PUSD Math News – Math II

Module 3: Quadratic Equations

Module 3 Overview – Quadratic Scan the QR code below to take you

Equations directly to the PUSD Secondary Math
(Standards: N.RN.1, N.RN.2, N.RN.3, N.CN.1, Resources webpage for
N.CN.2, N.CN.7, N.CN.8, N.CN.9, F.IF.8, A.APR.1, Mathematics 2, Module 3: Quadratic
A.SSE.3c, A.REI.4, A.REI.7, A.CED.4)
Equations
Student and Teacher materials can be found at
Mathematics Vision Project You will find the student text, this
http://www.mathematicsvisionproject.org/ newsletter, standards for the module,
(Curriculum>Secondary Mathematics homework help video links and more!
Two>Module 3: Quadratic Equations)

Students recognize that real world scenarios such as

bacterial growth, interest, and football can often be
described by equations that involve constraints on
the defined variables based on real world conditions.
They extend the properties of exponents to rational
exponents and use properties of rational and
irrational numbers. Students use the complex
number system to perform arithmetic operations,
represent complex numbers and their operations on
the complex plane, and use complex numbers in
polynomial identities and equations. Students
analyze functions using different representations Vocabulary and Major Mathematical
and write expressions in equivalent forms to solve Concepts
problems. They create equations that describe
numbers or relationships and understand solving
Additive pattern – a pattern that results when
equations as a process of reasoning and explain
their reasoning. the same constant is added to each term to get
the next consecutive term, also called an
In Module students continue to gain proficiency in arithmetic sequence (example: 3, 6, 9, 12,…).
the Standards for Mathematical Practice.
Students will make sense of problems and preserve Arithmetic mean – computed as the sum of all
in solving them, MP1, when they choose the best the numbers in a series divided by the count of
function for a particular real world scenario (MP4) all numbers in the series, commonly referred to
and evaluate the function for a given value. as simply “mean” or “arithmetic average.”
Reasoning abstractly and quantitatively, MP2, will
occur when students use completing the square to Coefficient – a number or symbol multiplied by
derive the quadratic formula and also complete the a variable or an unknown quantity in an
square to find the vertex of a quadratic function. As algebraic term (example: In the expression
students justify their reasoning they will construct 4x2 - 2x + 3, the numbers 4 and 2 are both
viable arguments and have the opportunity to coefficients).
critique the reasoning of others, MP3. Students will
attend to precision, MP6 when solving quadratic Completing the square – the process of
equations. rewriting a quadratic equation so that it contains
a perfect square trinomial.
 PUSD Math News – Math II
Module 3: Quadratic Equations

Complex number – a number that can be Irrational number – any real number that
expressed in the form a + bi, where a and b are cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers.
real numbers and i is the imaginary unit, that Irrational numbers cannot be represented as
satisfies the equation i2 = -1 (see diagram under terminating or repeating decimals (see diagram
Number Sets). under Number Sets).

Conjugate of a complex number – the complex Line of symmetry – in a parabola it is the line
conjugate of a + bi is a – bi, and similarly the that passes through the vertex, dividing a
complex conjugate of a – bi is a + bi. In this unit parabola in half.
the complex conjugate is used as a multiplier to
rewrite a rational expression so that the
denominator is no longer complex (honors
course only).

Discriminant – the expression that appears

under the square root (radical) sign in the
quadratic formula. The discriminant tells the
nature of the roots of a quadratic equation.

Equivalent – equal in value and meaning. Image - http://hotmath.com/hotmath_help/topics/axis-of-symmetry-of-

a-parabola.html

Exponential form – any expression that

contains an exponent (see also rational Matrices – a rectangular array of numbers,
exponent). symbols or expressions. In this unit matrices are
used to solve a system of three equations with 3
Factored form (intercept form) of a quadratic variables (honors course only).
function – the form y = a(x - p)(x - q) where the
Modulus of a complex number – the absolute
x-intercepts of the graph are p and q and the axis
value of a complex number a + bi, defined as the
of symmetry is halfway between (p, 0) and (q, 0) .
distance between the origin (0, 0) and the point
(a, b) in the complex plane (honors course
Geometric mean – in mathematics, the only).
geometric mean is a type of mean or average,
which indicates the central tendency or typical
value of a set of numbers by using the product of
their values (as opposed to the arithmetic mean
which uses their sum).

Integer – a number in the in the set

{...,-3,-2,-1, 0,1, 2,3,...} (see diagram under
Image - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number
Number Sets).
Multiplicative pattern – a pattern that results
when each term is multiplied by the same value
to get the next consecutive term, also called a
geometric sequence (example: 3, 6, 12, 24,…).
 PUSD Math News – Math II
Module 3: Quadratic Equations

Number Sets Radical expression – any expression containing

a radical ( ) . Although it is often referred to as
a “square root” symbol it is not limited to
describing a square root, it is used to describe a
cube root ( 3 ) , a fourth root ( 4 ) and so on.

Radical form – any expression containing a

radical. Any radical can also be expressed as a
rational exponent, see rational exponent below.
1
For example (x - 4) = 3 x - 4 .
3

Image - http://thinkzone.wlonk.com/Numbers/NumberSets.htm

Pure imaginary number – a complex number of Image - https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/radical.html

the form a + bi where a is 0 and i = -1 . For

example: 0 + 2i would simply be written as 2i Rational exponent – generally seen as an
(see diagram under Number Sets). exponent written as a fraction, the rational
exponent represents an integer exponent and an
Quadratic formula – a formula used to find the nth root. The root is found in the denominator
roots of quadratic equations (polynomial and the integer exponent is found in the
2
equations with a degree of 2). In this unit the numerator. For example (8) = ( 3 8 )2 .
3
quadratic formula is derived from standard form
of a quadratic equation using completing the
square.

Quadratic inequality – an inequality in two

variables, where the solution set is a group of
points either in the interior of the parabola
boundary or in the exterior of the parabola Image - http://math.tutorcircle.com/precalculus/rational-
boundary (honors course only). exponents.html

In the following examples the solution set is all Rational number – any number that can be
points in the shaded region: p
written as the quotient or fraction of two
q
integers, p and q, with the denominator q not
equal to zero (see diagram under Number Sets).

Real number – any number that is rational or

irrational (see diagram under Number Sets).
 PUSD Math News – Math II
Module 3: Quadratic Equations

Root(s) of a polynomial – the value(s) of the Main Topics

variable that cause the polynomial to equal zero.
These are also called the zeros of the polynomial Section in student text – Task done in class
as they are x-values of the point(s) where the Related Homework Help Videos
graph of the polynomial intersects the x-axis, if
the roots are real. Roots can be real or imaginary. 3.1 – Examining values of continuous
exponential functions between integers
Standard form for a quadratic function - a
function written in the form y = ax 2 + bx + c Introduction to rational exponents
where a ¹ 0 (Example: y = 3x + 5x + 2 ).
2 https://goo.gl/hy059k

Vertex - for a quadratic function, the vertex is Using properties of exponents to simplify
either the lowest point (minimum) of a parabola exponential expressions
that opens up or the highest point (maximum) of https://goo.gl/e826FG
a parabola that opens down.

Vertex form of a quadratic function – the form 3.2 – Connecting radicals and rules of
y = a(x - h)2 + k where the vertex of the graph is exponents to create meaning for rational
exponents
(h, k) and the axis of symmetry is x = h .
Simplifying radical expressions
Whole number – includes the counting https://goo.gl/6FV3fT
numbers, plus zero. It is a whole, non-negative
number (see diagram under Number Sets). Finding geometric mean
http://goo.gl/pF7O3Q
X-intercept - the point where a graph crosses or
touches the x-axis on a coordinate plane.
3.3 – Verifying that properties of exponents
Y-intercept - the point where a graph crosses or
hold true for rational exponents
touches the y-axis on a coordinate plane.
Using properties of exponents
https://goo.gl/e826FG

3.4 – Becoming fluent converting between

exponential and radical forms of expressions

How to rewrite a radical expression as an

exponential expression
https://goo.gl/N8EPRF
 PUSD Math News – Math II
Module 3: Quadratic Equations

3.5 – Developing the Quadratic Formula as a 3.8 – Surfacing the need for complex numbers
way for finding x-intercepts and roots of as solutions for some quadratic equations
quadratic functions
How to solve a quadratic equation with complex
Deriving the Quadratic Formula roots
http://goo.gl/xTwYre https://goo.gl/3aGIio

Solving a quadratic equation using the quadratic Complex number system

formula http://goo.gl/GBFhW5
http://goo.gl/z2RUfK

3.9 – Extending the real and complex number

3.6 – Examining how different forms of a systems
quadratic expression can facilitate the
solving of quadratic equations Simplifying radical expressions
https://goo.gl/5VG4AI
Factoring quadratic expressions when a=1
https://goo.gl/XwZbNc Discriminant as a way to describe the nature of
solutions
Factoring out a common factor https://goo.gl/nYwPNW
https://goo.gl/NA7DnK

3.10 – Examining the arithmetic of real and

3.7 – Building fluency with solving of complex numbers
quadratic equations See tutorials from previous sections on the
complex number system, solving quadratic
Solve quadratic equations by completing the equations and simplifying radicals
square
https://goo.gl/W2nnxv
3.11 – Solving Quadratic Inequalities
Solve quadratic equations by factoring
https://goo.gl/HYgSRt What is a quadratic inequality?
http://goo.gl/ZTSseb
Solve quadratic equations by using the quadratic
formula Writing quadratics in vertex form
https://goo.gl/vZRQzg https://goo.gl/KGhgNo
 PUSD Math News – Math II
Module 3: Quadratic Equations

3.12 H – Representing the arithmetic of

complex numbers on the complex plane

Adding and subtracting complex numbers

https://goo.gl/7MkYuJ

Multiplying and dividing complex numbers

https://goo.gl/xfWGx5

3.13H – Solving systems of equations using

inverse matrices

Solving 3x3 systems using matrices

https://goo.gl/WMOn8R