2

HOW GUIDE
for

Wind Energy
Roadmap Development
and Implementation

INTERNATIONAL LOW-CARBON
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM
 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.
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countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member
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The Agency’s aims include the following objectives:
n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular,
through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection
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to climate change.
n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of
energy data.
n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies
and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy
efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
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dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international
organisations and other stakeholders.
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 Foreword
The development and deployment of low-carbon As a clean and competitive source of renewable
energy technologies is now widely recognised energy, many member countries of the Organisation
as not only a crucial component in providing the for Economic Co-operation and Development
integrated solutions needed to constrain global (OECD) have already integrated a substantial
greenhouse gas emissions but also an important amount of wind energy into their energy mix, while
tool that countries can use to spur innovation and an increasing number of developing and emerging
foster economic growth while enhancing access to countries are now looking to this energy source
secure, affordable energy. Technology roadmaps as a central component of efforts to diversify their
– or strategic-technology plans – can help energy mix, and respond to the climate challenge.
provide pathways to the deployment of specific But much more can be done to realise the full
technologies identified as having great potential potential of wind energy. Large-scale integration
for a given country or region. Recognising this, the of wind power into electricity grids and markets
International Energy Agency (IEA) has an active requires a commitment to outcomes by both public
programme to produce roadmaps for the enhanced and private stakeholders since the early stage of
deployment of critical low-carbon technologies and planning and implementing the appropriate policy
development of industrial sectors. Each roadmap framework. Overcoming regulatory, financing and
provides a global outlook for a specific technology, development barriers at national and local level is
including technology status, deployment scenarios crucial to achieving the target share of 15% to 18%
up to 2050 in line with the IEA 2°C Scenario (2DS),1 of global electricity from wind power by 2050.
and recommended actions.
It is thus fitting that wind energy is the focus of the
In recent years, governments and industry players first publication in the How2Guide series. Intended
in both developed and emerging economies as a practical tool for both policy makers and
have expressed strong interest in reaping the industry players interested in developing a wind
many benefits of renewable energy by building power roadmap, this publication should serve as
on the IEA global technology roadmap work to one small but important part of IEA efforts to foster
develop technology or sectoral roadmaps at the a sustainable energy future.
national or subnational level. In response, the IEA
supplemented its global roadmap work with a This publication is produced under my authority as
summary of its general roadmap methodology in Executive Director of the IEA.
the policy manual Energy Technology Roadmaps:
A Guide to Development and Implementation, Maria van der Hoeven
released in 2010 and updated in 2014. Building Executive Director
on this foundation, the IEA International Low- International Energy Agency
Carbon Energy Technology Platform launched the
How2Guide initiative to address the need for focused
guidance in the drafting of national roadmaps for
specific technologies. The How2Guide for Wind
Energy is the first in this new series. It draws on
the IEA Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy, first
published in 2009 and updated in 2013, as well as
on insights gained during several workshops with
industry and government in 2012 and 2013.

1. The Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) 2DS sets the target

of cutting energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by
more than half in 2050 (2009 baseline), and ensuring that these
continue to fall thereafter.

This publication reflects the views of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect
those of individual IEA member countries. The IEA makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, in respect
to the publication’s contents (including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not be responsible for any use of, or
© OECD/IEA, 2014

reliance on, the publication.

Foreword 1
 Table of contents
Foreword 1

Acknowledgements 4

Introduction 5
About technology roadmaps 5
About the How2Guide for Wind Energy 5
About wind energy 6
Offshore wind energy 7
System integration 7

The roadmap development process 9

Phase 1: planning and preparation 9
Conducting baseline research for wind energy 9
Identifying wind energy stakeholders 11

Phase 2: visioning 14
Phase 3: roadmap development 14
Identifying barriers and actions to overcome them 15
Selecting actions for wind energy deployment 26
Setting milestones and identifying responsible players for wind energy deployment 26

Phase 4: implementation, monitoring and revision 28

Conclusions 30

Glossary 31

Abbreviations and acronyms 32

References 33

Annex: Possible structure of a wind energy roadmap 35

List of boxes
Box 1. Grid integration of variable renewables 8
Box 2. South African stakeholder case study 13
Box 3. Typical wind energy business case 17
Box 4. Brazilian wind energy case study 28
Box 5. Texan Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ) case study 26

List of tables
Table 1. Key questions for baseline research on wind energy 10
Table 2. Stakeholders’ categories and mandate: the RACI chart 12
Table 3. Stakeholder mapping for wind energy 13
Table 4. Barriers and action options for planning considerations 16
Table 5. Barriers and action options for development aspect 18
Table 6. Barriers and action options for electricity market and system considerations 20
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Table 7. The range of support mechanisms used in twelve wind energy markets 22

2 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Table 8. Barriers and action options for finance and economics considerations 23
Table 9. Barriers and action options for key infrastructure considerations 25
Table 10. Quantitative and qualitative indicators for monitoring progress 28

List of figures
Figure 1. Roadmap process 5
Figure 2. Global cumulative growth of wind power capacity 6
Figure 3. Planning and preparation phase 9
Figure 4. Roadmap development phase 15
Figure 5. An illustration of the wind energy installation development process
in South Africa, from a developer's perspective 17
Figure 6. Key milestones specific to the Chinese market for wind power technology RD&D 27

Figure 7. Roadmap implementation, monitoring and revision phase 28

© OECD/IEA, 2014

Table of contents 3
 Acknowledgements
This publication was prepared by the International in particular Hannele Holttinen and Patricia Weis-
Low-Carbon Energy Technology Platform of Taylor. Many experts from outside the IEA also
the International Energy Agency (IEA), in close reviewed the manuscript and their comments were
co-operation with the Energy Technology Policy of great value. They included: Anthony Jude, Asian
(ETP) and the Renewable Energy Divisions Development Bank (ADB); Lut Bollen and Els van de
(RED). Ingrid Barnsley, Head of the International Veld, Catholic University of Leuven and Energyville;
Partnerships and Initiatives Unit, oversaw the Steve Sawyer, Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC);
project, and was a main author together with Marie- Roberto Lacal-Arantegui, Joint Research Centre (JRC)
Laetitia Gourdin and Simone Landolina. Ken Fairfax, of the European Commission; Jacopo Moccia and
Deputy Executive Director, provided valuable Ivan Pineda, European Wind Energy Association
guidance and input. The following IEA colleagues (EWEA); Stephan Remler and Klas Heising, GIZ; Linus
also provided important contributions: Jean-François Mofor, International Renewable Energy Agency
Gagné, Paolo Frankl, Cecilia Tam, Cédric Philibert, (IRENA); Jason Schaffler, Renewable Energy and
Edoardo Patriarca and Carrie Pottinger. In addition, Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP); and Matthew
the publication benefited from the analytical Kennedy and John McCann, Sustainable Energy
contributions of Hugo Chandler and Nick Gibbins of Authority of Ireland (SEAI).
New Resource Partners Ltd, as well as of Alex Murley,
RWE Npower Renewables Ltd. The authors would also like to thank Kristine
Douaud for editing the manuscript, as well as
A number of workshops were held to gather the IEA Printing and Publication Unit (PPU), in
essential input for this publication. The IEA particular Muriel Custodio, Astrid Dumond, Angela
acknowledges the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Gossmann, Cheryl Haines and Bertrand Sadin for
and the South African National Energy Development their assistance on layout and editing.
Institute (SANEDI) for their support for workshops
held in 2012 and 2013, as well as all of the industry, For more information on this document, contact:
government and non-government experts who took International Low-Carbon Energy Technology
part in those workshops and commented on drafts. Platform
International Energy Agency
This publication benefited from comments and 9, rue de la Fédération
insight provided by members of the IEA Committee 75739 Paris Cedex 15
on Energy Research and Technology (CERT), the IEA France
Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP) and the Email: [email protected]
Implementing Agreement for Co-operation in the
Research, Development and Deployment of Wind
Energy Systems (Wind Implementing Agreement),
© OECD/IEA, 2014

4 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Introduction
About technology roadmaps This guide is a wind-specific supplement to the IEA
generic roadmap methodology manual, Energy
The overall goal of a technology roadmap is to Technology Roadmaps: A Guide to Development
accelerate the deployment of a specific technology and Implementation (hereinafter the IEA Roadmap
or group of technologies. A roadmap is simply a Guide), 2 which was released in 2010 and updated
strategy, a plan describing the steps to be taken in 2014. Figure 1 below shows the general process
in order to achieve stated and agreed goals on a of developing a roadmap as set out in the IEA
defined schedule. It defines the technical, policy, generic Roadmap Guide. The Wind H2G explores key
legal, financial, market and organisational barriers elements of this roadmap process with particular
that lie before these goals, and the range of known regard to their relevance in developing a roadmap
solutions to overcome them. for wind energy technology.

The process of developing a roadmap is as This publication is focused on utility-scale wind

important as the final document itself: it represents energy installations (i.e. of multiple megawatts),
consensus among the full range of stakeholders rather than on smaller plants for individual
consulted in its development. Ideally, a roadmap homes or localised communities. It is likely to be
will be a dynamic document, updated as the of particular interest to those seeking to grow
market in question evolves and incorporating wind energy markets, both onshore and offshore,
metrics to allow for monitoring of progress whether in countries with limited installed capacity
towards its stated goals. for wind energy, or those with experienced markets
seeking to accelerate growth.

About the How2Guide for Recognising that it would be impractical to attempt

to cover every aspect of wind energy technology
Wind Energy in every national case, recommendations are
illustrated throughout the guide with case studies
This How2Guide for Wind Energy (Wind H2G) is for the reader to consider.
designed to provide interested stakeholders from
both government and industry with the necessary
tools to plan and implement a roadmap for wind
energy technology at the national or regional level. 2. T
 he Wind H2G follows the structure and content of the IE A
Roadmap Guide (forthcoming1).

Figure 1: Roadmap process

Phase 1: Phase 2: Phase 3: Phase 4: roadmap

planning and preparation visioning roadmap development implementation,
monitoring and revision
Establish Steering Conduct expert
Conduct expert  Develop
Committee Conduct senior- workshop(s) to re-
Expert level vision workshop(s) to roadmap assess priorities
judgment Determine scope workshop to identify barriers document
and boundaries and prioritise needed and timelines as
and identify long
- progress and new
term goals and technologies, trends emerge
consensus Select policies, and
stakeholders objectives  Conduct
timelines review and Update roadmap
and experts
consultation
cycles
with key Track changes in
Assess potential stakeholders energy, environmental
Develop energy, Analyse future contributions of and economic factors
Data and environmental scenarios for technologies to as roadmap is
and economic data energy and future energy, implemented
analysis to conduct  Refine and
environment environmental
baseline research and economic goals launch Monitor progress in
roadmap implementing roadmap

Time 1 to 2 months 1 to 2 months 2 to 6 months 2 to 8 months Recurring

required (1 to 5 years)
6 to 18 months total
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Notes: timescales are indicative. Dotted lines indicate optional steps, based on analysis capabilities and resources.
Source: adapted from IEA (forthcoming1), Energy Technology Roadmaps: A Guide to Development and Implementation, OECD/IEA,Paris.

Introduction 5
 About wind energy wind power at scale can reduce dependence on
imported fuels,3 and reduce exposure to price
Onshore wind energy is a tried and tested volatility of those fuels. Additionally, wind power
technology that is already cost competitive with can generate significant value for a country’s
conventional power in some parts of the world, for economy through supply chain investment and
example in Australia, Brazil and parts of the United job creation. More broadly, there is increasing
States, among others. In 2012, USD 78.3 billion was recognition of the ability of wind energy, along
invested in the wind energy sector globally, and with other renewables, to help spur innovation and
while the global economic downturn continues to thus stable, long-term economic growth.
act as both a direct and indirect drag on investment,
wind energy has nevertheless become a significant Wind energy began to emerge in the 1970s, partly
global industry in its own right (BNEF, 2013a). in response to the oil crisis, and particularly in
countries exposed to fossil fuel price inflation with
Wind energy plants are being widely deployed limited reserves of their own, such as Denmark.
wherever economic conditions are conducive. Wind However, up until the 1990s, global wind power
energy can already claim to be a major source of capacity remained at low levels: only 1.7 gigawatts
electricity: in 2012, wind energy provided about (GW) in 1990. It was not until the end of that
30% of electricity consumption in Denmark, 20% decade that the market for wind energy really began
in Portugal, 18% in Spain, 15% in Ireland, 8% in to accelerate, reaching a global installed capacity of
Germany, nearly 4% in the United States and 2% in over 282 GW in 2012 (GWEC, 2013).
China (Wind Implementing Agreement, 2013d).
Figure 2 below demonstrates how the global wind
The benefits of wind energy are numerous energy market has grown cumulatively from 1995
and varied. Wind energy may provide an to 2012, and provides a breakdown for the top ten
opportunity to diversify a nation’s supply mix, global markets. The data show how rapidly growth
to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and to reduce has accelerated in the last decade, and that growth
environmental damage as compared with is forecast to continue.
conventional energy sources. Deployment of
3. Or, if the country is a net exporter of fossil fuels, it can reduce
internal consumption so that more production is available for
export.

Figure 2: Global cumulative growth of wind power capacity

300 40%

35%
250
30%
200
25%
GW

150 20%

15%
100
10%
50
5%

0 0%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Denmark France Germany Italy Portugal Spain United Kingdom United States China India
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Rest of the world Annual growth (%)

Source: IEA (2013a), Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy, OECD/IEA, Paris.

6 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Modern wind turbines and related technology The challenges of developing offshore wind energy
have evolved rapidly over recent decades. This are such that capital costs can be, at present, up
evolution has had several aspects, of which two to three times higher than for onshore, although
are particularly relevant. First, turbines have this is offset to a degree by the higher capacity
continued to increase in size, from an average of factors experienced offshore. Depending on a
around 1 megawatt (MW) in 2002 to 2 MW in number of factors, including distance from the
2012 (Wind IA, 2013d). Second, average capacity shore and water depth, recent studies indicate that
factors 4 have risen: in other words, each megawatt investment costs for offshore wind energy span
installed now produces more electricity than in from USD 3.6 million/MW to USD 5.6 million/‌M W
the past. This is mainly a result of larger rotors (Wind IA, 2013d; JRC, 2013). In comparison,
and improved design, and to some extent also a the investment cost for land-based wind power
result of improved siting, including for offshore generation ranges from USD 1.1 million/MW
wind turbines. Such improvements will continue in China, to a high of USD 2.6 million/MW in
to support the deployment of wind power in Japan. Mid-range prices are found in the United
more remote locations, 5 will further expand the States (USD 1.6 million/MW) and Western Europe
offshore market, and will support the repowering (USD 1.7 million/MW) (IEA, 2013a).
and replacement of older turbines in existing wind
power plants (WPPs). System integration
Offshore wind energy Wind energy, like most renewable energy, is
strongly dependent on weather and geography;
The offshore wind energy market is far younger electricity output fluctuates with the changing
and less mature than the onshore one. By the wind speed. Although this variation is not
end of 2012, 5.4 GW had been installed, 90% discernible in the range of seconds to minutes, in
of that in northern European waters (GWEC, the space of one day the aggregated production
2013). Generally, offshore projects present higher of a country can, on occasion, ramp from near
risks during project development, and through zero to near maximum, and vice versa, of the
construction and in operation, as well as greater total installed wind energy capacity. Systems
average costs and complexity. The major offshore that incorporate a large share 6 of wind power
wind energy markets presently face political need sufficient flexibility to respond to this
uncertainty in the longevity and extent of support variability. Flexibility comes from both resources
mechanisms for the technology. This is likely to and institutional (regulatory and market)
impact investor confidence and national ambitions, arrangements. Flexible resources will differ from
slowing development. In spite of the uncertainties, case to case, ranging from dispatchable plants
the offshore wind energy industry is still expected (such as reservoir hydropower and gas plants,
to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) pumped hydro storage, demand-side management
in excess of 15% per year in Europe over the period and response) to trade with neighbouring systems
2013-20 (BNEF, 2013b). According to recent IEA through interconnectors, and even the variable
estimations, by 2018 offshore wind energy could power plants themselves, as with some offshore
reach 28 GW globally, delivering 76 gigawatt hours wind energy plants in Denmark. It is not enough
(GWh) of electricity (IEA, 2013b). that such flexible resources exist: they must be
available and able to respond and have incentive to
do so, as and when required (Box 1).
4. Capacity factor is usually represented as a percentage of the total
electricity that would have been produced, had the generator
in question been operating at rated (maximum) output for all
8 760 hours of the year. 6. E xactly what constitutes a “large” share will vary with location.
5. O ne such example is the Cabeolica wind farm in the Cape Integration issues tend to become more challenging when
Verde islands 340 km off the coast of West Africa, which was annual shares of energy exceed approximately 10% in average-
commissioned in September 2011 and now provides 25% of sized systems (Wind IA, 2013c).
the country’s electricity (http://eleqtra.com/projects/cabeolica-
wind/).
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Introduction 7
 Box 1: Grid integration of variable renewables

For several years, the IEA has sought to system operation with large amounts
contribute to global thinking on system of wind power, defining best practice
integration and management of variable recommendations in collaboration with
renewable energy technologies. Following transmission system operators (TSOs).
on from Harnessing Variable Renewables: A
Guide to the Balancing Challenge (IEA, 2011), The use of smart grids and smart meters
a second publication, Advancing Variable may bring about significant changes in the
Renewables: Grid Integration and the Economics relationship between customers and energy
of Flexible Power Systems (IEA, 2014), analyses providers, potentially allowing for increased
the technical challenges associated with levels of control of energy consumption for
the system integration of large shares of the customer and conditions of service for the
wind and solar photovoltaic electricity and provider. Realising this potential, however,
provides recommendations on how to meet requires “smart policies” and appropriate
these challenges cost effectively. Meanwhile, deployment strategies. To facilitate this
"Task 25" of the IEA Wind Implementing process at national and regional levels, the
Agreement (Wind IA, 2013c) has established IEA is working on a How2Guide for Smart Grids
an international forum for exchange of (IEA, forthcoming2).
knowledge and experience related to power
© OECD/IEA, 2014

8 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 The roadmap development process
As set out in the Roadmap Guide and Figure 1 of this needs (e.g. heating and cooling or transport) as
publication, there are four phases to developing a well as other objectives, such as economic growth
wind energy technology roadmap: and competitive advantage, job creation and
zz planning and preparation environmental protection.
zz visioning Broadly speaking, key aspects of baseline research
zz drafting for a wind energy roadmap will likely include the
zz implementation and adjustment. following:

This guide elaborates on some of the wind-related zz t he wind energy potential within the designated
considerations for each phase. geographic area, based on a resource assessment

zz t he extent to which the evolving energy system

and market can manage wind output variability
Phase 1: planning and uncertainty
and preparation zz t he extent to which supply chains and the
Baseline research on the chosen technology and available specialised workforce can match levels
identification of stakeholders to be involved in the of ambition
roadmapping exercise is central to sound roadmap
zz t he role of wind power in the wider energy
planning and preparation.
portfolio and national power market

Conducting baseline research zz w

 ider energy policy and its impact on competing
for wind energy energy technologies.

A roadmap should identify the desired scale and Table 1 sets out more detailed questions that
schedule for wind technology deployment, and the stakeholders could consider when conducting
changes that will need to be made throughout the baseline research in a given national context.7
energy market in question to achieve that scale on
time, such as grid reinforcement and expansion. To
achieve this, it is first necessary to understand the
present situation for wind energy in the country
or region in question; solid baseline research will 7. T he report 30 Years of Policies for Wind Energy: Lessons from 12
provide strong foundations for developing roadmap Wind Energy Markets (IRENA and GWEC, 2012) provides further
goals and tasks. valuable information on conducting baseline research aimed
at assessing the policy and regulatory adequacy of an existing
system.
In the case of wind energy, baseline research should
aim to provide a detailed overview of the status
of technologies, markets and policies relevant
to wind energy deployment. It should facilitate
discussion and analysis of possible roadmap targets
based on a common understanding of the present
situation and it should determine the extent to
which wind power can contribute to wider energy

Figure 3: Planning and preparation phase

Establish a Determine scope Select stakeholders Conduct baseline

steering committee and boundaries and experts research
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Notes: In this figure, and in Figure 4 and Figure 7, each arrow represents a sub-step in one of the four phases of the roadmap process set out
in the IEA Roadmap Guide and in Figure 1 of this report. Purple-shaded arrows indicate sub-steps that are also discussed in this Wind H2G.
Unless otherwise indicated, all material in figures and tables derives from IEA data and analysis.

The roadmap development process 9

 Table 1: Key questions for baseline research on wind energy
Description
Wind resource zz Is there a significant wind resource that can be economically exploited?
and technology
zz W
 hat coverage already exists in the assessment of the wind resource? How accurate
is it? Does it reflect wind speeds at the hub height of modern wind turbines?
zz W
 hat is the present ability of transmission and distribution grids to accommodate
additional variable power generation?
zz W
 hat additional grid capacity and investment will be required to meet targets? Is there
likely to be public opposition to new transmission?
zz H
 ow might current system operation practices constrain the management of wind
energy? Has the operator experience with managing grids with significant shares
of variable renewables? Is it likely to embrace new operating practices?
zz If high penetration levels of wind energy are targeted, are there plans to increase
the flexibility of the power system to better manage variable power output?*
Market and zz W
 hat trends are having/likely to have impact on the electricity market in the roadmap
energy portfolio time frame (e.g. demand growth, supply deficit, ageing infrastructure, public sector
investment or electricity sector restructuring)?
zz Is the country dependent on imported fuels for electricity generation and therefore
exposed to global commodity price fluctuations?
zz What potential exists for wind energy cost reductions during the roadmap time frame?
zz W
 hat is the current annual market for domestic and foreign investment in wind
energy? How can this be scaled up and how quickly can such scale-up occur?
zz Is the market dominated by a small number of vertically integrated utilities?
Can independent power producers access the market?
zz W
 hat is the likely impact of wind energy expansion on the operation and business
models of the other power suppliers in the same system?
zz H
 ow strong is the wind energy supply chain, and how is it structured? Are there
targets for specific associated industries? What elements are likely to be in tight
supply?
zz H
 ow much experience does the country have in developing wind energy projects,
including planning, construction and operation aspects?
zz Is there sufficient developer build-capacity to deliver the targeted wind energy
capacity?
zz F rom where are materials, components and turbines sourced? Is the supply chain
international or predominantly domestic?
zz What are the strengths of the existing workforce in the country?
zz Which are the synergies between existing industrial activities and wind energy?
Public policy zz W
 hat are the key socio-economic priorities that might be supported by wind energy
(employment, industrial growth, productivity, standard of living, rural development)?
zz T
 o what extent would planning for wind energy development come into conflict with
other spatial planning priorities, e.g. protection of habitats, recreation, settlement?
zz H
 ave the societal and economic benefits of wind energy been adequately
communicated to the public, in particular to those who will be affected by the
© OECD/IEA, 2014

development of new wind energy installations and transmission infrastructure?

* see footnote 6

10 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Description
Public policy zz Is there a coherent energy strategy? Are all the relevant government ministries
(continued) or agencies involved and co-operating? Have adequate personnel resources,
proportionate to the scale of national ambition, been allocated within the key bodies
to implement the change? Have supporting activities, such as education and training
and information campaigns, been planned?
zz Is there a clear and coherent research and development (R&D) policy regarding wind
energy?
zz Is there an incentive mechanism in place that offers support specifically to wind
energy (e.g. feed-in tariffs [FIT], quota system, fixed-price tenders, capacity auctions,
etc.)?
zz A
 re there targets that are supportive to deployment of wind energy? At which level
(e.g. decarbonisation of electricity in general, renewables, wind energy, offshore wind
specifically, etc.)?
zz A
 re there international or other obligations concerning greenhouse gas emissions that
apply to the region in question?
zz H
 as necessary energy sector reform been considered to allow for large-scale variable
generation integration into national or regional grids?

Some countries may not have baseline data, such among them. Not only is it important to identify these
as wind resource maps, readily available or may stakeholders prior to developing a roadmap, it is also
lack the technical know-how “in house” to perform important to consider how different stakeholders
the long-term modelling usually employed. In should be involved in the roadmapping process. As
such cases, while one might ideally seek to foster explained in greater detail in Tables 2 and 3, plotting
institutions domestically to provide such services, identified stakeholders on a "RACI Chart"8 may
it may be useful at first to work with external assist not only in the comprehensive identification
organisations. The Global Atlas for Solar and Wind is of relevant stakeholders, but also in the coherent
a valuable resource in this regard (IRENA, 2013). assignment of functions.

Identifying wind Table 3 below indicates typical wind energy

stakeholders and their possible categorisation in
energy stakeholders the RACI chart.
In most countries, there is a wide range of stakeholders
essential to the growth and development of the
wind energy sector. For the potential of the market
8. T he "Responsible, Authorised, Consulted and Informed" (RACI)
to be met, there must ordinarily be close interaction chart is a management tool that is used to define responsibilities
among a group. It is a responsibility assignment matrix.
© OECD/IEA, 2014

The roadmap development process 11

 Table 2: Stakeholders’ categories and mandate: the RACI chart
Stakeholder category Definition Mandate can include
Responsible This is the group that has the authority zz A
 pprove the roadmap goal, scope
to approve the final product. and boundaries
The composition of this group should zz A
 ssign various roadmapping
reflect the bodies that will be involved responsibilities to members of
in implementation of roadmap the roadmap project team (referred
recommendations. Membership should to as “Authorised” [see below])
be limited to senior individuals (typically
zz D
 irect the analytical effort (including
Director level) from government, industry
and based on the baseline research)
and research. It may often be the case that
the broader the membership, the greater zz Approve the RACI chart
the likelihood that the roadmap will zz A
 pprove communications
secure buy-in. Throughout this guide, this to the wider stakeholder community
group will be referred to as the “Steering in the “Informed” category
Committee”. zz Track progress of the project
Authorised This is the core team actually undertaking zz Manage the project (project leader)
the vast majority of the work to develop
zz C
 ommunicate with stakeholders
the roadmap. Also referred to as the
(project leader)
“project team”, this group should mirror
the composition of the “Responsible” zz Organise consultation cycles
category but at a working level. A project
zz Develop drafts
leader should be identified to lead and
co-ordinate the activities of the project zz Plan the necessary workshops
team and should lead all communication zz Document gathered information
activities with stakeholders.
zz Perform the analysis
Consulted This group typically includes expert zz Attend workshops
representatives from organisations that
zz Provide inputs
have a key role for the deployment and
commercialisation of the technology, zz Review roadmap drafts
from utilities to manufacturers and bodies
zz B
 e actively involved in the process
or non-governmental organisations
as appropriate
(NGOs) representing individual
consumers, who will need to be involved
in the implementation of the roadmap
recommendations and milestones.
Informed These stakeholders are those that have an zz Informed about roadmap findings
interest in the technology and who can
zz Not typically actively involved in the
bring added value to the roadmapping
workshops or other activities
analysis. They will not be directly involved
in the implementation of the roadmap
recommendations and milestones, but will,
however, be affected by the roadmap.

Source: IEA (forthcoming1), Energy Technology Roadmaps: A Guide to Development and Implementation, OECD/IEA, Paris.
© OECD/IEA, 2014

12 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Table 3: Stakeholder mapping for wind energy
Stakeholder type Corresponding RACI category
Government (e.g. ministries for environment, energy, treasury, etc.) Responsible and Authorised and/or
and other policy makers at national to local levels, as appropriate Consulted
Industry groups and associations Consulted or Responsible/Authorised
(if roadmap is industry-led)
Project developers Consulted or Responsible/Authorised
(if roadmap is industry-led)
Electricity market regulating body or permit providers Authorised
Network owners and power system operators (at transmission and Authorised or Consulted
distribution levels)
Land-use and planning decision makers (e.g. local authorities) Consulted
Aviation authorities (civilian and military) Consulted
Investors (e.g. development banks, other lenders, venture capitalists, Consulted
pension funds, etc.)
Landowners (public and private) Consulted or Informed
NGOs, e.g. environmental NGOs, research institutes, universities, etc. Consulted or Informed
Technology providers Consulted or Informed
Electricity consumers in the residential sector Informed
Community groups and local population at large Informed

Box 2: South African stakeholder case study

The South African system for renewable energy local communities and South African investors,
procurement requires that developers apply for or via intermediaries such as the Industrial
a series of licences, permits and quotes. This Development Corporation (IDC) and the
requires direct engagement with Eskom – the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA).
South African grid operator, the Department of
Water Affairs, the Department of Agriculture, While this policy framework may be complex,
Forestry and Fisheries, the National Energy it has been designed to serve wider national
Regulator of South Africa and the Department objectives, in terms of optimising local content
of Energy. in the development of the renewable energy
industry and stimulating local ownership,
In addition, developers are required to capacity and even manufacturing capability. As
fulfil requirements concerning minimum such, it creates a series of factors that must be
percentage project equity by South African managed carefully by the developer. Even with
investors and minimum percentage ownership these complexities, the South African renewable
requirements by Black Economic Empowerment energy market is one of the fastest growing
(BEE) partners and local communities. globally, with investment in renewables
These conditions require wind energy plant rocketing to USD 5.4 billion in 2012, a rise of
developers in South Africa to engage in a range over 20 000% on 2011 (BNEF, 2013d).
of stakeholder relationships, either directly with
© OECD/IEA, 2014

The roadmap development process 13

 Phase 2: visioning energy in a given country. Despite great variation
in geographic and policy contexts, the drivers to
The second phase in the roadmap development deploy wind technologies are often fairly similar
process is to outline a vision for wind energy across countries. Based on research and inputs from
technology. A successful roadmap contains a clear stakeholders, the list below briefly describes some
statement of the desired outcome, followed by of the main drivers behind deployment of wind
a specific pathway for reaching it. Developing energy in selected markets.
an overall vision of the future for wind energy in
a given time frame can include environmental, zz B
 razil: diversify energy mix and support
technology and policy objectives, and would industrial strategic priorities.
ordinarily focus largely on the high-level impacts zz C
 hina: diversify energy mix, meet CO2 emissions
that the deployment of wind technologies could reduction objectives, meet demand growth and
have in the country or region in question. Two support industrial strategic priorities.
national examples are provided below.
zz D
 enmark: reduce energy imports and meet CO2
The Technology Roadmap: China Wind Energy emissions reduction targets.
Development 2050, developed jointly with the
zz I ndia: diversify energy mix, meet demand growth
IEA and the Energy Research Institute (ERI) of the
and reduce electricity supply deficit.
People’s Republic of China, is the first such example
(ERI and IEA, 2011). The national vision identified zz U
 nited Kingdom and Ireland: meet CO2
in the roadmap was a move away from a coal- emissions reduction targets and diversify and
based energy mix to modernisation of the national decarbonise energy mix.
energy system and the promotion of clean energy
use, with a goal that by 2020, non-fossil energy
sources will contribute 15% of total primary energy Phase 3: roadmap
consumption nationally. The roadmap identified the
"vigorous" promotion of wind power as one of the development
main avenues for achieving these national goals.
The third phase of roadmap development concerns
A second example is that of Canada, which pursued the preparation and review of the draft roadmap
an industry-led, government supported approach itself. As the IEA Roadmap Guide highlights, having
setting out a long-term vision for the Canadian set a vision, it is essential to clearly identify the
wind energy industry, identifying along the way the specific barriers to acceleration of wind energy, the
technology gaps and setting priorities for a major actions to address those barriers and the timelines
increase in the deployment of wind energy (Natural for reaching the desired level of wind energy
Resources Canada, 2009). The roadmap identifies a deployment (Figure 4). Expert judgment, gained
common vision in which Canada seeks to become through the hosting of roadmap workshops, will be
a global wind energy leader, meeting more than essential in identifying barriers to the deployment
20% of its electricity needs through wind energy by of wind energy and selecting suitable and realistic
2025. response actions.

These examples demonstrate how wind technology This section of the Wind H2G considers the kinds
is being pursued as a central element of national of barriers and response actions that one might
energy policy, and is increasingly being embedded envisage in relation to wind energy deployment.
in countries’ overall plans to diversify their energy It also discusses the identification of milestones, a
mix to reduce dependency on fossil fuel-based timeline and responsible actors for carrying out key
resources while developing modern and clean wind actions in the roadmap. For specific suggestions on
energy resources. Readers may also wish to examine the structure of a draft roadmap report, see Annex.
the recently updated IEA Technology Roadmap: Wind
Energy for further insights on the role of wind in
meeting energy objectives globally (IEA, 2013a).

The identification of key drivers for the deployment

of a technology may provide a basis for a statement
© OECD/IEA, 2014

of rationale for a national wind roadmap, which

can in turn help determine the vision for wind

14 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Figure 4: Roadmap development phase

Conduct expert workshop(s) Prepare the draft roadmap

Conduct a review
to identify barriers and response document (incl. timeline,
of the draft roadmap,
actions for wind deployment milestones and
refine and launch the document
(technologies, policies, timelines) responsible actors)

Identifying barriers Planning barriers

and actions to overcome them In this guide, “planning” refers not only to the
formal development process as set out within the
Barriers to, and related actions for, wind technology laws of a country, but also to informal exchanges,
deployment can be grouped into five categories: for instance with populations local to the intended
development.
zz p
 lanning relating to developing WPPs (including
environment factors) Planning issues will not relate solely to the
zz d
 evelopment aspects (including social WPP. Policy makers must also factor in related
acceptance factors) infrastructure, such as works necessary for
connecting to the local electricity distribution
zz electricity market and system aspects network, electrical transformers and sub-stations,
zz financial and economic aspects and access roads and other transport infrastructure.
Also included within this category of barriers are
zz infrastructure aspects (including availability of local environmental protection factors.
specialised professionals).
When identifying which issues apply in a particular
Each category of potential barriers is described jurisdiction and how one might prioritise the
in greater detail below, with a description of the barriers, it may first be useful to compile a list of
issues as well as a number of solutions, or response potential tensions between the planned WPP and
actions, that may be relevant. A similar approach other local land use. Table 4 identifies likely barriers
was taken to identify the barriers in each case: (i) and metrics with which to track them.
analysis of wind energy installations currently under
development or already operating globally; (ii)
interaction with stakeholders via dedicated regional
expert workshops; and (iii) discussions with wind
energy technology developers, financiers, policy
makers and academics. The suggested response
actions were generated in the same way, offering
the policy maker a solution or “action pathway” for
each barrier.9

Importantly, the occurrence of barriers and the

availability of appropriate responses will vary
according to geography, market maturity and
policy regime. While every effort has been taken to
identify a comprehensive set of potential barriers
and actions, the list is not exhaustive.

9. For more details on all wind-specific terms used in the tables

below, and throughout this publication, please refer to the
glossary.
© OECD/IEA, 2014

The roadmap development process 15

 Table 4: Barriers and action options for planning considerations
Barrier Details Action options
Competition with other zz Statutory restrictions apply to zz Reform national planning rules
activities (existing or site; site has other economic/
zz A ssign government to broker planning
planned, onshore or landscape value
offshore) permissions
zz O ffshore WPPs restrict other zz Establish national-level body to resolve
marine uses disputes
zz L and may have historic value zz E ncourage creation of spatial development
plans
Proximity of WPP to zz O
 perational plants create zz R
 equire Environmental Impact Assessments
buildings sporadic noise (EIA)

zz W
 PP has a perceived negative zz Fund public engagement exercises
visual impact – landscape zz Appoint government to resolve disputes
or shadow flicker
zz E stablish standards for noise levels
and ensure enforcement
Concerns that wind zz Defence radar potentially zz A ssign military authorities to map areas of
turbine operation affected by WPP operation and constraint and encourage early consultation
may interfere with project blocked by military
communication systems zz Establish policies for minimum distance
zz Civil aviation, telecoms or standards for civil aviation, meteorological
meteorological radar potential facilities and WPPs; investment to upgrade
affected by WPP operation radars where critical*
Imbalance between zz C
 umulative impacts of multiple zz Conduct Strategic Environmental Assessment
environmental WPPs not considered (SEA) on regional/national basis
protection and
development zz E cology in the vicinity of the zz D
 evelop national research projects to address
WPP disturbed/damaged general concerns
during development and zz A ssign national body to resolving disputes
operation
zz M
 aintain balance between pragmatism
zz E nvironmental regulation or and environmental considerations
lack of baseline environmental
data may place excessively
onerous requirements on
developers
Planning process may zz Involvement of multiple and zz Rationalise and align policies at every level
be overly burdensome conflicting government bodies of government. Co-ordinate between
makes licensing process overly authorities and make sure all authorities
complex and lengthy have adequate information for processing
applications
zz Institutions lack capacity
to manage applications zz Modify planning system to manage conflicts
between developers and local population
zz Wind project developers lack
zz Establish one-stop shop to streamline
competence in preparing
planning processes
planning application
zz Educate and train developers in application
process
© OECD/IEA, 2014

* Ideally, developers and aviation authorities (civil and military) should consult early in the planning process. If all necessary data on the wind
energy project and radar system are disclosed, it should ordinarily be possible to determine jointly the ideal wind installation layout and
any necessary mitigation measure that may need to be applied to the WPP and to the communication system.

16 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Box 3: Typical wind energy business case

Business cycle and developer milestones the site, Developing the project, Bidding,
Below is an illustration of the process for Financial Closure (FC) and Delivery. While
developing an onshore wind energy project. It this is an illustration from one country, many of
highlights the complexity of the development the steps therein may be considered typical for
process and the time required, demonstrating wind energy development elsewhere, although
that in some instances it may take as many as the time taken to implement and conclude
eight years for a project to be realised. Offshore, steps will vary greatly from one country to
lead times may exceed this.10 Figure 5 is an another. A key message is that planning a wind
illustration of the wind energy development energy installation takes time and requires the
process, based on material provided by a involvement of a great variety of stakeholders
developer in South Africa. It sets out the on diverse issues from land permits to grid
timeline for the development process, as assessment, financing and so on. Also, the
demonstrated by the arrows, and the steps permitting lead time for major transmission
implemented along the way: Identifying projects is much longer than for wind energy
installations. Where wind energy targets require
10. In an extreme example, the 468 MW Cape Wind project
significant transmission system expansion, the
planned off the coast of Massachusetts in the United States development cycle for new transmission lines
required twelve years for planning and has yet to arrange will need to be taken into account.
financing, let alone construction, which may well extend
the project a further 2-3 years (BNEF, 2013c).

Figure 5. An Illustration of the wind energy installation development

process in South Africa, from a developer’s perspective

1 to 6 months 1 to 3 months 12 to 24 months

 Resource  Collate bid

 Land  Finalise
 Grid schedule  Construct
 Fatal flaw 9 agreements  Connect
 Competitors  Non-binding
 Start generation
 Assessment agreements
committee  Bid bonds

Identify Develop Bid FC Deliver

 Engage LO and secure  Complete permitting

land and servitudes  Due diligence
 Environmental studies  Agree financing
 Bird and bat monitoring and equity terms
 Resource assessment  Binding offers
 Grid assessment  PPA signed
 Start permitting
 Investors
6 to 12 months
 EPC tender
 SED/ED

2 to 8 years

Source: adapted from Mainstream Renewable Power South Africa (2013), “Challenges facing project development in the region:
Experience of building projects from the earliest stage of conception through to securing planning consent”, presentation at the
IEA-SANEDI expert workshop on the How2Guide for Wind Energy, Johannesburg, South Africa, 28 October 2013.
Note: The following acronyms stand for: LO = landowner; SED = socio-economic development; ED = economic development;
© OECD/IEA, 2014

FC = financial close; PPA = power purchase agreement.

The roadmap development process 17

 Box 3: Typical wind energy business case (continued)

Factors affecting the business case for wind The process of reviewing all these issues is
energy projects referred to as the “due diligence evaluation” of
The business case for a WPP depends on the a project.
financial appraisal of the development. As part
of this, the investor seeks to determine the risk It is crucial that the policy maker understands
profile of a wind energy project, considering the full extent to which his/her actions can
issues such as wind resource assessment, support the wind energy business case.
technology selection, planning and permitting, Probably the greatest policy impact on the cash
the construction process and timetable, lifetime flow of a project will result from a regulated
cash-flows, and operation and maintenance FIT or other financial or fiscal incentive. But
plans. The investor needs to be sure that the an enabling environment is also of the utmost
project developer is able to secure rights to importance. Clarity and brevity of planning
land and grid access, has clear permitting processes, and adequate transmission
requirements, and can manage stakeholders. infrastructure, are two of the most important
Until such issues and others are addressed, it facilitators; they are discussed in detail in
is unlikely that any financial commitment on Table 4 and Table 9 of this Wind H2G.
the part of an investor will be forthcoming.

Development barriers range of appropriate stakeholders to diminish these.

Barriers encountered in the development phase of Barriers range in scale from site-specific to regional
WPPs mainly concern issues faced by developers, and national. Barriers likely to be encountered are
including both technical and social acceptance set out in Table 5.
factors. Policy makers can act in concert with the

Table 5: Barriers and action options for development aspect

Barrier Details Action options
Inaccurate or zz Absence of public data on energy zz  evelop or procure publicly available
D
inaccessible mesoscale content of wind resource limits national wind atlas, including long-term
data on the strength attractiveness to developers mean wind speeds and direction data and
and distribution of time-series data if possible
zz Absence of data on resource
wind resources
quality; i.e. climatic conditions zz E stablish national platform for anonymous
limit attractiveness to investors data-sharing to improve access to and
and developers accuracy of wind data
zz M
 ake accessible all existing meteorological
and wind resource assessment data
Obstacles to WPP zz D
 ata on land or seabed zz U
 ndertake geological and topographical
siting (additional topography and geology are survey in priority areas; ensure public access
to those under inaccurate or unavailable to existing data
“Planning” in
zz D esirable sites are inaccessible to zz Develop new access infrastructure
Table 4)
construction and maintenance if appropriate
teams zz Implement communications strategy
zz Opposition of local population targeting local population and media with
affected by the new wind power factual information about the positive
installations impact of wind energy on jobs, the economy
© OECD/IEA, 2014

and the environment*

* Among others, the following publications can be useful for building solid arguments in support of new wind power installations and
communicating the benefits of wind energy to society: Devine-Wright, 2005; EWEA, 2013, 2012 and 2009b; IRENA, 2012; and Wind IA, 2013b.

18 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Barrier Details Action options
Connection to grid zz T ransmission and/or distribution zz Regulate monopoly control to allow access
is constrained grid owner may not wish (or lack for Independent Power Producers (IPP)
capacity) to connect zz Educate local population on benefits of wind
zz O ffshore connection costs may power (GHG reduction, green jobs)
be prohibitive zz Consider underground power lines
zz C
 onnection fee may be zz R
 egulate system operators to ensure rates
inappropriate reflect costs
zz L ocal opposition prevents zz D
 istinguish connection costs from grid
construction of new grid reinforcement costs and assign appropriately
connection
zz E ngage with local stakeholders to manage
zz P
 oint of connection may be trade-off between new grid infrastructure
disputed among developers or and benefits of wind power
with transmission owner
zz L ong distance between potential
site and grid node can be a
barrier due to cost or existing
rights of way
Operational aspects zz W ind turbines present health and zz E nsure interface with planning process to
safety challenges (e.g. ice throw) avoid conflicts and provide contact point
zz A ssignment of decommissioning for local residents
costs zz E nsure wind energy policy addresses end-
zz R
 epowering demands grid of-life issues (decisions regarding recycling
upgrade or decommissioning equipment versus
repowering)
zz S
 hortage of qualified personnel
for the operations and zz E nsure that O&M training programmes
maintenance (O&M) exist at national or regional level that are
consistent with the desired level of wind
energy deployment
© OECD/IEA, 2014

The roadmap development process 19

 Electricity market and system barriers Table 6. This set of barriers and the action options to
The third category of barriers covers the design of address them are closely intertwined. An effort has
the electricity market and system. This category been made here to distinguish among them, but the
includes barriers to the efficient management best approach to this classification process may vary
of electricity generated by WPPs, as outlined in considerably from case to case.

Table 6: Barriers and action options for electricity market and system considerations
Barrier Details Action options
Wind electricity zz (Excessive) curtailment may zz R
 evisit ”must run” classification of
generated is prevented result from insufficient space conventional power plants and consider
from getting to the in the market (even if public- according “must run”/priority dispatch status
market (curtailed) private agreement [PPA] is to WPPs
in place) zz S
 eparate ownership of generation and
zz C
 ombined ownership of transmission assets
generation and transmission zz U
 se nodal or locational pricing to signal
may hinder access to congested areas and transmission
transmission capacity bottlenecks
zz ( Excessive) curtailment may zz E ncourage trade to wheel surplus wind
result from grid bottlenecks/ energy across borders
congestion
zz O
 ptimise re-dispatch procedures and
reduce opportunities for gaming by capping
congestion management prices
zz C
 onsider flexibility and efficiency
improvements in the energy system – at
higher penetration levels in particular,
incentivise demand-side management and
energy storage to provide ancillary services
Wind energy may zz S ystem operators (TSOs and zz Advocate system operators’ adoption
result in increased DSOs) may not have adopted of state-of-the-art practice, and a
system operation international best practice, comprehensive suite of plans and measures
challenges above a which itself may act as a barrier to progressively deal with increasing levels
certain threshold to change of wind energy penetration, including wind
(e.g. 10%-20%)*
zz Wind power may have impact forecasts and on-line monitoring in dispatch
on local or regional grid voltage and operations
and power quality zz Improve policy maker understanding of the
zz V
 ariability of wind power may issues to better manage operators’ concerns
have a negative impact on zz R
 evise grid code to include voltage control
system-wide balancing and and active power control by wind energy
frequency plants
zz W
 PPs may exacerbate (low zz E ncourage enhanced control and
voltage) fault conditions by communication technologies, such as storm
disconnecting** control function, to reduce output ramp rate
zz H
 ave system operators deploy power
electronics for voltage control near large
WPPs if this is more cost-effective than the
WPP providing the service
zz A
 ctively involve distribution grid managers in
managing power flows

* The identification of this share is complex and subtle. Many factors will have a bearing here, including the size of the power system, the make-
© OECD/IEA, 2014

up of the generation portfolio and correlation of load and wind profiles, among others.
** Although in most cases this should no longer be an issue, it is common industry practice to include so-called “fault-ride-through” capability
in modern wind turbines.

20 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Barrier Details Action options
Large shares of wind zz The output of a WPP portfolio zz E ncourage holistic planning of wind and
energy may bring may ramp up steeply other variable generation for minimal
need for power market zz Wind power output is correlation of outputs to reduce aggregated
modification variability
predictable with less accuracy
than conventional power on zz E ncourage market reform for development
a day-to-day basis of exchanges and futures markets, including
zz E lectricity market may be proper design of intraday and balancing
dominated by vertically markets
integrated utilities (VIU) zz Introduce shorter trading time horizons; set
zz Electricity trade may be tied up “gate closure” as close as possible to delivery
months, seasons, or years ahead time
zz Most electricity may be traded zz Consider unbundling vertically integrated
bilaterally and confidentially utilities (generation, transmission and
over the counter (OTC) system functions) or other regulatory
measures to enhance competition
zz Imbalance prices paid by WPP
owners may not reflect actual zz Encourage wider market collaboration in
cost to system balancing markets or merging balancing
areas
zz E ncourage power exchanges wherein
participants have the opportunity to trade
openly (as well as OTC)
zz R
 eflect real cost to the system through
imbalance pricing and enable wind power
producers to aggregate their offers to
reduce imbalance
zz E ncourage uptake of latest forecasting
techniques
Large shares of zz W
 ind energy (alone) provides zz P
 lan for and encourage wide geographic
wind energy have a lesser contribution to system distribution of WPPs
consequences for adequacy than conventional zz C
 onsider use of market mechanisms to
generation portfolio plants compensate for lost revenue with payments
planning
zz In the short term, the to plants offering flexible capacity
replacement of existing power zz C
 onsider market reform to reward
plants (conventional baseload) flexibility from different sources in order to
with wind power may increase encourage fast power plants, demand-side
the overall operational cost of management and response, interconnection
the power supply system and storage

Financial and economic barriers It is worth noting that investment in new generation
The analysis now moves on to financial and – whether wind or any other energy technology
economic barriers. Two distinct types of investor – needs to be co-optimised with the concomitant
are of interest to policy makers when seeking to investment required in the transmission service
encourage investment in a wind energy market: of that asset. If the transmission cost is too great,
those providing commercial investment, and public alternative options may be appropriate.
investors. To attract investors to wind energy
projects within a country or region, policy makers
should seek to reduce the risks and improve returns
© OECD/IEA, 2014

on investing through the adoption of various

support mechanisms.

The roadmap development process 21

 Support mechanisms should not only focus on wind energy markets. It should not be taken as an
incentivising investment, but should also incentivise exhaustive representation of all policies used in
best long-term operation and management (O&M) these jurisdictions.11
practices that will allow the WPP to operate to its
full potential design life, possibly long after the 11. For example, a f�������������������������������������������������
eed-in tariff was also used in Italy, auction or
investment horizon. Table 7 below summarises tendering systems were also applied in Portugal, and a public
tender procedure was run by the Danish Energy Agency in
the range of support mechanisms used in twelve Denmark.

Table 7: The range of support mechanisms used in twelve wind energy markets

do d
k

al

at ed
Un m
an
ar

ce

ng ite
a

n
a
il

ug
an
Country
in

ai

es
St it
di
az

ee
m

al
rm

Ki Un
Ch

Sp
rt
el
In
en

It
Br

Gr
Ge

Po
Ir
D

Indicative summary of the range of support mechanisms used historically

Feed-in tariff          
Premium or
adder system
  
Auction or
tendering system
    
Tax based (electricity)
Remuneration

production incentives


Spot market trading      

Investment subsidy
or tax credit
   
Tradable Green Certificate
(e.g. REC/ROC)
   
Concessionary finance through
goverment supported agencies
     

Concession on import duty   

Source: adapted from IRENA and GWEC (2013), 30 Years of Policies for Wind Energy: Lessons from 12 Wind Energy Markets, IRENA, Abu Dhabi.

The power of the policy maker to support of retroactive change in policy may also have
renewable energy markets is widely in evidence. knock-on effects for a country’s ability to attract
One has only to look to the huge jump in private investment and may subsequently slow the
investment volumes in South Africa from tens deployment of wind energy.
of millions of dollars in preceding years to
USD 5.4 billion in 2012, following the conclusion of Table 8 below provides a summary of potential
the first rounds of its renewable energy programme. barriers and related action options one could
consider to tackle financial and economic
By the same token, policy can also undermine such considerations in a roadmapping exercise for
markets. Spain, for example, has radically reformed wind energy.
its system of support for renewable energy and
recently applied a tax on revenues. According to
some analysts, this may result in a 16% to 18%
© OECD/IEA, 2014

reduction in the value of WPPs commissioned

between 2009 and 2012 (BNEF, 2013e). This type

22 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Table 8. Barriers and action options for finance and economic considerations

Barrier Details Action options

High upfront costs zz T
 echnology risk considered too zz T
 ackle structural market distortions by
prevent wind energy high by investors removing subsidies for fossil fuels
development zz L ack of infrastructure may make zz Invoke government support for wind
WPPs financially unviable power in the form of tax incentives, credit
zz L ack of previous investment guarantees or access to affordable finance
experience in target country zz E nsure national government prioritises
makes commitments too risky investment in energy infrastructure
zz E stablish or mandate public bank to
support investment in wind energy
projects where private investors regard the
risks as too high, e.g. by underwriting risk
Investor uncertainty zz Instability in the policy and/or zz E stablish stable government support
regulatory framework mechanism to address LCOE issues (e.g.
zz A
 bsence of reliable spot FIT, production tax credit, mandatory
market price makes identifying purchase price, quota obligation system or
representative electricity price tradable certificate)
difficult zz Implement national policy to support
zz L ack of or too few PPA liberalised energy market
counterparties prevents zz Incite national government or its bodies to
contracting at a reasonable price buy power purchase agreements s directly
zz T
 he Levelised Cost of Energy zz R
 equire utilities or large energy users to
(LCOE) of wind may be buy power purchase agreements s from
uncompetitive relative to other suppliers
sources of power zz R
 eform energy market to remove direct
and indirect subsidies for conventional
sources of electricity
zz A
 ddress wind resource uncertainty with
national wind atlas or measurement
database
zz A
 ddress technology uncertainties (O&M
costs) by R&D and requirement for the
producers to report to a failure statistic
database
Lack of finance for zz P
 roject promoter or developer zz Establish or mandate public bank to
WPP developments unable to provide equity into the support investment in wind energy
project projects, e.g. underwriting risk
zz L ack of bond finance for projects zz Institute government intervention to
zz Investment banks may be reduce cost of loans through grant
unwilling to offer project finance funding, credit guarantees, tax incentives
zz Shortage of tax investors zz U rge government to support development
of domestic or regional bond market in
zz Utility financing of project scarce
low-carbon goods
(reluctance to finance on balance
sheet) zz Build utilities’ confidence via long-term
policy certainty
© OECD/IEA, 2014

The roadmap development process 23

 Box 4: Brazilian wind energy case study

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America of Mines and Energy. This system of auctions
and in 2011 this country generated 9% of its together with a highly supportive policy of
electricity from renewable resources other than loans and guaranteed purchase contracts
large hydro, which is its largest single source from the Brazilian National Development Bank
of power. (BNDES) has driven rapid growth of wind power
installation to an expected total of 5 300 MW
In 2002, Brazil launched the Program for in 2013.
Encouraging Alternative Sources of Energy
(Proinfa), a FIT scheme that drove the Brazil has a “Ten-Year Energy Plan”, published
development of 52 wind power projects, in 2011, which sets out a path for the steady
representing 1 300 MW of capacity. The Proinfa growth of renewables, with 18 GW of new
programme was, however, hampered by installations targeted by 2020. Challenges
several practical issues: (i) delays in obtaining remain in the Brazilian wind energy sector; these
environmental licences; (ii) land disputes; (iii) include (i) the need for increased financing
delays in grid connections; (iv) domestic supply for projects, (ii) increasing the manufacturing
chain problems; (v) existence of a cap (originally capacity of the sector domestically and adapting
1 100 MW) which made it uninteresting for to the national context, and (iii) improving the
companies to enter the market; and vi) a system efficiency of the wind technology supply chain.12
easily gamed by speculators.

In 2009, the Brazilian government

acknowledged these shortcomings and
introduced a more streamlined approach, an 12. Refer
��������������������������������������������������
to GWEC (2012), “Analysis of the regulatory
framework for wind power generation in Brazil” for
auction regime administered by the Ministry further details.

Infrastructure barriers stakeholders, and bringing about appropriate

A number of key infrastructural elements, on solutions. Availability of skilled workforce – as a vital
which a wind power development depends, but support for the necessary infrastructure to support
which are not directly within the control of the wind energy development – has also been included
developer, make up a fifth category of potential here. Table 9 lists potential barriers and solution
barriers. Here, the role of policy makers and public options.
sector institutions is critical in mediating among
© OECD/IEA, 2014

24 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Table 9. Barriers and action options for key infrastructure considerations

Barrier Details Action options

Supply chain is zz L ack of skilled or experienced zz Develop high school and university
insufficient to meet workforce to support development curricula, advanced degrees, and training to
the demands of zz Shortage of WPP components meet skills requirements of the wind energy
the wind energy sector
industry
zz Remove trade barriers (e.g. import duties)
zz E ncourage technology exchange with
mature wind energy markets
zz E ncourage adoption of international state-
of-the-art technology by domestic providers
zz S
 upport domestic manufacturing as
appropriate and possible
zz E ncourage foreign firms to locate
manufacturing facilities in the country
zz Initiate targeted research project or work
with developers to identify appropriate
technologies
Transport zz L ong distance and/or difficult zz Prioritise new trunk roads, rail links and
infrastructure is land transport of key components inland waterways that access development
insufficient to to site from manufacture is areas
meet the needs of constrained and costly zz Fast-track remediation of width and height
developers
zz Inadequate port infrastructure for restrictions on trunk roads
offshore development zz Encourage investment in specialised port
facilities
zz B
 uild investor confidence to foster
investment in specialist offshore installation
vessels
Transmission and zz Distribution grids in wind energy zz Encourage improved O&M of grid assets
/or distribution development areas may need zz E nsure interface with local government on
grids’ infrastructure reinforcement; transmission losses infrastructure planning
are insufficient or are excessive
inadequate zz Enforce regulation to reduce electricity theft
zz Transmission grid does not reach
zz P
 rovide access to investment for the
high resource areas
upgrade of distribution assets
zz P
 ublic opposition to new
zz U
 ndertake grid connection studies to
transmission lines is high
improve grid operator capacity
zz T
 ransmission and distribution
zz C
 arry out an in-depth wind energy
technologies are outdated
integration study
zz Individual parties and/or network
zz M
 ake key transmission corridors a national
users may not share assets in
priority together with offshore grid
optimal manner
development where applicable
zz “
 Leading with transmission” may
zz C
 onsider leading with roll-out of new
be difficult when cost recovery is
transmission assets before WPPs*
unclear
zz E ngage in measures to promote social
acceptance of new transmission, including
compensation for those most affected
© OECD/IEA, 2014

* The Brazilian government held auctions for new transmission capacity to resource rich areas in 2012, prior to the wind power auctions in 2013.
See also Box 5.

The roadmap development process 25

 Box 5: Texan Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ) case study

In 2005, in the framework of Texas’s “Panhandle B”). A CREZ is a geographic area

Renewable Energy Program, the Public Utility with optimal conditions for the economic
Commission was directed to consult with the development of wind power generation
Texan independent system operator, ERCOT facilities. The Public Utility Commission
(Electric Reliability Council of Texas), and other designed a number of transmission projects to
appropriate regional transmission organisations be constructed to transmit wind power from
to designate the best areas in the state for the CREZs to urban areas. The completed CREZ
renewable energy development. transmission projects will eventually transmit
approximately 18 500 MW of wind power.
In response, the Public Utility Commission The costs for transmission expansion are borne
established five CREZs in Texas (at McCamey, by ratepayers.
Central, Central West, “Panhandle A”, and

Selecting actions for Setting milestones and

wind energy deployment identifying responsible players
The barriers and actions described in Tables 4 to 9
for wind energy deployment
represent experiences with developing wind power The electricity market, like any other, is made up
in many wind energy markets, but not all will apply of institutions and individuals. The stakeholders
in every country. Roadmap drafters should identify leading the roadmapping exercise need to
which barriers are likely to be most applicable in consider if and how institutions will be able
their own situation (as well as others not mentioned to adapt to the roadmap’s identified actions.
here) and should then prioritise the order in which For example, requiring planning authorities to
they are to be addressed according to their own accelerate the issue of permits may in itself take
objectives and schedule. time. The speed with which administrators can
assess tariff applications or modify policy will
Similarly, some actions may suit a country context
depend on resources: its acceleration may not
better than others. In identifying appropriate
be possible without the injection of more human
actions, a number of criteria can be helpful:
resources, or a fundamental redesign of how the
zz p
 otential effectiveness – regardless of cost or task is approached. Moreover, there may be good
available resources (e.g. human or financial) reasons for the design of permitting processes: an
zz cost-effectiveness acceleration to enable wind power may impact
zz t echnical feasibility, given the country’s existing other policy areas. Such changes may be brought
energy infrastructure and resources about more quickly, and be less likely to lead to
unintended consequences, if the institutions in
zz likelihood to be implemented inside the roadmap question are involved in the roadmapping process
time frame from the outset.
zz degree of stakeholder support for the solution.
A strong roadmap usually identifies metrics (e.g.
When finalising the set of action options for each permitting and licensing processing times, number
barrier, and to secure stakeholder buy-in and thus of grid connections made, etc.) to gauge the speed
strong foundations for implementation, the project at which change can be effected before milestones
team should pay close attention to stakeholder are set. These milestones are best identified through
input. Transparency about choices made, and clear discussion with stakeholders, rather than being
reasons for discounting any proposed actions, imposed. Some examples of key stakeholders and
are important. the processes likely to be affected are listed below:

zz t ransmission and distribution grid owners,

© OECD/IEA, 2014

system operators, vertically integrated utilities:

grid connection practices’ requirements and

26 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 regulations, grid upgrades and extensions, power will require that milestone dates be revised to
purchase agreements, and investment plans accommodate delays or changes in the wider energy
zz e
 nergy ministry, other relevant ministries/ system. Stakeholders’ involvement is once again
agencies: process and award of price-support crucial for defining and endorsing such changes.
and operating licences and permits
Each task within the roadmap should ordinarily be
zz p
 lanning authorities: process for award of the responsibility of a specific party or group of
permissions parties. Such groups should agree on timescales
zz d
 eveloper representatives, industry bodies: and measure the actions against their own
development process and R&D funding capabilities, experience and agendas. Top-down
zz t urbines and component manufacturers: assignment of actions may lead to less effective
support or development of the supply chain implementation.
zz p
 rivate investors, development banks: financial Figure 6 is taken from the Chinese wind roadmap
appraisal, risk assessment and investment developed in 2011 by the ERI of China’s National
decision-making Development and Reform Commission, together
zz l ocal population, affected by the installation with the IEA (ERI and IEA, 2011). It describes
of wind power: building of public support, and actions on a timescale up to 2030, divided into
communication of economic and societal benefits four categories. Although the categories included
zz e
 ducators: training and upskilling of the are specific to the Chinese market, the underlying
workforce and education of diverse professionals approach is what matters – and the approach to
needed in the wind energy sector. scheduling tasks is a useful example.13

An effective roadmap is a critical path to achieving

the desired deployment of wind power, but it should
not be set in stone. Unexpected events and outcomes
���������������������������
. See also ���������������
Wind IA, 2013a.

Figure 6: K
 ey milestones specific to the Chinese market for wind power
technology RD&D
2011 2015 2020 2030 2050
Common Application of testing platform for semi-physical and numerical simulation
technology New arrangement of wind turbine and advanced drivetrain
< 3 MW Lighter-weight design and adaptability to environment
Wind turbine 3-5 MW Design optimisation
Conceptual design
5-10 MW Prototype validation
and key technology study
>10 MW Conceptual design and key technology study Prototype validation
Advanced airfoils , lower load and weight, segmented blade,
new materials, and design on higher tip speed blade for
Blade
offshore application
Smart and active control over blade
Solutions to gearbox with lower transmission ratio and
Gearbox acoustics and design on planet gear and balancing flexible axis
New technology for gearbox manufacturing
Application of medium-
Key components voltage generator
Generator Application of high-voltage generator
Study on high-temperature
Application of high-temperature superconducting generator
superconducting generator
Mediun-voltage convertor
with high power
Convertor
High-voltage converter with high power
Application of new power electronic devices
Offshore foundation, Intertidal zone
construction, operation Offshore
and maintenance Deepwater offshore
Modeling large-scale wind
Design
plant system and design
Sophisticated wind power forecasting
Wind plant Grid Fault-ride-through capability and
adaptability active and reactive power control
Direct application of wind power in distributed wind farms and large-scale energy storage
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Automation
Dispatching
Intellectualisation

Source: ERI and IEA (2011), Technology Roadmap: China Wind Energy Development 2050, OECD/IEA, Paris.

The roadmap development process 27

 Phase 4: implementation, roadmap. Precisely which progress indicators the
roadmap adopts will to some extent be a function of
monitoring and revision the country-specific context and constraints.

The IEA Roadmap Guide points out that a crucial While the use of such indicators comes into play
fourth phase in the life of a roadmap is to monitor in the fourth phase of the roadmap development
implementation of the roadmap and to consider and implementation process, in fact, the initial
whether the roadmap itself needs adjusting in light identification of such indicators and the teams
of experiences gained through implementation itself responsible for monitoring them are usually best
(Figure 7). Building on that, this section of the Wind identified earlier on in the roadmapping cycle.
H2G suggests, in Table 10, a series of qualitative and
quantitative indicators one could use to track and
monitor progress in implementing a wind energy

Figure 7: Roadmap implementation, monitoring and revision phase

Conduct expert
Track and Track and
workshops to re-assess Update the roadmap
monitor progress monitor progress
priorities and timelines

Note: The sub-step "track and monitor progress" is noted twice in Figure 7 to highlight that this is an ongoing process.

Table 10: Quantitative and qualitative indicators for monitoring progress

Indicator type Description

Wind technology zz Megawatt hours (MWh) generated per annum
deployment zz Share of wind energy (percentage) in the total yearly electricity production
zz MW capacity installed and number of wind turbines
zz Share of wind energy (percentage) in the total installed power capacity
zz Availability of wind turbines (percentage of hours annually)
zz Number of hours WPPs are curtailed per year
zz Construction lead times (number of months)
zz New patents and technical innovations related to wind energy
zz Public and private R&D investment in wind energy
Financial zz Total investment volume in wind energy sector per year
zz Value of state-backed investments per year (e.g. via development banks)
zz Annual spending on public financial incentives
zz Annual spending on supporting renewable energy
zz Ratio of public to private investment
zz Value of certificates traded per year
zz Cost of support mechanisms (e.g. FIT)
zz Domestic investment committed per year
zz Development in the cost of wind technology
© OECD/IEA, 2014

28 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Indicator type Description
Processes zz Number of training workshops organised
zz N
 umber and success rate of the research, development and innovation
programmes
zz Number of useful new institutions created
zz Number and effectiveness of awareness-raising campaigns organised
zz Reduction in lead times for essential permits and licences
zz Success rates within the permitting processes
Policy zz Policies defined and adopted
zz Long-term stability of the policy framework
zz Sectoral strategies developed to implement identified milestones
zz Risk management strategy and implementation
Socio-economic and zz Net jobs created in the domestic wind energy supply chain and annual turnover
environmental impacts zz Social projects supported

zz Contribution of the wind energy industry to GDP

zz Percentage increase in population connected to electricity grid
zz Avoided cost of imported fossil fuels
zz Percentage reduction in carbon intensity of electricity generation
zz Avoided GHG emissions per year, in particular CO2

For each indicator, it will be useful to identify Of particular importance will be data compiled by
stakeholders responsible for monitoring and the owners of new WPPs. Ideally, owners should
reporting, as well as verification mechanisms. be obliged to report production and availability
Robust data and transparent analysis are important. data for each turbine. Statistics of production
This may be challenging where new metrics are failure will be of particular value in the assessment
created and data series are short. Specific resources of progress and evaluation of ongoing priorities.
may need to be allocated to bolster data collection The collection of such data must, of course, take
and verification. account of commercial sensitivities. Data can be
anonymous, although increased transparency for
publicly subsidised projects may yield both greater
accountability and faster learning curves for the
entire industry.
© OECD/IEA, 2014

The roadmap development process 29

 Conclusions
Wind power has the potential to contribute up This guide is specific to wind energy; however, IEA
to 18% of the world’s electricity supply by 2050, analysis suggests that such a roadmapping exercise
saving up to 4.8 gigatonnes of CO2 emissions should not be undertaken in isolation, but rather in
per year (IEA, 2013a). At the national level, wind co-ordination with other energy sector strategies,
power can also attract investment, provide energy and with wider economic objectives in mind. Efforts
security through diversification, spur technological should be made in harmony with the deployment
innovation and and enhance stable economic of other low-carbon energy technologies, with
growth. While wind energy is developing towards co-generation technologies, and with measures
a mainstream, competitive and reliable technology, to improve energy efficiency. The integration of
several barriers could delay progress including variable output power plants into an existing power
financing, grid integration issues, social acceptance system is a relevant example: failure to consider
and aspects of planning processes. Increasing the the impacts of wind energy elsewhere in the power
cost-effective penetration of wind energy into system is likely to have unintended consequences.
the electricity supply requires considerable co-
operation among decision makers and stakeholders Regardless of the mix of energy supply, efficient,
of the energy sector, ongoing public support competitive markets are crucial to minimising the
engendered by positive encounters with the wind cost of energy. Whether in the established power
sector, and thorough analysis and consideration of systems of the OECD or the dynamic growing
all aspects addressed in this publication. economies of China, India, Brazil, South Africa
and the Middle East, governments are looking
National and regional roadmaps can play a key beyond fossil fuels to new ways to power their
role in supporting wind energy development and economies. National low-carbon energy roadmaps
implementation, helping countries to identify will be pivotal in determining whether or not new
priorities and pathways which are tailored to local energy technologies are developed and effectively
resources and markets. This How2Guide for Wind deployed, and whether global CO2 emissions
Energy is a tool that policy makers and industry reduction goals are achieved.
stakeholders can use as a reference manual when
developing their own national strategy for wind
energy deployment. It has been developed equally
as a starting point for newcomers and a checklist
for those with more experience of wind power who
may wish to update or improve an existing strategy.
© OECD/IEA, 2014

30 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Glossary
Active power control: this refers to a number of Power electronics: power electronics in wind
services, including controlling power output to turbine systems cover a range of technologies,
support system frequency and controlling the rate including inverters and converters to control the
at which output power increases or decreases (ramp quality of output power, enabling active power
rate) as the wind picks up or falls away. control.

Baseline research: analysis of the current situation Strategic environmental assessment (SEA):
to identify the starting points for roadmap strategic environmental assessment is a systematic
development. decision support process, aiming to ensure that
environmental and other sustainability aspects
Environmental impact assessment (EIA): the are considered effectively in policy-, plan- and
systematic identification, predication and evaluation programme-making. SEAs are conducted prior
of impacts from a proposed development, including to EIAs.
the analysis of its viable alternatives.
Vertically integrated utility (VIU): a utility that
Feed-in tariff (FIT): a feed-in tariff is an energy owns its own generating plants, transmission
supply policy measure generally aimed at system and distribution lines, providing all aspects
supporting the development of new renewable of the electricity service.
energy projects by offering long-term purchase
agreements for the sale of renewable electricity. Wheel surplus wind: to move power through the
transmission system from one grid area (e.g. utility
Grid code: the Grid Code covers all material aspects area or control area) to another.
relating to connections to, and the operation and
use of, the electricity transmission system. Wind power plant (WPP): a WPP is a single wind
turbine or group of wind turbines erected to
harness the power of the wind for the purpose of
generating electricity.
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Glossary 31
 Abbreviations and acronyms
2DS 2°C Scenario
BNEF Bloomberg New Energy Finance
CAGR compound annual growth rate
CO2 carbon dioxide
CREZ competitive renewable energy zone
DSO distribution system operator
ED economic development
EIA environmental impact assessment
ERI Energy Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission
of the Popular Republic of China
ETP Energy Technology Perspectives
FC financial close
FIT feed-in tariff
G8 Group of Eight
GDP gross domestic product
GHG greenhouse gas
GW gigawatt (1 million kW)
GWh gigawatt hour (1 million kWh)
H2G How2Guide
IA implementing agreement
IEA International Energy Agency
IPP Independent Power Producers
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
JRC Joint Research Centre of the European Commission
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt hour
LCOE levellised Cost of Energy
LO Landowner
MWh megawatt hour (1 thousand kWh)
NGO non-governmental organisation
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
O&M operation and maintenance
OTC over the counter
PPA power purchase agreement
PPA public-private agreement
RACI Responsible, Authorised, Consulted and Informed
REC/ROC Tradable Green Certificate
R&D research and development
RDD&D research, development, demonstration and deployment
SEA strategic environmental assessment
SED social-economic development
TSO transmission system operator
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
USD United States dollar
VIU vertically integrated utilities
WPP wind power plant
© OECD/IEA, 2014

32 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 References
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2013 Wind Market Outlook, Bloomberg New Energy Energy Association, Brussels,
Finance, New York. www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/
documents/publications/Wind_at_work_FINAL.pdf.
BNEF (2013b), H1 2013 Offshore Wind Market
Outlook, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council) (2013), Global
New York. Wind Report, Annual Market Update 2012, Global
Wind Energy Council, Brussels,
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Bloomberg New Energy Finance, New York. Annual_report_2012_LowRes.pdf.
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Bloomberg New Energy Finance, New York.
GWEC (2011), “Analysis of the regulatory framework
BNEF (2013e), Estimating the impact of Spain’s latest for wind power generation in Brazil,” Global Wind
kick in the teeth for wind, Bloomberg New Energy Energy Council, Brussels,
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BNEF (2012), Vital Statistics of Development Funding
for Broad Clean Energy, Bloomberg New Energy IEA (International Energy Agency) (forthcoming1),
Finance, New York. Energy Technology Roadmaps: A Guide to
Development and Implementation, OECD/IEA, Paris.
BNEF (2011), Grid Parity Closing the Gap for Onshore
Wind, Bloomberg New Energy Finance, New York. IEA (forthcoming2), How2Guide for Smart Grids
(working title), OECD/IEA, Paris.
BWEA (British Wind Energy Association) (1997), Best
Practice Guidelines for Wind Energy Development, IEA (2014), Advancing Variable Renewables: Grid
British Wind Energy Association, UK. Integration and the Economics of Flexible Power
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Devine-Wright, P. (2005) “Beyond NIMBYism:
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publication/Wind_2013_Roadmap.pdf.
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to the Balancing Challenge, OECD/IEA, Paris.
European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) (2013),
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References 33
 Wind IA (2013c), Design and Operation of Power Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European
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© OECD/IEA, 2014

34 How2Guide for Wind Energy Roadmap Developement and Implementation

 Annex:
Possible structure of a wind energy roadmap
Executive summary
 Key findings of the wind roadmap

Introduction
 Roadmap concept and rationale for wind energy in the country
 Objectives, process and structure of the roadmap

Current situation of wind energy in the country

 Essentially a summary of the baseline research

Vision for deployment of wind energy

 Scenario or set of scenarios for wind deployment in the
country by an identified time frame
 Barriers to achieving that vision
 Possible response actions and selected actions,
with rationale for those choices

Implementing the vision for wind energy: actions and time frames
 Identified actions with corresponding milestone dates
to achieve them, identifying responsible parties, and the cost
and benefits of those actions
 This section may have sub-headings such as wind technology
development, system integration, policy, finance, public
acceptance and/or international collaboration

Monitoring and adjusting this roadmap

 Agreed approaches to monitoring progress,
with specific metrics where possible
 Identified parties tasked with monitoring implementation
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Wind technology development: actions and time frames 35

 About the IEA International
Low-Carbon Energy Technology Platform
Created at the request of the G8 and IEA Ministers, the International Low-Carbon Energy Technology Platform
(Technology Platform) is a tool for engagement on fostering the deployment of low-carbon technologies
between IEA member countries and emerging and developing economies. The Technology Platform serves as
a means to disseminate and adapt analyses of expert organisations and policy recommendations, which are
often technical and/or global in nature, for the deployment of low-carbon technologies at the national and
regional levels. It also serves to share international best policy practice.

About the How2Guides

Under the Technology Platform, the IEA launched an initiative to produce a series of manuals to guide policy
makers and industry stakeholders in developing and implementing technology-specific roadmaps at the
national level. Building on the Agency’s global, high-level energy technology roadmap series, this project
responds to the growing number of requests for IEA assistance with the development of such roadmaps that
are tailored to national frameworks, resources and capacities. It also represents a new stage in the IEA roadmap
work itself – a move towards implementing and adapting the IEA global level roadmap recommendations to
the national level.

Building on the IEA roadmap methodology presented in the generic manual, Energy Technology Roadmaps:
A Guide to Development and Implementation (IEA, forthcoming1), each How2Guide provides technology-specific
guidance on considerations of importance when developing a roadmap. These include specific questions one
could investigate to assess the country baseline, the identification of stakeholders to involve in a national
roadmapping exercise, the identification of key barriers and response actions for the deployment of a given
technology, and indicators for tracking the implementation of the roadmap.

A second phase of the How2Guide initiative is the dissemination of its guidance through training seminars
under the IEA Energy Training and Capacity Building Programme. This provides an excellent means of helping
build the capacities of national and local governments, as well as private sector planners and programme
managers, in the area of energy technology planning. The IEA welcomes collaboration with its member and
non-member countries, the private sector and other organisations for both phases of this initiative.

This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status
of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers
and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

IEA Publications, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 PARIS CEDEX 15

TYPESETTED AND PRINTED IN FRANCE BY IEA, FEBRUARY 2014
© OECD/IEA, 2014

Front cover photo (large): © Rudy Chrétien/Systèmes Solaires

Back cover photo (large): © GraphicObsession
Back cover photo (small): © Energiequelle
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Secure Sustainable Together
 HOW GUIDE for Wind Energy Roadmap Development and Implementtation
2

policy

monitoring
planning
technology

barriers
stakeholders

visioning