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Development of CRGO Steel:-A chronological

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Conference Paper · November 2013

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 A REVIEW ON THE CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CRGO STEEL
Aditya Prakash ,
1 Sinchan Ghosh ,
1 P. Anil Kumar2
1. National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology(NIFFT), Ranchi, [email protected]
2. Research & Development Dept., Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL), Visakhapatnam

ABSTRACT:
INTRODUCTION
The quality and production technology Changing
of grain-oriented electrical steel have improved over the past 70 years thetheposter’s
through columninlayout
improvement Importing
orientation of the grains in {110} <001> crystallographic Tables
direction. This &type
Graphs
of texture is one of the most
important parameters determining the magnetic properties of the laminated steel plates. Further improvements were made in the magnetic properties of the material, through the development of thinner-gauge material and establishment of magnetic
domain refining techniques. In this paper, the chronological development of the Grain – oriented Silicon steel has been explained along with an emphasis on the Indian scenario.
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INTRODUCTION INDIAN SCENARIO:
· High permeability CRGO has substantially larger grain size than
In recent years, as an aspect of the global trend towards energy consumption conventional CRGO. Currently, India consumes about 2.5 lakh MT per annum of CRGO electrical
and preservation of the environment, the reduction of electrical consumption · Lower Magnetostriction, steel and with the growth in demand of transformation capacity the
has become an extremely essential affair. Due to such worldwide movement of which will reduce humming consumption is estimated to be 11.5 Lakh MT and 13.5 Lakh MT respectively
environmental protection, energy saving and noise reduction have been of transformers. during the 12th and the 13th plan period. Against the above demand , only
required for transformers, leading to a demand for lower core loss and lower Nippon’ process SAIL-RSP and Raymond steel have CRGO Production facilities. SAIL produced
magnetostriction material. Silicon steel is a soft magnetic material mainly used for Hi-permeability CRGO a small quantity in early 1990s and thereafter discontinued CRGO production.
for transformer cores. Silicon steel is a material of prime importance in the manufacture is considerably Only five global steel makers have the technology to produce such steel, which
electrical industry and is been consumed in hundreds of thousands of tons different from Kawasaki process. Nippon Steel employs AI N as grain growth India imports around USD 2 billion annually.
every year . Pure iron has exceptional magnetic properties. One of the inhibitor and basic manufacturing process follows the conventional CRGO The plan to produce CRGO has been with steel ministry for quite some time.
properties is its very high saturation magnetization and its about 2.17 T at room except that intermediate annealing step is eliminated. Kawasaki n the other National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML) and Tata Steel's proposal for
temperature .Pure Iron is, however not used for electrical applications, instead hand uses MnS and Sb as grain growth inhibitors and follows single rolling and development of CRGO steel in the country through a pilot plant setup at a cost
electrical steels are used in many engineering applications .Electrical steels are two step box annealing process. of Rs 500 crore is set to take off soon. NML and Tata Steel would set up a pilot
also absolutely needed for the electrical power industry, as there are no obvious plant having a capacity of 3-5 tonnes in Jamshedpur. The two will give Rs 170
cost – effective alternative materials available. Most electrical steels are Fe DEVELOPMENT OF DOMAIN REFINNING PROCESS crore each to the project and the balance is likely to be funded by the Steel
alloys with characteristic alloying additions. The most important alloying As mentioned earlier, Hi-permeability CRGO develops a rather grain. Large Ministry for procuring plant equipment. NML is the third in the Council of
elements are silicon and aluminium. In electrical steels , Si and Al are in solid grains will give low hysterisis loss but the anolomous component of Eddy Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) family of 38 laboratories. The Working
solution and they influence the α- phase and ϒ-phase stability .Both are strong current increase due to large grains. Hi-permeability Go steels are subjected Group on Steel Industry for 12th Five-Year Plan in its report had recommended
ferrite – stabilizing elements and their addition may limits the austenite phase domain refining by technologies such as laser scribing and plasma jet inclusion of development of CRGO steel as a high value project of national
stability to the extent that is not present during heat treatment. irradiation. During domain refining, a strain is locally introduced in the Steel and importance.
the strain induced region act like they are grain boundaries reducing 1800 It had also suggested a budgetary allocation of Rs 150 crore for research on
CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF CRGO: domain wall spacing resulting in lower eddy current-loss. CRGO development during the 12th Plan Period. There are a couple of public
In 1900, the reducing effect of iron loss due to an addition of silicon in iron was Domain refining was first introduced by NSC in late 1970s followed by Kawasaki sector companies including JSW Steel, that have already announced plans to
discovered by Hadfield . Concept of orienting grains in magnetically favorable in 1987. Domain refined CRGO Steel showed a further reducing trend in losses produce CRGO through joint venture mode, but production from them will take
direction was discovered by N.P. Goss in 1934 and corresponding texture {110} than Hi-permeability CRGO and in-creased the magnetic permeability also. some time to start. Public sector units - SAIL and RINL - have also evinced
<001> is referred as Goss texture, also called Cube-on-edge (COE) orientation The domain refined CRGO steel however has a major disadvantage in that the interest to venture into the area. However, Steel Ministry's Empowered
with {110} indicating the plane and <001> indicating favorable magnetic flux iron loss improvement effect begins to be lost during stress relief annealing of Committee (EC) for Research and Development, headed by the Secretary, said
direction. cores, which process is essential for wound core transformers. the joint ventures undertaken by Indian steel firms cannot ensure total
Norman P Goss patented the method to manufacture CRGO steel in 1934 technology transfer. Even if they do, it will cover only normal grades.
DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT-PROOF DO-MAIN REFINING TECHNOLOGY
under the name of “ELECTRICAL SHEET AND APPARATUS FOR ITS Steel firms having the technology to develop CRGO are very reluctant to
MANUFACTURE AND TEST”. Before Goss’ invention, production of electrical Due to heat resistivity limitation of domain refined (laser scribed/plasma transfer that to India. EC, therefore, felt that development of the technology
steel was more or less based on hit and trials. Methods weren’t known to check irradiated) CRGO steel, Nippon steel introduced Orientcore Hi-B LS grades in through indigenous sources through a pilot plant was a necessity.
the characteristic of the material before its production. late 1980s[10]. The grades such as 27ZHKH95,23ZDKH90 provide much According to Central Electricity Authority, transformer industry of the country
In CRGO Steel pioneered by ARMCO, USA and Allegheny Ludlum Corporation lower core losses at 1.5T and 1.7T coupled with high induction and as such has grown to a manufacturing capacity of 800-1000 GVA and during the 12th
(ALC), this type of texture was developed utilising different process need not be stress relief annealed. In 1991, Kawasaki steel succeeded in Plan period, an additional 94,000 MW generation capacity is targeted to be
technologies during 1940-50 period . The cold rolled Grain Oriented steel developing heat proof domain refining technology in which grooves are formed added.
containing about 3% Silicon replaced the HR silicon Steel containing 4 to 4.5% on the strip by an electrolyte this product as RGH-PD. Given these daunting requirements, the need for higher-capacity transformers
Silicon which was used as Transformer core-material till 1940s. 6.5% Si Steel Brand NKK Super Ecore NKK Japan 1993· Produced by is imminent. India's CRGO steel consumption thus would significantly increase
Subsequently, both ARMCO and ALC transferred CRGO Process technology chemical (Si) vapour deposition process patented by NK on 3% conventional from the current level of $ 2 billion .
to several other manufacturers, who produced conventional CRGO steel under CRNO steel of required final thickness. NKK process also involves diffusion
CONCLUSION:
Licence from either of the two companies mentioned above. annealing.· has nearly zero magnetostriction · Availability in thickness 0.05mm
to 0.30mm. In 1900, Hadfield discovered the reduction of core loss on addition of Si and in
ARMCO Licences : Nippon Steel – Japan, Usinor-France, Surahammer
1934 Goss patented the industrial method to produce GO steel, it travelled a
Sweeden, Acesita-Brazil, SAIL-India, ALC Licences : POSCO-KOREA, DEVELOPMENT IN EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND CIS long way since then. In 2010, around 400 million tons of electric steel were
Raymond Steel – India.
East European Countries- Czech Republic and Slovakia developed a new produced worldwide, making around 29% of total steel production. The share is
DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN concept in production of regular Grain Oriented Silicon Steel by using Nitrides close to about 50% in Europe and to some extent even significantly higher in
Kawasaki Steel started CRGO production on commercial basis in 1961. Their as grain growth inhibitor rather than Sulphides which is the normal grain growth North America, Africa, India and the Near East.In total production of GO steel,
process involved MnS as grain growth inhibitor, while Americans employed MnS inhibitor in the pioneering CRGO technology developed by ARMCO and ALC of percentage of high grade GO steel, HI-B is still around 20%,which is a very
as grain growth inhibitor. Kawasaki process, which was independently USA. The concept of using Nitride as grain growth inhibitor resulted in a major small when compared to the benefits of HI-B. This is due to many metallurgical
developed employed a considerably different production process to produce advantage to steel makers, since Nitrides require < 14000C as compared to problems observed in production of HI-B such as high slab reheating
CRGO. Sulphides which require > 1400OC slab reheating temperature so that MnS temperature(>1300OC) for the formation of Austenite phase in desired
Meanwhile, Nippon Steel was also manufacturing conventional CRGO steel goes into solution prior to slab rolling. percentage, restriction in increment of Si percentage (to decrease core loss)
through an ARMCO License. This new type of approach was developed in and restriction in decreasing the gauge of product. But new developments are
Though conventional CRGO steel has low core Loss; its induction is not 1986 by researchers at Iron & Steel Institute in Dobra, also taking place like acquired inhibitor method, in which N2 gas is injected by
adequate to reduce the exciting current to make the transformer core more Czech Republic in co-operation with East Slovakian using NH3 gas after decarburization. This method decreases reheating
compact. Moreover, if the core loss is further reduced, the amount of energy, steel works at VSZ Kosice. The basic aim temperature of slab and hence ensures the better performance of electrical
which is lost, as heat is reduced and further saving in power consumption is of the study was to realise the production machines. This is just an example of the possibility of new techniques which
possible. This was the guiding principle in development of high permeability of Grain Oriented HR Coils on universal steel making (LD converter / vacuum can be discovered with research in this area. Such inferior material causes
CRGO STEEL. Nippon Steel development the world’s first high permeability degassing) and rolling equipment together with production of other conventional transformers to fail faster debilitating the country's power distribution
CRGO steel in 1968called Hi-B and in 1973 Kawasaki developed its own high steel grades. The slab reheating temperatures are in the range 1260-12700C infrastructure. Thus, CRGO is going to play an important role in sustaining
permeability grade called ‘RGH’. for Nitride inhibited grain oriented steel and can be achieved in any India’s economic development. Hence, focus should be given in research and
Hi permeability CRGO has the following pronounced characteristics : conventional reheating furnace in contract to special reheating furnace with developments of high grade GO in India.
· Core loss at 1.5T and 1.7T are lower than conventional CRGO steel of same higher temperature ability required for Sulphide inhibited grain oriented
thickness by 10% to 12%. product. This approach significantly lowers the costs of production of HR coils.

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