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The use of timber as trussed rafters for roof of buildings is a very popular alternative all over the world. The aim of this
post is to show the design example of a timber roof truss (trussed rafter). As a direct product of nature, timber has so
many variable properties that are more complex than that of concrete, steel, bricks, or aluminium. Some of the
characteristics which influence the structural behaviour of timber are;

 moisture content
 direction of applied load (perpendicular or parallel to the grain)
 duration of loading
Welcome to the unique page of Structville
 strength grading of the timber can easily download research papers, arti
drawings, textbooks, and even upload you

STRUCTVILLE DESIGN MANUAL

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Quickly in this post, I am going to carry out a very simple design example of timber roof truss using BS 5268. A lot of
information regarding timber as a structural material can be obtained from specialist textbooks. It is worth knowing that
the most current design code for timber structures is Eurocode 5.

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BS 5268 is based on permissible stress design. When using permissible stress design, the margin of safety is introduced Bachelors Degree (B.Eng) i
Engineering from Nnamdi Azikiwe Univers
by considering structural behaviour under working/service load conditions and comparing the stresses thereby induced Passionate about civil engineering profes
with permissible values. The permissible values are obtained by dividing the failure stresses by an appropriate factor of experienced in structural analysis and des
safety. The applied stresses are determined View my complete profile
using elastic analysis techniques, i.e.

Stress induced by working loads ≤  (failure stress / factor of safety)

Since BS 5268 is a permissible stress design code, mathematical modelling of

the behaviour of timber elements and structures is based on assumed elastic behaviour.

Solved Example
Let us design the roof truss of a building subjected to the following medium-term loads. The configuration of the roof
truss is as shown above.

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(i) Dead Loads Load Test (Eurocode 7)
On rafter (top chord)

Self weight of long span aluminium roofing sheet (0.55mm gauge thickness) = 0.019 kN/m2 How to Prepare the Gener
Weight of purlin (assume 50mm x 50mm African Mahogany hardwood timber) Arrangement (GA) of a Bui

Density of African Mahogany = 530 kg/m3 = 0.013  kN/m = (0.013 × 2m)/(2m × 1.2m) = 0.0108 kN/m2

Self weight of rafter (assume) = 0.05 kN/m2 RECENT POPULAR COM

Total = 0.0885 kN/m2
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Self weight of ceiling tie = 0.05 kN/m2

Total = 0.227 kN/m2 Simple Proofs Why Shorter

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Therefore the nodal permanent load on rafter (Gk) = 0.08 kN/m2 × 2m × 1.2m = 0.192 kN

Therefore the nodal permanent load on ceiling tie (Gk) = 0.227 kN/m2 × 2m × 1.2m = 0.5448 kN An Introduction To Isogeom
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(ii) Live Load

Imposed load on top and bottom chord (qk) = 0.75 KN/m2 (treat as medium-term load on plan)
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Therefore the nodal permanent load on rafter (Gk) = 0.75 kN/m2 × 2m × 1.2m = 1.8 kN

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Results
Analysis of the structure for the loads gave the following results; BLOG ARCHIVE

All load values are medium term loads;

April (10)

TAGS

BEAMS (24) BRIDGES (5)

CABLE STRUCTURES (1) COLUMN (10)

CONCRETE (1) CONNECTION DESIGN (1

CONSTRUCTION (12) DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (1) EUROCO

EUROCODE 3 (11) EUROCODE 7 (3)

FORCE METHOD (9) FOUNDATIONS (7)

FRAMES (17) GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERIN

GUIDES (8) INFORMATIVE POSTS (11)

Medium term load is defined in this case by:
LITERATURE REVIEW (1)
Dead load + temporary imposed load
MATERIALS ENGINEERING (1) OPINION

Top Chord Result PLASTIC ANALYSIS (1) PROGRAMMING

Axial force = 10.1 kN (Compression)
PROMOTIONS (4) QUANTITY ESTIMATION
Bending Moment = 0.2 kNm
Length of member = 1.26m REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN (33)

STAAD PRO (5)

Design of the Top Chord
STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES (10)
Let us try 38mm x 100mm timber
Strength class C18 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES (1

STEEL STRUCTURES (15)

Compression parallel to grain (σc,g,||) = 7.1 N/mm2

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (48) TALL BUILDI
σc,adm,|| = σc,g,|| ×  k2 × k3 × k8 × k12
THIN PLATES (2) TIMBER STRUCTURES

TRUSSES (7) WIND LOAD (1)

Bending parallel to grain (σm,g,||) = 5.8 N/mm2

σm,adm,|| = σm,g,|| ×  k2 × k3 × k6 × k7 × k8

k2 = wet exposure (does not apply in this case)

k3 = duration factor = 1.25 (medium-term loading)

k6 = shape factor = 1.0 (rectangular section)

k7 = Depth of section 72mm < h < 300mm

k7 = (300/h)0.11 = (300/100)0.11 = 1.128

k8 = Load sharing factor (does not apply since the spacing of the rafters exceed 610 mm).

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Section Properties

Area = 3.8 × 103 mm2

Zxx = 63.3 × 103 mm3

Zyy = 24.1 × 103 mm3

Ixx = 3.17 × 106 mm4

Iyy = 0.457 × 106 mm4

rxx = 28.9 mm

ryy = 11 mm

Applied bending stress

σm,a,|| = M/Z = (0.2 × 106)/(63.6 × 103) = 3.144 N/mm2

Axial compressive stress

σc,a,|| = P/A = (10.1 × 103)/(3.8 × 103) = 2.657 N/mm2

Check for slenderness

Effective length (Le) = 1260 mm (assuming pin end connection)

λ = Le/r = 1260/28.9 = 43.598 < 52 Ok  (clause 2.11.4)

Medium-term load

Compression parallel to grain (σc,g,||) = 7.1 N/mm2

Emin = 6000 N/mm2

k3 = 1.25 (Table 17)

σc,|| = 7.1 × 1.25 = 8.88 N/mm2

E/σc,|| = 6000/8.88 = 675.67

Slenderness λ = 43.598

We can obtain the value of k12 by interpolating from Table 22 of the code

We are interpolating for E/σc,|| = 675.67 and  λ = 43.598

E/σc,||           40         50

600           0.774       0.692

700           0.784       0.711

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On interpolating (bivariate interpolation);

k12 = 0.7545

σc,adm,|| = σc,g,|| ×  k2 × k3 × k8 × k12

σc,adm,|| = 7.1 ×  1.0 × 1.25 × 1.0 × 0.7545 = 6.699 N/mm2

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σm,adm,|| = σm,g,|| ×  k2 × k3 × k6 × k7 × k8

σm,adm,|| = 5.8 ×  1.0 × 1.25 × 1.0 × 1.128 × 1.0 = 8.178 N/mm2

Euler critical stress σe =  π2Emin/λ2

σe =  π2(6000)/(43.598)2 = 31.154 N/mm2

For combined bending and compression

σm,a,|| =  3.144 N/mm2

σc,a,|| = 2.657 N/mm2

σc,adm,|| =  6.699 N/mm2

σm,adm,|| =  8.178 N/mm2

σe =  31.154 N/mm2

[3.144/(6.699 × 0.9034)] + [2.657/6.699] = 0.919 < 1.0

Therefore, 38mm x 100mm GS C18 Timber is adequate for the rafter

Consider portion over nodes (at supports)

Bending moment = 0.28 kN.m
Axial load (taking the average at that joint) = (10.81 + 8.43)/2 = 9.62 kN

Applied bending stress

σm,a,|| = M/Z = (0.28 × 106)/(63.6 × 103) = 4.40 N/mm2

Axial compressive stress

σc,a,|| = P/A = (9.62 × 103)/(3.8 × 103) = 2.531 N/mm2

At node point, λ < 5.0, and the rafter is designed as a short column at this point;

σc,adm,|| = σc,g,|| ×  k2 × k3 × k8

σc,adm,|| = 7.1 ×  1.0 × 1.25 × 1.0  = 8.875 N/mm2

The interaction formula for this scenario is given below;

[σm,a,|| / σm,adm,||] + [σc,ma,|| / σc,adm,||] ≤ 1.0

[4.40 / 8.178] + [2.531 / 8.875] = 0.8232 < 1.0

This shows that the section is satisfactory for rafter.

Analysis for Tie Element

Span Length = 1.2m

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Load = (0.227 + 0.75) × 2m = 1.954 kN/m

Results
Axial force = 9.74 kN (tension)
Bending Moment = 0.22 kNm
Length of member = 1.2m

Design of the Bottom Chord (ceiling tie)

Let us still try 38mm x 100mm timber
Strength class C18

Tension parallel to grain (σt,g,||) = 3.5 N/mm2

σt,adm,|| = σt,g,|| ×  k2 × k3 × k8 × k14

(width of section) k14 = (300/h)0.11 = (300/100)0.11 = 1.128

σt,adm,|| = 3.5 × 1.0 × 1.25× 1.0 × 1.128 = 4.935 N/mm2

Bending parallel to grain (σm,g,||) = 5.8 N/mm2

σm,adm,|| = 5.8 ×  1.0 × 1.25 × 1.0 × 1.128 × 1.0 = 8.178 N/mm2

Applied bending stress

σm,a,|| = M/Z = (0.22 × 106)/(63.6 × 103) = 3.459 N/mm2

Axial tensile stress

σc,a,|| = P/Effective Area = (9.74 × 103)/(3.8 × 103) = 2.563 N/mm2

Note: When ceiling tie is connected to rafter by the means of a bolt, the projected area of the bolt hole must be subtracted
from the gross area of the section.

Combined tension and bending

[σm,a,|| / σm,adm,||] + [σt,ma,|| / σt,adm,||] ≤ 1.0

[3.459 / 8.178] + [2.563 / 4.935] = 0.9422 < 1.0

This is ok.

Consider portion over nodes (at supports)

Bending moment = 0.3 kN.m
Axial load (taking the average at that joint) = (9.5 + 9.74)/2 = 9.62 kN

Applied bending stress

σm,a,|| = M/Z = (0.3 × 106)/(63.6 × 103) = 4.7169 N/mm2

Axial tensile stress

σc,a,|| = P/Effective Area = (9.62 × 103)/(3.8 × 103) = 2.531 N/mm2

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Combined tension and bending
[σm,a,|| / σm,adm,||] + [σt,ma,|| / σt,adm,||] ≤ 1.0

[4.7169/ 8.178] + [2.531 / 4.935] = 1.089

In this case, the tie element may be increased to 38mm x 175mm or the grade of the timber could be changed to
accommodate the combined flexural and axial stress in the member.

Check for de ection

Deflection of trussed rafter under full load = 6.095mm (calculated on Staad)
Permissible deflection = 14mm

Deflection is ok.

That is it for now. Thank you so much for visiting Structville today and God bless you. Remember to share with your folks.

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2 COMMENTS: 

OVIE AGBAGA APRIL 11, 2018 AT 11:27 PM

Wow ranks, u r doing a tremendous work here I must confess. Your post has been colossal source of my bank of
knowledge. God will reward u greatly. Thanks fr d post.

Reply

EZEOBI GERALD APRIL 22, 2018 AT 4:42 PM

Great knowledge acquired. Thanks.

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