the above: B
D. Both A and B: D 175. 175. Which of the following materials is not susceptible
168. 168. The best method to inspect for SCC is ____. to Cl SCC?
A. WFMT A. 400 Series SS
B. UT Shear wave B. Duplex SS
C. AET C. Nickel based alloys
D. All of the above: A D. All of the above: A
169. 169. Stainless steels with sigma can normally withstand 176. 176. Caustic embrittlement is a form of stress corrosion
normal operating stresses but upon cooling to cracking characterized by surface-initiated cracks that
temperatures below _______ may show a complete lack occur in piping and equipment exposed to caustic,
of fracture toughness as measured by a Charpy impact primarily adjacent to non-PWHT welds. Which of the
test. following materials is the most resistant to
A. 800º F embrittlement?
B. 600º F A. Carbon steel
C. 500º F B. Nickel based alloys
D. 400º F: C C. Low alloy steels
170. 170. Regular and controlled carbon grades of stainless D. 400 Series SS: B
steels such as types 304/304H and 316/316H are 177. 177. ___________ is the result of cyclic stresses
particularly susceptible to sensitization in the weld caused by variations in temperature.
HAZ. Low carbon "L" grades are less susceptible and A. Cyclic cracking
usually can be welded without sensitizing. The "L" B. Stress cracking
grades will not sensitize provided long term operating C. Stress fatigue
temperatures do not exceed about __________. D. Thermal fatigue: D
A. 700º F
B. 750º F
C. 800º F
D. 900º F: B
178. 178. Corrosion due to acidic sour water containing H²S 185. 185. Which of the following materials is susceptible to
at a pH between 4.5 and 7.0 is called sour water sigma phase embrittlement?
corrosion. Carbon dioxide (CO²) may also be present. A. Carbon steel
Which of the following materials is susceptible to sour B. Low alloy steel
water corrosion? C. 300 Series SS
A. Carbon steel D. Both A and B: C
B. 300 Series SS 186. 186. A quick test for embrittlement from _________ is
C. 400 Series SS a bend test or crush test. Unaffected material will be
D. Both B and C: A crushed in a ductile fashion while embrittled
179. 179. ________ of a component is the most important components will crack with no signs of ductility.
factor in determining a components resistance to A. Titanium Hydriding
mechanical fatigue. B. Temper embrittlement
A. Design C. Caustic embrittlement
B. Temperature D. None of the above.: A
C. Stress 187. 187. Refractory anchors must be resistant to
D. Pressure: A __________ in high temperature services.
180. 180. A condition where steel loses strength due to the A. Thermal fatigue
removal of carbon and carbides leaving only an iron B. Thermal cracking
matrix is called decarburization. This occurs during C. Stress cracking
high temperatures, during PWHT and from exposure to D. Oxidation: D
fires. Which of the following materials is not affected by 188. 188. For a specific material, HTHA is dependent on
this? temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, time and
A. Low alloy steel _________.
B. Duplex SS A. Stress
C. Carbon steel B. Pressure
D. None of the above: B C. Velocity
181. 181. Dissimilar metal welds with a 300 Series stainless D. Alloy composition: A
steel weld metal on a ferritic steel may also result in 189. 189. The severity of hydrochloric acid corrosion
narrow region of _________ at the toe of the weld, near ________ with _________ HCl concentration and
the fusion line on the ferritic side. increasing temperatures.
A. Ductility A. Decreases, decreasing
B. Hardness B. Increases, increasing
C. Cracking C. Decreases, increasing
D. None of the above: B D. Increases, decreasing: B
182. 182. Stress levels and __________ are the critical 190. 190. Corrosion from oxygen tends to be __________
factors causing carbonate stress corrosion cracking. type damage and can show up anywhere even if only
A. Temperature very small amounts break through the scavenging
B. Velocity system.
C. Water chemistry A. General
D. None of the above: C B. Localized
183. 183. Cracking of dissimilar weld metals occurs in the C. Pitting
__________ side of a weld joining 300 Series SS and D. Cracking: C
carbon steel. 191. 191. Vessels constructed after December, 1987 are
A. Austenitic subject to the requirements of ________ of ASME
B. Ferritic Section VIII, Division 1.
C. Both of the above A. UW-26
D. None of the above: B B. UG-31
184. 184. Wet H²S services or _________ acid services are C. UB-54
process where hydrogen diffuses into the steel and D. UCS-66: D
hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is an issue.
A. HF
B. Sulfuric
C. Caustic
D. HCL: A
192. 192. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at 199. 199. Sulfur and chlorine species in fuel will form sulfur
temperatures below the Charpy impact transition dioxide, sulfur trioxide and hydrogen chloride within
temperature. Steel cleanliness and ________ have a the combustion products. At low enough temperatures,
significant influence on toughness and resistance to these gases and the water vapor in the flue gas will
brittle fracture. condense to form _________ acid.
A. Alloy composition A. Hydrochloric
B. Tensile strength B. Hydrofluoric
C. Grain size C. Sulfuric
D. Pressure: C D. Both A and C: D
193. 193. Which of the following materials is affected by high 200. 200. With thermal fatigue, time to failure is a function
temperature corrosion? of the magnitude of the stress and the number of cycles
A. Carbon steel and decreases with _________ stress and ________
B. 300 Series SS cycles.
C. 400 Series SS A. Increasing, Decreasing
D. All of the above: D B. Increasing, Increasing
194. 194. For some materials such as titanium, carbon steel C. Decreasing, Decreasing
and low alloy steel, the number of cycles to fatigue D. Decreasing, Increasing: B
fracture decreases with ________ until an endurance 201. 201. Carbonate cracking typically propagates
limit is reached. Below this endurance limit, fatigue _________ to the weld; the pattern of cracking
cracking will not occur, regardless of the number of observed on the surface is sometimes described as
cycles. ________.
A. Temperature increases A. Transverse, Eyebrow
B. Stress endurance B. Parallel, Spider web
C. Pressure decreases C. Diagonal, Half moon
D. None of the above: B D. Perpendicular, Stair step: B
195. 195. In HF service, carbon steel forms a protective 202. 202. Dissimilar weld metal cracking occurs because the
fluoride scale in dry concentrated acid. Loss of the coefficients of thermal expansion between ferritic steels
protective scale through high _________ or turbulence and 300 Series stainless steels differ by ________ or
will result in greatly accelerated corrosion rates. more.
A. Temperature A. 10%
B. Pressure B. 15%
C. Velocities C. 20%
D. None of the above: C D. 30%: D
196. 196. Oxidation of carbon steel begins to become 203. 203. ___________ is when oxygen reacts with carbon
significant above _________. steel and other alloys at high temperatures converting
A. 800º F the metal to oxide scale.
B. 900º F A. High temperature corrosion
C. 1000º F B. Oxidation
D. 1100º F: C C. Dealloying
197. 197. Cracks connecting hydrogen blisters are referred to D. Thermal fatigue: A
as ________. 204. 204. With steam blanketing, failure occurs as a result of
A. SOHIC _________ in the tube from the internal steam
B. HIC pressure at the elevated temperature.
C. SCC A. Stress risers
D. None of the above: B B. Velocity
198. 198. PWHT is ___________ in preventing caustic SCC. C. Hoop stress
A. Effective D. Tensile strength: C
B. Not effective 205. 205. Once cracking from LME has occurred, grinding
C. Not practical out the affected area ______ an acceptable fix.
D. None of the above: A A. Is
B. Is not
C. Can be
D. Can not be: B
206. 206. Cavitation is a form of erosion caused by the 213. 213. Vibration-induced fatigue can be eliminated or
formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable reduced through _________ and the use of supports
tiny vapor bubbles. Temperatures approaching the and vibration dampening equipment. Material
boiling point of the liquid are _________ to result in upgrades are not usually a solution.
bubble formation. A. Hangers
A. Less likely B. Dummy legs
B. More likely C. Design
C. Not likely D. None of the above: C
D. None of the above: B 214. 214. Lean amine is generally not corrosive because they
207. 207. Hardness is primarily an issue with SSC. Typical have either low conductivity and/or high pH. Corrosion
low strength carbon steels should be controlled to rates increase with increasing temperatures,
produce weld hardness less than ________. particularly in rich amine service. Temperatures above
A. 225 BHN _________ can result in acid gas flashing and severe
B. 237 BHN localized corrosion.
C. 200 BHN A. 170º F
D. 240 BHN: C B. 190º F
208. 208. Characteristic stress corrosion cracks have many C. 220º F
branches and may be visually detectable by a D. 240º F: C
__________ appearance on the surface. 215. 215. Cracking of a metal due to stress relaxation during
A. Tree shaped PWHT or in service at elevated temperatures is called
B. Craze-cracked ______. It is most often found in heavy wall sections.
C. Multiple crack A. Thermal cracking
D. None of the above: B B. Reheat cracking
209. 209. Which of these materials are not susceptible to C. Step-like cracking
PASCC? D. None of the above: B
A. Carbon steel 216. 216. Which if the following materials are not
B. 300 Series SS susceptible to hydrogen stress cracking?
C. 400 Series SS A. Carbon steel
D. Both A and C: D B. Low alloy steel
210. 210. ___________ cooling water outlet temperatures C. Stainless steel
and/or process side outlet temperatures tend to D. None of the above: C
__________ corrosion rates as well as fouling 217. 217. Carbon dioxide corrosion results when CO²
tendency. dissolves in water to form _________ acid.
A. Increasing, decrease A. Sulfuric
B. Decreasing, decrease B. Hydrochloric
C. Decreasing, increase C. Carbonic
D. Increasing, increase: D D. None of the above: C
211. 211. Localized corrosion due to the concentration of 218. 218. In pressure containing equipment, SOHIC and SCC
caustic or alkaline salts that usually occurs under damage is most often associated with __________.
evaporative conditions is ___. A. Internals
A. Carbonate corrosion B. Weldments
B. Caustic corrosion C. Branches
C. Alkaline corrosion D. None of the above: B
D. None of the above: B 219. 219. Refractory lined equipment should be designed for
212. 212. ____________ is the reduction in toughness due erosion, thermal shock and __________.
to a metallurgical change that can occur in some low A. Thermal fatigue
alloy steels as a result of long-term exposure in the B. Thermal expansion
temperature range of about 650º F to 1100º F. C. Thermal contraction
A. Hardening D. All of the above: B
B. Graphitization
C. Spheroidization
D. Temper embrittlement: D
220. 220. Amine corrosion refers to the general and/or 227. 227. SSC is a form of hydrogen stress cracking resulting
localized corrosion that occurs principally on from the absorption of ________ that is produced by
_________ in amine treating processes. Corrosion is the sulfide corrosion process on the metal surface.
not caused by the amine itself, but results from A. Sulfur dioxide
dissolved acid gases (CO² and H²S), amine degradation B. Hydrogen sulfide
products, heat stable amine salts and other C. Atomic hydrogen
contaminants. D. Hydrogen chloride: C
A. Carbon steel 228. 228. For galvanic corrosion to take place, three
B. Duplex SS conditions must be met, presence of an electrolyte, two
C. 300 Series SS different materials or alloys and _____.
D. 400 Series SS: A A. A cathode
221. 221. Naphthenic acid is _____ by catalytic reactions in B. An anode
downstream hydroprocessing and FCC units. C. An electrical connection
A. Enhanced D. None of the above: C
B. Destroyed 229. 229. The signature mark of a fatigue failure is a
C. Concentrated _______ type fingerprint that has concentric rings.
D. Diluted: B A. Eyebrow
222. 222. MIC is often found in _________, bottom water of B. Half-Moon
storage tanks, piping with stagnant or low flow and C. Radii
piping in contact with some soils. D. Clam Shell: D
A. Vessels 230. 230. With creep, increased stress due to loss in
B. Heat exchangers thickness from corrosion will ________ time to failure.
C. Drums A. Increase
D. All of the above: B B. Reduce
223. 223. Thermal fatigue cracks usually propagate C. Not affect
_______ to the stress and they are usually dagger- D. None of the above: B
shaped. 231. 231. In general, the resistance of carbon steel and other
A. Parallel alloys to High temperature corrosion is determined by
B. Diagonal the ________ content of the material.
C. Transverse A. Molybdenum
D. Across: C B. Chromium
224. 224. Surface initiated cracks caused by environmental C. Carbon
cracking of 300 Series SS and some nickel based alloys D. All of the above: B
under the combined action of tensile stress, 232. 232. Susceptibility of an alloy to sulfidation is
temperature and an aqueous chloride environmental is determined by its ability to form protective _________.
called ________. The presence of dissolved oxygen A. Oxide scales
___________ the propensity for cracking. B. Sulfide scales
A. Cl SCC, Increases C. Carbide scales
B. Stress cracking, Increases D. None of the above: B
C. Cl SCC, Decreases
233. 233. With high temperature sulfide corrosion
D. Stress cracking, Decreases: A
(Sulfidization), noticeable increases may be found
225. 225. What is the chemical symbol for propane or
downstream of _________ injection points.
propylene? A. Hydrogen
A. C² B. Caustic
B. C3 C. Ammonia
C. C4 D. Water: A
D. CH4: B
234. 234. 300 Series SS, 400 Series SS and duplex SS are
226. 226. In general, the resistance of iron and nickel based
subject to pitting and localized corrosion under
alloys to sulfidation is determined by the ________ insulation. In addition, __________ are also subject to
content of the material. SCC if chlorides are present, while _________ are less
A. Chromium susceptible.
B. Carbon A. Duplex SS, Low alloys
C. Molybdenum B. 300 Series SS, Duplex SS
D. Alloying: A C. Duplex SS, 300 Series Ss
D. None of the above: B
235. 235. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is defined as 242. 242. Metallic components form a surface __________
cracking of metal under the combined action of tensile when exposed to sulfur compounds. This may react
stress and corrosion in the presence of _________ and with air (oxygen) and moisture to form sulfur acids
_________. (polythionic acid).
A. Sulfur, Oxide A. Oxide
B. Hydrogen, water B. Sulfide scale
C. H²S, Oxygen C. Sulfate scale
D. Water, H²S: D D. Caustic scale: B
236. 236. Corrosion in boiler feedwater and condensate 243. 243. A form of mechanical fatigue in which cracks are
return systems is usually the result of dissolved gases, produced as a result of dynamic loadings is _______.
oxygen and ________. A. Spheroidization
A. Carbon monoxide B. Vibration-induced cracking
B. Carbon dioxide C. Fatigue cracking
C. Material properties D. Stress cracking: B
D. H²S: B 244. 244. Which of the following materials are susceptible to
237. 237. Hydrogen blisters may form at many different nitriding?
depths from the surface of the steel, in the middle of the A. Carbon steel
plate or near a weld. In some cases, neighboring or B. 300 Series SS
adjacent blisters that are at slightly different depths C. 400 Series SS
(planes) may develop cracks that link them together. D. All of the above: D
Interconnecting cracks between the blisters often have a 245. 245. A loss in ductility of high strength steels due to the
__________ appearance. penetration of atomic hydrogen can lead to brittle
A. Crescent cracking called hydrogen embrittlement. Which of the
B. Eyebrow following materials is susceptible to HE.
C. Step like A. Carbon steel
D. Jagged: C B. 400 Series SS
238. 238. There is currently no known metal alloy that is C. Low alloy steel
immune to _________ under all conditions. D. All of the above: D
A. Carburization 246. 246. Sulfidation of iron-based alloys usually begins at
B. Metal dusting metal temperatures above _____.
C. Decarburization A. 500º F
D. None of the above: B B. 600º F
239. 239. Low creep ductility is _____ prevalent at the lower C. 800º F
temperatures in the creep range. Or low stresses in the D. 1000º F: A
upper creep range. 247. 247. Cracks associated with brittle fracture will
A. More typically be _________.
B. Less A. Jagged
C. Equally B. Branching
D. None of the above: A C. Straight
240. 240. A hard, brittle surface layer will develop on some D. Perpendicular: C
alloys due to exposure to high temperature process 248. 248. Corrosion under insulation becomes more severe
streams containing high levels of nitrogen compounds at metal temperatures between ________ and
such as ammonia or cyanides, particularly under ________, where water is less likely to vaporize and
reducing conditions, is called _______. insulation stays wet longer.
A. Carburization A. 100º C, 121º C
B. Spheroidization B. 92º C, 116º C
C. Nitriding C. 114º C, 132º C
D. None of the above: C D. None of the above: A
241. 241. Formation of a metallurgical phase known as 249. 249. High strength steels are susceptible to LME when
sigma phase results in a loss of _________ in some they come in contact with molten ________.
stainless steels as a result of high temperature A. Cadmium
exposure. B. Zinc
A. Ductility C. Lead
B. Fracture toughness D. Both A and C: D
C. Embrittlement
D. None of the above: B
250. 250. The more noble material, called the ________, is 257. 257. When carbon is absorbed into a material at
protected by sacrificial corrosion of the more active elevated temperatures while in contact with a
material, called the ________. The more active metal carbonaceous substance it is called carburization.
corrodes at a higher rate than it would if it were not Temperatures usually have to be above __________ for
connected to the more noble metal. this to occur.
A. Anode, Cathode A. 1000º F
B. Cathode, Anode B. 1100º F
C. Alpha, Omega C. 1200º F
D. None of the above: B D. 1400º F: B
251. 251. What standard refers to Fitness-For-Service 258. 258. The most common method used for monitoring
evaluations? underground structures is measuring the structure to
A. RP 581 soil ______ using dedicated reference electrodes near
B. RP 579 the structure.
C. RP 588 A. Resistivity
D. RP 568: B B. Corrosiveness
252. 252. Metal dusting is preceded by ________ and is C. Potential
characterized by rapid metal wastage. D. Electrolyte: C
A. Decarburization 259. 259. With short term overheating, time to failure will
B. Carburization ___________ as internal pressures or loading
C. Graphitization decrease.
D. None of the above: B A. Increase
253. 253. __________ testing is the best method to B. Decrease
determine the susceptibility of a material to hydrogen C. Remain the same
stress cracking. D. None of the above: A
A. Hardness 260. 260. Which of the following are susceptible to thermal
B. Acoustic fatigue?
C. SWUT A. SA-516-70
D. AUT: A B. SA-182 Gr B
254. 254. In a pump, the difference between the actual C. SA-53 Gr B
pressure, or head, of a liquid available (measured on D. All of the above: D
the suction side) and the vapor pressure of that liquid 261. 261. Amine cracking is ________ likely to occur in lean
is called Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) available. MEA and DEA services than in MDEA and DIPA
The minimum head required to prevent cavitation with services.
a given liquid at a given flow rate is called Net Positive A. More
Suction Head __________. Inadequate NPSH can B. Less
result in cavitation. C. As
A. Surplus D. None of the above: A
B. Required 262. 262. _________ is a form of carburization resulting in
C. Reserve accelerated localized pitting which occurs in
D. None of the above: B carburizing gases and/or process streams containing
255. 255. Which of the following are affected by sulfidation? carbon and hydrogen. Pits usually form on the surface
A. Carbon steel and may contain soot or graphite dust.
B. 300 Series SS A. Hydrate corrosion
C. 400 Series SS B. Carbide corrosion
D. All of the above: D C. Spheroidization
256. 256. What is the chemical symbol for butane of D. Metal dusting: D
butylenes? 263. 263. Fatigue cracks usually initiate on the surface at
A. C² notches or __________ under cyclic loading.
B. C3 A. Branches
C. C4 B. Laterals
D. CH4: C C. Stress concentrations
D. Grinding marks: C
264. 264. ________ greatly increases the probability and 271. 271. Steam blanketing is when the heat flow balance is
severity of blistering, HIC and SOHIC damage. disturbed; individual bubbles join to form a steam
A. Acids blanket, a condition known as Departure from Nucleate
B. Caustics Boiling (DNB). Once a steam blanket forms, tube
C. Amines rupture can occur rapidly, as a result of _________.
D. Cyanides: D A. Thermal fatigue
265. 265. Proper application of ________ will control but B. Short term overheating
not eliminate microbes that cause MIC so that C. Brittle fracture
continued treatment is necessary. D. Stress: B
A. Ozone 272. 272. Caustic stress corrosion cracking typically
B. Caustic propagates _______ to the weld in adjacent base metal
C. Biocides but can occur in the weld deposit or heat affected zone.
D. None of the above: C A. Transverse
266. 266. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking is the term B. Perpendicular
applied to surface breaking or cracks that occur C. Parallel
adjacent to carbon steel welds under the combined D. Across: C
action of ____________ and ___________ in 273. 273. Start-up and shutdown of equipment increase the
carbonate containing systems. susceptibility of thermal fatigue. There is no set limit on
A. Temperature, stress temperature swings; however, as a practical rule,
B. Tensile stress, corrosion cracking may be suspected if the temperature swing
C. Corrosion, velocity exceeds about _________.
D. Tensile stress, velocity: B A. 150º F
267. 267. Soils having high moisture content, high dissolved B. 200º F
salt concentrations and high ________ are the most C. 250º F
corrosive. D. 300º F: B
A. Oxygen content 274. 274. Corrosion of carbon steel and other alloys from
B. Resistivity their reaction with sulfur compounds in high
C. Acidity temperature environments is called ______. The
D. All of the above: C presence of hydrogen accelerates corrosion.
268. 268. Erosion-corrosion is a description for the damage A. Sulfide corrosion
that occurs when corrosion contributes to erosion by B. High temperature corrosion
removing protective films or scales, or by exposing the C. H²S corrosion
metal surface to further ________ under the combined D. Sulfidation: D
action of corrosion-erosion. 275. 275. Primarily hot-wall piping and equipment in the
A. Stress following units can be affected by graphitization. FCC,
B. Corrosion catalytic reformer and ______.
C. Oxidation A. Hydrotreater
D. None of the above: B B. Hydrocracker
269. 269. Although the loss of toughness from temper C. Coker
embrittlement is not evident at operating temperatures, D. Alky: C
equipment that is temper embrittled may be susceptible 276. 276. Preventative measures to minimize the potential
to ________ during start-up and shutdown. for brittle fracture in existing equipment are limited to
A. Thermal fatigue controlling _______ and ________, minimizing
B. Cyclic stress pressure at ambient temperatures during start-up and
C. Notch toughness shutdown and periodic inspections at high stress
D. Brittle fracture: D locations.
270. 270. Alloys with increased amounts of _______ show A. Temperature, stress
improved resistance to naphthenic acid corrosion. B. Stress, pressure
A. Chromium C. Velocity, stress
B. Molybdenum D. Temperature, Pressure: D
C. Nickel 277. 277. ______ is most likely found in hard welds and
D. Carbon: B heat affected zones and in high strength components.
A. SOHIC
B. HIC
C. Carburization
D. SSC: D
278. 278. MIC is often characterized by _______ within pits 286. 286. SCC generally occurs below about _______.
in carbon steel. A. 150º F
A. Oxide B. 180º F
B. Tubercles C. 210º F
C. Worm holes D. 240º F: B
D. Cup shaped pits: D 287. 287. Titanium Hydriding damage occurs primarily in
279. 279. Hydriding of titanium is a metallurgical sour water strippers and amine units in the overhead
phenomenon in which hydrogen diffuses into the condensers, heat exchanger tubes and other titanium
titanium and reacts to form an embrittling phase. This equipment operating above _________.
can result in a complete loss of _________ with no A. 300º F
noticeable sign of corrosion or loss of thickness. B. 270º F
A. Strength C. 210º F
B. Ductility D. 165º F: D
C. Carbides 288. 288. Geometry, stress level, _________ and material
D. Hardness: B properties are the predominate factors in determining
280. 280. Which of the methods are effective for finding the fatigue resistance of a component.
thermal fatigue cracks? A. Temperature
A. MT B. Pressure
B. PT C. Velocity
C. VT D. Number of cycles: D
D. All of the above: D 289. 289. Sigma phase occurs in Ferritic, martensitic,
281. 281. Which of the following alkanolamine systems is the austenitic and duplex stainless steels when exposed to
least aggressive in causing amine corrosion? temperatures in the range of _____.
A. Monoethanolamine (MEA) A. 537º C - 954º C
B. Diglycolamine (DGA) B. 621º C - 926º C
C. Diethanolamine (DEA) C. 676º C - 760º C
D. Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA): D D. 584º C - 840º C: A
282. 282. 300 Series SS is susceptible to LME when it comes 290. 290. Which of the following materials are subject to
in contact with molten ________. mechanical fatigue?
A. Cadmium A. Carbon steels
B. Mercury B. Stainless steels
C. Zinc C. Low alloy steels
D. Lead: C D. All of the above: D
283. 283. A form of corrosion that can occur at the junction 291. 291. Hydrogen stress cracking is the same mechanism
of dissimilar metals when they are joined together in a that is responsible for sulfide stress corrosion cracking
suitable electrolyte is ____. in wet H²S environments except that HF acid is
A. Galvanic corrosion generating the __________.
B. Anodic corrosion A. Sulfide
C. Cathodic corrosion B. Caustic
D. All of the above: A C. Hydrogen
284. 284. Which of the following materials is susceptible to D. Water: C
carburization? 292. 292. Sulfidation is also known as ____________.
A. Low alloy steels A. Sulfur corrosion
B. 300 Series SS B. Sulfate corrosion
C. 400 Series SS C. Sulfidic corrosion
D. All of the above: D D. None of the above: C
285. 285. Corrosion by HF (Hydrofluoric) acid can result in 293. 293. _________ is a selective corrosion mechanism in
high rates of general or localized corrosion and may be which one or more constituents of an alloy are
accompanied by hydrogen cracking, blistering and preferentially attacked leaving a lower density often-
________. porous structure.
A. HIC A. Phenol corrosion
B. Delayed cracking B. Dealloying
C. SOHIC C. Carburization
D. Both A and C: D D. Preferentially weld attack: B
294. 294. Amine units are used in refineries to remove H²S, 301. 301. Foul smelling water may be a sign of fouling and/or
CO² and _________ from process streams originating _______
in many units including the coker, crude, FCC and A. MIC
hydrogen. B. HIC
A. NA² C. SOHIC
B. Cl² D. All of the above: A
C. Mercaptans 302. 302. Caustic is sometimes added to process streams for
D. None of the above: C ________ or as a reactant.
295. 295. Areas of vulnerability in sulfuric acid Alkylation A. Stability
units include reactor effluent lines, reboilers, B. Corrosion control
deisobutanizer, overhead systems and the _________ C. Neutralization
treating system. D. Inhibiting: C
A. Caustic 303. 303. Contrary to a pure mechanical fatigue, there is no
B. Sulfuric acid _________ load in corrosion-assistant fatigue.
C. Catalyst Corrosion promotes failure at a lower stress and
D. H²S: A number of cycles than the materials normal endurance.
296. 296. Alloy 400 is susceptible to LME when it comes in A. Tensile
contact with molten ________. B. Stress
A. Cadmium C. Ductile
B. Mercury D. Fatigue limit: D
C. Zinc 304. 304. A form of fatigue cracking in which cracks develop
D. Lead: B under the combined effects of cyclic loading and
297. 297. Thermal fatigue damage is in the form of cracking corrosion is called _______. Cracking often initiates at
that may occur anywhere in a metallic component stress concentrations such as a pit in the surface.
where relative movement is constrained, particularly A. Cyclic cracking
under repeated __________. B. Corrosion fatigue
A. Cyclic stresses C. Stress fatigue
B. Thermal cycling D. Stress cracking: B
C. Pressure variations 305. 305. Refractory anchor material must be compatible
D. All of the above: B with the _________ of the base metal
298. 298. ____________ is often found in piping and A. Composition
equipment that handles caustic, including H²S and B. Welding
mercaptan removal units, as well as equipment that C. Thermal coefficient
uses caustic for neutralization in sulfuric acid and HF D. Ductility: C
acid units. 306. 306. _________ material sections also have a
A. Carburization ___________ resistance to brittle fracture due to
B. Sulfide corrosion higher constraint, which increases triaxial stresses at
C. Caustic embrittlement the crack tip.
D. Hydrogen cracking: C A. Thinner, Lower
299. 299. Soil corrosion appears as external thinning with B. Thicker, Lower
localized losses due to _________. C. Thinner, Higher
A. Resistivity D. Thicker, Higher: B
B. Pitting 307. 307. Stresses acting on the weldments are significantly
C. General corrosion ________ when austenitic stainless steel filler metal is
D. Potential: B used. A nickel based filler metal has a coefficient of
300. 300. At high temperatures, metal components can thermal expansion closer to carbon steel resulting in
slowly and continuously deform under load below the significantly lower stress at elevated temperatures.
yield stress. This time dependent deformation of A. Lower
stressed components is known as __________. B. Higher
A. Deformation C. Altered
B. Fatigue D. None of the above: B
C. Creep
D. Thermal fatigue: C
308. 308. SCC usually occurs at pH values above two (2). SCC 316. 316. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at
tendency __________ toward the alkaline pH region. temperatures _________ the Charpy impact transition
A. Increases temperature.
B. Decreases A. Above
C. Stabilizes B. Below
D. None of the above: B C. Around
309. 309. ___________ cracking has been a major problem D. Inside: B
in coke drum shells. 317. 317. The rate of creep deformation is a function of the
A. Stress material, load and temperature. The rate of damage is
B. Carburization sensitive to both load and temperature. Generally, an
C. Thermal fatigue increase of about _______ or an increase of ________
D. Sulfide: C on stress can cut the remaining life in half.
310. 310. Damage due to __________ is not visible and can A. 25º F, 15%
only be observed by metallographic examination. B. 50º F, 10%
A. Galvanic corrosion C. 50º F, 15%
B. Brittle fracture D. 25º F, 10%: A
C. Cavitation 318. 318. Creep and stress rupture is more likely in a
D. Graphitization: D _________ grained material than a _______ grained
311. 311. Temper embrittlement is a metallurgical change material.
that is not readily apparent and can be confirmed A. Course, Fine
through ________. B. Fine, Course
A. Metallographic examination C. Austenetic, Martensitic
B. Impact testing D. None of the above: A
C. Metallography 319. 319. The creep threshold temperature for 1 ¼, 2 ¼, 5
D. None of the above: B and 9 Cr is ________.
312. 312. With 885º F embrittlement, increasing amounts of A. 600º F
________ increase susceptibility to damage when B. 700º F
operating in the high temperature range of concern. C. 800º F
A. Chromium D. 1000º F: C
B. Hardness 320. 320. The creep threshold temperature for carbon steel
C. Ferrite is ________.
D. Hydrogen: C A. 315º C
313. 313. In susceptible materials, the primary factor that B. 371º C
affects sigma phase formation is the ________ at C. 426º C
elevated temperatures. D. 538º C: B
A. Time of exposure 321. 321. Key factors affecting thermal fatigue are the
B. Pressure magnitude of the temperature and the __________.
C. Stress A. Number of cycles
D. Velocity: A B. Pressure
314. 314. Sigma phase in welds can be minimized by C. Stress
controlling ferrite in the range of _________ for Type D. Alloy composition: A
347 SS. 322. 322. A form of thermal cracking, __________, can
A. 3%-5% occur when high and non-uniform thermal stresses
B. 5%-7% develop over a relatively short period of time in a piece
C. 7%-9% of equipment due to differential expansion and
D. 5%-9%: D contraction.
315. 315. Steel cleanliness and _______ have a significant A. Thermal expansion
influence on toughness and resistance to brittle B. Thermal stress
fracture. C. Thermal shock
A. Composition D. Linear expansion: C
B. Alloy
C. Grain size
D. None of the above: C
323. 323. Geometry, stress level, number of cycles and 331. 331. With sulfidation, the presence of oxygen
_________ are the predominate factors in ________ corrosion
determining the fatigue resistance of a component. A. Increases
A. Temperature B. Decreases
B. Material properties C. Has no effect on
C. Pressure D. Stops: A
D. Velocity: B 332. 332. Major factors affecting sulfidation are alloy
324. 324. With cooling water corrosion, _________ oxygen composition, temperature and ________.
content tends to ________ carbon steel corrosion A. Time
rates. B. Stress
A. Increasing, increasing C. Concentration of hydrogen
B. Decreasing, decreasing D. Concentration of sulfur: D
C. Decreasing, increasing 333. 333. ________ is a form of carbon that may promote
D. Increasing, decreasing: A carburization, particularly during decoke cycles where
325. 325. 300 Series SS can suffer pitting corrosion, crevice temperatures exceed the normal operating
corrosion and ________ in fresh, blackish and salt temperatures.
water. A. Carbonic acid
A. General corrosion B. Coke
B. Oxidation C. Crude oil
C. SCC D. None of the above: B
D. None of the above: C 334. 334. Components that have been carburized may have a
326. 326. With very few exceptions, cooling water should change in the level of ________.
always be on the ________ side to minimize stagnant A. Carbon
areas. B. Chromium
A. Tube C. Ferromagnetism
B. Shell D. Stress: C
C. Inlet 335. 335. To prevent carburization, select alloys with a
D. Outlet: A strong surface oxide or sulfide film former such as
327. 327. Corrosion in boiler feedwater and condensate ________.
return systems is usually the result of dissolved gases, A. Silicon
oxygen and _______. B. Molybdenum
A. Carbon monoxide C. Aluminum
B. H²O D. Both A and C: D
C. Temperature 336. 336. Decarburization results in a __________, which
D. Carbon Dioxide: D can be confirmed by hardness testing.
328. 328. Carbon dioxide (CO²) corrosion results when CO² A. Hardness
dissolves in water to form ________. B. Softness
A. Carbon monoxide C. Brittleness
B. Carbonic acid D. Oxidizing: B
C. Hydrofluoric acid 337. 337. _________ is accelerated high temperature
D. None of the above: B wastage of materials that occurs when contaminants in
329. 329. The primary factors affecting high temperature the fuel form deposits and melt on the metal surfaces.
oxidation are metal temperature and _______. A. Spheroidization
A. Pressure B. Dealloying
B. Alloy composition C. Fuel ash corrosion
C. Stress D. None of the above: C
D. Oxygen: B 338. 338. Nitriding layers are magnetic. Therefore,
330. 330. _______ is the primary alloying agent that affects _________ should be checked for magnetism as an
resistance to oxidation. initial screening for nitriding.
A. Chromium A. 300 Series SS
B. Molybdenum B. 400 Series SS
C. Silicon C. Duplex SS
D. Aluminum: A D. Low alloy steel: A
339. 339. _________ is surface initiated cracks caused by 346. 346. To prevent hydrogen embrittlement, use lower
environmental cracking of 300 Series SS and some strength steels and _________ to temper the
nickel based alloys under the combined action of tensile microstructure, improve ductility and reduce residual
stress, temperature and an aqueous chloride stresses.
environment. The presence of dissolved oxygen A. Alloys
increases the propensity for cracking. B. Preheat
A. SSC C. PWHT
B. SOHIC D. All of the above: C
C. Cl SCC 347. 347. Amine cracking is a form of ________ stress
D. HIC: C corrosion cracking.
340. 340. A fatigue fracture is brittle and the cracks are most A. Hydrogen
often __________. B. Caustic
A. Parallel C. Polythionic
B. Transgranular D. Alkaline: D
C. Intergranular 348. 348. SSC is a form of ________ stress corrosion
D. Transverse: B cracking.
341. 341. When caustic stress corrosion cracking is a A. Hydrogen
concern, steam out of _________ carbon steel piping B. Caustic
and equipment should be avoided. C. Polythionic
A. PWHT D. Alkaline: A
B. Non-PWHT 349. 349. _________ of the amine system is the most
C. Ferritic effective way to prevent amine corrosion.
D. Hardened: B A. Proper concentration
342. 342. Although cracks may be seen visually, crack B. Proper operation
detection for caustic stress corrosion cracking is best C. Proper design
detected by WFMT, EC, RT and ______. D. Proper startup: B
A. PT 350. 350. Ammonium chloride salts are hydroscopic and
B. MT readily absorb water. A ________ amount of water can
C. ACFM lead to very aggressive ammonium chloride corrosion.
D. All of the above: C A. Large
343. 343. With ammonia stress corrosion cracking weld B. Small
hardness should not exceed _______ BHN. C. Proper
A. 237 D. Improper: B
B. 225 351. 351. The major factors affecting high temperature
C. 235 sulfidation are the temperature, the presence of
D. 218: B hydrogen, the H²S concentration and the ________.
344. 344. Galvanized steel components should not be welded A. Pressure
to ________ due to LME. B. Stress
A. 300 Series SS C. Alloy composition
B. 400 Series SS D. Velocity: C
C. Carbon steel 352. 352. With HF acid corrosion, oxygen contamination
D. Duplex SS: A _________ the corrosion rate of carbon steel and
345. 345. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux is promotes accelerated corrosion and SCC of Alloy 400.
used, ________ can be charged into the steel resulting A. Increases
in delayed cracking. B. Decreases
A. Atomic hydrogen C. Maintains
B. Hydrogen D. Eliminates: A
C. Oxygen 353. 353. With sour water corrosion, at a given pressure, the
D. H²O: B H²S concentration in the sour water _________ as
temperatures ________.
A. Increases, increases
B. Decreases, decreases
C. Increases, decreases
D. Decreases, increases: D
354. 354. With sulfuric acid corrosion, carbon steel 362. 362. The dewpoint of hydrochloric acid depends on the
corrosion rates increases significantly if the flow concentration of hydrogen chloride. It is typically about
velocity exceeds about ________m fps or at acid _________.
concentrations below _________. A. 180º F
A. 6-9, 80% B. 160º F
B. 5-7, 75% C. 130º F
C. 2-3, 65% D. 110º F: C
D. 4-6, 85%: C 363. 363. SCC tendency ________ towards the alkaline pH
355. 355. Blistering, HIC and SOHIC have been found to region.
occur between ambient and ________. A. Decreases
A. 250º F B. Increases
B. 300º F C. Remains constant
C. 350º F D. Varies: A
D. 400º F: B 364. 364. It is generally accepted that stresses approaching
356. 356. SSC generally occurs below about ________. _________ are required for SCC to occur so that
A. 225º F thermal stress relief is effective in preventing caustic
B. 200º F SCC.
C. 180º F A. MAWP
D. 150º F: C B. Yield
357. 357. SOHIC is driven by localized stresses so that C. Creep range
__________ is somewhat effective in preventing D. Critical: B
SOHIC damage. 365. 365. Cadmium and lead will cause LME on
A. PWHT _____________.
B. Preheat A. Copper alloys
C. Temperature B. 300 Series SS
D. None of the above: A C. Aluminum alloys
358. 358. Blistering, HIC, SOHIC and SSC damage can occur D. High strength steel: D
wherever there is a ____________ environment. 366. 366. The regenerator reboiler and the regenerator are
A. Wet H²S areas where the temperature and __________ of the
B. Hydrogen amine stream are the highest and can cause significant
C. Sulfur corrosion problems.
D. Aqueous: A A. Pressure
359. 359. Cracking susceptibility increases with B. Stress
__________ pH and carbonate concentration. C. Turbulence
A. Increasing D. Concentration: C
B. Decreasing 367. 367. With sour water corrosion, corrosion increases
C. Low with __________ NH4HS concentration and
D. High: A __________ velocity.
360. 360. Dissimilar weld metal cracking can be aggravated A. Increasing, Decreasing
by _______. B. Increasing, Increasing
A. Stress C. Decreasing, Decreasing
B. Pressure D. Decreasing, Increasing: B
C. Thermal cycling 368. 368. Oxygen and iron in the wash water injected into
D. Cyclic stresses: C reactor effluent can lead to __________ corrosion and
361. 361. Stress relief and stabilization heat treatment of fouling.
300 Series SS for maximizing chloride SCC and PASCC A. Increased
resistance can cause ____________ problems, B. Decreased
especially in thicker sections. C. Substantial
A. Thermal fatigue D. Minimal: A
B. Reheat cracking 369. 369. ________ injection downstream of the desalter is
C. Hydrogen another common method used to reduce the amount of
D. HIC: B HCl going overhead.
A. Hydrogen
B. Nitrogen
C. Water
D. Caustic: D
370. 370. Susceptibility to sulfidation is determined by the 378. 378. With sour water corrosion, streams with a pH
_________ of the material. below ________ indicate the presence of a strong acid.
A. Corrosion resistance A. 7.0
B. Tensile strength B. 5.5
C. Chemical composition C. 6.0
D. Yield strength: C D. 4.5: D
371. 371. High temperature H² / H²S corrosion damage is 379. 379. Sour water corrosion in _________ containing
minimized by using alloys with high _________ environments may be accompanied by carbonate SCC.
content. A. H²O
A. Carbon B. H²S
B. Molybdenum C. CO²
C. Chromium D. O²: C
D. Stainless: C 380. 380. Phosphoric acid corrosion is usually found in
372. 372. In HF service, carbon steel forms a protective ________ areas.
_________ scale in dry concentrated acid. Loss of the A. High velocity
protective scale through high velocities or turbulence B. Low velocity
will result in greatly accelerated corrosion rates. C. High temperature
A. Chloride D. Low temperature: B
B. Fluoride 381. 381. Type 304L SS is satisfactory for phosphoric acid
C. Iron sulfide concentration of 100% up to about _________. Type
D. Iron oxide: B 321 is required from there to 225º F.
373. 373. The presence of _________ can destabilize the A. 140º F
scale and turn it into a nonprotective scale. B. 150º F
A. H²S C. 100º F
B. O² D. 120º F: D
C. H² 382. 382. 300 Series SS can be used for sour water service at
D. H²O: D temperatures below _______, where Chloride SCC is
374. 374. In HF service, carbon steel operating above not likely.
________ should be closely monitored for loss in A. 120º F
thickness and may need to be upgraded to Alloy 400. B. 140º F
A. 150º F C. 150º F
B. 175º F D. 175º F: B
C. 160º F 383. 383. With sulfuric acid corrosion, mix points with
D. 200º F: A _______ cause heat to be released and high corrosion
375. 375. A minimum of ________ to ______ molybdenum rates can occur where the acid becomes diluted.
is needed in an alloy to resist naphthenic acid A. Water
corrosion. B. Hydrogen
A. 2%, 3% C. H²S
B. 1 ½ %, 2 ½ % D. Caustic: A
C. 2%, 2 ½ % 384. 384. With sulfuric acid corrosion, the presence of
D. 1%, 2%: C oxidizers can _______ the corrosion rate.
376. 376. NAC may be found in hot hydrocarbon streams A. Increase
downstream of the crude and vacuum units, B. Decrease
__________ any hydrogen mix point. C. Stabilize
A. Upstream of D. Eliminate: A
B. Downstream of 385. 385. With sulfuric acid corrosion, alloys such as Alloy
C. Adjacent to 20 resist dilute acid corrosion and form a protective
D. Around: A ________ film on the surface.
377. 377. _________ acid is most often used as a catalyst in A. Sulfide
polymerization units. B. Chloride
A. Polythionic C. Iron sulfate
B. Naphthenic D. Iron oxide: C
C. Phosphoric
D. Sulfuric: C
386. 386. Which of the following materials are susceptible to 394. 394. Hydrogen stress cracking is the same mechanism
polythionic acid SCC? that is responsible for sulfide stress corrosion cracking
A. 300 Series SS in wet H²S environments except that HF acid is
B. Alloy 600 generating the __________.
C. Alloy 800 A. Sulfide
D. All of the above: D B. Corrosion
387. 387. Sensitization occurs in the _____ to _______ C. Hydrogen
range. D. None of the above: C
A. 800º F, 1400º F 395. 395. Carbonate SCC can occur at relatively low levels of
B. 750º F, 1500º F ________ but usually occurs at welds that have not
C. 600º F, 1120º F been stressed relieved.
D. 1000º F, 1750º F: B A. Residual stress
388. 388. For furnaces, to prevent PASCC, keep the firebox B. Applied stress
heated above the dewpoint to keep ________ from C. Acid concentration
forming. D. None of the above: A
A. Water 396. 396. Carbonate SCC may easily be mistaken for SSC or
B. Acids SOHIC; however, the carbonate cracks are usually
C. Moisture ________ the toe of the weld and have multiple parallel
D. Corrosion: B cracks.
389. 389. The "L" grade of stainless steels will sensitize if A. Further from
exposed more than several hours above _______ or B. Closer to
long term above _____. C. Diagonal to
A. 1200º F, 800º F D. Perpendicular to: A
B. 1000º, 600º F 397. 397. 300 Series SS, 5Cr, 9Cr and 12Cr alloys are not
C. 1000º F, 750º F susceptible to ________ at conditions normally seen in
D. 1100º F, 800º F: C refineries.
390. 390. In order to minimize and prevent amine SCC, A. Cl SCC
PWHT all carbon steel welds in accordance with API RP B. SOHIC
_____. C. HTHA
A. 751 D. HTLA: C
B. 912 398. 398. With high temperature hydrogen attack,
C. 510 ________ using a combination of velocity ratio and
D. 945: D backscatter have been the most successful in finding
391. 391. SSC is a form of hydrogen stress cracking resulting cracking.
from the absorption of atomic hydrogen that is A. MT
produced by the ______ corrosion process on the metal B. UT
surface. C. RT
A. HCl D. EC: B
B. HF 399. 399. Reheat cracking is most frequently observed in
C. Sulfide _______ grained sections of a heat-affected zone.
D. Wet H²S: C A. Course
392. 392. ________ significantly increases the probability B. Fine
and severity of blistering, HIC and SOHIC damage. C. Dense
A. Caustic D. Treated: A
B. Cyanides 400. 400. HTHA is dependant on temperature, hydrogen
C. Stress partial pressure, time and _________.
D. Temperature: B A. Pressure
393. 393. All piping and equipment exposed to HF acid at B. Stress
any concentration with hardness levels above the C. Yield
recommended limit (237 BHN) are subject to D. Tensile strength: B
_________.
A. Hydrogen stress cracking
B. Sulfide stress cracking
C. Chloride stress cracking
D. None of the above: A
401. 401. __________ is a form of damage found mostly in 408. 408. Which of these cast irons are not susceptible to
older vintage carbon steels and C-0.5 Mo low alloy steels graphitic corrosion?
under the combined effects of deformation and aging at A. Gray cast iron
an intermediate temperature. B. Black Cast iron
A. Spheroidization C. White cast iron
B. Thermal fatigue D. None of the above: C
C. Strain aging 409. 409. Which of the following materials are the least
D. None of the above: C susceptible to caustic embrittlement?
402. 402. A vacuum tower operating at 740º F is being A. Carbon steel
entered to inspect. Several sets of Type 410 SS trays are B. Stainless steel
bent at various angles. The trays are removed in order C. 9Cr-0.5 Mo
to straighten them. When an attempt is made to D. Nickel base alloys: D
straighten them cracks form at the bends. What type of 410. 410. A carbon steel bundle from the overhead
damage mechanism would cause the cracks to form? condenser in the crude unit operates at 300º F and is in
A. Hydrogen embrittlement hydrochloric acid service. It showed severe pitting type
B. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking corrosion when pulled for inspection. What type of
C. 885º F embrittlement material would be best suited for this service?
D. High temperature corrosion: C A. 5Cr-0.5Mo
403. 403. A steam actuated soot blower has condensate in B. 316 stainless steel
the first steam exiting the soot blower. What type of C. 9Cr-1Mo
damage can be expected to be found when the furnace is D. Titanium: D
brought down for maintenance and inspection? 411. 411. 300 series stainless steel heater tubes in an oil-
A. Thermal fatigue burning furnace in the hydrocracker began to leak and
B. Steam blanketing the furnace was brought down. What was the probable
C. Creep cause of the cracking?
D. Stress rupture: A A. Chloride stress corrosion
404. 404. A 6", A106 Gr B, flanged line carrying caustic wash B. Polythionic acid stress corrosion
water at 200º F has signs of atmospheric corrosion. C. Amine stress corrosion
Which of the following may have help accelerate the D. Stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking: B
corrosion?
A. Sulfides
B. Fly ash
C. Caustic
D. None of the above: B
405. 405. Corrosion under insulation is more severe
between ________ and ____________.
A. 175º F, 212º F
B. 212º F, 250º F
C. 250º F, 300º F
D. 25º F, 250º F: B
406. 406. Mitigation of CUI is best achieved by _________.
A. A properly documented inspection program
B. A properly installed insulation system
C. A properly applied coating system
D. A properly documented NDE program: C
407. 407. A 5Cr-1Mo piping system in the hydrogen unit
shows significant internal wall loss after 2 years in
service due to CO² corrosion. Which material would be
best suited to use to install a new pipe system?
A. Titanium
B. 9Cr-1Mo
C. A-106 Gr B
D. 316 SS: D