THE PAYMENT OF WAGES ACT, 1936

1. What is the object of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936?

The main object of the Act is to avoid unnecessary delay in the payment of wages and to prevent
unauthorized deductions from the wages.

2. What is the applicability of this Act?

This Act is applicable to employees with wages less than Rs. 6500 per month.

3. What is the time laid out for employer to pay the wages?

The employer needs to pay wages to the employee within one month or even
on a weekly or fortnightly basis.

4. To which establishments is the Act applicable?

The Act is applicable to the payment of wages to persons employed:

a. In factories;

b. upon railways;

c. In other establishments specified in sub-clauses (a) to (g) of section 2(ii) of the Act.
The Act empowers the State Government to extend its provisions to the persons employed in any
establishments over and above the aforesaid establishments. {Section 1}

5. What registers are required to be maintained by the employer?

d. The employer needs to maintain the following registers:

e. 1) Register of Fines

f. 2) Register of wages
g. 3) Register of deductions for damage or loss

h. 4) Register of advances made to the employees.

6. Are all wages covered or protected by the Act?

Wages averaging less than Rs. 6500.00 per month only are covered or protected by the Act with effect
from 11th September 2005. {Section 1(6)}

7. Are overtime wages to be taken into account for deciding the applicability of the Act?

Wages means contractual wages and not overtime wages. They are not to be taken into account for
deciding the applicability of the Act in the context of section 1(6) of the Act.

8. Can any employer fix a period longer than one month for paying wages to a person employed by
him?

The period to be fixed for paying wages to an employed person must not exceed one month. That
means, an employer can choose to pay wages to a person employed by him for a period of every week or
every fortnight, but not for a period of every two months or every three months, {Section 4}

9. What are the requirements of the Act in respect of time of payment of wages?

The following are the requirements of the Act in respect of time of payment of wages:

a. Wages must be paid on a working day and not on a holiday.

b. Establishments employing less than 1000 persons must pay wages before the expiry of the 7th
day of every month and other establishments must pay wages before the expiry of the 10th day of every
month.

c. When the employment of any person is terminated, the wages earned by him must be paid
before the expiry of the second working day from the day of termination. {Section 5}

10. What are the requirements of the Act in respect of method of payment of wages?

Wages must be paid in current coin or currency notes or in both and not in kind. It is, however,
permissible for an employer to pay wages by cheque of by crediting them in the bank account if so
authorized in writing by an employed person. {Section 6}

11. What is the provision of the Act regarding deductions from the wages payable to an employed
person?

The Act prohibits all kinds of deductions except those, which are authorized by or under the Act.
{Section 7}

12. What are the provisions of the Act regarding the imposition of fines on the employed person?

a. The employer must exhibit on his premises a list of acts or omissions for which fines can be
imposed.

b. Before imposing a fine on an employed person he must be given an opportunity of showing

cause against the fine.

c. The amount of fine must not exceed 3 percent of the wages.

d. A fine cannot be imposed on an employed person who is under the age of 15 years.

e. A fine cannot be recovered by installments or after 90 days from the day of the act or omission
for which it is imposed.
 f. The moneys realized from fines must be applied to purposes beneficial to employed persons.
{Section 8}

13. Is the employer free to impose fines in respect of any act of omission on the part of employed
persons?

Fines can be imposed in respect of only those acts or omissions of the employed persons which are
approved by the authority prescribed under section 8(1) of the Act. {Rules 10 to 12}

14. What is the procedure prescribed for the imposition of fine and for making deductions for damage
or loss?

Any person desiring to impose a fine on an employed person or to make a deduction for damage
or loss shall explain personally or in writing to the said person the act or omission, or damage or loss in
respect of which the fine or deduction is proposed to be imposed, and the amount of fine or deduction,
which it is proposed to impose, and shall hear his explanation in the presence of at least one other
person, or obtain it in writing. {Subsection 8(3), 10(1-A) & Rule 15}

15. Apart from the employer himself, who else is responsible for the payment to the persons
employed by him of wages required to be paid under the Act?

a. In factories, if any person has been named as the manager of the factory, then the person so
named is also responsible for such payment.

b. In industrial establishments, if there is a person responsible to the employer for the supervision
and control of the industrial establishment, then the person so responsible is also responsible for such
payment.

c. Upon railways, if the employer is the railway administration and the railway administration has
nominated a person in this behalf, then the person so nominated is also responsible for such payment.
{Section 3}

16. What is the procedure an employed person has to follow for claiming deducted or delayed wages?
a. If contrary to the provisions of the Act any deduction has been made from the wages of an
employed person or any payment of wages has been delayed, he has to make an application for claiming
the same to the Authority appointed under the Act.

b. Such application can be made by the employed person himself or a legal practitioner or an
official of a registered trade union.

c. Such application has to be made within a period of 12 months from the date on which the date
on which the deduction from the wages was made or from the date on which the payment of the wages
was due to be made.

d. When any application under Subsection (2) is entertained, the authority shall hear the applicant
and the employer or other person responsible for the payment of wages under Section 3, or give them
an opportunity of being heard, and, after such further enquiry, if any, as may be necessary, may, without
prejudice to any other penalty to which such employer or other person is liable under this Act, direct the
refund to the employed person of the amount deducted, or the payment of the delayed wages, together
with the payment of such compensation as the authority may think fit, not exceeding ten times the
amount deducted in the former case and not exceeding three thousand rupees but not less than one
thousand five hundred rupees in the latter, and even if the amount deducted or delayed wages are paid
before the disposal of the application, direct the payment of such compensation, as the authority may
think fit, not exceeding two thousand rupees.

e. The amount directed to be paid by the Authority ca be recovered as if it were a fine.

f. If the employed person is not satisfied with the order of the Authority, he himself or a legal
practitioner or an official of a registered trade union, if the amount claimed by him is more than Rs.
25.00, can, within 30 days from the date of the order prefer an appeal to the Appellate court.
{Subsection 15 & 17}

17. Can the Authority refuse to entertain an application presented to it?:

The Authority may refuse to entertain an application presented to it, if after giving the applicant an
opportunity of being heard the Authority is satisfied, for reason to be recorded in writing that -

a. The applicant is not entitled to present an application;

b. The application is barred by limitation, or

c. The applicant shows no sufficient cause for making a direction under Section 15.

The Authority may refuses to entertain an application presented to it if the application is insufficiently
stamped or otherwise incomplete. When the Authority refuses to entertain an application for the said
reason, he shall return it with an indication of the defects. The application so refused may be presented
again after the defects have been made good. {Rule 7 or Central Rules}

18. If any employee is prevented from making an application for payment of deducted or delayed
wages within the prescribed period of limitation of twelve months, can the Authority admit his
application after the expiry of the said period?

Under the second proviso to Section 15(2) of the Act the Authority is given power to condone the delay
in making the application within the said period if sufficient cause is shown by the applicant for not
making the application within the said period.

19. Is it correct to contend that the expression "ten times the amount deducted" appearing in Section
15(3) of the Act means that the compensation awarded under that section must be always in multiples
of the wages deducted?

The compensation awarded under section 15(3) may not be in multiples of the wages deducted. The
Authority is free to fix such compensation at the proportionate rate which it may think to be fair and just
subject to the maximum of ten times the amount deducted.

20. Is the compensation awarded under section 15(3) of the Act penal or in the nature of
recompensation?

Compensation awarded under section 15(3) is not penal but is in the nature of a payment by
way of recompensation for loss or privation by reason of deduction from the wages paid.

21. Can a group of employed persons make a single application for claiming deducted or delayed
wages?

This can be done if they are working in the same establishment and if deductions have been made from
their wages for the same cause and during the same wages period or if their wages have remained
unpaid for the same wage period. {Section 16}
22. Has the employed person to pay any court-fees for making and application for claiming deducted
or delayed wages?

In the State of Maharashtra and in some other States the employed person is exempted from
paying any Court-fees, other than fees for service of process, for making such application; but at the
same time the Government is empowered to recover the amount of such court-fees from the employer
of the employed person if the employed person succeeds in the application. {Section 15A}

23. Can the employer also prefer an appeal against the order of the Authority?

If the employer is aggrieved by the order of the Authority, he also can, within 30 days of the date of
order, prefer an appeal to the Appellate Court if the amount ordered to be paid by him is more than Rs.
300.00 or the order imposes on him a financial liability of more than Rs. 1000.00

25. If an employer wants to file an appeal against any order of the Authority directing payment of
wages, is he required to comply with any condition at the time of filing the appeal?

Section 17(1A) of the Act provides that no such appeal shall lie unless the amount payable under
the order has been deposited by the employer with the Authority.

26. Can the amount required to be deposited under Section 17(1A) be paid after the filing of the
appeal?

The amount required to be deposited under Section 17(1A) must be paid at the time of filing of the
appeal. The appeal filed un-accompanied by the certificate of deposit is not maintainable.

27. If a person is prevented from filing an appeal to the Appellate Authority within the prescribed
period of limitation of thirty days, can the Appellate Court accept his appeal after the expiry of the
said period?
 The Act makes no provision for condonation of the delay in filing the appeal.

28. If the employer, instead of availing of the remedy of appeal under section 17 of the Act, files a writ
petition under Article 226/227 of the Constitution of India, is the writ petition maintainable?

The writ petition is not maintainable if by filing it the employer has deliberately chosen to circumvent
the provisions of law.

29. Is it competent for the Authority to entertain and decide an application for payment of subsistence
allowance?

The subsistence allowance payable to an employee placed under suspension pending Departmental
Enquiry is covered within the definition of wages given under Section 2(6) of the Act and, therefore, the
Authority is competent to entertain and decide an application for payment of subsistence allowance.

30. Is it competent for the Authority under the Act to examine the justifiability of an order of
suspension?

If an order of suspension has been passed by an officer competent to pass it, the authority under
the Act cannot examine its validity to see as to whether it was justified in law or not.

31. Can the Authority under the Payment of Wages Act decide the question of the status of an
employed person?

The Authority under the Payment of Wages Act is a Court of summary jurisdiction having powers to deal
with the simple matter of delay in payment of wages or deduction from wages. It is not within the
competence of the Authority to decide the question of the status of an employed person, i.e., whether
he is a Mistry or welder. The matter is a complicated question of law as also of fact.
32. Can there be attachment of property pending the disposal of a claim for deducted or delayed
wages?

The Authority or the Appellate Court can attach the property of an employer pending the
disposal of such claim if it is satisfied that the employer is likely to evade payment of any amount that
may be ordered to be paid by it. {Section 17A}

33. Can an employee file a suit against his employer-seeking injunction restraining the employer from
making any deductions from his wages?

No such suit can be filed because according to section 22(d) of the Act no Court can entertain any suit for
the recovery of any deduction from wages insofar as the sum so claimed can be recovered by an
application under section 15 of the Act.

34. Can any employed person relinquish his rights under the Act?

An employed person is prohibited from contracting out of the Act, i.e. from giving up any right conferred
upon him by the Act, and any contract or agreement made by him relinquishing such rights is null and
void. {Section 23}

35. Is an agreement between an employer and his employees authorizing the deduction of union
subscription from the salaries of the employer null and void under Section 23 of the Act?

Such agreement being beneficial and advantageous to the employees is not null and void under
Section 23 of the Act.

36. Is an employer required to display the abstracts of the Act in his factory or establishment?
Every employer must display in his factory or establishment a notice containing the abstracts of the Act
and the rules made there under in English and also in the language understood by the majority or the
persons employed in the factory or establishment. {Section 25}

Form No. VI and Rule 24 regarding the display of the abstract of this Act has been deleted by
Government of Maharashtra vide notification date 30-Mar-2001 MGG Pt. I-L. Ext. date 30-Mar-2001 P.
213

37. What is the responsibility of an employer in respect of wages remaining unpaid on account of the
death of an employed person on account of the whereabouts of an employed person not being
known?

An employer shall stand discharged of his liability to pay such wages if he pays them to the nominee of
the deceased person, and in case he is not able to do so, if he deposits them with the prescribed
authority. {Section 25A}

38. Is deducting some amount or union levies from wages of employees and paying the same to the
union invalid under section 7 of the Act?

If such deduction and payment is made with the consent of the employees and / or with the approval of
a competent Court, it is not invalid under Section 7 of the Act.

39. What are the conditions imposed on deductions for recovery of advances of wages?

1. An advance of wages shall not exceed four months wages.

2. The advance may be recovered in installments by deduction from wages spread over not
more than 18
months.

3. No installment shall exceed one-third of the wages for the month.

4. The rate of interest charged for advances shall not exceed 6 1/4% per annum. {Rule 18}
40. Are the provisions of section 9(2) of the Payment of Wages Act permitting deduction in wages for
participation in illegal strike affected by the provisions of section 26 of the Industrial Disputes Act
providing for penalty for illegal strikes?

The Payment of Wages Act and the Industrial Disputes Act operate in different fields and the provisions
of section 26 of the Industrial Disputes Act providing for penalty for illegal strikes do not affect the right
of the management to effect a cut in wages to the extent permitted by Section 9(2) of the Payment of
Wages Act.

THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT, 1948

1. What is E.S.I. Scheme?

In addition to necessities of food, clothing, housing etc., man needs security in times of physical and
economic distress consequent upon sickness, disablement etc. The Employees’ State Insurance
Scheme is an integrated measure of Social Insurance embodied in the Employees’ State Insurance Act
and is designed to accomplish the task of protecting ‘employees’ as defined in the Employees’ State
Insurance Act against the hazards of sickness, maternity, disablement and death due to employment
injury and to provide medical care to insured persons and their families. The Scheme covers
employees of non-seasonal power-using factories employing 10 or more persons. There is, however, a
built-in provision for its extension to other establishments or classes of establishments, industrial,
commercial, agricultural or otherwise. The Scheme has been progressively extended to cover
employees in non-power using factories employing 20 or more persons and to commercial
establishments.

2. How does the Employees’ State Insurance Scheme assist you?

The dependence of an individual on cash income is a characteristic feature of modern economy. An

interruption of money income even for a small period is, therefore, a hardship; a prolonged loss of
income is indeed a catastrophe. By coming forward to provide health protection and income
maintenance in a series of oft-experienced contingencies like sickness, maternity, disablement and
death due to employment injury, the Employees’ State Insurance Scheme tends to ameliorate your
economic anxiety and to be a friend in need and distress.

3. Why is it called a Health Insurance Scheme?

The Employees’ State Insurance Scheme performs a dual role; by providing assistance in kind (medical
care) it tries to restore your health and working capacity and by assistance in cash (cash benefit) it
tries to sustain you when your income is interrupted. With a better and facile health protection,
greater vitality, and assurance of income-maintenance in times of need, it makes you every inch a
better, a healthier, secure worker and therefore, a happier man. The assistance comes to you not as an
act of benevolence but in virtue of an acquired right.

4. Who administers the Employees’ State Insurance Scheme?

The Employees’ State Insurance Scheme is administered by a corporate body called the Employees’
State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), which has members representing Employees, Employers, the
Central Government, State Governments, Medical Profession and the Parliament. The Director General
is the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation and is also an ex-officio member of the Corporation.
The other bodies at the national level are the Standing Committee (a representative body of the
Corporation) and the Medical Benefit Council, a specialized body which advises the Corporation on
administration of Medical Benefit. At the Regional and Local levels, the Regional Boards and Local
Committees have been constituted. There is, thus, an association of interests and interest groups at all
levels.

ESIC is the trustee of the interests of the insured persons. It discharges its obligations and duties
through a network of Regional Offices and Local Offices, Hospitals and Dispensaries spread over the
entire country.

5. Whom does the Scheme protect?

The Scheme protects all “employees” engaged on a monthly remuneration not exceeding Rs. 10,000/-
in a factory/establishment to which the Act applies. Persons employed for wages on any work
connected with the administration of the factory or establishment or any part, department or branch
thereof or purchase of raw materials, or distribution or sale of the product of a factory or
establishment are also covered. Mines, Railway Running Sheds, Naval, Military and Air Force
Workshops and specified seasonal factories are excluded. The scheme also provides full medical cover
to the dependants of insured persons. In the event of death of an insured person due to employment
injury dependants become eligible to cash benefit.

6. Where do Employees’ State Insurance Funds come from?

The Employees’ State Insurance Funds are primarily built out of employers contribution and
employees contribution payable monthly as a fixed percentage of wages.

7. How are the employees registered under the Scheme?

Simultaneously with his/her entry into employment in a covered factory or establishment, an
employee is required to fill in a Declaration Form. The employee is then allotted a Registration
Number, which distinguishes and identifies the person for the purposes of the Scheme. A person is
registered once and once only upon his entry in insurable employment.

8. What is an Identity Card?

On registration every insured person is provided with a “Temporary Identification Certificate” which is
valid ordinarily for a period of 3 months but may be extended, if necessary, for a further period of 3
months. Within this period, the Insured Person is given a permanent “family photo Identity Card” in
exchange for the Certificate. The Identity Card serves as a means of identification and has to be
produced at the time of claiming medical care at the dispensary/clinic and cash benefit at the Local
Office of the Corporation. In the event of change of employment, it should be produced before the
new employer as evidence of registration under the Scheme to prevent any duplicate registration. The
Identity Card bears the signatures/thumb impression of the insured person.

Since medical benefit is also available to the families of insured persons, the particulars of
family members entitled to Medical Benefit are also given in the Identity Card affixed with a postcard
size family photo.

If you lose your Identity Card before it has run its normal life, a duplicate card is issued on
payment as prescribed.

9. What are the rates of contribution?

Contributions payable in respect of an employee comprise of employer’s contribution and employee’s

contribution prescribed in Schedule I of the Act.

An employee covered under the scheme has to contribute 1.75% of the wages whereas; an employer
contributes 4.75% of the wages payable to an employee. The total contribution in respect of an
employee thus works out to 6.50% of the wages payable.

10. Who is exempted from payment of contribution?

Employees earning less than Rs 40/- a day are exempted from payment of contribution. The employers
share of contribution is, however, payable.

11. How are the Contributions collected?

The Contribution is deposited by the Employer in cash or by cheque at the designated branches of
some nationalized banks. The responsibility for payment of all contributions is that of the employer
with a right to deduct the Employees’ share of contributions from employees’ wages relating to the
period in respect of which the Contribution is payable.

12. What are ‘Contribution Periods’ and ‘Benefit Periods?

Workers, covered under the ESI Act, are required to pay contribution towards the scheme on a
monthly basis. A contribution period means a six-month time span from 1st April to 30th September
and 1st October to 31st March. Thus, in a financial year there are two contribution periods of six
months duration.

Cash benefits under the scheme are generally linked with contributions paid. The benefit period starts
three months after the closure of a contribution period. The two types of periods are illucidated
below: –

Contribution Period Corresponding Benefit period

1st April to 30th September 1st January to 30th June of the

Following Year

1st October to 31st March 1st July to 31st December

13. What is a Local Office?

A network of Local Offices has been established by the Corporation in all implemented areas to
disburse all claims for sickness, maternity, disablement and dependents’ benefit. The Local Office also
answers all doubts and enquiries and assists otherwise in filling in claim forms and completing other
action necessary in connection with the settlement of claims. These offices also interact with the
employers of the area. The Local Offices are managed by a Manager and work under the direction and
control of the Regional Offices.

14. What does ‘Sickness Benefit’ mean?

Sickness signifies a state of health necessitating medical treatment and attendance and abstention
from work on medical grounds. Financial support extended by the Corporation is such a contingency is
called Sickness Benefit.
15. What are the Contributory Conditions?

The contribution condition required to be fulfilled for admissibility of sickness benefit during any
benefit period is that contributions should have been paid in respect of an insured person in the
corresponding contribution period for not less than 78 days.

16. How much is the Standard Benefit Rate?

The daily rate of Sickness Benefit during any benefit period is the “standard benefit rate” this rate
corresponds to the average daily wage of an insured person during the corresponding contribution
period and is roughly half of the daily wage rate. Benefit is paid for Sundays also. 28 wage groups have
been evolved for working out the daily rate of Standard Sickness Benefit. Standard Benefit rates for 28
wage groups are shown in Annexure ‘A’.

17. What is the duration of Sickness Benefit?

Sickness benefit is payable for a maximum period of 91 days in any two consecutive benefit periods.
Benefit is not paid for an initial waiting period of 2 days unless the insured person is certified sick
within 15 days of the last spell in which Sickness Benefit was paid.

18. What is Extended Sickness Benefit?

Extended Sickness Benefit is a Cash Benefit paid for prolonged illness due to any of the 34 specified
diseases as mentioned below.

Diseases

1. Tuberculosis

2. Leprosy

3. Chronic Emphysema

4. Bronchiectasis

5. Interstitial Lung disease

6. AIDS

7. Malignant Diseases

8. Diabetes Mellitus-with proliferate retinopathy/diabetic foot/ nephropathy.

9. Monoplegia

10. Hemiplegia
11. Paraplegia

12. Hemiparesis

13. Intracranial space occupying lesion

14. Spinal Cord Compression

15. Parkinson’s disease

16. Myasthenia Gravis/Neuromuscular Dystrophies

17. Immature Cataract with vision 6/60 or less

18. Detachment of Retina

19. Glaucoma

20. Coronary Artery Diseases

21. Congestive Heart Failure-Left, Right

22. Cardiac valvular Diseases with failure/complications

23. Cardiomyopathies

24. Heat disease with surgical intervention along with complications

25. Chronic Obstructive Long diseases (COPD) with congestive heart failure (Cor Pulmonale)

26. Cirrhosis of liver with ascitis/chronic active hepatitis (“CAH”)

27. Dislocation of vertebra/prolapse of intervertebral disc

28. Non union or delayed union of fracture

29. Post Traumatic surgical amputation of lower extremity

30. Compound fracture with chronic osteomyelitis

31. (a) Schizophrenia

(b)Endogenous depression

(c)Maniac Depressive Psychosis (MDP)

(d)Dementia

32.More than 20% Burns with infection/complication

33.Chronic Renal Failure

34.Reynaud’s disease/Burger’s disease.

In addition, extended sickness benefit may also be sanctioned by the prescribed authority, in
case of any rare disease or special circumstances on the recommendation of the specified authority.

19. What are the Contributory Conditions?

Except in case of disability from administration of drugs/injections, the insured person should have
been in continuous employment for a period of 2 years and should have contributed for at least 156
days in 4 preceding contribution periods.

20. How much is the Benefit rate?

The daily rate of Extended Sickness Benefit is 40% more than the Standard Sickness Benefit rate
admissible.

21. How long is the Benefit available?

After exhausting Sickness Benefit payable for 91 days the ESB is payable upto a further period of
124/309 days that can be extended upto 2 years in special circumstances. Thus, together with the
Sickness Benefit for 91 days, it puts a claimant on benefit for an aggregate period 400 days for all
specified diseases and 2 years in chronic suitable cases on recommendation of competent authority.

22. What is Enhanced Sickness Benefit?

Enhanced Sickness Benefit is cash benefit for the insured persons undergoing sterilization operation of
vasectomy/tubectomy for family planning.

22a. What are the contributory conditions?

The contributory conditions are the same as for claiming sickness benefit.

22b. How much is the benefit rate?

The daily rate of this benefit is double the standard benefit rate. Say, not less than the daily wage.

22c. How Long is the benefit available?

The benefit is available upto 7 days for vasectomy and upto 14 days for tubectomy operations. This
period can however be extended in cases of postoperative complications or sickness arising out of
these sterilization operations. Its duration is not counted towards the total number of 91 days for
which the sickness benefit is available during any two consecutive benefit periods.

22d. How to claim Sickness Benefit?

A claim for Sickness Benefit should be supported by a Medical Certificate issued by an Insurance
Medical Officer/Insurance Medical Practitioner in the appropriate Form. Medical Certificates are
issued at intervals of not more than seven days, except in cases of prolonged sickness, where Special
Intermediate Certificates may be issued at longer intervals not exceeding 4 weeks. On the back of each
certificate, except the Special Intermediate Certificate, a Claim Form is printed. The Claim Form is
essentially a declaration in regard to abstention of the claimant from work during the period of claim.
Separate Claim Forms are also available.

The Claim Form should bear signatures/thumb impression of the claimant and should be submitted to
the Local Office personally, by post, through a messenger or by deposit in certificate boxes, wherever
provided. All claims should preferably to submitted to the Local Office within three days. The
Receptionist at the Local Office renders all assistance in filling in the claim on your behalf.

23. What is ‘Disablement’?

Disablement is a condition resulting from employment injury, which may be: –

(a)Temporary i.e. rendering an insured person incapable of work temporarily and necessitating
medical treatment;

(b) Permanent partial i.e. reducing the earning capacity of the insured person generally for
every

employment;

(c) Permanent total i.e. totally depriving the insured person of the power to do all work.

24. What constitutes an “Employment Injury?”

Employment injury means a personal injury caused to an employee by an accident or occupational

disease arising out of and in course of his employment in a factory or establishment covered under the
Employees’ State Insurance Act.

The law relating to Employment injury has been liberalized. Now, an accident arising in the course of
employment is presumed also to have arisen out of his employment if there is no evidence to the
contrary. Further, an accident brought about by willful disobedience, negligence or breach of
regulations etc. or an accident happening while traveling in a transport provided by the employer or
while meeting an emergency is accepted subject to certain conditions, to have arisen in the course of
and out of employment. Injuries suffered while under the influence of drinks and drugs take away the
right of the employee to this benefit.

Roadside accident caused while commuting between place of residence and workplace is also treated
as notional extension of employment for purpose of death or disablement benefit.

25. What are ‘Occupational Diseases’?

Occupational Diseases are such diseases as are susceptible of being traced back to their occupational
origin. These are specified under Schedule III of the Employees’ State Insurance Act, which enumerates
the compensable Occupational Diseases and the corresponding industrial processes involving
exposure to the diseases are thus recognized without any further evidence.

26. What are the Benefits granted?

Temporary Disablement Benefit is paid periodically in arrears as the evidence of incapacity (medical
certificate) is produced. Permanent total disablement and permanent partial disablement benefits are
paid in the form of pensions. Current employment for wages or engagement in any gainful activities is
no bar to payment of permanent disablement benefits. An insured person suffering from an
occupationed disease is also entitled to full medical care.

27. How much is the Benefit Rate?

The daily benefit rate for permanent total disablement and temporary disablement is 40% more than
the Standard Sickness Benefit rate and is roughly equivalent to about 70% of the wage rate. For
permanent partial disablement, the rate of benefit is proportionate to the percentage of loss of
earning capacity. The benefit is paid for Sundays also.

28. What are the Contributory Conditions?

There are no qualifying conditions as to the length of employment or the number of contributions
paid. Protection accrues from the very moment of entry into insurable employment.

29. What is the duration of Benefit?

Temporary Disablement Benefit is paid as long as disablement lasts. There is a waiting period of 3 days
(excluding the day of accident), but if incapacity exceeds this period, benefit is paid from the very first
day. The permanent disablement benefit is paid for the life-time of the beneficiary.

30. How is Permanent Disablement assessed?

There is indeed no way of adequately compensating a permanently disabled employee and yet some
method of determining whether an employment injury has resulted in permanent disablement and of
assessing the extent of permanent damage caused by that employment injury has to be adopted for
the purpose of determining the scale of compensation for the loss of earnings. This is done by
evaluating loss of earning capacity with reference to general disability for all work. The evaluation is
done by a Medical Board whose decision can be appealed against to a Medical Appeal Tribunal
presided over by a judicial officer, with a further right of appeal to Employees’ Insurance Court or
directly to Employees’ Insurance Court. Pending an appeal, payment for permanent loss of earning
capacity as recommended by the Medical Board is made, subject to adjustment later. Loss of wages
and expenditure on conveyance occasioned by attendance before the Medical Board are compensated
by the Corporation in accordance with rates framed for the purpose.

Where the assessment of loss of earning capacity by the Medical Board is not of a final character, the
beneficiary is required to appear again before the Medical Board for a review of the assessment.

31. Can the decisions of Medical Board or of Medical Appeal Tribunal be reviewed?

Yes. If the Medial Board or the Medical Appeal Tribunal is satisfied by fresh evidence that a decision
was given because of non-disclosure or misrepresentation of a material fact, it can review its earlier
decision at any time. A Medical Board can also review its earlier assessment of extent of disablement,
if it is satisfied that there has been substantial and unforeseen aggravation of the results of the
relevant injury and substantial injustice would be done by not reviewing it. Such review, however,
cannot be made earlier than 5 years or in the case of the provisional assessment, earlier than 6
months of the date of assessment to be reviewed.

32. Is lump sum Benefit allowed in place of Pension?

Yes. At the option of the beneficiary, permanent disablement pension, where the daily rate payable is
not significant, can be commuted for a lump sum payment subject to the fulfillment of the following
two conditions: –

(i) That the permanent disablement has been assessed as final, and

(ii) The daily rate of permanent disablement does not exceed Rs 5/- and the total commuted
value does
not exceed Rs 30,000/- (effective from April–03).

33. How to claim ‘Disablement Benefit’?

(a) Temporary Disablement:

(i) Notice of the injury should be given either orally or in writing personally or through an agent,
to the employer/foreman/duty supervisor or particulars of the injury should be entered in the
Accident Book kept in the factory, personally or through an agent.

(ii) A medical certificate of incapacity should be obtained from the Insurance Medical
Officer/Insurance Medical Practitioner.

(iii) The claim form printed on the back of the medical certificate should be filled in and
submitted promptly to Local Office along with the medical certificate.

(iv) A final certificate should be obtained from the Insurance Medical Officer/Insurance
Medical
Practitioner and submitted to the Local Office before resumption of duty.

(b) Permanent Disablement:

 (i) If suffering from permanent effects of employment injury, the insured person should make an
application to the Regional Office of the Corporation for reference of his case to the Medical Board
(reference to the Medical Board is made otherwise also by the Regional Office).

(ii) Where loss of earning capacity has been assessed and communicated to the insured person, he
should submit a claim in the appropriate form to the Local Office.

(iii) After the claim has been admitted, the beneficiary should submit at six-monthly intervals (with the
claim for June and December every year) a life certificate in appropriate form duly attested by the
prescribed authority.

34. Is there any provision for physical rehabilitation?

Yes. Insured Persons who suffer physical disablement due to employment injury are provided artificial
appliances or other physical aids such as wheel chairs, crutches, dentures and spectacles etc.

35. What about vocational rehabilitation?

The Corporation at its cost arranges for the vocational rehabilitation of disabled insured persons
provided the disability has been assessed at above 40 percent and the beneficiary is not over 45 years
of age. The training is provided at vocational rehabilitation centers run by the Govt. of India etc. The
fee, travelling expenses etc are borne by the Corporation.

36. What is ‘Dependents’ Benefit’?

Dependents Benefit is a monthly pension payable to the eligible dependents of an insured person who
dies as a result of an Employment Injury or occupational disease.

37. Who are the Beneficiaries and how long is the Benefit available?

Dependants entitled to the benefit could be: –

(a) Widow/Widows during life or until remarriage:

(b) Legitimate or adopted son until age 18 or if legitimate son is infirm, till infirmity lasts;

(c) Legitimate or adopted unmarried daughter until age 18 or until marriage, whichever is
earlier, or if infirm, till infirmity lasts and she continues to be unmarried.

In the absence of any widow or legitimate child, the benefit is payable to a parent or grandparent for
life, to any other male dependant until age 18 or to an unmarried or widowed female dependant until
age 18.

38. How much is the Benefit for each Beneficiary?

The total divisible benefit is equivalent to the temporary disablement benefit rate (roughly 70% of the
wage rate). The widow/widows share 3/5th of the benefit and the legitimate or adopted son and
daughter 2/5th each of the benefit. If the total benefit so divided exceeds the full rate, there is a
proportionate reduction in the respective shares of the beneficiaries.

39. How to claim ‘Dependants’ Benefit’?

To establish title to Dependant’ Benefit, the following documents should be submitted at the Local
Office:–

(a) Claim in the appropriate form;

(b) Evidence of death being due to employment injury;

(c) Proof of relationship to the deceased supporting eligibility of the claimant as a

“dependant”;

(d) Evidence of age of the claimant(s) (certified copy of official record of birth, Baptismal
register, school records, original horoscope etc;

(e) Certificate of infirmity from Medical Referee or any other prescribed authority in case of
legitimate infirm son or legitimate or adopted unmarried infirm
daughter.

After the claim to Dependant’s Benefit has been admitted, the beneficiary should submit at six-
monthly intervals (with the claim for June and December), a declaration that he/she is alive and has
not married/remarried attained the prescribed age/continues to be infirm, as the case may be duly
attested by the prescribed authority.

40. Can Dependant’s Benefit be reviewed?

Yes. Dependant’s Benefit once awarded can be reviewed by the Corporation at any time if it is satisfied
on fresh evidence that the earlier decision was due to non-disclosure or misrepresentation of material
facts. It can also be reviewed on birth, death, marriage, re-marriage and attainment of age 18, by a
claimant. The benefit can be continued, increased, reduced or discontinued.

41. What is Maternity Benefit?

Maternity Benefit is cash payable to an insured woman for the specified period of abstention from
work for confinement or miscarriage or for sickness arising out of pregnancy, confinement, premature
birth of child or miscarriage. “Confinement” connotes labour resulting in the delivery of a living child
or labour after 26 weeks of pregnancy whether the resultant issue is alive or dead. “Miscarriage”
means expulsion of the contents of a pregnant uterus at any period prior to or during 26th week of
pregnancy. Criminal abortion or miscarriage does not, however, entitle to benefit.

42. What are the Contributory Conditions?

The contribution condition is the same as for Sickness Benefit.

43. How much is the Benefit?

The daily benefit rate is double the Sickness Benefit rate and is thus roughly equivalent to the full
wages. Benefit is paid for Sundays also.

44. What is the duration of the Benefit?

The Benefit is paid as follows: –

(a) For confinement: –

For a total period or 12 weeks beginning not more than 6 weeks before the expected
date of child birth. If the insured woman dies during confinement or within 6 weeks thereafter, leaving
behind the living child, the benefit continues to be payable for the whole of the period. But if the child
also dead during that period, the benefit will be paid upto and including the day of death of the child.

(b) For Miscarriage: –

For a period of 6 weeks following the date of miscarriage.

(c) For Sickness arising out of pregnancy, confinement, and premature birth of child or
miscarriage:–

For an additional period of upto four week.

In all the cases, the benefit is paid only if the insured woman does not work for remuneration
during the period for which benefit is claimed. There is no waiting period.

45. How to claim Maternity Benefit?

Where an insured woman wishes to claim Maternity Benefit after confinement or for miscarriage, she
should obtain from the Insurance Medical Officer/Insurance Medical Practitioner, a certificate of
confinement or miscarriage and submit it to her Local Office personally or by post along with a claim
for Maternity Benefit. The claim form also contains a declaration of abstention from work.

If Benefit is desired before confinement, a Notice and Certificate of Pregnancy and a Certificate of
Expected Confinement obtained from the Insurance medical Officer/Insurance Medical Practitioner
are also required to be submitted.

For claiming Benefit in the event of death of an insured woman leaving behind a child, her nominee
and if there is no such nominee, her legal representative should submit personally or by post to the
Local Office of the deceased insured woman, a claim for the Benefit together with a certificate of
death of the insured woman.

An insured woman claiming Maternity Benefit for Sickness arising out of pregnancy, confinement,
premature birth of child or miscarriage should submit her claim in the manner as for sickness benefit.
 Where a claim to Maternity Benefit is not submitted along with prescribed certificates referred
to above, the Corporation has the discretion to accept other evidence in lieu thereof.

46. What is Medical Bonus?

Medical Bonus is lump sum payment made to an insured woman or the wife of an insured person in
case she does not avail medical facility from an ESI hospital at the time of delivery of a child. This
bonus of Rs. 250/- has been increased to Rs. 1000/- from 1st April 2003.

47. What is Medical Benefit?

Medical Benefit means medical care of insured persons and their families, wherever covered for
medical benefit.

48. What does Medical Benefit consist of?

The standard medical care consists of out-door treatment, in-patient treatment, all necessary drugs
and dressings, pathological and radiological specialist consultation and care, ante-natal and post natal
care, emergency treatment etc.

49. Where are ‘out-patient’ services provided?

Out-door medical care is provided at State Insurance Dispensaries or Mobile Dispensaries manned by
full-time doctors (‘Service’ system) or at the private clinics of Insurance Medical Practitioners (‘Panel”
system). The scope of medical services also includes simple antenatal and post-natal care for women,
family welfare planning services and immunization against the common infectious diseases.

The Scheme provides at the sole cost of the Corporation, artificial limbs to insured persons who lose
their limbs due to employment injury or in certain circumstances otherwise also, dentures, spectacles
and hearing aids where the loss of teeth, impairment of eyesight or hearing respectively is due to
employment injury.

50. How and where are ‘in – patient’ Services Provided?

ESIC has a network of 141 hospitals countrywide. Majority of these hospitals are administered by the
State Govts. In – patient and diagnostic services in basic specialties are available at these hospitals.
State schemes have also tie-up arrangements with a number of Medical colleges, major state
hospitals, as well as, private hospitals for advanced treatment for malignant diseases and complicated
surgical interventions.

51. What about Preventive health care services?

ESI Scheme provides preventive health care services through the network of its dispensaries and
hospitals. These include immunization against some killer diseases, pulse polio vaccination and family
welfare services etc. The scheme also participates in all major national preventive health service
campaigns.
52. How long is Medical Benefit available?

Insured worker and the members of his family are eligible for medical care from the very first day of
the worker coming under ESI Scheme. The medical care includes primary medical care, diagnostic
services, specialist consultations and indoor medical care. Whenever the patient is not able to travel
by himself/herself, ambulance services are also provided. The I.P. or his family members are not
required to pay for any of the services.

A worker who is covered under the Scheme for the first time is eligible for medical care for a period of
three months. If he/she continues in insurable employment for three months or more the medical care
is available to him/her till the start of the first benefit period. If he/she contributes at least for 78 days
in a contribution period the eligibility is there upto the end of the corresponding benefit period.

A worker is also eligible for extended sickness benefit when he/she is suffering from any one of the
long-term 34 diseases listed in the Act. This is admissible after the worker has been under ESI coverage
for at least 2 years during which he/she should have contributed at least for 156 days. When these
conditions are satisfied medical benefit is admissible for a maximum period of 730 days for the I.P. and
his/her family.

53. What are Funeral expenses?

This component consists of a lump sum payment towards the expenditure on the funeral of the
deceased insured person.

54. What is the amount payable?

The lump sum amount of this benefit is equal to the actual expenditure, not exceeding Rs. 3000/-
towards the funeral of the deceased insured person.

55. Are there any Contribution Conditions?

No contribution condition is required for this Benefit. The only condition for admissibility of this
Benefit is that the deceased person should have been an insured person at the time of his death. The
Funeral expenses are thus payable in respect of an insured person in receipt of Permanent
Disablement Benefit even if he may not be employed at the time of his death in a factory or
establishment covered under the ESI Act.

56. To whom are the Funeral expenses payable?

The expenses are payable to the eldest surviving member of the family of the deceased insured
person. If the insured person did not have a family or if he was not living with his family at the time of
his death, the benefit is payable to the person who actually incurs the expenditure on the funeral of
the deceased insured person.

57. How to claim the Funeral expenses?

To claim the expenses, the claimant should submit his/her claim personally or by post to the Local
Office of the deceased insured person within three months, together with the following documents:–

(a) Death certificate as proof of death of the insured person issued by the Insurance Medical
Officer/Insurance Medical Practitioner or such other Medical Officer of a hospital or other institution
who attended the insured person at the time of death or examined the body after the death; (Death
certificate issued by cremation/burial ground or by Municipal authorities or certified copy of village
etc. death records may also be accepted as evidence of death);

(b) A declaration of the claimant, either

(i) That he is the eldest surviving member of the family of the deceased insured person and
incurred
expenditure on the funeral of the deceased. or

(ii) In case the claimant is other than the eldest surviving member of the family, that the
deceased
insured person did not have a family or was not living with his family at the time of his death and
that
the claimant actually incurred expenditure on the funeral of the deceased insured person. The
declaration should be countersigned by a competent authority.

58. Disqualification for benefits in certain cases:

A person who works and receives wages on any day is not entitled to sickness benefit or maternity
benefit or temporary disablement benefit in respect of that day.

A recipient of sickness benefit or temporary disablement benefit must remain under medical
treatment and obey the instruction given by his Insurance Medical Officer. He should not leave the
area of treatment without the permission of his medical officer and should present himself for
examination by the medical officer or any other person authorized by the Corporation.

59. Safeguarding the right to Benefit:

Cash benefits payable under the Employees’ State Insurance Act are not liable to attachment
or sale in execution of any court decree or order. Also, the right to receive any benefit is not
transferable or assignable.

60. Protection from Dismissal, discharge or other Punishments:

An employee is protected against dismissal, discharge, or other punishments during the

following periods: –

(1) A period of 6 months in case of a recipient of disablement benefit;

 (2) A period of 6 months in case an employee is under medical treatment for sickness or
certified illness
due to pregnancy or confinement;

(3) A period of 12 months in case an employee is under medical treatment for T.B. Leprosy,
Mental,
Malignant or any of the 34 specified diseases.

61. Remittance of Cash Benefit at the cost of the Corporation:

At the option of the beneficiary, cash benefits under the Employees’ State Insurance Act are remitted
by Money Orders at the cost of the Corporation, irrespective of the amount involved.

62. Adjudication Machinery:

To make the right of claimants effective, every claimant has a right of raising a dispute in the
Employees’ Insurance Court. It consists of a judicial officer appointed by the State Government. The
jurisdiction of a Civil Court is barred in all such cases.

63. Repayment and recovery of Benefit payments:

If a person receives any benefit to which he is not legally entitled, he is liable to repay the value of any
such benefit to the Corporation.

65. Punishment for false statement etc.:

Any false statement or false representation made or caused to be made for the purpose of obtaining
benefit wrongfully etc. constitutes an offence under the Employees’ State Insurance Act, punishable
with imprisonment upto three months or with fine upto five hundred rupees or both.

66. Treatment at outstation

In case an insured worker leaves his station on duty or otherwise he/she is eligible for treatment at
any ESI medical unit, subject to production of identity card and a certificate from Employer in Form
105.

THE PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT-1965

Q1) What are the objects of the Act?

Ans: This act ensures that employees have a statutory right to share the profits of the employer.
Q2) What is the minimum bonus prescribed by the Act?

Ans: The minimum bonus prescribed by the Act is 8.33 % of annual basic salary, which is equivalent to
one months basic salary or Rs. 100 whichever is higher.

Q3) What is the maximum bonus payable under the Act?

Ans: The maximum bonus payable under the Act is two and a half months basic salary or 20 % of annual
basic salary.

Q4) What is the applicability of the act?

Ans: This Act is applicable to all establishments employing 20 or more persons.

Q5) In case after registering the establishment at any point in time, the number of employees
working in it becomes less than 20 then will the Act apply?

Ans: Any establishment which has been covered under the Act once shall continue to be governed by the
Act even if the number of persons employed therein at any time falls below 20.

Q6) Who are entitled to be paid bonus?

Ans: Any employee who is drawing a salary or wages up to Rs. 10,000 per month and who has worked
for a minimum period of 30 days in a year is entitled to bonus.

Q7) Is a casual worker (whose job is not throughout the year but only for a few months) entitled to
bonus?
Ans: The only criteria for being entitled to bonus is to complete minimum period of 30 days of work in a
year to be eligible for bonus.

Q8) For the purpose of this Act, what does the term “wages” include?

Ans: For the purpose of this Act wages means Basic salary + D. A. and does not include allowances,
overtime salary, HRA, bonus, gratuity, employer's contribution to PF.

Q9) What is the time limit for an employer to pay the bonus?

Ans: Bonus must be paid within a period of 8 months from the close of the accounting year. If an
employee does not get the bonus due to him, he can apply to the Government.

Q10) Why has the Act specified the maximum and minimum limit of the bonus?

Ans: The principle behind fixing the maximum and minimum limit of the bonus is that the rate of bonus
should not fluctuate from year to year.

Q11) Can an employee hold or deduct the bonus payable to an employee.

Ans: Only in case the employee is found guilty of misconduct causing financial loss to the employer, then
the employer can deduct the or hold the employee's bonus.

Q12) In case there is a dispute regarding the payment of bonus then when is the bonus payable?

Ans: Bonus is payable to the employee within 30 days of settlement of such dispute.
Q13) Can the employer have an agreement with the employee for a different rate of payment of
bonus?

Ans: Yes, there can be an agreement between the employer and the employee for a different rate of
payment of bonus but then they need to follow the Act,i.e., Maximum of 20 % of basic & minimum of
8.33 % of basic salary.

Q14) Which establishments are exempt from paying bonus to its employees?

Ans: Any establishment which is newly set up is exempted from paying bonus to its employees in the first
five years. If however the employer gains profits in the first five years then he has to pay bonus to its
employees.

Q15) In case there is a change in the ownership of the establishment then is the establishment exempt
from paying bonus?

Ans: No, even if the ownership of the establishment has changed it will not be considered as a newly set
up establishment and has to pay bonus.

Q16) When is the employee disqualified to receive bonus?

Ans: Any employee who is dismissed from the services on account of fraud, riotous or violent behaviour,
theft, misappropriation, or causes damage to company properties looses his claim on bonus.

Q17) In case the employee is entitled to bonus of last year but this year he/ she is dismissed on
account of theft, fraud and dishonesty then can the employer hold the employee's previous
bonus?

Ans: In such a case the employer cannot hold the due bonus of the previous year.

Q18) If the employee is laid off and paid lay off wages then is the employee entitled to bonus for
the period he/ she is laid off?
Ans: In case of lay off the employee receives lay off wages then these wages would be considered as
wages in the purview of this Act and the employer needs to pay bonus.

Q 19) In case the employer has a lot of branches/ departments which are spread over many places
or states then will it considered as separate establishments or one single establishment?

Ans: In such cases the establishment would be considered as one single establishment.unless a separate
balance sheet and profit or loss account is prepared.

Workmen’s compensation act

6. Explain the workmen’s compensation act 1923.

Ans. The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 provides for payment of compensation to

workmen and their dependants in case of injury and accident (including certain occupational

disease) arising out of and in the course of employment and resulting in disablement or death.

The Act applies to railway servants and persons employed in any such capacity as is specified

in Schedule II of the Act. The schedule II includes persons employed in factories, mines,

plantations, mechanically propelled vehicles, construction works and certain other hazardous

occupations.

The amount of compensation to be paid depends on the nature of the injury and the average

monthly wages and age of workmen. The minimum and maximum rates of compensation

payable for death (in such cases it is paid to the dependents of workmen) and for disability

have been fixed and is subject to revision from time to time.

A Social Security Division has been set up under the Ministry of Labour and Employment,
which deals with framing of social security policy for the workers and implementation of the

various social security schemes. It is also responsible for enforcing this Act. The Act is

administered by the State Governments through Commissioners for Workmen's

Compensation.

The main provisions of the Act are:-

An employer is liable to pay compensation:-

(i) If personal injury is caused to a workman by accident arising out of and in the

course of his employment;

(ii) If a workman employed in any employment contracts any disease, specified in the

Act as an occupational disease peculiar to that employment.

However, the employer is not liable to pay compensation in the following cases:-

 If the injury does not result in the total or partial disablement of the workman for a

period exceeding three days.

 If the injury, not resulting in death or permanent total disablement, is caused by an

accident which is directly attributable to:- (i) the workman having been at the time of

the accident under the influence of drink or drugs; or (ii) the willful disobedience of

the workman to an order expressly given, or to a rule expressly framed, for the

purpose of securing the safety of workmen; or (iii) the willful removal or disregard by

the workman of any safety guard or other device which has been provided for the

purpose of securing safety of workmen.

 The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint any

person to be a Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation for such area as may be

specified in the notification. Any Commissioner may, for the purpose of deciding any

matter referred to him for decision under this Act, choose one or more persons

possessing special knowledge of any matter relevant to the matter under inquiry to
assist him in holding the inquiry.

 Compensation shall be paid as soon as it falls due. In cases where the employer does

not accept the liability for compensation to the extent claimed, he shall be bound to

make provisional payment based on the extent of liability which he accepts, and, such

payment shall be deposited with the Commissioner or made to the workman, as the

case may be.

 If any question arises in any proceedings under this Act as to the liability of any

person to pay compensation (including any question as to whether a person injured is

or is not a workman) or as to the amount or duration of compensation (including any

question as to the nature or extent of disablement), the question shall, in default of

agreement, be settled by a Commissioner. No Civil Court shall have jurisdiction to

settle, decide or deal with any question which is by or under this Act required to be

settled, decided or dealt with by a Commissioner or to enforce any liability incurred

under this Act.

 The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that every

person employing workmen, or that any specified class of such persons, shall send at

such time and in such form and to such authority, as may be specified in the

notification, a correct return specifying the number of injuries in respect of which

compensation has been paid by the employer during the previous year and the amount

of such compensation together with such other particulars as to the compensation as

the State Government may direct.

 Whoever, fails to maintain a notice-book which he is required to maintain; or fails to

send to the Commissioner a statement which he is required to send; or fails to send a

report which he is required to send; or fails to make a return which he is required to

make, shall be punishable with fine.

THE PAYMENT OF GRATUITY ACT-1972

1. When is gratuity applicable to an employee?

Ans: Gratuity is applicable to a permanent employee who completes 5 years of continuous service with
the
organisation.

2. Which form has to be filled for nomination of Gratuity?

Ans: Form F has to be filled for Nomination of Gratuity.

3. who can be nominated for Gratuity?

Ans: If employee is married than he/she can nominate spouse, if not then dependant parents.

4. if an employee does not have dependant parents or is not married, can he/she nominate
his/her brother or sister?

Ans: Yes he/she can do that, but sooner or later he/she acquires a family than the employee has to
communicate
the same to the HR department to make the necessary changes in Nomination.

5. When is an employee eligible for getting gratuity?

Ans: Employee has to complete continuous service of 5 years, but after the ruling of Madras High Court if
there are 240 working days in the 5 th year even then an employee is eligible for the gratuity.
6. What if an employee completes 4 years & 6 months of service, is he eligible for Gratuity?

Ans: No, but where an employee has completed 4 years & 240 days of continuous service in the 5th year
he is
eligible for the Gratuity.

7. What if an employee before completing 5 years of continues service expires, is he eligible for
Gratuity?

Ans: In case the employee expires before completing 5 years and gratuity could be paid to the nominee
of the
deceased employee provided the employee has completed a year of service.

8. What is the maximum Gratuity payable to an employee?

Ans: Maximum Gratuity payable to an employee is Three Lakhs Fifty Thousand only.

9. Is retrenched employee entitled to gratuity?

Ans: Yes, a retrenched employee is also entitled to gratuity.

THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948

1. What is the object of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948?

The object of the Act is to provide for fixing and revising minimum wages in certain employments in
order to stop sweated labour and prevent the exploitation of unorganized labour.
2. Which employments are intended to be benefited by fixation of minimum rates of
wages?
The Government is required to fix minimum rates of wages payable to employees employed
in the employments specified in Part I or Part II of the Schedule appended to the Act.
{Section 3}

3. Is the list of employments specified in the Schedule to the Act exhaustive?: The list is not an
exhaustive one. The appropriate Government can add any employment to either part of the Schedule.
{Section 27}

4. Is it competent for a government to bring a teacher within the purview of the Act by amending the
Schedule to the Act?

A teacher would not come within the definition of "employee" given under Section 2(i) of the Act. It
is beyond the competence of a Government to bring the teachers of an educational institution under
the purview of the Act.

5. Is the Act applicable to daily rated employees?

The Act is expected to fix the minimum wages in respect of employees whether they are casual, daily
rated, temporary or permanent. The Act is applicable to daily rates employees also.

6. What is the procedure the Government has to follow for fixing and revising minimum wages?: The
Government has to fix and revise minimum wages either-

a. By appointing one or more committees and sub-committees consisting of representatives of

employers and employees and also of independent persons to hold necessary enquiries and by taking
into consideration the advice tendered by the committee or committees; or

b. By formulating and publishing its proposals and taking into consideration the representations
received in response to the proposals. {Section 5}

7. Is the task of the Government over once it fixes minimum rates of wages payable to employees
employed in a scheduled employment?
The task of the Government is not over once it fixes minimum rates of wages payable to employees
employed in a scheduled employment. The minimum rates of wages of fixed are required to be
reviewed and, if necessary, revised by the Government at intervals not exceeding five years. {Section
3(1)(b)}

8. Is it permissible for the employer to pay minimum wages in kind?

As a rule minimum wages payable under the Act must be paid in cash. The employer, however, can
pay them in kind with the permission of the appropriate Government. {Section 11}

9. Can attendance bonus be treated as part of the minimum wage fixed under the Act?
Attendance bonus is in the nature of an incentive. It is an additional payment made to the workmen
as a means of increasing production. It cannot be treated as part of the minimum wage fixed under
the Act.

10. Can the supply of essential commodities at concessional rates from part of the minimum wage?
Such supply cannot form part of the minimum wage unless it is authorized by the appropriate
Government by a notification in the Official Gazette under section 11(3) of the Act.

11. What is the obligation of the employer in respect of payment of wages under the Minimum Wages
Act, 1948?
Where minimum wages are fixed and enforced under section 5 of the act in respect of any
employment covered by the Act, the employer is bound to pay to every employee engaged in that
employment wages at a rate not less than the minimum rate to fixed and enforced. {Section 12}

12. Is an employer, who is not paying basic wages and cost of living allowance separately as fixed
under the Act but who is paying wages more than prescribed minimum rates under the Act,
committing any illegality?

The minimum rate of wages fixed under the Act is remuneration payable to the worker as one
package of fixed amount, Neither the scheme of the Act nor any provision of the Act provides that the
rate of minimum wages is to be split into basic wages and cost of living allowance and therefore where
an employer is paying total sum which is higher than the minimum rate of wages fixed under the Act
including cost of living allowance, the employer is not committing any illegality.

13. What is the number of hours, which constitutes a normal working day for the employees covered
by the Act?
A normal working day prescribed for the employees covered by the Act is of 9 hours. {Section 13 &
Mah. Rule 24}

14. Are the employees covered by the Act entitled to overtime wages?
If an employee covered by the Act works for more than 9 hours on any day or 48 hours in any week,
he is in respect of overtime work entitled to wages at double the ordinary rate of wages. {Section 14 &
Mah. Rule 26}

15. Can an employee getting wages higher than the minimum wages fixed under the Act claim
overtime wages under Section 20(2) of the Act?
Where an employee gets wages higher than the minimum wages fixed under the Act he cannot claim
any benefit under the Act.

16. Can an Industrial Tribunal adjudicate upon a dispute relating to the fixation of wages of employees
covered under the Act?
Section 24 of the Act does not bar the jurisdiction of an Industrial Tribunal to adjudicate upon a
dispute relating to the fixation of wages of employees covered under the Act.

17. Can an Industrial Tribunal fix wages at rates higher than the rates of minimum wages fixed under
the Minimum Wages Act?
An Industrial Tribunal adjudicating a dispute relating to wages is not bound by the minimum rates of
wages fixed under the Minimum Wages Act and it is open to it to fix wages at rates higher than the
rates of minimum wages fixed under the Act.

18. What is the position of the employer who is unable to pay minimum wages fixed under the Act?
The employer is bound pay minimum wages fixed under the Act and it is irrelevant whether he has the
capacity to pay them or not.
19. What is the procedure the employee has to follow for making a claim under the Act?
The procedure for making a claim is as follows

a. An employee having any claim under the Act has to make an application to the Authority
appointed under
the Act.

b. Such application can be made by the employee himself, or any legal practitioner or any official
of a registered trade union.

c. Such application has to be made within six months from the date on which the claim amount
became payable.

d. In appropriate case the Authority can, over and above directing the payment of the difference
between minimum wages payable and wages actually paid, award compensation upto ten
times the amount of the difference.

e. The amount directed to be paid by the Authority can be recovered as if it were a fine imposed
by a Magistrate.

f. Every direction of the Authority will be final. {Section 20}

20. Are the employees of a Students' Hostel entitled to minimum rates of wages fixed for hotels and
restaurants?

The intension of the Legislature was to include employment on hotels and restaurants under purview
of the Minimum Wages Act. When the Legislature specifically omitted the term "Students' Hotels" in
the Schedule, it thereby excludes it from the purview of the Minimum Wages Act.

21. Can the Authority appointed under the Act to decide the claims of the employees award
compensation to the tune of ten times of the amount of the difference between wages payable and
wages actually paid, in every case?

The limit of "ten times the amount of such excess" mentioned in section 20(3)(i) of the Act is the
maximum limit. When the Authority awards heavy compensation under the said section, it must give
reasons for doing so.
22. Has an employee to pay any court-fee for making an application to the Authority?

In the State of Maharashtra an employee is exempted from paying any court-fee, other than the fee
for service of process, for making such application; but at the same time the Government is
empowered to recover the amount of such court-fee from the employer if the employee succeeds in
the application. {Section 21A}

23. Can a group of employees make a single application for claiming minimum wages?
A single application can be made on behalf or in respect of any number of employees.

24. Is an employer required to maintain any register and record?

Every employer must maintain a muster-roll-cum-wage register and also a bound inspection book.
{Rule 27 & 28}

25. What are the offences under the Act and what is the punishment for them?
If any employer -

a. pays to any employee less than the minimum rates of wages fixed for that employees' class of
work; or

b. contravenes any rule or order made by the appropriate Government under Section 13
regarding hours of work; he would be punished with imprisonment upto five years or with fine
upto Rs. 10000.00 or with both. The offences under Section 22 of this Act shall be cognizable
and non-bailable. {Section 22, 22B}

26. Is it permissible for an employee to recover minimum wages payable under the Act by filing a suit
in a Civil Court?
The Act prohibits Civil Courts from entertaining any suit for recovery of minimum wages payable
under the Act. {Section 24}

27. Is it permissible for an employee to relinquish his rights under the Act?
An employee is prohibited from contracting out of the Act, i.e. from giving up any of his rights under
the Act and any contract or agreement made by him relinquishing or reducing his right to a minimum
rate of wages or any privilege or concession accruing to him under the Act is null and void. {Section 25}
The Workmen’s Compensation Act, aims to provide workmen and/or their dependents some relief
incase of accidents arising out of and in the course of employment and causing either death or
disablement of workmen. It provides for payment by certain classes of employers to their workmen
compensation for injury by accident.

Workmen

Workmanmeansanyperson(otherthanapersonwhoseemploymentisofacasualnatureandwhoisemployed
otherwisethanforthepurposesoftheemployer’stradeorbusiness)whois-

i.Arailwayservantasdefinedinsection3oftheIndianRailwaysAct,1890notpermanentlyemployedinanyad
ministrative,districtorsub-
divisionalofficeofarailwayandnotemployedinanysuchcapacityasisspecifiedinScheduleIIHARI

ii.EmployedinanysuchcapacityasisspecifiedinScheduleII,Whetherthecontractofemploymentwasmadebefo
reorafterthepassingofthisActandwhethersuchcontractisexpressedorimplied,oralorinwriting.

TheprovisionsoftheActhavebeenextendedtocooksemployedinhotels,restaurantsusingpower,liquefiedpetr
oleumgasoranyothermechanicaldeviceintheprocessofcooking.

Employees entitled for compensation

Everyemployee(includingthoseemployedthroughacontractorbutexcludingcasualemployees),whoisengage
dforthepurposesofemployer’sbusinessandwhosuffersaninjuryinanyaccidentarisingoutofandinthecourseo
fhisemployment,shallbeentitledforcompensationundertheAct.

Employer’s liability for compensation(Accidents)

TheemployerofanyestablishmentcoveredunderthisAct,isrequiredtocompensateanemployee:

a.Whohassufferedanaccidentarisingoutofandinthecourseofhisemployment,resultinginto(i)death,
(ii)permanenttotaldisablement,
(iii)permanentpartialdisablement,or(iv)temporarydisablementwhethertotalorpartial,or

b.Whohascontractedanoccupationaldisease.

Employer not liable for

a.Inrespectofanyinjurywhichdoesnotresultinthetotalorpartialdisablementoftheworkmenforaperiodexcee
dingthreedays:

b.Inrespectofanyinjurynotresultingindeath,causedbyanaccidentwhichisdirectlyattributableto-

i.theworkmenhavingbeenatthetimethereofundertheinfluenceordrugs,or

ii.thewillfuldisobedienceoftheworkmantoanorderexpresslygiven,ortoaruleexpresslyframed,forthepurpos
eofsecuringthesafetyofworkmen.
iii.Thewillfulremovalordisregardbytheworkmenofanysafeguardorotherdevicewhichheknewtohavebeenpr
ovidedforthepurposeofsecuringthesafetyofworkmen.

Theburdenofprovingintentionaldisobedienceonthepartoftheemployeeshalllieupontheemployer.

iv.whentheemployeehascontactedadiseasewhichisnotdirectlyattributabletoaspecificinjurycausedbytheac
cidentortotheoccupation;or

v.Whentheemployeehasfiledasuitfordamagesagainsttheemployeroranyotherperson,inaCivilCourt.

Contracting out
Anycontractoragreementwhichmakestheworkmangiveuporreducehisrighttocompensationfromtheemplo
yerisnullandvoidinsofarasitaimsatreducingorremovingtheliabilityoftheemployertopaycompensationunde
rtheAct.

Disablement

Disablementisthelossoftheearningcapacityresultingfrominjurycausedtoaworkmanbyanaccident.Disablem
ent’scanbeclassifiedas(a)Total,and(b)PartialItcanfurtherbeclassifiedinto

(i)Permanent,and

(ii)Temporary,Disablement,whetherpermanentortemporaryissaidtobetotalwhenitincapacitatesaworkerfo
rallworkhewascapableofdoingatthetimeoftheaccidentresultinginsuchdisablement.

Totaldisablementisconsideredtobepermanentifaworkman,asaresultofanaccident,suffersfromtheinjuryspe
cifiedinPartIofScheduleIorsuffersfromsuchcombinationofinjuriesspecifiedinPartIIofScheduleIaswouldbeth
elossofearningcapacitywhentotaledtoonehundredpercentormore.Disablementissaidtobepermanentparti
alwhenitreducesforalltimes,theearningcapacityofaworkmanineveryemployment,whichhewascapableofu
ndertakingatthetimeoftheaccident.EveryinjuryspecifiedinPartIIofScheduleIisdeemedtoresultinpermanent
partialdisablement.Temporarydisablementreducestheearningcapacityofaworkmanintheemploymentinwh
ichhewasengagedatthetimeoftheaccident.

Accidents arising out of and in the course of employment

Anaccidentarisingoutofemploymentimpliesacasualconnectionbetweentheinjuryandtheaccidentandthew
orkdoneinthecourseofemployment.

Employmentshouldbethedistinctiveandtheproximatecauseoftheinjury.

3 tests

1.Atthetimeofinjuryworkmanmusthavebeenengagedinthebusinessoftheemployerandmustnotbedoingso
methingforhispersonalbenefit

2.Thataccidentoccurredattheplacewhereheasperforminghisdutiesand
3.Injurymusthaveresultedfromsomeriskincidentaltothedutiesoftheservice,orinherentinthenatureconditio
nofemployment.

General Principles

Theremustbeacasualconnectionbetweentheinjuryandtheaccidentandtheworkdoneinthecourseofemploy
mentTheonusisupontheapplicanttoshowthatitwastheworkandtheresultingstrainwhichcontributedtoorag
gravatedtheinjury.Itisnotnecessarythattheworkmanmustbeactuallyworkingatthetimeofhisdeathorthatde
athmustoccurwhilehewasworkingorhadjustceasedtowork.

Compensation in case of occupational diseases

OccupationaldiseaseshavebeencategorizedinPartsA,BandCofScheduleIII.Theemployerisliabletopaycompe
nsation:WhenaworkmancontractsanydiseasespecifiedinPartB,whileinserviceforacontinuousperiodof6mo
nthsunderoneemployer.
(Periodofserviceunderanyotheremployerinthesamekindofemploymentshallnotbeincluded)Whenaworkm
ancontractsanydiseasespecifiedinPartC,whilehehasbeenincontinuousserviceforaspecifiedperiod,whether
underoneormoreemployers.
(Proportionatecompensationispayablebyalltheemployers,iftheworkmanhadbeeninserviceundermoretha
noneemployer).

Calculation of compensation

(a)Incaseofdeath-
50%ofthemonthlywagesXRelevantFactororRs.50,000,whicheverismoreandRs.1000forfuneralexp
enses.

(b)IncaseoftotalpermanentdisablementSpecifiedunderScheduleI-
60%ofthemonthlywagesXRelevantFactororRs.60,000,whicheverismore.

(c)IncaseofpartialpermanentdisablementspecifiedunderScheduleI-
Suchpercentageofthecompensationpayableincase(b)aboveasisthepercentageofthelossinearning
capacity(specifiedinScheduleI)

(d)IncaseofpartialpermanentdisablementnotspecifiedunderScheduleI.-
Suchpercentageofthecompensationpayableincase(b)above,asisproportionatetothelossofearning
Capacity(asassessedbyaqualifiedmedicalpractitioner).

(e)Incaseoftemporarydisablement(whethertotalorpartial).-Ahalf-
monthlyinstallmentequalto25%ofthemonthlywages,fortheperiodofdisablementor5years,whiche
verisshorter.

Amounts permissible to be paid for the workmen

Followingamountsmaybepaiddirectlytotheworkmanorhisdependents:a.Incaseofdeathofthework
man,anyadvanceonaccountofcompensationupto[anamountequaltothreemonths’wagesofsuchw
orkman]maybepaidtoanydependent.b.Incaseoflumpsumcompensationpayabletoanadultmalewo
rkernotsufferingfromanylegaldisability.c.Incaseofhalf-monthlypaymentspayabletoanyworkman.

Registration of agreements of compensation

1.Wheretheamountpayableascompensationhasbeensettledbyagreementamemorandumthereof
shallbesentbytheemployertotheCommissioner,whoshall,onbeingsatisfiedaboutitsgenuineness,re
cordthememoranduminaregisteredmanner.2.HoweverwhereitappearstotheCommissionerthatth
eagreementoughtnottoberegisteredbyreasonoftheinadequacyofthesumoramount,orbyreasonth
attheagreementhasbeenobtainedbyfraudorundueinfluenceorotherimpropermeanshemayrefuse
torecordtheagreementandmaymakesuchorderincludinganorderastoanysumalreadypaidunderth
eagreementashethinksjustinthecircumstances.

3.Anagreementforpaymentofcompensationwhichhasbeenregisteredshallbeenforceableunderthi
sactnotwithstandinganythingcontainedintheIndianContractAct,oranyotherlawforthetimebeingin
force.

Effect of failure to register

WhenamemorandumofanyagreementisnotsenttotheCommissionerforregistration,theemployers
hallbeliabletopaythefullamountofcompensation,whichheisliabletopayundertheprovisionsofthisA
ct.

Filing claims

NoclaimforcompensationshallbeentertainedbytheCommissionerunlessthenoticeofaccidenthasb
eengivenbytheworkmanintheprescribedmanner,exceptinthefollowingcircumstances:a.incaseofd
eathofworkmanresultingfromanaccidentwhichoccurredonthepremisesoftheemployer,oratanypl
acewheretheworkmanatthetimeoftheaccidentwasworkingdiedonsuchpremisesorsuchplaceorint
hevicinityofsuchpremisesorplace.b.incasetheemployerhasknowledgeoftheaccidentfromanyothe
rsource,atoraboutthetimeofitsoccurrence;c.incasethefailuretogivenoticeorprefertheclaim,wasdu
etosufficientcause.

Duties of employers/Employees
Topaycompensationforanaccidentsufferedbyanemployee,inaccordancewiththeAct.Tosubmitastat
ementtotheCommissioner(within30daysofreceivingthenotice)intheprescribedform,givingthecirc
umstancesattendingthedeathofaworkmanasresultofanaccidentandindicatingwhetherheisliablet
odepositanycompensationforthesame.

TosubmitaccidentreporttotheCommissionerintheprescribedformwithin7daysoftheaccident,whic
hresultsindeathofaworkmanoraseriousbodilyinjurytoaworkman.

Tomaintainanoticebookintheprescribedfromataplacewhereitisreadilyaccessibletotheworkman.

Tosubmitanannualreturnofaccidentsspecifyingthenumberofinjuriesforwhichcompensationhasbe
enpaidduringtheyear,theamountofsuchcompensationandotherprescribedparticulars.

Duties of employees

Tosendanoticeoftheaccidentintheprescribedform,totheCommissionerandtheemployer,withinsuc
htimeassoonasitispracticableforhim.

Thenoticeispreconditionfortheadmissionoftheclaimforcompensation.

Topresenthimselfformedicalexamination,ifrequiredbytheemployer.

Limitaition

Workman,totheCommissioner,mayfiletheclaimforaccidentcompensationintheprescribedform,wi
thin2yearsfromtheoccurrenceoftheaccidentorfromthedateofdeath.Theclaimmustbeprecededby(
i)anoticeofaccident,and(ii)theclaimant-
employeemustpresenthimselfformedicalexaminationifsorequiredbytheemployer.

Appeal/Bar to civil remedy

AnappealagainstandorderoftheCommissionerliestotheHighCourt,within60daysoftheorder.Thee
mployerisrequiredtodepositthecompensationbeforefilingtheappeal.Norighttocompensationinre
spectofanyinjuryshallexistunderthisactifhehasinstitutedinCivilCourtasuitfordamagesinrespectoft
heinjuryagainsttheemployeroranyotherperson;andnosuitfordamagesshallbemaintainablebyawor
kmeninanyCourtoflawinrespectofanyinjury

a.ifhehasinstitutedaclaimtocompensationrespectoftheinjurybeforeaCommissioner;or

b.ifanagreementhascometobetweentheworkmanandhisemployerprovidingforthepaymentofcom
pensationinrespectoftheinjuryinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofhisAct.