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Topic 2 - Basic Laws

Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. It states that current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. Power in a circuit is measured in watts and can be calculated using three equations: P=V^2/R, P=IV, and P=I^2R. A battery's amp-hour rating estimates how many hours it can provide a certain current before needing a recharge. The passive sign convention establishes whether voltage and power values are positive or negative depending on the direction of current flow. A short circuit has resistance of 0 ohms while an open circuit has infinite resistance. Branches refer to individual circuit elements, nodes are connection points, and loops are closed paths in a

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Umakandan Muniandy
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304 views5 pages

Topic 2 - Basic Laws

Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. It states that current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. Power in a circuit is measured in watts and can be calculated using three equations: P=V^2/R, P=IV, and P=I^2R. A battery's amp-hour rating estimates how many hours it can provide a certain current before needing a recharge. The passive sign convention establishes whether voltage and power values are positive or negative depending on the direction of current flow. A short circuit has resistance of 0 ohms while an open circuit has infinite resistance. Branches refer to individual circuit elements, nodes are connection points, and loops are closed paths in a

Uploaded by

Umakandan Muniandy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 2 : Basic Law

Ohm’s Law
The most important fundamental law in electronics is Ohm’s law, which relates
voltage, current, and resistance.

V
I=
R
Ohm’s law says that a voltage difference V across a resistor will cause a current I
= V/R to flow through it. For example, if you know R and V, you plug these into
Ohm’s law to find I. Likewise, if you know R and I, you can rearrange the Ohm’s
law equation to find V. If you know V and I, you can again rearrange the equation
to find R.
a. What is the current in from a 12 V source if the resistance is 10 Ω ?
b. What is the voltage across a 680 Ω resistor if the current is 26.5 mA?
c. What is the resistance of the hot bulb.

d. A student takes data for a resistor and fits the straight line shown to the data.
What is the resistance and the conductance of the resistor?

1
e. The resistor is green-blue brown-gold. What should the ammeter read?

Power
Power is the rate energy is “used” (actually converted to heat or another form).
Power is measured in watts (or kilowatts). Notice that rate always involves time.
One watt = one joule/second
Three equations for power in circuits that are collectively known as Watt’s law
are: V2
P=
R
P = IV P = I 2R
Example
a. What power is dissipated in a 27 W resistor is the current is 0.135 A?
b. What is the maximum current that a 2W, 80 kΩ resistor can safely conduct.
c. What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A of current from a 110 V
supply?
Ampere-hour Rating of Batteries
Expected battery life of batteries is given as the ampere-hours specification.
Various factors affect this, so it is an approximation. (Factors include rate of
current withdrawal, age of battery, temperature, etc.)
Example
How many hours can you expect to have a battery deliver 0.5 A if it is rated at 10
Ah?

2
Passive Sign Convention
If current enters through the + terminal, then V = IR or P = VI. If current enters
the negative terminal then, V= -IR and P= -VI
Example
Determine the power for each case below.

+ + -

3A 4V 3A 4V 3A
4V

- - +

Passive Sign Convention MUST be applied when using V=IR.

Short Circuit and Open circuit


An element with R= 0 Ω is called a short circuit e.g. a wire/conductor
If R= 0, then V = 0 but current I can be anything. An element with R= ∞ is called
an open circuit .
If R= ∞, it is called open circuit. Current, I will be 0 but voltage, V can be
anything.

Branches , Nodes and Loops


A Branch represent any two terminal element such as voltage source, current
source or a resistor.
How many branches are there in the circuit below?
R1
1k

+
Vs1 R2 R3 Is1
10V 1k 1k 100mA
-

3
Node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
Determine the number of node in circuit below.
R1
1k

+
Vs1 R2 R3 Is1
10V 1k 1k 100mA
-

If a short circuit (wire) connects two nodes, the two nodes constitute a single
node.
A Loop is any closed path in a circuit. It starts at a node, passing through a set of
nodes, and returning to the starting node without passing through any node more
than once.
Example.
1. How many branches and nodes does the circuit below have?
R4
1k

+
R1 R2 Vs1 R3
1k 1k 10V 1k
-

2.Determine the number of branches and nodes in the circuit below.


R2
1k
+
Vs1
10V
Is1 R1 R3 R4 -
100mA 1k 1k 1k
R5
1k

4
Exercises

1. Suppose that the dc generator produces 10 V, and that the potentiometer is


set to a value of 10Ω. Then what is the current?

2. Suppose the potentiometer is set to 100 ohms, and the measured current is 10
mA.
What is the dc voltage?

3. If the voltmeter reads 24 V and the ammeter shows 3.0 A, what is the value of
the potentiometer?

4. Suppose that the voltmeter reads 12 V and the ammeter shows 50 mA. What
is the
power dissipated by the potentiometer?

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