Lecture 1 Statics.

Basic
definitions and concepts
Grading policy
• Attendance 10%
• Practical Test 1 – 15 %
• Practical Test 2 – 15 %
• Practical Test 3 – 15 %
• Practical Test 4 – 15 %
• Final test – 30 %
Technical mechanics (Engineering mechanic)
1. Theoretical mechanics - mechanics of the no deformable bodies
2. Strength of material - is a subject which deals with the behavior of
solid objects subject to stresses and strains
3. Machine elements - provides rules for the design machine
Theoretical mechanics
• Statics - study of a body at rest.
• Kinematics - study of the motion of a body without considering the
cause of motion.
• Dynamics - study of motion of a body taking into account the cause of
the motion.
Statics - Basic definitions
Basic Concept - Definition

position, r
velocity,
acceleration

Space: Collection of points whose relative positions

can be described using “a coordinate system”
Time : For relative occurrence of events

Mass : - resistance to change in velocity [Dynamics],

- quantities that influence mutual attraction
between bodies [Statics]
Basic Concept - Definition
Particle: Body of negligible dimensions
Rigid body: Body with negligible deformations
Non-rigid body: Body which can deform

Before considering
whether the body can be
assumed rigid-body or not,

you need to estimate the

relevant force first.
In Statics, bodies are considered rigid
unless stated otherwise.
Basic Concept - Force

Force: Vector quantity that describes an action of

one body on another [Statics]

• In dynamics, force is an action that tends to

cause acceleration of an object.

• The SI unit of force magnitude is the newton (N).

One newton is equivalent to one kilogram-meter
per second squared (kg·m/s2 or kg·m · s – 2)
Internal vs external forces
External forces
 SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars: associated with “Magnitude” alone

- mass, density, volume, time, energy, … free vector
(“math” vector)
Vectors: associated with “Magnitude” and “Direction”
- force, displacement, velocity, acceleration, …

Magnitude: Vector :
| V | or V V or V
 : Direction
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (1st Law)

The study of rigid body mechanics is

formulated on the basis of Newton’s laws of
motion.

First Law:
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion
tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

F  0
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION (2nd Law)

Second Law:
The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector sum of
forces acting on it, and is in the direction of this vector sum.

 m
F a

 
F  ma
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Third Law:
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction,
and collinear. Forces always occur in pairs – equal and
opposite action-reaction force pairs.

F F F F

Point: Isolate the body

Confusing? Concept of FBD (Free Body Diagram)

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

M GMm
F 2
r
F r
m
- M & m are particle masses
- G is the universal constant of gravitation,
6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg-s2
- r is the distance between the particles.

For Gravity on earth (at sea level)

m
W=mg
W  mg

where M
- m is the mass of the body in question
- g = GM/R2 = 9.81 m/s2 (32.2 ft/s2)
Components of aForce

• Forces acting at some angle from the the coordinate axes can be
resolved into mutually perpendicular forces called components. The
component of a force parallel to the x-axis is called thex-component,
parallel to y-axis the y-component, and soon.
Components of a Force in XYPlane
Components of a Force in 3DSpace
Vector Notation of a Force(Rectangular
Representation of a Force)
F=Fλ
• Where λ is a unit vector. There are two cases in determining λ; by
direction cosines and by the coordinates of any two points on theline
of action of theforce.
Problem 1
• Determine the x and y components of the forces shownbelow
Problem 2
• Determine the x and y components of the forces shownbelow
Five concepts (axioms) of static
1. A rigid body acted upon by two forces is in a state of static equilibrium if and only
if the two forces are of the same intensity, lie along the same line of action, and are
oriented in opposite directions along the line.
2. If a system of two forces in equilibrium is added to or extracted from a given
system of forces, the way that the system of forces acts on a rigid body undergoes
no change.
3. The resultant of two forces acting at the same material point is equal to the
vector sum of the two forces. The line of the resulting force's action contains the
material point. This axiom obeys the principle of vector summation.
4. Two interacting bodies react on each other with two forces of equal intensity,
and along the same line of action, but in opposite directions along the line. This
axiom is also known as principle of action and reaction.
5. If a deformable body is in a state of static equilibrium, it would also be in static
equilibrium if the body were rigid. This axiom is also known as the principle of
solidification.
1 st CONCEPT
A rigid body acted upon by two forces is in a state of static equilibrium
if and only if the two forces are of the same intensity, lie along the
same line of action, and are oriented in opposite directions along the
line
2 nd CONCEPT
If a system of two forces in equilibrium is added to or extracted from a
given system of forces, the way that the system of forces acts on a rigid
body undergoes no change.
3 rd CONCEPT
The resultant of two forces acting at the same material point is equal to
the vector sum of the two forces. The line of the resulting force's action
contains the material point. This axiom obeys the principle of vector
summation.
4 th CONCEPT
Two interacting bodies react on each other with two forces of equal
intensity, and along the same line of action, but in opposite directions
along the line. This axiom is also known as principle of action and
reaction
5 th CONCEPT
If a deformable body is in a state of static equilibrium, it would also be
in static equilibrium if the body were rigid. This axiom is also known as
the principle of solidification
Support reactions

1. Cable

2. Smooth surface support (no friction)

3. Fixed support
 Support reactions

4. Roller

5.Fixed ball and socket

Control questions
1. Which of this system is balanced?

2. What forces in equilibrium could be extracted from a given system

of forces, the way that the system of forces acts on a rigid body
undergoes no change
Control questions
3) The rigid body 1 and rigid body 2 is in equilibrium. Can we extract
the forces keeping the equilibrium? What happens if the body changes
from rigid to non rigid

4) Show directions of the reactions