Geared UO ee se Ce ANSYS Mechanical APDL Material Reference ANSYS, Inc. Release 15.0 Southpointe November 2013 275 Technology Drive Ganonsburg,PA 15317 RSS eR [email protected] cere’ to 50 hetpy/www.ansys.com, 20012008. (1) 724-746-3304 (F) 724-514-9494‘Copyright and Trademark Information {© 2013 SAS IP, nc. All rights reserved, Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited ANSYS, ANSYS Workbench, Ansoft, AUTODYN, EKM, Engineering Knowledge Manager, CFX, FLUENT, HFSS and any and all ANSYS, Inc. brand, product, service and feature names, logos and slogans are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. ICEM CFD is a trademark used. bby ANSYS, Inc. under license, CFX is a trademark of Sony Corporation in Japan. All other brand, product, service and feature names or trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 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Linear Material Properties 3.3.1.Defining Linear Material Properties 3.3.2, Stress-Strain Relationships 3.3.3, Anisotropic Elasticity 3.34. Damping .. 3.3.5.Thermal Expansion 3.3.6. Emissivity. 3.37. Specific Heat 3.38.Film Coefficients 3.3.9. Temperature Dependency... 33.10, How Material Properties Are Evaluated 3.4, Rate-Independent Plasticity. 3.4.1.Understanding the Plasticity Models 3.4.1.1, Nomenclature 3.4.1.2. train Decomposition 3.4.1.3.Yield Criterion 3.4.1.4. Flow Rule 3.4.1.5. Hardening .. . 3.4.1.6. Large DefOrmation ...scnmrnmeneenn 3.4.1.7. Output 3.4.1.8, Resource 3.4.2 Isotropic Hardening .. 3.42.1.Yield Criteria and Plastic Potentials ...-cnnnnen 3.42.1.1.Von Mises Yield Criteri 3.42.1.2.Hill Yield Criterion 3.4.2.2,General Isotropic Hardening Classes 3.42.2.1..ilinear Isotropic Hardening .. 3.4.22.1.1.Defining the Bilinear Isotropic Hardening Model . 3.42.2.2.Multilinear Isotropic Hardening 3.4.2.2.2.1, Defining the Muhtlinear Isotropic Hardening Model 3.42.23, Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening 3.4.2.2.3.1, Power Law Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening 3.4.2.2.3.2.Voce Law Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening 3.43. Kinematic Hardening 3.43.1. Yield Criteria and Plastic Potentials anes Sida 3.43.2, General Kinematic Hardening Classes & ae 3.43.2.1. Bilinear Kinematic Hardening 34.3.2.1.1, Defining the Bilinear Kinematic Hardening Model... 3.43.2.2. Multilinear Kinematic Hardening .. 3.4.3.2.2.1, Defining the Multilinear Kinematic Hardening Model TES TS0- SAS A Ta Ta COT OTT Tara FANS ne ane sbstaries ond artes,Material Reference 3.43.23. Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening 3.4.3.23.1. Defining the Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening Model 3.44.Generalized 3.44.1. Defining the Generalized Hill Model 3.45. Drucker-Praget : 3.45.1. Classic Drucker-Prager 3.4.5.1.1. Defining the Classic Drucker-Prager Model . 5.2.Extended Drucker Prager (EDP) .. 3.45.2.1.E0P Yield Criteria Forms. 3.4.5.2.1.1. Linear Form ni a 3.45.2.1.2. Power Law Form 3.4.5.2.1.3. Hyperbolic Form 3.45.22. EDP Plastic Flow Potential: 3.45.2.2.1. Linear Form . 3.45.2.2.2. Power Law Form 345.223. Hyperbolic Form 3.45.23. Plastic Strain Increments for Flow Potentials 3.4.5.2.4.€xample EDP Material Model Definitions .. 5.3. Extended Drucker-Prager Cap 3.4.5.3.1. Defining the EDP Cap Yield Criterion and Hardening 3.45.3.2.Defining the EDP Cap Plastic Potential. 3.4.5.3. Example EDP Cap Material Model Definition .. 3.46.Gurson.. 3.46.1.Void Volume Fraction «1. 3.4.6.2. Hardening... 3.4.6.3. Defining the Gurson Material Model 3.4.6.3.1.Defining the Gurson Dase Model... 3.46.32. Defining Stress- or Strain-Controlled Nucleation .... 3.46.33. Defining the Void Coalescence Behavior seo 3.4.6.3.4. Example Gurson Model Definition.. 3.47. Cast Iron ss 3.47.1. Defining the Cast Iron Material Model . 3.5. Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity) .... 3.5.1, Perzyna and Peirce Options 3.5.2. Exponential Visco-Hardening (EVH) Option... 3.53. Anand Option ... 3.5, Defining Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity) 3.5.5.Creep 3.5.5.1. Implicit Creep Equations .. 3.5.5.2. Explicit Creep Equations .. +3.5.5.2.1. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for 3.55.2.2.Primary Explicit Creep Equation for Ct 3.55.23. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 2. 35.5.2.4.Primary Explicit Creep Equation for Ci 3.5.5.2.4.1, Double Exponential Creep Equation (C4 = 0), 3.5.5.2.4.2 Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with Metric Units (CA = 1).. 3.5.5.2.4.3, Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with English Units (C4 = 2).. 3.5.5.2.5.Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 10 3.5.5.2.5.1. Double Exponential Creep Equation (C4 = 0), 3.5:5.2.5.2 Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with Metric Units (C4= 1). 3.5,5.2.5.3. Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with English Units (C4 = 2) 3.5.5.26.Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 11 oercmnnennnn 3. REE TSU“ SAS IR TAC ORT SAECO AITO OFAN nants subsides andMaterial Reference 3.5,5.2.6.1. Modified Rational Polynomial Creep Equation (C4 = 0) .....s- Rae 3.5.5.2.6.2 Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with Metric Units (C4 = 1).. 74 3.5.5.2.6.3, Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with En« 74 3.5.5.2. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 12... 74 3.55.28. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 Equals 13 35.5.29, Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 14 .. 3.5.5.2.10. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 15... 3.5.5.2.11. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 100 3.5.5.2.12. Secondary Explicit Creep Equation for C12 =0... 3.55.2.13, Secondary Explicit Creep Equation for C12 = 1 3.5.5.2.14. Irradiation Induced Explicit Creep Equation for C66 = 5... 3.6. Hyperelasticity 3.6.1.Arruda-Boyce Hyperelasticity . 3.6.2. Blatz-Ko Foam Hyperelasticity 3.63. Extended Tube Hyperelasticity.. 3.6.4,Gent Hyperelasticity.. 3.6.5. Mooney-Riviin Hyperelasticity 3.6.6. Neo-Hookean Hyperelasticity 3.6.7. Ogden Hyperelastcity . 3.6.8, Ogden Compressible Foam Hyperelasticity 3.6.9. Polynomial Form Hyperelasticity 3.6.10. Response Function Hyperelasticity... 3.6.11. Yeoh Hyperelasticity .... 3.6.12. Special Hyperelasticity 3.6.12. Anisotropic Hyperelastcity ..sncneoneon . . . 3.6.12.2. Bergstrom-Boyce Material. 3.6.12.3. Mullins Cffect . - - - 36.124. User-Defined Hyperelastic Material veennnnnnnn . - 37. Viscoelasticity ..-..n “ vente . . . 3.7.1.Viscoelastic Formulation . 3.7.1.1.Small Deformation : seven 3.7.1.2. Small Strain with Large Deformation... vere 98 3.7.1.3, Large Deformation so... . : ven 8 3.7.2. Time-Temperature Superposition 3.7.2.1.Williams-Landel-Ferry Shift Function 3.7.2.2.Too-Narayanaswamy Shift Function .. 3.7.2.3, User-Defined Shift Function 3.7.3. Harmonic Viscoelasticity.. 3.73.1.Prony Series Complex Modulus . 3.7.3.2. Experimental Data Complex Modulus 3.7.3.3, Frequency-Temperature Superposition 37.34, Stress . 3.8, Microplane . 3.8.1. Microplane Modeling 3.8.1.1, Discretization .. 3.8.2. Material Models with Degradation and Damage .. 3.8.3. Material Parameters Definition and Example Input 3.84, Learning More About Microplane Material Modeling 3.9.Porous Media . 3.9.1. Coupled Pore Fluid Diffusion and Structural Model of Porous Medi 3.10.Electricity and Magnetism Dine en 3.10.1. Piezoelectricity cnn oo ven alse T5.0- SAS ATs reseed Conta Opa: wat atommaton FANS ne anes sbsiares ond antes ’Material Reference 3.10.2, Piezoresistivity fi ae es ssseses 107 3.10.3, Magnetism. 108 3.10.4, Anisotropic Electric Permittivity 109 109 m 12 113 3.13, Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) 3.13.1, SMA Model for Superelasticity 3.13.1.1. Constitutive Model for Superelasticity n4 3.13.1.2. Material Parameters for the Superelastic SMA Mate 16 3.13.2. SMA Material Model with Shape Memory EfECt nnn vee a 7 3.13.2.1.The Constitutive Model for Shape Mernory Effect.. 17 3.13.2.2. Material Parameters for the Shape Memory Effect Option 120 3.133, Result Output of Solution Variables .. 121 3.13.4, Element Support for SMA «ns. 121 3.13.5. Learning More About Shape Memory Alloy. 121 3.14,MPC184 Joint . 122 3.14.1. Linear Elastic Stiffness and Damping Behavior .. 122 3.14.2. Nonlinear Elastic Stiffness and Damping Behavior 123 3,142.1, Specifying a Function Describing Nonlinear Stiffness Behavior .. 124 3.143, Frictional Behavior... 125 3.15. Contact Friction 127 3.15.1. Isotropic Friction 127 3.15.2. Orthotropic Friction hen . so sone 128 3.153. Redefining Friction Between Load Step wc ee 128 3.15.4, User-Defined Friction... . vee . 129 3.16. Cohesive Material Law. 129 3.16.1. Exponential Cohesive Zone Material for interface Clements .. 130 3.16.2 Bilinear Cohesive Zone Material for Interface Elements. 130 3.163. Viscous Regularization for Cohesive Zone Material 131 3.16.4, Cohesive Zone Material for Contact Elements 131 3.16.5, User-Defined Cohesive Material Law... 133 3.17.Contact Surface Wear = : see 133 3.17.1. Archard Wear Model Staind na 133 3.17.2. User-Defined Wear Model 134 3.18. Acoustics. 134 3.18.1. Equivalent Fluid Model of Perforated Media. 134 3.18.1.1.Johnson-Champour-Allard Equivalent Fluid Model of Perforated Media 135 3.18.1.2. Delany-Bazley Equivalent Fluid Model of Perforated Media 136 3.18.1.3. Miki Equivalent Fluid Model of Perforated Media . 136 3.18.1.4. Complex Impedance and Propagating-Constant Equivalent Fluid Model of Perforated Media 3.18.1.5, Complex Density and Velocity Equivalent Fluid Model of Perforated Media 3.18.1.6. Transfer Admittance Matrix Model of Perforated Media 3.18.17, Transfer Admittance Matrix Model of a Square or Hexagonal Grid Structure 3.18.2. Acoustic Frequency-Dependent Materials 3.18.3. Low Reduced Frequency (LRF) Model of Acoustic Viscous-Thermal Media 3.183.1.Thin Layer Nee 3.183.2.Tube with Rectangular Cross-Section 3.1833, Tube with Circular Cross-Section 3.19.Fluids. i 3 3.20, User-Defined Material Mode! ti 2 maar 3.20.1. Using State Variables with UserMat nse mn 137 138 138 139 140 140 141 41 2141 141 vee 143 143 elas 15.0“ SAS cAI rece - CMa OTA a CMTERTET NST, “ OFAN nad ts subsides andMaterial Reference 3.20.2, Using State Variables with User-Defined Cohesive Zone Material (CZM) 3.21.Material Strength Limits 3.22, Material Damage 3.22.1. Damage Initiation Criteria 3.22.2. Damage Evolution Law .. 3.2.2.1. Predicting Post-Damage Degradation of Brittle Anisotropic Materials .. 3.22.2.1.1. Damage Modes 4. Explicit Dynamics Materials .. 5. Material Curve Fitting 5.1. Hyperelastic Material Curve Fitting ... 5.1.1.Understanding the Hyperelastic Material Curve-Fitting Process 5.1.2, Step 1. Prepare Experimental Data .. 5.1.3.Step 2. Input the Experimental Data 5.1.3.1.Batch : 5.1.3.2.GUI 5.1.4,Step 3.Select a Material Model Option 5.1.4.1. Batch Method 5.1.4.2.GUI Method 5.1.5.Step 4. Ini 5.1.5.1.Batch 5.1.5.2.GUI 5.1.6.Step 5. Specify Control Parameters and Solve 5.1.6.1. Batch 5.1.6.2.GUI 5.1.7. Step 6.Plot Your Experimental Data and Analyze 5.1.7.1.GUI 5.1.7.2. Review/Verify - 5.1.8. Step 7.Wrte Data to the TB Command nnn 5.1.8.1. Batch 5 ven 5.1.8.2.GUI 5.2.Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting 5.2.1, Understanding the Viscoelastic Material Curve-Fitting Process... 5.2.2. Step 1. Prepare Experimental Data... even 5.23,Step 2. Input the Data 5.2.3.1.Batch 5.2.3.2.GUI 5.2.4,Step 3.Select a Material Model Option 5.2.4.1.Batch Method 5.2.4.2.GUI Method 5.2.5,Step 4, Initialize the Coefficients 5.255.1.Batch Method 5.2.5.2.GUI Method 5.2.6.Step 5. Specify Control Parameters and Solve 5.2.6.1. Temperature-Dependent Solutions Using the Shift Function 5.2.6.2. Temperature-Dependent Solutions Without the Shift Function 5.2.6.3. atch Method 5.2.6.4.GUI Method 5.2,7.Step 6 Plot the Experimental Data and Analyze. 5.2.7.1. Analyze Your Curves for Proper Fi 5.28,Step 7.rite Data to the TB Command 5.2.8.1. Batch Method i 5.28.2. GUI Method .nsesensnnrenne alas T5.0- SAS AI Taira Cons Opa: wat atommaton FANS ne anes ssi ond atesMaterial Reference 5,3.Creep Material Curve Fitting . des siitntated TS 5.3.1.Understanding the Creep Material Curve-Fitting Process. 175 5.3.2. Step 1. Prepare Experimental Data .. 176 5.33, Step 2. Input the Experimental Data 7 5.3;3.1.Batch Method .. 7 5.3.3.2. GUI Method .. 178 5.3.4,Step 3,Select a Material Model Option ... 178 5.3.4.1. Batch Method .. 178 5.3.4.2.GUI Method .. ‘ Se 179 5.35.Step 4. Initialize the Coefficients 3 eveneen svnennnene VIS 53.5.1. Batch Method . 180 5.3.5.2. GUI Method .. 180 5.36.Step 5. Specify Control Parameters and Solve 180 53.6.1.Batch Method... anise nee veeeennnneennnes 18 5.3.6.2. GUI Method .. 181 5.3.7. Step 6.Plot the Experimental Data and Analyze. 181 53.7.1.GUI Method .. 181 5.3.7.2. Analyze Your Curves for Proper Fit 182 5.38 Step 7. Write Data to the TB Command 182 5.3.8.1. Batch Method .. 182 5.3.82. GUI Method .. 182 5.39.Tips For Curve Fitting Creep Models 182 5.4.Chaboche Material Curve Fitting... 184 5.4.1.Understanding the Chaboche Material Curve Fitting Process 184 5.42.Step 1. Prepare Experimental Data 185 5.43,Step 2. Input the Experimental Data .. 186 5.43.1.Datch Method - - - 186 5.43.2. GUI Method... a nen sveeennnseneneees 186, 5.444, Step 3 Select a Material Model Option... nnn veneers 186, 5.4.4.1.Batch Method 187 5.4.4.2.GUI Method .. - . 187 5.45,Step 4. Initialize the Coefficients... seve 187 5.45.1. Including Isotropic Hardening Models with Chaboche Kinematic Hardening... 187 n Coeff 188 189 189 190 190 190 191 191 191 191 5.45.2. General Process for Initializing MISO O} 545.2.1.Batch Method 5.45.22. GUI Method 5.46. Step 5.Specify Control Parameters and Solve 5.46.1. Temperature-Dependent Solutions .. 5.4.6.2, Batch Method .. 5.4.6.3.GUI Method .. 5.47Step 6.Plot the Experimental Data and Analyze. 5.47.1. Analyzing Your Curves for Proper Fit 5.48, Step 7.Write Data to the TB Command nts 6. Material Model Combinations .. 193 7.Understanding Field Variables 197 7.1. User-Defined Field Variables 197 198 198 7.1.1, Subroutine for Editing Field Ve 7.2, Data Processing .. 73.Logarithmic Interpolation and Scaling .. 200 7.4. Example: One-Dimensional interpolation — . : ssvnnneseenne 200 75.Example:Two-Dimensional Interpolation... vttnnnnnennnennnne sw 201 7.6. Example: Multi-Dimensional Interpolation...... . ven 202 vi lease 15.0“ SAS cAI ecarve- Coa OBA a CTEM T NCTC OfANSTS Ine ands sbuees ond onesMaterial Reference 8. GULInaccessible Material Properties ... ari BOS GE TSO-WSAS PRCA GS SEN COTS OPTI aI CRISTO ROBT i AT ane oboe oe ieRGR TEO-© SAS PC AS SENT CO SST TATE {ANT cand ts udercrond ote.List of Figures 3.1.Stress-Strain Curve for an Elastic-Plastic Material 3.2.Yield Surface in Principal Stress Space 3.3.Plastic Strain Flow Rule. : 5 3.4 Isotropic Hardening of the Yield Surface... ae ame 3.5. Kinematic Hardening of the Yield Surface .. : i tits 27 3.6.Yield Surface for von Mises Yield Criterion 3.7. Stress vs. Total Strain for Bilinear Isotropic Hardening 3.8. Stress vs. Total Strain for Multilinear Isotropic Hardening... 3.9.Stress vs. Plastic Strain for Voce Hardening ..... 3.10. Stress vs. otal Strain for Bilinear Kinematic Hardening 3.11. Stress vs. Total Strain for Multilinear Kinematic Hardening 3.12, Power Law Criterion in the Mer 3.13. Hyperbolic and Linear Criterion in the Meridian Plane. 3.14, Yield Surface for the Cap Criterion ... 3.15. Growth, Nucleation, and Coalescence of Voids at 3.16. Cast Iron Yield Surfaces for Compression and Tension 3.17.Generalized Maxwell Solid in One Dimension ... 3.18. Sphere Discretization by 42 Microplanes 3.19, Damage Parameter d Depending on the Equivalent Strain Energy . 3,20. Stress-strain Behavior at Uniaxial Tension 3.21.Pseudoelasticity (PE) and Shape Memory Effect (SME) 3.22.Typical Superelasticity Behavior 3.23.Idealized Stress-Strain Diagram of Superelastic Behavior 3.24. Admissible Paths for Elastic Behavior and Phase Transformation: SEE TSU SAS Va TENSE CO ROBT GP CITT TTT FANS nc ane sbsicares onda 8TSO SAS PEAR rare Coa SST TATE {ANS cand ts udeterond ote.List of Tables 3.1-Linear Material Property Descriptions 3.2. Implicit Creep Equations .. 3.3. Superelastic Option Constants 3.4, Shape Memory Effect Option Constants es: .nn ae 5.1. Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and Blatz-KO .....-» dovtineigiteaZuec 158 5.2.Experimental Details for Case 3 Models 3 5.3. Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types 5.4. Viscoelastic Data Types and Abbreviations 5.5.Creep Data Types and Abbreviations 5.6. Creep Model and Data/Type Attribute... 5.,7.Creep Models and Abbreviatic SE TS.0- SAS CATs esa ROBT ae CT CURT ORATOR FANS nc ane sbsicares onda stRGR TEO-© SAS PC AS SENT CO SST TATE {ANT cand ts udercrond ote.Chapter 1: Introduction to Material Models Material models (also called constitutive models), are the mathematical representation of a material's response to an applied load. ‘Typical model classes include the relationships between stress-strain, heat flux-temperature gradient, voltage-strain, and current-voltage, but also include more general behaviors such as friction and bonding, and response due to changes in the physical environment such as thermal expansion and swelling. ‘This reference provides information about material model behavior and application, including details about the load-response relationship and the necessary information required to use the material models in an analysis, The models are grouped based on the degrees of freedom that, directly or indirectly, give the loading function that serves as the input for the material model. The following related introductory topics are available: 1.1. Material Models for Displacement Applications 1.2.Material Models for Temperature Applications 1.3.Material Models for Electromagnetic Applications 1.4. Material Models for Coupled Applications 1.5.Material Parameters 1.1. Material Models for Displacement Applications For analyses that include displacement degrees of freedom, the input is a function of deformation such as strain or displacement, and the response is given force-like quantities such as stress or normal and tangential forces. The following general material types are available: Type Behavior ‘Application Linear elastic |The response is the stresses that are directly [Many metals are linear proportional to the strains and the material will felastic at room temperature fully recover the original shape when unloaded. |when the strains are small For isotropic materials, the relationship is given by Hooke's law and this relationship can be ‘generalized to define anisotropic behavior. Plastic and elast- |The deformation of the material includes a__[Plastic deformation is ob: ic-plastic permanent, or plastic, component that will not _|served in many materials eturn to the original configuration if the load _|such as metals, alloys, soils, is removed and evolves in response to the de-_|rocks, concrete, and ceram- formation history. These materials also typically ics. have an elastic behavior so that the combined ‘deformation includes a part that is recoverable upon unloading. lHyperelastic |The behavior of these models is defined bya |Hyperelastic models are of- \strain-energy potential, which is the energy _|ten used for materials that [stored in the material due to strain. The math- _ |undergo large elastic de- SEE TSU- SAS Wc ATR TENSE CO OTT watatomation PANSY ne ane svbstaresond artes rIntroduction to Material Models Type Behavior Application lematical formulation is convenient for large- |deformation analyses. formation, such as polymers land biological materials. Rate effects and time depend- lency ‘This is a general behavior in which the response lof the material depends on the rate of deform- lation, and thus also the time. Examples include ‘viscoelasticity, viscoplastcity, creep and damp- ing. Metal alloys that show signi- icant creep deformation lunder elevated temperature, rate-dependent metal form- ing applications, polymers Iwhich typically get stiffer for Increased deformation rate, land structures that damp lout high frequency waves lunder dynamic loading, Expansion and swelling Materials often respond to changes in the physical environment and this response affects ‘the structural behavior, Examples include ‘thermal expansion in which changes in material |volume depend on changes in temperature and ‘swelling behaviors that depend on hygroscopic leffects or neutron flux. Radiation environments, bonded materials with {thermal strain mismatch, land soils that absorb water. Interaction These models produce a response based on the interaction of structures. [Gasket and joint materials land also models of bonded land separating surfaces along interfaces or material cleavage. [Shape memory alloy {An elastic constitutive model with an internal phase transformation. [The phase transformation |depends on the stress and ltemperature that cause an internal transformation strain. 1.2. Material Models for Temperature Applications For analyses that include temperature as a degree of freedom, the material model for conduction gives a heat flux due to the gradient of temperature and also interaction between bodies due to radiative heat transfer that is dependent on surface temperature differences. 1,3. Material Models for Electromagnetic Applications Material models for use in analyses with electromagnetic degrees of freedom include: Type Description Magnetic Gives the magnetomotive force in response to the magnetic| flux. [Conductivity For electric and magnetic current conductivities that model the relationship between the respective field and its flux. Permittivity and Per- meability electromagnetic field Gives the energy storage in a material in response to an ekase 15.0“ SAS canis aca Comas rOSPaT aoe AT TOTO SfANSYS ne ands sbslenes ondMaterial Parameters Type Description Loss Represents the energy lost in electromagnetic and dielectric materials in response to changes in electromagnetic fields. 1.4, Material Models for Coupled Applications ‘Some models are valid in analyses that couple the thermal, electromagnetic, and of freedom. isplacement degrees Although the models are coupled, they remain distinct and give the same load-response behavior. However, the piezoelectric and piezoresistive materials are electromechanical coupled models that give a strain in response to a Voltage and also produce a voltage in response to straining, 1,5. Material Parameters Because a material mode! represents a mathematical relationship between response and load, it requires input parameters so that the model matches the material behavior, In some cases, the parameters can be a function of physical field quantities such as temperature, fre- quency of time or interaction quantities such as normal pressure, relative distance, or relative velocity. Matching the model to the actual behavior can be challenging; therefore, some built-in curve-fitting methods are available that use minimization to select a set of parameters that give a close fit to measured material behavior. The curve-fitting methods help you to select material parameters for creep, hypere- lactic, viscoelastic, and some plastic madels SE TS.0- SAS CATs esa ROBT ae CT CURT ORATOR FANS nc ane sbsicares onda aRGR TEO-© SAS PC AS SENT CO SST TATE {ANT cand ts udercrond ote.Chapter 2: Material Model Element Support Following is a list of available material models and the elements that support each material. Material models are specified via the TB,L.ab command, where Lai represents the material model label (shortcut name). For a list of elements and the material models they support (Lab value), see Element Support for Mater- jal Models in the Element Reference. fLabet Material Model Elements (nab) IAHYPER Anisotropic hypere-_|SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOL- astcity 110187, SHELL208, SHELL209, SOLID272, SOLID273, SHELL 281, 'SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPE289, ELBOW290 [ANEL [Anisotropic elasticity |SOLIDS, PLANE13, SOLID98, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANET83, |SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, SHELL208, |SHELL209, PLANE223, SOLID226, SOLID227, SOLID272, SOL- 10273, SHELL281, SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPE289, ELBOW290 Also, explicit dynamic clements SOLID164, SOLIDT6S lANISO [Anisotropic plasticity |SOLID6S 'Nonlinear legacy elements only BB Bergstrom-Boyce | PLANE162, PLANE183, SHELL181, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOL- 1187, SOLSH190, SHELL208, SHELL209, SOLID272, SOLID273, |SHELL281, SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPEZ89, ELBOW290 BH Magnetic [SOLIDS, PLANETS, PLANES3, SOLID96, SOLID97, SOLID98, |PLANE233, SOLID236, SOLID237 BISO Bilinear isotropic [von Mises plasticity: hardening SOLIDES, LINK180, SHELL181, SOLID185, SOL- 1D186, SOLID187, BEAM188, BEAM189, ‘SOLSH190, SHELL208, SHELL209, PLANE223, SOLID226, SOLID227, REINF263, REINF264, RE- INF265, SHELL281, PIPE288, PIPE289, ELBOW290, PLANET82, PLANE183 Also , explicit dynamic elements PLANE162, SHELL163, SOLID164, SOLID168 Hill plasticity: SOLID6S, LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, BEAM189,, SOLSH190, SHELL208, SHELL209, PLANE223, SOL- 1D226, SOLID227, REINF263, REINF264, REINF 265, alse 15.0“ SAS CAIs esa ConT OBEN atatomaton PANSY ne anes svbstaresond antes 5