Flexure design (Singly Reinforced Beam)

Equation of depth of neutral Axis

From similar triangle of strain diagram,

0.0035 0.002
=
𝑥𝑢 𝑥1

∴ 𝑥1 = 0.57𝑥𝑢

Area of stress block = Area of rectangle + Area of parabola

2
= 0.446fck (𝑥𝑢 – 0.57𝑥𝑢 ) + × 0.446fck × (0.57𝑥𝑢 )
3

= 0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢

Compressive force = C = 0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢 b

Tensile force T = (Area of steel) × (stress)

= Ast × (0.87fy)

= 0.87 fy Ast

For balance design and location of neutral axis,

C=T

∴ 0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢 b = 0.87 fy Ast

𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝐟𝐲 𝐀𝐬𝐭
∴ 𝒙𝒖 =
𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝐟𝐜𝐤 𝐛
By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 1
Depth of compressive force (C) from extreme fiber in compression (Top)

At top stress, 𝑓 = 0.446 fck

C.G. from top will be given by
0.43𝑥 𝑢 2 3
𝑓 ×0.43 𝑥 𝑢 × +𝑓 × ×0.57𝑥 𝑢 ×( ×0.57𝑥 𝑢 +0.43𝑥 𝑢 )
2 3 8
𝑦= 2
𝑓 × 𝑥 𝑢 ×( 0.43+ ×0.57)
3

𝑦 = 0.416 𝑥𝑢 ≈ 0.42𝑥𝑢
As shown in fig. ,
𝒚 = 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝒖

Lever Arm (Z)

It is define as a distance between compressive force and tensile force.

As per figure

𝑧 =𝑑−𝑎

∴ 𝒛 = 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒙𝒖

Note: 1) d = effective depth = Overall depth – effective cover

2) Effective cover is a distance between bottom of beam and centre of reinforcement at

bottom.

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 2

Moment of resistance (Mu)

1) Mu with respect to steel (For under reinforced section)

Mu = T x Z
= (0.87 fy Ast) × (d – 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝒖 )
0.42×0.87fy A st
= 0.87 fy Ast 𝑑 −
0.36 f ck b
fy A st
= 0.87 fy Ast 𝑑−
f ck b
𝐟𝐲 𝐀𝐬𝐭
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast 𝒅 𝟏 −
𝐟𝐜𝐤 𝐛𝐝
… IS 456, P 96, cl.G.1.1(b)

2) Mu with respect to concrete (For balanced section)

Mu = C x Z
= 0.36 fck 𝒙𝒖 b × (d – 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝒖 )
𝑥𝑢
= 0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢 bd × 1 – 0.42
𝑑
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
= 0.36 fck b𝑑 2 × 1 – 0.42
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
Mu = 0.36 1 – 0.42 fck b𝑑 2
𝑑 𝑑

Put , 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 for 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 in above equation,

𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
∴ 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 0.36 𝟏 – 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 fck b𝒅𝟐 .. IS 456, P 96, cl.G.1.1(c)
𝒅 𝒅

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 3

Limiting value of 𝐱 𝐮
For mild steel, (Fe 250)

Strain at tension fiber,

0.87 𝑓𝑦
𝑒 𝑠𝑢 = + 0.002 0.0035
𝐸𝑠

0.87 ×250
∴ 𝑒𝑠𝑢 = 2 ×10 5
+ 0.002 Xumax

∴ 𝒆𝒔𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟖 N.A

From similar triangles in strain diagram, d - Xumax

𝑥 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑− 𝑥 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
0.0035 𝑒𝑠𝑢

𝑥 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑− 𝑥 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.87 𝑓𝑦

∴ = 𝑒 𝑠𝑢 = + 0.002
0.0035 0.00308 𝐸𝑠

∴ 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝒅 Strain Diagram

𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 values for different grades of steel are given in following table (IS 456, P 70)

𝒇𝒚 (N/mm2) 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
250 0.53 d
415 0.48 d
500 0.46 d

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 4

Limiting value of 𝐌𝐮
For mild steel, (Fe 250)

𝑥 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
Now, 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 – 0.42 fck b𝑑2
𝑑 𝑑

Replace 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.53𝑑 , for mild steel, in above eqution

0.53𝑑 0.53𝑑
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 – 0.42 fck b𝑑2
𝑑 𝑑

∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.149 fck b𝑑2

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 values for different grades of steel are given in following table

𝒇𝒚 (N/mm2) 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒎
250 0.149 fck b𝑑2
415 0.138 fck b𝑑2
500 0.133 fck b𝑑2

Percentage of steel (𝐏𝐭 )

It is given by following equation.
𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑷𝒕 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒃𝒅

𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝟒. 𝟔𝑴𝒖
𝑷𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 𝟏− 𝟏−
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃 𝒅𝟐

OR
𝑴𝒖
𝑷𝒕 is given from the value of using SP. 16 , P.10 or P.48
𝒃𝒅𝟐

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 5

Types of Beam section
 Balance Section

 Concrete and steel reach upto their permissible stresses at the same time.

 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 0.36 𝟏 – 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 fck b𝒅𝟐
𝒅 𝒅

 Under reinforced Section

 Amount of steel is less than required for balance design.

 Steel reach upto maximum stress but concrete is below permissible stress.

 Tension failure

 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝐟𝐲 𝐀𝐬𝐭
 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 fy Ast 𝒅 𝟏 −
𝐟𝐜𝐤 𝐛𝐝

 Over reinforced section

 Amount of steel is more than required for balance design.

 Concrete reach upto maximum stress but steel is below permissible stress.

 Concrete is failed first; hence there is no warning of failure in such section design.

 Compression failure

 Such section is not preferred for design according to IS code.

 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙
 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 0.36 𝟏 – 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 fck b𝒅𝟐
𝒅 𝒅

Types of problem

1) Analysis Problem
2) Design Problem

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 6

Example: 1

A rectangular beam 230 mm wide and 520 mm effective depth is reinforced with 4 no. 16 mm
diameter bars. Find the depth of neutral axis and specify the type of section of the beam. Use M20
and Fe 415. Also find the depth of neutral axis if reinforcement is increased to 4 no. 20 mm
diameter bars.

Solution:

Case: 1
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4 × × 162 = 804 mm2
4

0.87 fy A st
Now, 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 f ck b

0.87 ×415 ×804

∴ 𝑥𝑢 = = 175.3 mm
0.36 ×20 ×230

Also, 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48𝑑 (For Fe 415)

∴ 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 520 = 250 mm

Here, 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 , hence section is under reinforced.
Case: 2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4 × × 202 = 1256 mm2
4

0.87 fy A st
Now, 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 f ck b

0.87 ×415 ×1256

∴ 𝑥𝑢 = = 273.8 mm
0.36 ×20 ×230

Also , 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48𝑑 ( For Fe 415)

∴ 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 520 = 250 mm

Here, 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 , hence section is over reinforced.

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 7

Example: 2

A singly reinforced rectangular beam of width 230 mm and 460 mm effective depth is reinforced
with 3 no. 20 mm diameter bars. Find the factored moment of resistance of the section. Use M20
and Fe 415. Also find factored moment of resistance if it is reinforced with 4 no. 20 mm diameter
bars.

Solution:

Case: 1
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 3 × × 202 = 942 mm2
4

0.87 fy A st
Now, 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 f ck b

0.87 ×415 ×942

∴ 𝑥𝑢 = = 205.4 mm
0.36 ×20 ×230

Also, 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48𝑑 (For Fe 415)

∴ 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 460 = 220.8 mm

Here, 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 , hence section is under reinforced and 𝑥𝑢 = 205.4 mm

𝑀𝑢 = (0.87 fy Ast) × (d – 0.42𝑥𝑢 )

∴ 𝑀𝑢 = (0.87 × 415 × 942) × (460 – 0.42 × 205.4)
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 127.11 × 106 Nmm
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 127.11 kNm
𝑂𝑅
fy A st
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast 𝑑 1 − (IS 456, P. 96)
f ck bd
415 × 942
∴ Mu = 0.87 × 415 × 942 × 460 × 1 −
20 ×230 x 460

∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 127.55 × 106 Nmm

∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 127.55 kNm

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 8

Case: 2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4 × × 202 = 1256 mm2
4

0.87 fy A st
Now, 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 f ck b

0.87 ×415 ×1256

∴ 𝑥𝑢 = = 273.8 mm
0.36 ×20 ×230

Also, 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48𝑑 (For Fe 415)

∴ 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 460 = 220.8 mm

Here, 𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 , hence section is over reinforced and 𝑥𝑢 = 220.8 mm

𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 fck 𝑥𝑢 b × (d – 0.42𝑥𝑢 )

∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 × 20 × 220.8 × 230 × (460 − 0.42 × 220.8)
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 134.28 × 106 Nmm
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 134.28 kNm
𝑂𝑅
𝑥 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 – 0.42 fck b𝑑2
𝑑 𝑑

220.8 220.8
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 × × 1 – 0.42 × × 20 × 230 × 4602
460 460

∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 134.2 × 106 Nmm

∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 134.2 kNm

𝑂𝑅
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 (For Fe 415)

∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 4602 = 134.32 × 106 Nmm

∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 134.32 𝑘𝑁𝑚

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 9

Example: 3

A singly reinforced RC beam has effective section 300 x 450 mm, provided with 3-18 Φ at
effective cover of 50 mm is simply supported 4 m span. Use M20 and Fe 415. Find safe load on
beam.

Solution:
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 3 × × 182 = 763 mm2
4

0.87 fy A st
Now, 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 f ck b

0.87 ×415 ×763

∴ 𝑥𝑢 = = 127.54 mm
0.36 ×20 ×300

Also, 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48𝑑 (For Fe 415)

∴ 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.48 × 450 = 216 mm

Here, 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 , hence section is under reinforced.
fy A st
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 fy Ast 𝑑 1 − (IS 456, P. 96)
f ck bd
415 × 763
∴ Mu = 0.87 × 415 × 763 × 450 × 1 −
20 ×300 x 450
6
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 109.43× 10 Nmm
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 109.43 kNm

Now, for simply supported beam, having UDL over entire span, Max BM,
𝑤𝑙 2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
𝑤 × 4000 2
∴ 109.43 × 106 =
8

∴ w = 54.71 N/mm = 54.71 kN/m …. Factored load

Now, working load = ( factored load / factor of safety)

∴ working load = ( 54.71 / 1.5) = 36.47 kN/m.

Self weight of the beam for 1m length,

Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Dead load = volume x density of concrete Overall depth = eff. Depth + eff.cover
= (0.3 x 0.5) x 25 = 3.75 kN/m. = 450 + 50 = 500 mm

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 10

Now, Safe load = Live load

= Total working load – Dead load [Total working load = DL + LL]

= 36.47 – 3.75

= 32.72 kN/m
Example: 4

A simply supported rectangular beam of 8 m span carries a UDL of 23 kN/m,

inclusive self weight. Determine the reinforcement for flexure. Use M30 and Fe
415.
Solution:

𝑤𝑙 2 23 × 82
𝑀= = = 184 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 184 × 1.5 = 276 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Adopt, b = 250 mm.

Now, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.138 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

∴ 276 × 106 = 0.138 × 30 × 250 × 𝑑 2

∴ 𝑑 = 516.4 𝑚𝑚
Adopt, d = 550 mm
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Now, 𝑃𝑡 = 50 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 2

30 4.6 × 276 × 106

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 50 × 1− 1−
415 30 × 250 × 5502

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 1.215 %
𝑝 𝑡 ×𝑏 ×𝑑 1.215 ×250 ×550
Now, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 1671 𝑚𝑚2
100 100

Provide 6 – 20 Ø bars (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1884 mm2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )

and dimension of beam = 250 mm × 600 mm overall.

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 11

Example: 5

Calculate limiting moment of resistance and the area of steel for a singly reinforced
beam section 200 mm wide and 400 mm effective depth. Use M20 and Fe 415.
Solution:

For limiting section (balance section)

𝑥𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

= 0.48𝑑 = 0.48 × 400 = 192 𝑚𝑚.

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 20 × 200 × 4002
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 88.32 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 88.32 𝐾𝑁𝑚
0.87 fy A st
Now, 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36 f ck b

0.87 ×415 × A st
∴ 192 =
0.36 ×20 ×200

∴ Ast = 765 mm2

Example: 6

Find no. of 16 mm diameter bars required for RC beam 230 × 415 mm effective to
resist factored bending moment 90 kNm. Use M20 and Fe 415.
Solution:

𝑀𝑢 = 0.138 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 (For Fe 415)

∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 4152
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 109.32 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 109.32 𝐾𝑁𝑚
Here, 𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 , hence beam is designed as singly RC beam.
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Now, 𝑃𝑡 = 50 𝑓𝑦
1− 1−
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 2

20 4.6 × 90 × 106
∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 50 × 1− 1−
415 20 × 230 × 4152

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 12

 ∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 0.745 %
𝑝 𝑡 ×𝑏 ×𝑑 0.745×230 ×415
Now, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 711 𝑚𝑚2
100 100

Consider 16 mm dia. bars,

𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = × 162 = 201 mm2
4

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 711

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = = 3.53 ≈ 4 𝑁𝑜𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 201
Example: 7

Design a singly RC rectangular beam 300 mm wide to resist characteristic load

(working load) 30 kN/m including dead load and live load over a effective span of
3.6 m. Use M20 and Fe 415.
Solution:

Factored load (UDL) = 1.5 X 30 = 45 kN/m.

𝑤𝑙 2 45 × 3.62
𝑀𝑢 = = = 72.9 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

Now, b = 300 mm.

Now, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.138 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2
∴ 72.9 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 300 × 𝑑 2
∴ 𝒅 = 𝟐𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝒎
Adopt, d = 300 mm, D = 350 mm (By assuming effective cover = 50 mm)

𝑓 𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Now, 𝑃𝑡 = 50 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 2

20 4.6 × 72.9 × 106

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 50 × 1− 1−
415 20 × 300 × 3002

∴ 𝑃𝑡 = 0.925 %
𝑝 𝑡 ×𝑏 ×𝑑 0.925 ×300×300
Now, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 833 𝑚𝑚2
100 100

Consider 20 mm dia. bars,

𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 4 × 202 = 314 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 833
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = = 2.65 ≈ 3 𝑁𝑜𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 314

Provide 3 – 20 Ø bars and dimension of beam = 300 mm × 350 mm overall.

By: CHIRAG PATEL (9898814751) Page 13