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htm

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http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1950

Computer processor history

Year Event
1823 Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of processors.
1903 Nikola Tesla patents electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches".
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on
1947
December 23, 1947.
1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley patent the first transistor.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work
1956
on the transistor.
The first integrated circuit is first developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of
1958
Texas Instruments. The first IC was demonstrated on September 12, 1958.
1960 IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York.
1968 Intel Corporation is founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore.
1969 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is founded on May 1, 1969.
Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971. The
1971 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000 operations per second (OPS), addressed 640 bytes of memory,
and cost $200.00.
1972 Intel introduces the 8008 processor on April 1, 1972.
Intel's improved microprocessor chip is introduced April 1, 1974, the 8080 becomes a standard in the
1974
computer industry.
1976 Intel introduces the 8085 processor on March 1976.
1976 The Intel 8086 is introduced June 8, 1976.
1979 The Intel 8088 is released on June 1, 1979.
The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor is released and is later chosen as the processor for the Apple
1979
Macintosh and Amiga computers.
1982 The Intel 80286 is introduced February 1, 1982.
1985 Intel introduces the first 80386 in October 1985.
1987 The SPARC processor is first introduced by Sun.
1988 Intel 80386SX is introduced.
1991 AMD introduces the AM386 microprocessor family in March.
Intel introduces the Intel 486SX chip in April in efforts to help bring a lower-cost processor to the PC market
1991
selling for $258.00.
1992 Intel releases the 486DX2 chip March 2 with a clock doubling ability that generates higher operating speeds.
Intel releases the Pentium processor on March 22 1993. The processor is a 60 MHz processor, incorporates
1993
3.1 million transistors and sells for $878.00.
1994 Intel releases the second generation of Intel Pentium processors on March 7, 1994.
1995 Intel introduces the Intel Pentium Pro in November of 1995.
Intel announces the availability of the Pentium 150 MHz with 60MHz bus and 166 MHz with 66 MHz bus on
1996
January 4th.
1996 AMD introduces the K5 processor on March 27, 1996, with speeds of 75 MHz to 133 MHz and bus speeds of
 50 MHz, 60 MHz, or 66 MHz. The K5 is the first processor developed completely in-house by AMD.
AMD releases their K6 processor line in April of 1997, with speeds of 166 MHz to 300 MHz and a 66 MHz
1997
bus speed.
1997 Intel Pentium II is introduced on May 7, 1997.
AMD introduces their new K6-2 processor line on May 28, 1998, with speeds of 266 MHz to 550 MHz and
1998
bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. The K6-2 processor is an enhanced version of AMD's K6 processor.
Intel releases the first Xeon processor, the Pentium II Xeon 400 (512K or 1M Cache, 400 MHz, 100 MHz
1998
FSB) in June of 1998.
1999 Intel releases the Celeron 366 MHz and 400 MHz processors on January 4, 1999.
AMD released its K6-III processors on February 22, 1999, with speeds of 400 MHz or 450 MHz and bus
1999
speeds of 66MHz to 100 MHz. It also featured an on-die L2 cache.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 500 MHz is released on February 26, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 550 MHz is released on May 17, 1999.
AMD introduced the Athlon processor series on June 23, 1999. The Athlon would be produced for the next 6
1999
years in speeds ranging from 500 MHz up to 2.33 GHz.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 600 MHz is released on August 2, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 533B and 600B MHz is released on September 27, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III Coppermine series is first introduced on October 25, 1999.
2000 On January 5, AMD releases the 800 MHz Athlon processor.
2000 Intel releases the Celeron 533 MHz with a 66 MHz bus processor on January 4th.
AMD first released the Duron processor on June 19, 2000, with speeds of 600 MHz to 1.8 GHz and bus
2000
speeds of 200 MHz to 266 MHz. The Duron was built on the same K7 architecture as the Athlon processor.
Intel announces on August 28th that it will recall its 1.3 GHz Pentium III processors due to a glitch. Users
2000
with these processors should contact their vendors for additional information about the recall.
2001 On January 3, Intel releases the 800 MHz Celeron processor with a 100 MHz bus.
2001 On January 3 Intel releases the 1.3 GHz Pentium 4 processor.
AMD announces a new branding scheme on October 9, 2001. Instead of identifying processors by their clock
2001 speed, the AMD Athlon XP processors will bear monikers of 1500+, 1600+, 1700+, 1800+, 1900+, 2000+,
etc., with each higher model number representing a higher clock speed.
2002 Intel releases the Celeron 1.3 GHz with a 100 MHz bus and 256 kB of level 2 cache.
2003 Intel Pentium M is introduced in March.
AMD releases the first single-core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to 2.4 GHz and 1024 KB L2
2003
cache, on April 22, 2003.
AMD releases the first Athlon 64 processors, the 3200+ (2.0 GHz, 1024 KB L2 cache), and the first Athlon 64
2003
FX processor, the FX-51 (2.2 GHz, 1024 KB L2 cache), on September 23, 2003.
AMD releases the first Sempron processor on July 28, 2004, with a 1.5 GHz to 2.0 GHz clock speed and 166
2004
MHz bus speed.
AMD releases their first dual-core processor, the Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (2.0 GHz, 512 KB L2 cache per core),
2005
on April 21, 2005.
2006 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E6320 (4M Cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) April 22, 2006.
Intel introduces the Intel Core 2 Duo processors with the Core 2 Duo processor E6300 (2M Cache, 1.86 GHz,
2006
1066 MHz FSB) July 27, 2006.
Intel introduces the Intel Core 2 Duo processor for the laptop computer with the Core 2 Duo processor T5500
2006
(2M Cache, 1.67 GHz, 667 MHz FSB), as well as other Core 2 Duo T series processors, in August 2006.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q6600 (8M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in January 2007.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4300 (2M Cache, 1.80 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) January 21, 2007.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q6700 (8M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in April 2007.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4400 (2M Cache, 2.00 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) April 22, 2007.
AMD renames the Athlon 64 X2 processor line to just Athlon X2 and releases the first in that line, the
2007
Brisbane series (1.9 to 2.6 GHz, 512KB L2 Cache) on June 1, 2007.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4500 (2M Cache, 2.20 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) July 22, 2007.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4600 (2M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) October 21, 2007.
AMD releases the first Phenom X4 processors (2M Cache, 1.8 GHz to 2.6 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on
2007
November 19, 2007.
Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q9300 (6M Cache, 2.50 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) and the Core 2 Quad
2008
processor Q9450 (12M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in March 2008.
2008 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4700 (2M Cache, 2.60 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) March 2, 2008.
AMD releases the first Phenom X3 processors (2M Cache, 2.1 GHz to 2.5 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on March
2008
27, 2008.
2008 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7200 (3M Cache, 2.53 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on April 20, 2008.
2008 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7300 (3M Cache, 2.66 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) August 10, 2008.
Intel releases several Core 2 Quad processors in August 2008: the Q8200 (4M Cache, 2.33 GHz, 1333 MHz
2008 FSB), the Q9400 (6M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), and the Q9650 (12M Cache, 3.00 GHz, 1333 MHz
FSB)
2008 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7400 (3M Cache, 2.80 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) October 19, 2008.
Intel releases the first Core i7 Desktop processors in November 2008: the i7-920 (8M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1066
2008 MHz FSB), the i7-940 (8M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB), and the i7-965 Extreme Edition (8M Cache,
3.2 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB).
AMD releases the first Phenom II X4 (quad core) processors (6M Cache, 2.5 to 3.7 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333
2009
MHz FSB) on January 8, 2009.
2009 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7500 (3M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) January 18, 2009
AMD releases the first Phenom II X3 (triple core) processors (6M Cache, 2.5 to 3.0 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333
2009
MHz FSB) on February 9, 2009.
2009 Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q8400 (4M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in April 2009
2009 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7600 (3M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) May 31, 2009
AMD releases the first Athlon II X2 (dual core) processors (1024KB L2 Cache, 1.6 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHZ or
2009
1333 MHz FSB) in June 2009.
AMD releases the first Phenom II X2 (dual core) processors (6M Cache, 3.0 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333
2009
MHz FSB) on June 1, 2009.
AMD releases the first Athlon II X4 (quad core) processors (512KB L2 Cache, 2.2 to 3.1 GHz, 1066 MHZ or
2009
1333 MHz FSB) in September 2009.
Intel releases the first Core i5 Desktop processor with 2 cores, the i5-750 (8M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz
2009
FSB), on September 8, 2009
AMD releases the first Athlon II X3 (triple core) processors (512KB L2 Cache, 2.2 to 3.4 GHz, 1066 MHZ or
2009
1333 MHz FSB) in October 2009.
2010 Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q9500 (6M Cache, 2.83 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in January 2010
Intel releases the first Core i5 Mobile processors, the i5-430M (3M Cache, 2.27 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) and
2010
the i5-520E (3M Cache, 2.4 GHZ, 1066 MHz FSB) in January 2010
Intel releases the first Core i5 Desktop processor over 3.0 GHz, the i5-650 (4M Cache, 3.20 GHz, 1333 MHz
2010
FSB) in January 2010
Intel releases the first Core i3 Desktop processors, the i3-530 (4M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) and the
2010
i3-540 (4M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 1333 MHz FS), on January 7, 2010
Intel releases the first Core i3 Mobile processors, the i3-330M (3M Cache, 2.13 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) and
2010
the i3-350M (3M Cache, 2.27 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB), on January 7, 2010
 AMD releases the first Phenom II X6 (hex/six core) processors (6M Cache, 2.6 to 3.3 GHz... or 3.7 GHz with
2010
Turbo Core) on April 27, 2010.
Intel releases seven new Core i5 processors with 4 cores, the i5-2xxx series (6M Cache, 2.3 GHz to 3.3 GHz)
2011
in January 2011
AMD releases the first mobile processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300M (2M L2 Cache, 1.9 GHz, 1333 MHz
2011
FSB) and the A4-3310MX (2M L2 Cache, 2.1 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) on June 14, 2011.
AMD releases the first mobile processors in their A6 line, the A6-3400M (4M L2 Cache, 1.4 GHz, 1333 MHz
2011
FSB) and the A6-3410MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.6 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) on June 14, 2011.
AMD releases the first mobile processors in their A8 line, the A8-3500M (4M L2 Cache, 1.5 GHz, 1333 MHz
2011 FSB), the A8-3510MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.8 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB), and the A8-3530MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.9
GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) on June 14, 2011.
AMD releases the first desktop processor in their A6 line, the A6-3650 (4M L2 Cache, 2.6 GHz, 1866 MHz
2011
FSB) on June 30, 2011.
AMD releases the first desktop processor in their A8 line, the A8-3850 (4M L2 Cache, 2.9 GHz, 1866 MHz
2011
FSB) on June 30, 2011.
AMD releases the first desktop processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300 (1024KB L2 Cache, 2.5 GHz, 1600
2011
MHz FSB) and the A4-3400 (1024KB L2 Cache, 2.7 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) on September 7, 2011.
AMD releases the first desktop processors in their A10 line, the A10-5700 (4M L2 Cache, 3.4 GHz or 4.0
GHz in Turbo mode, 1866 MHz FSB) and the A10-5800K (4M L2 Cache, 3.8 GHz or 4.2 GHz in Turbo
2012
mode, 1866 MHz FSB) on October 1, 2012.

Indian CEO’s of IT companies

S.No Name of the Company CEO Remarks
1 Google Sundar Pichai A topper in Metallurgical Engineering, from IIT Kharagpur.
Pichai is from Tamil Nadu. He holds an MS from Stanford
University and an MBA from the Wharton School of the
University of Pennsylvania.
2 Microsoft Satya Nadella Nadella, who hails from Hyderabad, holds a bachelor’s
degree in engineering in electronics and communication
from Manipal Institute of Technology. Nadella did his
Masters in Computer Science from the University of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee and an MBA from the
University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Nadella was a member of the technology staff at Sun
Microsystems before he joined Microsoft.

3 Global Foundries Sanjay Kumar Jha Sanjay Kumar Jha who hails from Bihar is now the
CEO of Global Foundries, the world's first full-service
semiconductor foundry. he was earlier the chief
executive officer of Motorola’s mobile devices business.
Prior to this, he served as the chief operating officer at
Qualcomm.He has a PhD in electronics engineering
from University of Strathclyde, Scotland.

4 Adobe Shantanu Narayen Shantanu Narayen who’s from Hyderabad heads one of the
world’s leading software companies, Adobe. Narayen holds
an electronics engineering degree from Osmania University,
MBA from the University of California, Berkeley, and
 Masters in computer science from Bowling Green State
University, Ohio
5 SoftBank Internet and Nikesh Arora Nikesh was a telecom analyst at Putnam InvestmentsNikesh
Media Inc who graduated as an Electrical Engineer from IIT-BHU, has
an MBA from Northeastern University, a Masters degree in
Finance from Boston College
6 Cognizant Francisco D'Souza Francisco, who hails from Goa, is a member of the
Board of Directors of General Electric Company. He
serves on the Board of Trustees of Carnegie Mellon
University, the Board of Trustees of The New York Hall
of Science and the Board of Trustees of the US India
Business Council. He received his Bachelor's degree in
Business Administration from the University of East
Asia and his MBA from Carnegie-Mellon University.
7 Harman International Dinesh Paliwal Dinesh is from Agra & did his BE from the Indian
Institute of Technology, Roorkee; MS in Applied
Science and Engineering and MBA in Finance from
MiamiUniversity (Oxford, Ohio).
8 SanDisk Corporation Sanjay Mehrotra Mehrotra received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in
Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences from the
University of California, Berkeley, and is a graduate of the
Stanford Graduate School of Business Executive Program
(SEP).
9 Nokia Rajeev Suri Rajeev has a Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics and
Communications) from Manipal Institute of Technology,
India.
Born in India in 1967, he is a Singaporean citizen and is
based in Espoo, Finland.
10 NetApp George Kurian Prior to joining NetApp, George was vice president and
general manager of the Application Networking and
Switching Technology Group at Cisco Systems. George did
his schooling at St Joseph's Boys High School, Bengaluru.
After that he joined IIT Madras. But he left IIT to pursue a
degree in electrical engineering from Princeton University
and a master’s degree in business administration from
Stanford University.

10 technologies that will change the world in the next 10 years

3D printers, sensor networks, virtual humans and other technologies under development now will drastically
change our world in the decade to come, according to Cisco chief futurist Dave Evans.

As computational power rises exponentially, not linearly, so does the rate of change -- and that means the next 10
years should pack in far more technological change than the last 10.

Disruptive technology is, by its very nature, unpredictable, but it is still possible to look at the work being done by
R&D labs around the world and see clues as to what the future holds. That's the full-time job of Dave Evans,
Cisco's chief futurist and chief technologist for the Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG).

At Cisco Live, Evans outlined what he believed to be the top 10 trends that will change the world in 10 years. Here
is his list, with commentary augmented by yours truly based on interviews in the past year with numerous other
industry analysts and visionaries.
No. 1: The Internet of Things

We have passed the threshold where more things are connected to the Internet than people. The transition to IPv6
also supports seemingly limitless connectivity. Cisco IBSG predicts the number of Internet-connected things will
reach 50 billion by 2020, which equates to more than six devices for every person on Earth. Many of us in the
developed world already have three or more full-time devices connected to the Internet when factoring in PCs,
smartphones, tablets, television devices and the like. Next up are sensor networks, using low-power sensors that
"collect, transmit, analyze and distribute data on a massive scale," says Evans.

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Such sensors, based on standards like Zigbee, 6LoWPAN and Z-wave, are currently being used in both predictable
and surprising ways. Zigbee is being embedded in smart appliances and smart meters. 6LoWPAN (over IPv6) is
used by Vint Cerf for his wine cellar climate-monitoring system. Z-Wave is the basis for Verizon's smart home
automation service. But more creative uses are emerging, too. Sparked, a Dutch startup, implants sensors in the ears
of cattle to monitor cows' health and whereabouts. Sensors are being embedded in shoes, medicine like asthma
inhalers, and medical exploratory surgery devices. There's even a tree in Sweden wired with sensors that tweets its
mood and thoughts, with a bit of translation help from an interpretive engine developed by Ericsson
(@connectedtree or #ectree).

No. 2: Not just Big Data, but a zettaflood

About 5 exabytes of unique information were created in 2008. That's 1 billion DVDs. Fast forward three years and
we are creating 1.2 zettabytes, with one zettabyte equal to 1,024 exabytes. "This is the same as every person on
Earth tweeting for 100 years, or 125 million years of your favorite one-hour TV show," says Evans. Our love of
high-definition video accounts for much of the increase. By Cisco's count, 91% of Internet data in 2015 will be
video.

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Much of Cisco's development focus (not to mention its marketing) preaches that the so-called "zettaflood" will
require vastly improved networks to move more data, and not drop the ball (or the packets) of our beloved video.

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No. 3: Wisdom of the cloud

Much of the zettaflood of data will be stored in the cloud. Certainly, most of it is being accessed by the cloud,
rather than only on private networks. By 2020, one-third of all data will live in or pass through the cloud, Cisco
predicts. Global cloud services revenue will jump 20% per year, and IT spending on innovation and cloud
computing could top $1 trillion by 2014. That's enough to create the next Google. "Already, the cloud is powerful
enough to help us communicate through real-time language translation, increase our knowledge from access to
powerful supercomputers such as Wolfram Alpha, and improve our health using computing platforms like IBM's
Watson in new ways," says Evans. "We're able to communicate in much richer ways."

In addition to video, the computing power of the cloud delivered to endpoint devices changes our ability to
communicate with things like real-time translation. Right now, the voice search on an Android phone sends the
query to the Google cloud to decipher and return results. "We'll see more intelligence built into communication.
Things like contextual and location-based information."

With an always-connected device, the network can be more granular with presence information, tapping into a
personal sensor to know that a person's asleep, and route an incoming call to voicemail. Or knowing that person is
traveling at 60 mph in a car, and that this is not the time for a video call. (Of course, by then, we'll probably all be
using driverless Google cars, and be free to chat while our cars drive us around.)

No. 4: The next 'Net

Evans talks about his home as an example of the speed of network improvements. Network performance has
increased by 170,000 times since 1990, when he had just one telnet connection.

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Today, Evans has 38 always-on connections and more than 50Mbps of bandwidth, enough for telepresence,
streaming movies and online games at the same time. Over the next 10 years, Evans expects the speed to his home
to increase by 3 million times.

While most of the industry is focused on 40G and 100G, whole new forms of networks are also being created. Vint
Cerf discusses the new protocols needed to build an interplanetary network, which can send data vast distances
without being disturbed by latency. Evans notes that multiterabit networks using lasers are being explored. And
early work is happening on a concept called "quantum networking," based on quantum physics. This involves
"quantum entanglement" in which two particles are entangled after which they can be separated by any distance,
and when one is changed, the other is also instantly changed. Production quantum networks are likely decades in
the future.

No. 5: The world gets smaller

With always-on connectivity, social networking has the power to change cultures, as we saw with the Egyptian
Revolution, which led to the Arab Spring. Social influences will continue to move rapidly between cultures.

A smaller world also means faster information dissemination. "Tweets from people in Japan during the recent
earthquake were sent to followers even before the U.S. Geological Survey could issue its official tsunami warning
to Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California," says Evans.

The capture, dissemination and consumption of events are going from "near time" to "real time." This in turn will
drive more rapid influence among cultures.

No. 6: The power of power

The human population also continues to grow, and Evans estimates that a city with 1 million inhabitants will be
built every month over the next two decades. More efficient methods to power those cities are becoming a
necessity, particularly solar energy.

"Solar alone can meet our energy needs. In fact, to address today's global demand for energy, 25 solar super sites --
each consisting of 36 square miles -- could be erected. Compare this to the 170,000 square kilometers of forest area
destroyed each year," says Evans. Such a solar farm could be completed in just three years.

TRYING: Energy Dept. spends $2B to double US concentrated solar power capacity

Technologies to make this more economically pragmatic are on their way. In June, Oregon State University
researchers showed off a novel, relatively affordable, low-impact method to "print" solar cells using an inkjet
printer.

No. 7: Tea. Earl Grey. Hot

More items will move from physical to virtual. Today, we download e-books and movies, rather than bound books
and DVDs. A technology called 3D printing will allow us to instantly manufacture any physical item, from food to
bicycles, using printer technology. This is strikingly like the replicator concept from "Star Trek."

"3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data,
usually layer upon layer," says Evans.

Already, things ranging from toys to cars to living structures are being printed and because the process is done by
adding layers of materials on top of one another, they are printed fully assembled and decorated, too. The bicycle
pictured with this story is an actual working bicycle created by a 3D printer.

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In the not-too-distant future, we will be able to print human organs," says Evans. In March, Dr. Anthony Atala from
the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine printed a proof-of-concept kidney mold onstage at TED. It
was not living tissue, but the point was well made even so.
Trend 8: Another family tree

Virtual humans, both physical (robots) and online avatars will be added to the workforce. "Already, animated
characters can recognize speech, convert text to speech, and have knowledge of previous encounters," says Evans.

By 2020, robots will be physically superior to humans. IBM's Blue Brain project, for instance, is a 10-year mission
to create a human brain using hardware and software. "They believe that within a decade they'll start to see
consciousness emerge with this brain," Evans says.

By 2025, the robot population will surpass the number of humans in the developed world. By 2032, robots will be
mentally superior to humans. And by 2035, robots could completely replace humans in the workforce.

Beyond that, we'll see the creation of sophisticated avatars. Evans points to IBM's Watson as a template for the
virtual human. Watson was able to answer a question by returning a single, accurate result. A patient may use a
virtual machine instead of a WebMD search. Or hospitals can augment patient care with virtual machines.

Between now and then, augmented reality and gesture-based computing will enter our classrooms, medical facilities
and communications, and transform them as well. "Already, machine vision enables users to take a picture of a
Sudoku puzzle with their smartphone and have it solved almost immediately," he notes.

No. 9: Yes, there's a cure for that

"We think nothing of using pacemakers," Evans points out. In the next 10 years, he believes medical technologies
will grow vastly more sophisticated as computing power becomes available in smaller forms. Devices such as
nanobots and the ability to grow replacement organs from our own tissues will be the norm. "The ultimate
integration may be brain-machine interfaces that eventually allow people with spinal cord injuries to live normal
lives," he says.

Today we have mind-controlled video games and wheelchairs, software by Intel that can scan the brain and tell
what you are thinking and tools that can actually predict what you are going to do before you do it.

No. 10: Humans or Borg?

According to Stephen Hawking, "Humans are entering a stage of self-designed evolution." Taking the medical
technology idea to the next level, healthy humans will be given the tools to augment themselves. Evans offers the
following examples:

July 2009 -- Spanish researchers discover substance for photographic memory.

October 2009 -- Italian and Swedish scientists develop the first artificial hand with feeling.

March 2010 -- Retina implants restore vision to blind patients.

June 2011 -- Texas Heart Institute develops a "spinning" heart with no pulse, no clogs and no breakdowns.

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While the early use of these technologies will be to repair unhealthy tissue or fix the consequences of brain injury,
eventually designer enhancements will be available to all.

Ultimately, humans will use so much technology to mend, improve or enhance our bodies, that we will become the
Borg. Futurist Ray Kurzweil is pioneering this idea with a concept he calls singularity, the point at which man and
machine merge and become a new species. (Kurzweil says this will happen by 2054). Evans is not convinced about
singularity, particularly in Kurzweil's time frame. Evans sits on the Singularity University in Mountain View and
finds the data plausible, and agrees that we are on that trajectory.

25 years: A technology timeline

This timeline excludes a few technologies that might seem obvious choices, but they appeared before 1982. The Internet, for
instance, was designed in 1974, though it did not open up until the 1980s. Personal digital assistants first appeared in 1975.
TCP/IP goes back to the 1970s. Even in a time of accelerated technology advancements, innovations take time to gestate '
wikis, which have caught fire in recent years, date to 1995.

1982

IBM PC: Computers as a low-cost assemblage of electronic Lego parts made every neighborhood electronics geek a
computer technician and every small office and home work room a data center.
RELATIONAL DATABASES: The second generation of RDBMS systems began to take hold.

1983

GPS/GIS: The Global Positioning System was opened for use by civilian aircraft in 1983, beginning a trend that '
combined with great advances in geographic information systems and mapping tools ' led to agency data visualized
in layered maps and cars telling their drivers where to turn.

1984

CD-ROM for computers: Flattened two entire industries, data storage and music dissemination.

Its successor, the DVD (1996), killed off the video tape.

FLASH MEMORY: Invented in 1984 at Toshiba, it found its place in small devices.

Smart phones, digital cameras, other devices (and, soon, laptops) all rely on Flash.

1985

NETWORK FILE SYSTEM: The file system that brought us to the age of network storage. No longer would your
data be hostage to the computer in which it was created ' or to backup tape.

1987

POWERPOINT: The one you love to hate. All the knowledge in the world boiled down to easy, succinct, bullet-
pointed meaninglessness.

PERL: God's own duct tape, at least when working in Unix-based systems.

1989

WORLD WIDE WEB: Invented by Tim Berners-Lee, it would soon change the way governments, business and
people operate.

1990

SLIP/PPP (Serial Line Internet Protocol and Point-to-Point Protocol): We've forgotten about this now, but
SLIP/PPP ' mostly PPP ' is what got everyone on the Internet via dial-up modems back when broadband was an
obscure industry term.

1991

LINUX: A Unix knockoff that is the world's largest hobby project for coders. A select few are among the world's
best.

HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE: You send the instructions to the remote computer and let it figure out how
to render the layout, dummy! PCI SLOTS: Rumors are unconfirmed that the national boost in technology
productivity came from the thousands of admins who no longer had to fiddle with the IRQ settings each time they
installed a new peripheral.
1991

GRAPHICS COPROCESSORS: They made the fancy stuff possible by pulling graphics data away from the CPU
and eventually gave rise to separate graphics cards.

1992

THE BROWSER: It made the Web work for the rest of us.

1993

E-MAIL: Electronic mail goes back to the 1960s, but it really started taking off with Web use. By 1997, the volume
of business e-mail surpassed that of regular mail.

ADOBE PDF: Lawyers and other control freaks love it! Also, it was perhaps the first truly effective document-
sharing technology.

1994

JPEG: Lit up the Web with images.

BEOWULF (LINUX) CLUSTERS: Changed the supercomputing industry with cheap hardware and an open-source
operating system.

1995

WINDOWS 95: 32-bit pre-emptive multitasking made possible everything that has come along for the desktop
since ' including the graphical Internet and Mac OS X.

1995

LIGHTWEIGHT DIRECTORY ACCESS PROTOCOL: The universal administrative assistant (mostly in the form
of Microsoft Outlook/Exchange) for the cubicled middle rank ' and a nursemaid for their bosses.

WIKIS: They may have taken a while to catch on, but wikis are becoming a dominant collaboration tool.

JAVA: Write once, run all over the Web.

IPV6: The newest set of protocols makes tomorrow's online dreams possible.

1996

APACHE WEB SERVER: The reliable workhorse of the Web.

UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS: Got all the device manufacturers to settle on one device bus. Cats, meet herder.

MP3 AUDIO FORMAT: A file format that pretty much leveled an entire industry ' and movies are next.

FLASH: Scripting your Web page like a movie, or anything else, with almost zero-client footprint.
1997

BROADBAND: Cable and Digital Subscriber Lines start to make an appearance in homes, and telecommuting
becomes a real option.

1998

GOOGLE: We'd call it the portal to the Web, except portals aren't this easy to use. The search bar is rapidly
becoming the sippy cup of culture ' with more than partial thanks to Wikipedia, Google's query shortstop.

EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE: Data that tells us what our data is. But this data is in brackets, so we
know what it means, more or less.

1999

WI-FI: The network computer Libre! BLACKBERRY: Life support for your government executive, with its push
technology making the difference.

VIRTUALIZATION FOR X86 ARCHITECTURES: Making the most of what you have.

OPEN SSH: Telneting securely, saving untold fortunes in KVM switches.

2002

MICROSOFT.NET FRAMEWORK: A virtual machine independent of programming language. The future of

Microsoft development.

2003

SERVICEORIENTED ARCHITECTURE: SOA and Web services pave the way for a new generation of online
government services.

2004

WEB ONTOLOGY LANGUAGE: The beginning of the Semantic Web.

ADOBE FLEX: Flash development, open-sourced in 2007, for Rich Internet Applications.

2005

ASYNCHRONOUS JAVASCRIPT AND XML: Launched Web 2.0.

MULTICORE PROCESSORS: More performance, less energy use; a wave of the future.

2007

FACEBOOK API/GOOGLE OPEN SOCIAL API: Social network programming goes mainstream.

SPECIAL JUDGE'S AWARD: Evolving technologies for programmer nutrition: foods that can be eaten with one
hand, such as Doritos with salsa; plus remote teleworking at Starbucks with a double-shot latte and raspberry
muffin.