W o o dspec - A G uide to Designing, Detailing and Specifying Timber in Ireland

B 12.5 WORKING DETAILS - A COLUMN BASE DETAIL CONTINUED Section C Sample Timber Specificatio ns
introduction 252 c6 definitionS 266
6.1 finished sizes 266
c1 mAteriAlS 254 6.2 exact sizes 266
1.1 timber generally 254 6.3 hardwood or the like 266
1.2 hardwood 254 6.4 fire doors and screens 266
1.3 Softwood 254
1.4 moisture content 254 c7 SpecificAtion for StructurAl
1.5 plywood 255 timber 267
1.6 oriented strand board (oSb) 255 7.1 materials 267
1.7 chipboard 255 7.2 Softwood species and grade 267
1.8 medium density fibreboard (mdf) 255 7.3 hardwood species and grade 267
1.9 wood veneers 255 7.4 Sizes and surface finish 267
1.10 glues 255 7.5 moisture content 267
1.11 timber sizes 255 7.6 Storage 267
7.7 preservative 267
c2 preServAtive treAtment 256 7.8 glued laminated timber (glulAm) 267
2.1 general 256
2.2 organic preservative treatment in c8 finiShing reQuirementS 268
accordance with existing british 8.1 finishing methods and timber
standards for out of ground contact 256 to be finished 268
2.2.1 treatment methods and 8.2 Stain finish 268
timber to be treated 256
2.2.2 double vacuum schedules 256 c9 clAdding 269
2.2.3 treatment charge sheets 256 9.1 vertical tg and v type 269
2.3 inorganic preservative treatment in 9.2 ventilation 269
accordance with existing british 9.3 breather membrane 269
Standards for out of ground 9.4 fillers 269
contact below dpc level and
hazardous end uses 257 c 10 flooring 270
2.3.1 copper organic 257 10.1 building regulations 270
2.4 preservative treatment in 10.2 Sub-floors 270
accordance with european 10.3 woodblock 270
Standards en335, en599 257 10.4 hardwood strip flooring on battens 270
2.4.1 hazard class/service situation 258 10.5 hardwood strip flooring on clip
2.5 re-treatment of cut surfaces 258 system 270
10.6 hardwood strip flooring for
c3 fiXingS 259 specialist sport use 270
3.1 Screws and nails 259 10.7 Approved floor sample 271
3.2 bolts 259 10.8 expansion allowances 271
3.3 connectors 259 10.9 construction expansion gap 271
3.4 brackets, joist hangers, plates 259 10.10 floor finish 271
3.5 tightening of bolts or connectors 259 10.11 protection on flooring 271
3.6 Adhesives 259 10.12 compliance 271
10.13 maintenance 271
c4 fire-retArdAnt treAtment
reQuirementS 261 c 11 Joinery elementS 272
4.1 fire-retardant treatment 261 11.1 windows 272
4.1.1 internal walls and ceilings 261 11.1.1 glazing and full beading 272
4.1.2 preparation for treatment 261 11.1.2 Approved mastic 272
4.1.3 Quality control 261 11.1.3 Setting blocks 272
4.2 gluing 261 11.1.4 location blocks
4.3 Sawn ends 261 (to casements or the like) 272
DETAIL B 12.5.2 Base Assembly

4.4 handling and use on site 262 11.1.5 distance pieces 272
4.5 decorating 262 11.2 doors, doorsets and fire-resistant
4.6 fire doorsets and screens 262 screens 273
4.7 class 0 and class 1 timber veneer 11.2.1 external doors 273
wall panels 262 11.2.2 interior doors 273
4.7.1 general 262 11.2.3 flush solid door 273
4.7.2 panel size 263 11.2.4 fire resistant glass 273
4.7.3 panel core 263 11.3 Staircases 274
4.7.4 lippings 263 11.3.1 Softwood staircases 274
4.7.5 veneers 263 11.3.2 hardwood staircases 274
4.7.6 finish 263 11.3.3 building regulations 274
4.7.7 fixing method 263

c5 worKmAnShip 264
5.1 Storage 264
5.2 general 264
5.3 make good defective work 264
5.4 plugging 264
5.5 workmanship and manufacture 264
5.6 handling, storage and protection 265

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Introduction replace i.S. 444 and i.S. 193. these have been provisionally designated Swift 6
and Swift 5 but may be produced as irish Standards but even as Standards they
will still be regarded as ncci’s.
this sample specification should be beneficial for everyday timber specification
and general bill of Quantities use. it indicates the essential timber specification ele-
Alternative standards to national Standards and euro norms are quoted in certain
ments but could be supplemented with additional clauses from the building
circumstances and it is important to ensure that these standards are current and
Specifications (Section d) where appropriate.
appropriate to the work in hand.
bS 5268 part 2 was a permissible stress standard and was the main design stan-
the main examples shown in this document are based on eurocode 5 but in some
dard used in ireland (i.S. 444 was based on bS 5268-2) and the uK. however the
cases irish and british Standards and in particular bS 5268 part 2 have also been
equivalent european standard, eurocode 5 (formally designated en 1991-1-1 and
referenced; for example the nail and screw centres and edge distances come from
en 1995-1-2) is a limit state code and will increasingly come into use, replacing bS
eurocode 5 as well as bS 5268 part 2. in many cases eurocode 5 (all of its parts)
5268. italics are generally used in the following where a specific material or dimen-
has very similar approaches to design as the different parts of bS 5268 (including
sion is specified and which may be altered at the discretion of the specifier as long
designing for fire) and many of the example specification clauses here have an
as it complies with good practice or the appropriate standards. Some british stan-
exact equivalent in the eurocode.
dards have been quoted even though they may have been withdrawn as some of
these standards may still be in use particularly in the uK.

USE OF STANDARDS

in presenting broad-based specifications considerable reference has to be made

to appropriate standards particularly the european Standards, known as euro
norms (enss) which have superseded many national standards. it is very impor-
tant to check that quoted standards are current or if they have been revised; cer-
tain national standards may no longer apply and many european standards have
already undergone revision.

in ireland and the uK the national design standards have been withdrawn since
2010 (in ireland, i.S. 444 and i.S. 193 and in the uK bS 5268 in its various parts)
and are no longer supported by nSAi or bSi. A decision has to be made on which
standard should be used for design and technical guidance document A
(Structure), [or Approved document A in the uK] should be consulted.

it is important to note that, whereas both standards (eurocode 5 and bS 5268) may
be acceptable for design, they are not interchangeable as parameters within the
standards differ. where iS444 (or bS 5268) and eurocode 5 are quoted they are
mutually exclusive and either the irish Standard/british Standard or eurocode 5
may be used but not both. generally the design and loading codes or standards
(e.g. the wind codes) are separate and incompatible but with some exceptions.
however, some european product standards are applicable to the irish or british
Standards (e.g. the plywood standard en 636 and the standard on timber toler-
ances en 336). the mixing of the new european standards with the old national
standards (i.S. or bS) must be undertaken with care and generally the only mixing
that should be undertaken is within the product standards.

All european Standards are quoted as en followed by the appropriate number.

these ens when adopted by member states receive a further designation denot-
ing their acceptance as a standard by a particular country. for example, when
adopted by ireland an en will become i.S. en; similarly an en adopted by britain
becomes bS en, thus the ens also become national Standards. because of the
rate of promulgation of ens, the process of adoption is on-going.

this guide does not show the national prefix but i.S. ens apply to ireland and bS
ens apply to the uK (See section e4).

A number of standards allow a national choice in specifying certain values, these

national values are contained in the different national Annexes (nAs) to the ens;
it should not be assumed that the irish and british national Annexes are the same
(although in many cases there are few differences).

the irish national Annex should be used in ireland and the british national Annex
should be used in the u K.

in addition non-contradictory complementary information (ncci) is allowed to be

produced by a member state. nccis contain additional guidance on the
eurocodes but are voluntary and are not compulsory. in the uK pd 6399 contains
supplementary information while in ireland two documents have been produced to

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 Intro ductio n

C1 Materials 1.5 PLYWOOD

plywood generally shall comply with en 13986 and en 636; bS 1088 parts 1 and 2
specifically cover marine plywood. marine plywood is to be used where specified.
1.1 TIMBER GENERALLY
All timber and timber based products including timber boards shall be properly certi- Notes:
fied and marked according to the relevant standards. All plywood shall be properly certified as required by EN 13986 and it should be CE
marked.
All timbers should be legally logged and forest managed under principles of sustain-
ability in accordance with international guidelines. in ireland and the uK the two main
If the plywood has an ETA (European Technical Approval) and/or is CE marked then
schemes certifying companies and allowing them to demonstrate appropriate chain of
there will be accompanying documentation giving additional information on the ply-
custody in relation to forest management are pefc (programme for endorsement of
forest certification) and fSc (forest Stewardship council). more information on wood (generally the marks on individual boards is limited). Accompanying information
these organisations can be obtained on their websites. should be requested and the information on the boards and/or accompanying docu-
ments should be sought. The body responsible for monitoring the manufacture of the
timber shall be conditioned to a moisture content appropriate to its end use and free plywood will be a notified body but can be an approved body in the case of CE mark-
from defects or combination of defects, including decay, rendering it unsuitable for the ing based on an ETA. The identification mark of the body should be on the boards or
purpose intended. on the accompanying documentation. A company distributing any board material
must be able to demonstrate the fitness of use of the board and must be able to sup-
Structural timber shall be visually strength graded to comply with i.S. 127 (or for the ply the board information and supporting documentation.
uK bS 4978) or machine graded to comply with en 14081.
As a further check confirmation of the plywood and associated information should be
Joinery timber shall comply with en 942. (note; this Standard is similar in many sought from the third party monitoring the manufacture of plywood (this is often the
respects to bS 1186 part 1. that part 1 has been withdrawn but parts 2 & 3 are still same party been responsible for confirmation of the physical properties and/or the
current.) production of an ETA) to confirm the certification and validity of the plywood.

1.2 HARDWOOD 1.6 ORIENTED STRAND BOARD (OSB)

hardwood joinery which is exposed to view in woodwork shall be totally free from the
oSb shall comply with en 300.
following defects: knots, sapwood, wane, warping, pith, brittle heart, decay, stain and
beetle attack.
Note: There are a number of plants producing OSB in Europe and generally a spec-
All hardwood shall be accurately cut and shall be in conformity with samples approved ifier can have confidence in OSB certification.
by the architect prior to commencement of work.
1.7 PARTICLE BOARD
particle board (chipboard) shall comply with en 312.
1.3 SOFTWOOD
Softwood joinery timber which will be exposed to view shall be european redwood, Note: Particle board is similar to OSB in relation to production and confidence in cer-
class J10 of en 942. the following defects shall not be permitted: pith shown on the tification.
surfaces; sloping grain exceeding one in eight; checks, splits and shakes in excess of
those permitted by class J10 of en 942; knots, excepting isolated sound tight knots 1.8 MEDIUM DENSITY FIBREBOARD (MDF)
of less than 20 mm diameter; any evidence of beetle attack or decay. mdf shall comply with en 622.

Softwood not exposed to view will be accepted with minor defects with the exception Note: MDF is similar to OSB in relation to production and confidence in certification.
of active beetle attack or decay.
1.9 WOOD VENEERS
wood veneers shall be prime quality, a sample of which shall be submitted and
1.4 MOISTURE CONTENT approved by the architect. the architect is to be informed when the whole of the
the moisture content of woodwork after manufacture and/or kiln drying shall comply
stock is ready for his inspection and approval before work commences.
with en 942. Structural timber shall comply with en 1995-1-1 or bS 5268 part 2 (for
permissible stress designs) for the relevant service or use class.
1.10 GLUES
unless specified to the contrary, moisture content of timber at time of erection or glues shall be of synthetic resin adhesive to en 301. type I/II as appropriate.
assembly shall be within the following limits.
1.11 TIMBER SIZES
All joinery and furniture dimensions on architect’s drawings are finished
Internal joinery/flooring External joinery/cladding dimensions.
with intermittent heating 15+/-2% normal structural timber 18+/-2%
Structural timber shall be specified by the target size and tolerance class
with heating up to 20°c 12+/-2% external cladding 18+/-2% (to en 336). Any timber that is regularised, planed or otherwise altered
with heating over 20°c 10+/-2% external joinery 16+/-3% shall be designated with a new target size and tolerance class.

Note: Flooring for use with under-floor heating should have a moisture content of 7 Note: The grading standards give tolerances for re-worked timber where
+/-1% or as required by the specialist floor manufacturer and conditioning may be re-grading is necessary.
required prior to installation.

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C2 Preservative treatment 2.3 PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH EXIST-

ING BRITISH STANDARDS FOR OUT OF GROUND CONTACT
BELOW DPC LEVEL AND HAZARDOUS END USES
2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
As explained in the Design Guidance section A4, new european Standards have 2.3.1 Copper organic
been introduced which have replaced the existing process-type specification with treatment with copper organic based wood preservatives should be in accordance
a results-type specification system. Specifiers should check with timber treatment with bS 8417. the determination of preservative retention (r) is specific to each
plants and the relevant preservative company's technical departments whether preservative formulation and will vary according to the hazard/use class and wood
existing british Standards or new european Standards methods of treatment are preservative used.
in use. both systems depend on preservative penetration and retention in order to
be effective. with either the en or bS system the specifier must decide:
2.4 PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH
• the desired durability required and assess the likely use/hazard class EUROPEAN STANDARDS EN 335, EN 599.
• the relevant code of practice
• the type and method of preservative treatment
GENERAL INFORMATION
there are 4 main types of preservatives: both the european and british Standards relate the risk of timber decay (whether
• water-borne micro-emulsions to en 599 e.g. prevac or vac-vac through fungal or insect attack) to the situation where it is being used. timber used
• organic Solvents to en599 e.g. prevac or vac-vac below dpc level in has a higher risk than timber used internally within a building
• tar oil preservatives to bS 144 creosote (but not recommended, only for or for timber use above dpc level. en 335 describes 5 use/hazard classes rang-
specific exterior applications) ing from use/hazard class 1, where timber is essentially not at any risk of timber
• organic or inorganic waterborne to en 599 e.g. copper triazole or AcQ decay but may be subject to insect attack, to use/hazard class 5 where timber is
permanently exposed to salt water and at its greatest risk of decay. there are three
the three most widely used methods of preservation are parts of en 335:
(i) immersion/ deluging
(ii) organic solvent or water-based emulsion double vacuum treatment for timber en 335-1 durability of wood and wood-based products. definitions of use classes.
not in ground contact and general
(iii) water-based pressure treatment for timber in ground contact.
en 335-2 durability of wood and wood-based products. definition of use classes.
organic solvent preservation does not have a timber/metal reaction problem and Application to solid wood
it does not affect timber moisture content (i.e. there is no need for re-drying). it
does not cause dimensional change to timber sections and has little effect on tim- en 335-3 hazard classes of wood and wood-based products against biological
ber colour. it should be specified for close-fitting joinery such as doors and win- attack. Application to wood-based panels
dows.
use class is replacing hazard class as a term but they can be considered as
the specification clauses which follow give the european and british Standard synonymous.
approaches to joinery and timber preservation. Specify one system only. generally
do not mix the bS and en systems together but some of the newer british the european standards require a demonstration of proof that the treatment used
Standards do refer to the en use/hazard class system. has produced the specified results. this can only be achieved through reference
to chemical analytical methods. the preservative penetration and retention are
Note: bS 8417 is a good standard that gives good overall advice and there is not intended to be the same as those achieved by the british Standard based process-
yet a single en that has the same information in one place. the term use class is es. preservatives such as inorganic concentrates and organic solvent types will
replacing hazard class but the two terms are essentially synonymous and both continue to be used as they are today. however, water-based micro-emulsion
terms have been used here. preservatives have been developed (these are also referenced in bS 8417 rather
than bS 5268-5) and are available to respond to the requirement for more environ-
mentally compatible preservative treatments. these preservatives can fulfil the
2.2 ORGANIC PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH role of traditional ones in many circumstances.
EXISTING BRITISH STANDARDS FOR OUT OF GROUND
CONTACT where sapwood is present, or heartwood which does not have adequate natural
durability for its intended end use, preservative shall be applied according to its
2.2.1 Treatment methods and timber to be treated use/hazard class, as defined in en 335 definition of use/hazard classes. other
double vacuum organic solvent wood preservative treatment shall comply european Standards relevant to the determination of appropriate treatment are;
with en 599 i.e. fungicide plus insecticide and timber should be treated in
accordance with bS 8417 table 6. en 350 natural durability classes, en 351 penetration and retention classes and

2.2.2 Double vacuum schedules en 599 performance tests for preservatives.

the schedule shall be appropriate to the end use and shall comply with bS 8417
A certificate of preservative treatment shall be attached to each delivery of each
use/hazard class and copies sent to the architect - see 2.2.3. the moisture con-
2.2.3 Treatment processing records (charge sheets) tent of the timber to be delivered to site shall not exceed that specified.
treatment certificates that make reference to the processing record shall be pro-
vided with all deliveries, copies of which shall be sent to the architect. A treatment
docket is not acceptable unless specifically agreed beforehand with the architect.
A full treatment processing record (charge sheet) with complete information is
required to be provided to the satisfaction of the architect.

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 Intro ductio n

2.4.1 USE/HAZARD CLASSES IN SERVICE – Examples

C3 Fixings
Use/Hazard Class 1:
floor-boards, floor joists (excluding ground floor), timber above ground floor not metal fasteners shall comply with the requirements of en 14592 and metal con-
built into external walls. nectors with en 14545. All fasteners and connectors shall comply with the design
requirements of en 1995-1-1.
Use/Hazard Class 2:
ground floor boards and joists, frame timbers in timber-frame houses, roof timbers,
3.1 SCREWS AND NAILS
timbers built into external walls.
in general screws shall comply with bS 1210 and nails with i.S. 105 or bS 1202.
in every case the size and material of screws and nails shall be as specified and
Use/Hazard Class 3:
comply with the relevant design standard (eurocode 5 or bS 5268-2). Screws,
external cladding, joinery, fascias, bargeboards, soffits and valley gutter timbers
nails or metal fastenings in hazardous locations or conditions must be non-ferrous,
(coated).
e.g. austenitic stainless steel, silicone bronze, no other screws or nails are
permitted.
Use/Hazard Class 4:
Sole plates below dpc, fence posts; playground equipment (if in ground contact).
the fixing of external cladding, joinery or window beads shall be with stainless
steel or silicon bronze screws, nails or fixing pins.
Use/Hazard Class 5:
marine, salt water contact.
3.2 Bolts
Note: A more detailed table and additional information can be found in the design
bolts shall comply with en iSo 898-1; black hexagonal bolts shall comply with bS
guidance section for designing for durability (A4). use/hazard classes and typical
4190 for designs to bS 5268.
situations are also described in more detail in table 1 of bS 8417.
All bolts, nuts and washers described on drawings as galvanised shall be hot-
dipped galvanised, and those of stainless steel as austenitic stainless steel.
2.5 RE-TREATMENT OF CUT SURFACES
bolt holes shall be drilled to diameters as close as possible to the nominal diame-
All cutting, machining, profiling and notching must be completed prior to treatment. ter of the bolt and in no case more than 1.0 mm larger than the bolt diameter or
Any cutting of treated surfaces must have the architect's approval. where the 2.0 mm for designs to bS 5268. A minimum of one complete thread shall protrude
architect gives such approval, all exposed surfaces shall be retreated with a liber- from the nut. care shall be taken to avoid placing a bolt in any end split. the wash-
al brush or spray application of a suitable preservative. er should be 3 times the bolt diameter and have a minimum thickness of 0.3 times
the bolt diameter. generally the smooth load bearing element of the shank shall be
ripsawing, planing and heavy sanding will not be permitted unless the timber is in full contact with the jointed members across the full width of the joint.
returned for re-treatment after such work has been completed.

3.3 Connectors
All toothed-plate connectors are to comply with en 912 and en 14545 or bS 1579
for designs to bS 5268. All toothed-plate connectors together with bolts and wash-
ers are to be hot-dipped galvanised to en 1461 or austenitic stainless steel or/and
as specified. the connectors shall be fitted and embedded as described in the rel-
evant design standard (eurocode 5 or bS 5268-2). the washer size and thickness
shall comply with eurocode 5 and its referenced standards or bS 5268-2 and/or
bS 1579.

3.4 Brackets, joist hangers, plates

proprietary brackets, joist hangers, plates and the like shall be approved by the
architect or the engineer before any assembly commences. All brackets, joist
hangers plates, etc. shall be hot-dipped galvanised using double-dipped process
to en 1461 or stainless steel as described in drawings.

3.5 Tightening of bolts or connectors

care must be taken to avoid the over-tightening of bolts in bolted or connector
joints so that no crushing of the wood occurs under the washer.

3.6 Adhesives
Adhesive shall be Adhesive type i to en 301. pvA glues shall not be permitted.
the mixing of the adhesive elements shall be carried out in clean containers; mix
proportions, method of mixing, air temperature, method of application, rate of
spreading, method of clamping including any pressure requirements, curing etc.,
shall be strictly in accordance with the adhesive manufacturer's instructions.

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Adhesive spreading shall be carried out within the manufacturer's stated `open
storage' time and any adjustments in alignment or clamping after the two mating C4 Fire-retardant treatment
surfaces have been brought into contact, shall be carried out within the manufac-
turer's stated `closed storage' time. requirements
At the time of adhesive application the moisture content shall comply with the man-
ufacturer's requirements. 4.1 FIRE-RETARDANT TREATMENT

the surfaces of the timber to be fixed with adhesive shall be machined and the 4.1.1 Internal walls and ceilings
application of adhesive carried out within 48 hours of machining. care shall be where specified internal timber wall cladding and timber ceilings (excluding propri-
taken that the adhesive to be used is compatible with any treatment applied to the etary fire-rated panel systems) shall be treated with a suitable fire retardant. the fire
timber (e.g. a preservative or fire retardant). retardant shall be as specified by the architect, and unless agreed otherwise the treat-
ment shall be pressure applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
where any adhesive joints occur on exposed areas of timber, the exposed areas
shall be removed by light planing or sanding after the adhesive has set such that the flame retardant used (and its method of application) shall have an etA
all adhesive which has been `squeezed out' of the joint is removed to the satisfac- (european technical Assessment with appropriate supporting documentation) and/or
tion of the architect. be certified by a suitable body such as the Agrément board.

Note: ce marked timber treated with a fire retardant requires a higher level of attes-
tation than untreated timber.

4.1.2 Preparation for treatment

1. timber and plywood should preferably be new, clean and unpainted. All inner and
outer bark must be removed from solid timber prior to treatment.
2. the moisture content must not exceed 22% or lower if specified by the
treatment manufacturer or required by their end use.
3. As far as possible all ripping, planing, profiling and extensive machining should
be completed before treatment. Slight dimensional changes may occur during
treatment and the treatment plant should be consulted beforehand
4. to obtain a rapid treatment service it is advisable to contact the treatment plant
to establish the best method of parcelling timber to suit the plant dimensions
and handling equipment.

4.1.3 Quality control

full details of every phase of fire-retardant treatment are to be recorded for each
charge treated. (Note: this will help to ensure that the treatment conforms to specifi-
cation and that the correct treatment has been followed).

the specifier may, on demand, obtain a copy of this charge Sheet record or he may
ask for a certificate of treatment.

Note: See also section 4.7.

4.2 GLUING
when fire-retardant treated material is to be glued, the glue manufacturer should be
consulted for appropriate recommendations.

the method of gluing should be in accordance with the glue manufacturer's recom-
mendations.

Note: phenol formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde or resorcinol types may be rec-

ommended depending on the end use of the product.

4.3 SAWN ENDS

Surfaces exposed by cross-cutting, drilling, notching etc. must be liberally
brushed with a fire-retardant concentrate. rip sawn pieces must be returned for
re-impregnation.

Note: It is important that solid timber is cut to size as far as is practical prior to treat-
ment and that rip-sawing on site is avoided. Cross-cutting plywood in any direction is
permissible, but edges should be brushed with a fire-retardant concentrate.

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4.4 HANDLING AND USE ON SITE Notes:

when storing treated wood, the material should be kept off the ground and covered class c-s3,d2 is approximately equivalent to class 1 and class b-s3,d2 to class
to shield it from the weather or direct wetting. 0. the european class system is described under the term ‘reaction to fire’ and is
similar to bS 476 term ‘Surface spread of flame’.
fire-retardant treated wood should be installed so that it will not be exposed to the
weather or direct wetting. Appropriate locations and classification system to be substituted as required.
larger rooms will also require class b-s3.d2 or class 0 surface spread of flame
when painting or staining, the paint or stain manufacturer's recommendations should rating.
be followed. As with untreated wood, the surface should be clean and dry. light sand-
ing may be necessary. the drawings submitted for a fire certificate should include the ratings for differ-
ent areas and the final work should comply with the issued fire certificate.
Appropriate precaution should be taken when using and handling the product. dust
masks and eye protection devices are recommended to avoid possible irritation from 4.7.2 Panel size
dust or chips and gloves will help avoid splinters; hands should be washed after doing (State brand name), 18mm thick veneer panels, or equal and approved by the
construction work. architect, with dimensions as shown on the architect's interior wall elevations,
shall be used throughout.
the nature of the chemicals used in the fire-retardant treatment process should be
ascertained and the treated wood products should be handled with whatever precau-
tions are recommended by the manufacturer. the user should be aware of proper 4.7.3 Panel core
panel core shall be (state brand name), or equal and approved, solid timber core
handling and personal hygiene practices.
of narrow laminate spruce strips faced on both sides with high-density chipboard.

4.5 DECORATING 4.7.4 Lippings

it must be ascertained whether the fire retardant treatment affects the appearance
lippings to edges shall be a minimum 10mm thickness in matching timber species
of the timber to determine if it may be used unpainted or if it requires a protective
supplied to all edges before veneering. All lippings to be square and true.
coating. if it is to be painted by conventional methods, the manufacturer's recom-
mendations should be followed.
4.7.5 Veneers
it should be established that any finishes applied do not affect the spread of flame veneers shall be from selected prime quality logs. cherry and beech quarter-sawn
control achieved by the fire-retardant treatment. highly flammable finishes such as veneer shall be laid “bookmatched” vertically.
nitrocellulose-based lacquers must not be used.
4.7.6 Finish
4.6 FIRE DOORSETS AND SCREENS veneer panels shall be fully finished before delivery to site with a specifically for-
fire door sets and screens shall be classified in accordance with en 13501-2 and mulated pre-catalysed lacquer applied in two/three coats to give a semi-matt finish
shall comply with the relevant fire tests including en 1634 part 1, 2 and 3 (or bS 476 to the satisfaction of the architect.

parts 20 and 22 and bS 8214 for designs to bS 5268-2) . 4.7.7 Fixing method
manufacture of fire-doors and screens shall be carried out by an approved joinery panels shall be fixed in full accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and
manufacturer who can produce an appropriate certificate of fire resistance to the the architect's detailed drawings.
satisfaction of the architect.
Notes:
the ‘surface spread of flame’ term has been replaced by ‘reaction to fire’ in the
new european testing and classification system.
4.7 TIMBER VENEER WALL PANELS
timber treated to improve its reaction to fire classification has a higher level of
4.7.1 General attestation (level 1) and therefore site applied treatments are unlikely to be ce
wall panels to be flush veneered laminated panels, manufactured and supplied by marked (a mark does not have to be on the product). At present there appears to
(state brand name), or equal and approved by the architect. be no treatment plants in ireland and most timber is treated in the uK.

wall panels shall meet class c – s3,d2 or class b –s3,d2 to the european class
system (or if bS 476 is appropriate, class1 rating or class 0 as defined by the
technical guidance documents or for the uK the Approved documents to the
building regulations), at the locations shown on the architect's drawings.(note;
the areas could also be specified as below).

panels to the circulation, foyer and concourse areas shall have a class b-s3, d2
rating (or if appropriate class 0).

panels to the interiors of other rooms shall have a class c-s3, d2 rating (or if
appropriate a class 1 surface spread of flame rating).

An appropriate etA (with supporting documentation) and/or an Agrément

certificate of compliance shall be provided by the manufacturer.

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 Intro ductio n

C5 Workmanship 5.6 HANDLING, STORAGE AND PROTECTION

the completed doors, windows and panels shall at all times be protected from the
weather and stored under cover and clear of the ground. transportation shall be in
5.1 STORAGE covered trucks. every possible care and precaution must be taken to avoid damage
timber on the site shall be stored under cover, clear of the ground and protected from to framing, all surfaces and arrises during handling and storage.
dampness. timber shall be stored on level bearers located at centres sufficiently
close to prevent distortion. timber that is not stored in this manner shall be rejected. Any preservative treatment shall be applied and allowed to dry fully before installation
and painting to ensure all surfaces are treated.
5.2 GENERAL
wall plates, ceiling joists, etc., shall be in one length where possible. All joints shall be doors, windows and panels shall be protected against moisture penetration and coat-
made directly over supports. Structural timber shall be as specified by the design engi- ed with paint or other surface coatings as soon as possible after installation.
neer; generally members shall be in one length and joints shall comply with the protection against damage must be maintained until handover.
requirements of the design engineer.

All joinery is to be finished with a smooth wrought face.

Surfaces to be painted with a matt paint, shall have a finish such that any imperfec-
tions will not be apparent. Surfaces for gloss or matt transparent finish shall be such
that when so finished no imperfections shall be apparent.

Joinery intended to be painted is to be fixed by stainless steel nails. nail heads are to
be punched below the surface and are to be filled with leadless paste filler. Joinery
intended for transparent finishes is to be secretly fixed. heads of screws are to be
countersunk and pelleted in the same wood and with matching colour and grain. in
general all fixings are to be stainless steel or silicon bronze unless otherwise stated.

unless timber is impregnated with preservative, the backs of frames etc., to be fixed
to walls and all other bedding surfaces are to be painted with two coats of preserva-
tive before priming. All work to be painted is to be treated with knotting as necessary
and given one brush coat of primer to all faces. Surfaces to be joined are not to be
primed. the number of coats and methods of application of all finishes are to be as
specified.

5.3 DEFECTIVE WORK

Should any shrinkage or distortion occur or any other defects appear in the joinery
work before the end of the defects liability period, such defective work is to be taken
down and renewed to the architect's satisfaction, and any work disturbed in conse-
quence must be made good at the contractor's expense.

5.4 PLUGGING
the term ‘plugging’ shall mean the provision and fixing of hardwood or approved pro-
prietary plugs and includes any necessary wedging and drilling of wood, concrete or
brickwork.

where plugging and screwing of door or window frames is measured this shall be
deemed to include plugs and screws of adequate size and strength to suit the frame
size including proprietary frame fixings as manufactured by (state brand name), or
equal and approved.

5.5 WORKMANSHIP AND MANUFACTURE

the joinery shall be constructed as indicated on the architect's details and the manu-
facturer is to be responsible for the sound construction of the components using
recognised forms of joints in appropriate positions.

workmanship in general shall be in accordance with bS 1186, part 2, and in particu-

lar with clauses 2.1; 2.2.1; 2.3.4; 2.4.2; 2.5 and 5.

Joiners' full-scale setting out drawings and construction details must be seen and
approved by the architect before work begins. facilities are to be given for the archi-
tect to inspect all work in progress in the manufacturing shops and on the site.

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C6 Definitions C7 Specification for structural timber

6.1 FINISHED SIZES 7.1 MATERIALS
the term 'f' qualifying an expression of size means that the work shall be finished
materials shall comply with the requirements of eurocode 5 or bS 5268 for permis-
to the size given. the term 'f sizes' means that all dimensions contained in an
sible stress designs. note. the specifier should delete the standard that is not
expression so qualified are finished dimensions. the tolerances on the timber size
appropriate.
should be specified with the finished size.

Note: All joinery dimensions on architect’s drawings are usually finished 7.2 SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND GRADE
dimensions. Structural timber shall be strength graded to comply with en 14081 (note.
generally in ireland visually graded timber will be to i.S. 127 and in the uK to bS
4978; imported timber can be graded to national Standard of the country of pro-
6.2 EXACT SIZES
duction subject to the requirements of en 14081 and the contents of en 1912.
the term 'exact' qualifying an expression of size means than no deviation from the
machine grading in both ireland and the uK is usually to en 14081-4).
size given is permitted. the term 'exact sizes' means that all dimensions contained
in an expression so qualified are exact.
where a particular timber species is specified then this shall be confirmed by an
independent specialist.
6.3 HARDWOOD OR THE LIKE
the term 'hardwood or the like', which is used as a statement of background to
which ironmongery is to be fixed, is deemed to include plywood and other manu- 7.3 HARDWOOD SPECIES AND GRADE
factured materials except where these materials are faced with metal, laminated Structural hardwoods shall be strength graded to en 14081-4 or bS 5756. where
plastics or the like. a particular hardwood is specified then the species of the supplied material shall
be confirmed by an independent specialist.

6.4 FIRE DOORS AND SCREENS

notwithstanding the information provided on drawings or in the bill of Quantities, 7.4 SIZES AND SURFACE FINISH
where doors or screens are described as fire resistant, the contractor shall provide target sizes may be considered as the finished size subject to permitted toler-
everything necessary (including intumescent fire and smoke seals, bedding iron- ances to en 336 or to those specifically specified by the architect or engineer.
mongery in intumescent paste - which are not measured), in order to achieve the tolerance class 1 is usually applied to sawn timber while tolerance class 2 is
fire rating specified and shall be required to produce an Approval certificate (a fire usually applied to processed timbers such as those used for roof trusses or timber
certificate from a recognised fire testing house for the fire doors and screens) the frame construction.
contractor will be deemed to have taken this into account in pricing his tender.
glulam sizes shall comply with en 390.

7.5 MOISTURE CONTENT

moisture content shall be specified in accordance with the Service class outlined
in eurocode 5 (or bS 5268 part 2) or as required by the end use. maximum mois-
ture content in general shall be as required by the end use and eurocode 5 (or bS
5268 part 2), but note that in general structural timbers shall be kiln-dried to a max-
imum of 20%.

7.6 STORAGE
materials shall be stored on level bearers, under cover, out of ground contact, pro-
tected from the weather and shall be kept free from damp.

7.7 PRESERVATIVE
where necessary, timber shall be pressure impregnated with an approved preserva-
tive as specified by the architect. All ends cut on site shall be treated before fixing
with an appropriate preservative or preservative concentrate. See also Section c2.

7.8 GLULAM (GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER)

glued laminated timber at the time of assembly shall comply with en 386 and en
390.

All timbers used for lamination shall be of the one species, shall be in the longest
possible lengths with finger joints where ends of lengths meet and shall be planed
to equal finished sizes before gluing. glue shall be spread evenly and the timber
sections immediately placed in position and clamped tightly together until the glue
has fully set. on completion of all gluing, the laminated member shall be planed all
over to the exact sections and contours shown on the detailed drawings. only
adhesives of the phenol/resorcinol type shall be used. Adhesives are to be
applied in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. the moisture content of
the timber shall conform with the adhesive manufacturer's recommendations.

Note: Subject to design and ascetic requirements different strength classes and
species can be used but most ‘off the shelf’ glulam is of a single species and
strength class.

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C8 Finishing C9 Cladding
8.1 FINISHING METHODS
two pack polyurethane matt finish shall be applied to timber floors and stairs. both 9.1 VERTICAL TG AND V TYPE
manufacturer and supplier are to be approved by the architect prior to application. external cladding shall be tongued, grooved and v-jointed vertical douglas fir pres-
sure impregnated to a minimum of use/hazard class 3.2 in accordance with en
335, en 350 and en 351. following preservative treatment the timber shall be re-
8.2 STAIN FINISH dried to a moisture content of 16±3%.
(State brand name), or equal and approved microporous wood stain in the select-
ed colour shall be applied in strict accordance with manufacturer's instructions/rec- cladding boards shall be 100x25mm (see b12.2.4, 18mm minimum thickness for
ommendations. A minimum of three coats is required. cedar) finished dimensions, with a stress-relieving back groove, all as shown in the
detail cladding board profile drawing. boards shall be fixed through the v-joint with
Note: An aluminium primer is to be applied to all end grain of external timber to silicon bronze or austenitic stainless steel ring shank nails, to 50x36mm horizontal
architect's satisfaction, ensuring that no primer appears on exposed faces. battens and vertical counter battens at a maximum of 450mm centres treated to
Particular attention should be given to the recommended time scale and sequence hazard class 2 (minimum). All end grain to be sealed with aluminium primer.
of painting especially with regard to window installation and glazing rebates. counter battens shall be used with vertical cladding.

9.2 VENTILATION
provide a 25mm minimum continuous clear cavity behind the cladding boards.
Stainless steel insect mesh shall be fitted to all ventilation openings to the wall
cladding.

9.3 BREATHER MEMBRANE

the breather membrane shall comply with bS 4016 and/or shall be of a type spec-
ified by the architect. the breather membrane shall be fixed with stainless steel
staples at 300mm centres (or as specified by the manufacturer) with minimum
overlaps of 150mm at junctions in the horizontal direction and 100mm in the verti-
cal direction. the breather membrane shall also be turned-in at window openings
so as to properly lap with the internal vapour control layer, and run below dpc at
ground level. See Section b for details of breather membrane/dpc interfaces.

9.4 FILLERS
no wood fillers shall be used externally. internally no wood fillers may be used
where a translucent wood finish is used. fillers may only be used in other situa-
tions with the architect's permission.

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C 10 Flooring 10.7 APPROVED FLOOR SAMPLE

A control sample floor area, which may become part of the finished floor, shall be
provided for the architect's approval prior to the commencement of the entire floor
10.1 ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE area.
the building regulations (through the technical guidance documents) require
certain sound insulation standards for floors especially in relation to compartment 10.8 EXPANSION ALLOWANCES
floors in multi-use or multi-occupancy end use. for example at present in ireland expansion gaps shall be provided at wall junctions, floor junctions and pipe loca-
the maximum individual transmission values are 65db for impact sound and a min- tions. A 15mm minimum expansion gap shall be provided at these locations or
imum of 48db for airborne sound (tgd e 1997 - there are also requirements for 1.5mm for every metre of floor width, whichever is the greater. in addition, expan-
mean values depending on the number of rooms tested, the uK has similar sion between boards shall be a minimum of a 2mm gap every five boards, or
requirements in their Approved documents, and robust details limited provides 0.4mm between every board. in intermittently heated spaces with 60 - 90% rh a
construction details and a means of certification scheme for acoustic perform- 2mm gap every two boards shall be required. boards shall not be too tightly
ance). to achieve these requirements both the structural subfloor and the decora- cramped together when fixing with mechanical nailing systems. (in spaces which
tive floor finish must be acoustically evaluated to ensure an effective performance. are heated constantly 24 hours per day, such as hospitals, allowances should be
An underlay with a specific acoustic performance is normally required. made for shrinkage and the appropriate clearances calculated).

10.2 SUB-FLOORS Note: The expansion gaps are dependent on species, moisture content of timber
Sub-floors shall have not more than a 3mm gap under a 3m straight edge. where as supplied and on the expected in-service moisture content, and the figures quot-
gaps exceed this requirement a self-levelling screed, with low moisture content, ed above are for guidance only. There may be a need for the specifier to supply
shall be used for a concrete sub-floor. for a timber sub-floor additional levelling the flooring contractor with exact details for expansion requirements.
pieces and an 18mm oSb3 base shall be required where the sub-floor shall be
allowed to dry fully before laying timber structure deviates by more than 3mm over
3m to achieve a level floor.
10.9 CONSTRUCTION EXPANSION GAP
where a construction expansion gap occurs in a concrete sub-floor, the overlaid
timber floor shall be provided with an expansion joint to coincide with the concrete
concrete floor bases, their preparation and moisture content shall conform with bS
construction/expansion gap and this joint shall extend the full thickness of the tim-
8201 and shall have a suitable damp-proof membrane underneath.
ber floor and its support system. A compliant joint material shall be used to the sat-
isfaction of the architect.
10.3 WOODBLOCK
the floor shall be tongued and grooved oak blocks measuring 225x56x19mm or
10.3/10.4 similar and fixed with approved adhesive in accordance with the manufacturer's 10.10 FLOOR FINISH
Woodblock and strip flooring come in sever- instructions. the laid floor shall be lightly sanded and finished with two-pack A factory applied two-pack polyurethane matt finish or a specialist light oil finish
al species and the examples quoted in these polyurethane all in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. the moisture shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions to the satisfac-
clauses are oak and maple. Other species
content shall be between 8 and 12% in conventionally heated buildings. for areas tion and approval of the architect.
may be specified but it is important to spec-
ify precisely the species and grade required. with underfloor heating the moisture content shall be between 6 and 8%. wood
shall be sourced from sustainable and managed forests. Note: See also c8 and 10.3.

10.4 HARDWOOD STRIP FLOORING ON BATTENS 10.11 PROTECTION ON FLOORING

All efforts shall be made to protect laid floors from damage, dirt, moisture and ther-
the floor shall be solid, prime grade, hard maple, tongued and grooved and end
mal shock. the heating system shall be commissioned prior to the floor being laid
matched boards. the boards shall be 20mm thick by 57mm wide or similar and
and kept running thereafter. no trades shall work above the floor while flooring
approved by the architect. the boards shall be laid across level battens or joists at
work is in progress. the laid floor shall be protected by hardboard laid loose, but
maximum centres of 400mm. the boards shall be secret nailed to every batten at
taped at all junctions, until the issue of the practical completion certificate by the
an angle of 45° through the top of the tongue using lost head nails, 2.8x63mm or
architect.
machine nails 2.9x63mm, with ring shanked or serrated edges.

10.5 HARDWOOD STRIP FLOORING ON CLIP SYSTEM 10.12 COMPLIANCE

Aspects of flooring shall comply with the following codes and standards, as rele-
the floor system shall be an approved system installed according to the manufac-
vant: eurocode 5 or bS 1297; bS 8201; bS 5268 part 2.
turer's specification laid on an underlay and moisture barrier which shall be taped
and lapped by 200mm at all joints and turned up at perimeter walls. the clip sys-
tem shall be as recommended by the flooring manufacturer. the clip size shall suit 10.13 MAINTENANCE
the proposed heating system and expected relative humidity of the space in which the specialist timber flooring contractor shall hand over the technical data sheets
it shall be installed, all in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. relating to cleaning and maintenance of the floor at practical completion stage to
the architect.
10.6 HARDWOOD STRIP FLOORING FOR SPECIALIST SPORTS USE
the specialist sports floor shall meet bS 7044 or din 18032 part 11 requirements
and be approved by the architect.

Supporting battens and specialist pads shall be provided where floor-boards are
cut at walls, goal post supports, etc.

the boards shall be secret nailed at an angle of 45° through the top of the tongue
using 2.9x63mm special machine nails. where the floor is wider than 12m the
board laying shall start in the centre of the floor with the tongue of the boards point-
ing towards the side walls. A loose tongue shall be glued to both centre boards
along their full length. Allowance for natural movement and ventilation of the floor
shall be in strict accordance with the specialist manufacturer's instructions. A cer-
tificate of compliance with bS 7044 or din 18032 part 11 shall be provided by the
specialist flooring contractor.

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C 11 Joinery elements 11.2 DOORS, DOORSETS AND FIRE-RESISTANT SCREENS

(See also 4.6)
11.1 WINDOWS
timber main frames and casements shall be of douglas fir complying with class
11.2.1 External doors
external doors shall be of European or American white oak with tg&v panels fixed
J10 of en942, all in accordance with architect's drawings and details. timber glaz-
to framing with stainless steel or silicon bronze nails. Stiles and rails shall be joint-
ing beads shall be of douglas fir complying with class J2 of en 942 and be fixed
ed with stub tenons or non-corrosive mechanical devices. the framework shall be
with stainless steel pins. lamination of sections is permitted. finger jointing of indi-
square when assembled in a true plane, and the parts shall match each other in
vidual laminae is permitted, but not of whole sections or on exposed surfaces
thickness. minimum door thickness shall be 50mm, and all in accordance with
intended for a natural or satin finish. plugs and fillers are not permitted. there shall
architect's detailed drawings. preservative treatment shall be provided to minimum
be no signs of insect attack. moisture content of timber at time of installation shall
use/hazard class 3.2. the door locking mechanism shall be of the “three point
be 16±3%. resin adhesives shall comply with grade d4 of en 204. workmanship
type” to eliminate warp and provide additional security. moisture content shall be
shall be in accordance with bS 1186: part 2. Safety devices shall be in accordance
16±3%. A full size prototype to be made up by the joinery works for approval by
with bS 5588: part 1. preservative treatment shall be to the requirements for
the architect prior to fabrication of all the doors. glazed external doors shall have
use/hazard class 3 in accordance with bS 8417 (table 6 for organic solvents and
a minimum timber thickness of 55mm.
table 9 for water based treatments).note: use/hazard class for joinery falls into
use class 3.2 in en 335-2.
11.2.2 Interior doors
interior panel doors shall be made of Scots pine to class J10 of en942. glazing
11.1.1 Glazing and full beading
beads, where required, shall match and shall be supplied loose. door frames and
double-glazed units as noted on architect's drawings shall be hermetically sealed
linings to match and suit finish and thickness of door. minimum thickness 45mm.
employing the `double Seal System' and in accordance with bS 5713 –
moisture content 12±2% at time of manufacture and site installation. workmanship
Specification for hermetically sealed flat double glazing units.
shall be in accordance with bS 1186 part 2.
the units shall be full bedded with an approved mastic compound. the compound
manufacturer's instructions must be followed. with timber frames, faces in contact 11.2.3 Flush solid door
with the compound must be completely sealed with an appropriate sealer to pre- Solid core doors shall consist of a suitable 100% core of solid timber covered on
vent oil absorption from the compound. Some preservation treatments used for both sides with facings of minimum 6mm plywood or other architect-approved
timber frames can adversely affect compounds. however, two coats of recom- material; with or without apertures for glazing or ventilation louvres. Quarter-sawn
mended sealer on the relevant frame surfaces are a suitable precaution with most American white oak veneer to be used throughout or as detailed on architect's
treatments. nevertheless, exceptions exist, e.g. wax or silicone-based water repel- drawings.
lents and water-based acrylic primers. the space between the edge of the unit and
the rebate must be completely filled with compound before fitting the beads. the Note: for fire-rated doors and fire-resistant screens see section 4.6.
beads must be well bedded with compound to both frame and unit. exposed edges
of compound both inside and outside must be chamfered, so as to shed water. 11.2.4 Fire resistant glass
After bedding the glazing with mastic until it is exposed for chamfering allow for a Supply and fit (state brand name) or equal and approved by the architect multi-
second external face sealing with approved mastic using a narrow finishing nozzle laminated glass assembled with clear intumescent interlayers in accordance with
to ensure a complete waterproof window. no linseed oil putty may be used. the the manufacturer's written instruction to meet the integrity and insulation criteria,
unit must be secured in the frame by sprigs or spring clips. according to en 1363-1/2 and en01364-1 or bS 476: part 22 and the safety
requirements of bS 6206 (delete those not applicable). note the fire-resistant glass
edge clearance, which must not be less than 3mm, must be maintained by dis- cannot be cut on site and the edge protection tape must not be removed or
tance pieces of non-absorbent non-compressible material. they should be placed damaged.
opposite each other on each side of the unit, not more than 300mm apart, oppo-
site the securing points of the beads but not immediately above setting or location in addition the following glazing instructions must be adhered to.
blocks. they should be approximately 40mm long, 3mm thick and a breadth of
3mm less than the rebate depth. • do not allow any contact of the glazing’s edges with water.
• do not install fire-resistant glass in locations where the glass temperature
distance pieces are not necessary with mastic strip designated as load bearing by might exceed 40°c.
the manufacturer. • Always refer to the fire test reports.
• Avoid all glass to metal contact.
11.1.2 Approved mastic • do not exercise any restraint on the glazing.
the following, approved mastic may be used: (state brand name) with primer as • do not damage the glazing’s edges or the protection tape.
required, or equal and approved by the architect. • Keep the rebates dry and free from aggressive products (acids, organic
solvents, etc.).
• use hardwood setting blocks or equivalent (Shore hardness A75).
11.1.3 Setting blocks
• provide an edge clearance of 4-5mm.
Setting blocks shall be of a minimum length 30mm/sq. m of glass in plasticised p.v.c
• provide front and back clearances of 4-5mm, using closed cells foam tape.
(to bS 2571 softness no. 35-45) or of neoprene to Shore hardness no. 80-90.
• provide a rebate depth of minimum 20mm.
• Apply a neutral silicone sealant immediately after sealing.
11.1.4 Location blocks (to casements or the like) • All installation to be in accordance with the manufacturer’s/supplier’s
location blocks shall be of a minimum length 25mm in plasticised p.v.c. (to bS instructions.
2571 - softness no. 35-45) or neoprene to Shore hardness no. 80-90.

11.1.5 Distance pieces

distance pieces shall be of a minimum length 25mm in plasticised p.v.c. (to bS
2571 - softness no. 35-45) or neoprene to Shore hardness no. 80-90.

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11.3 STAIRCASES
Section D Timber Building Specificatio ns
11.3.1 Softwood staircases Note: The clauses used in this Timber Building Specification can be used to supplement the Sample Timber
Strings shall be Scots pine to class J30 of en 942 where not exposed. handrails, Specification of Section C where further detailed information is required. Alternatively they may be used as individual
balustrades, newels, treads and risers shall be class J30 of en 942 where paint- specification clauses as deemed appropriate by the specifier.
ed or class J10 when exposed and decorated with a clear polyurethane finish.
d1 generAl 277 d4 worKmAnShip And conStruction 290
Sizes and tolerances shall comply with bS 585: part 1 for domestic use only. 1.1 compliance 277 4.1 general 290
workmanship shall be in accordance with bS 1186: part 2. Adhesive shall be one- 1.1.1 the design engineer 277 4.1.1 Adequate supervision 290
1.1.2 the engineer 277 4.1.2 workmanship in fabrication
part polyvinyl acetate complying with en 204. the moisture content at the time of
1.1.3 the contractor 277 and preparation 290
manufacture and installation shall be 12±2% and all in accordance with the archi-
1.2 construction stability 277 4.1.3 materials applied used
tect's detailed drawings. 1.2.1 the contractor’s and fixed 290
responsibility 277 4.1.4 timber damaged, crushed
11.3.2 Hardwood staircases 1.2.2 the contractor 277 or split 290
the hardwood staircases shall be constructed from prime quality American white 1.2.3 prior to the construction 277 4.1.5 moisture content of timber 290
1.2.4 Special attention 277 4.1.6 time of erection 290
oak with approved joints and adhesives all in accordance with architect's detailed
1.2.5 Structural elements 277 4.2 on-site carpentry 290
drawings, including slip resistant inserts to tread nosing and two-pack matt
4.2.1 general 290
polyurethane finish. moisture content at the time of manufacture and installation d2 hAndling And on-Site StorAge 277 4.2.2 load-bearing stud walls 291
shall be 12±2%. 2.1 general 277 4.2.3 ceiling joists 291
2.1.1 precautions 277 4.2.4 purlins 291
11.3.3 Building regulations 2.1.2 undue distortion 277 4.2.5 rafters 292
2.1.3 design assumptions 277 4.2.6 flat roofs 292
landings, balusters, handrails, and step rise and going shall comply with the cur-
2.1.4 materials and components 277
rent technical guidance document (note: Approved documents in the uK) to the
2.1.5 Suitable conditions 278 d5 prefAbricAted elementS 292
building regulations for their respective end use and as specified by the architect. 2.1.6 carcassing timber 278 5.1 general 292
2.1.7 plywood and other 5.1.1 factory fabrication 292
wood-based materials 278 5.1.2 Assembly 293
2.1.8 installed materials 278 5.2 glued laminated members 293
2.2 panel products 278 5.2.1 general 293
2.2.1 board protection 278 5.2.2 fabrication 293
2.2.2 board stacking 278 5.2.3 erection 294
2.2.3 protective wrapping 278 5.2.4 finishes and marking 294
2.3 trussed rafters 278 5.3 plywood box and i-beams 295
2.3.1 handling 278 5.4 Stressed skin panels 295
2.3.2 horizontal storage 278 5.4.1 design and materials 295
2.3.3 ground clearance 278 5.4.2 fabrication 295
2.3.4 health and safety 278 5.4.3 erection 296
2.4 Quality control and testing 278 5.5 trussed rafters 296
2.4.1 Quality control 278 5.5.1 general 296
2.4.2 testing 279 5.5.2 design 297
5.5.3 materials 297
d3 mAteriAlS 279 5.5.4 fabrication 297
3.1 timber 279 5.5.5 Structural adequacy 298
3.1.1 Selection 279 5.5.6 workmanship on site 298
3.1.2 grading and strength classes 279 5.5.7 finishes and protection 299
3.1.3 dimensions 280 5.5.8 inspection 299
3.1.4 moisture content 280 5.6 laminated veneer lumber (lvl) 299
3.1.5 preservative treatment 281 5.6.1 lvl validation 299
3.1.6 fire resistance and 5.6.2 lvl design 299
treatment 281 5.6.3 preservative treatment of lvl 299
3.2 panel products 282 5.6.4 cutting, notching or drilling 299
3.2.1 plywood 282 5.6.5 Joints 299
3.2.2 oriented Strand board (oSb) 283 5.6.6 lateral support 299
3.2.3 hardboard 284 5.6.7 end bearing 299
3.3 mechanical fastners 284 5.7 parallam 300
3.3.1 general 284 5.7.1 validation 300
3.3.2 bolted joints 286 5.7.2 design 300
3.3.3 Steel dowel joints 286 5.7.3 dry exposure conditions 300
3.3.4 toothed-plate connector 5.7.4 the use of pSb 300
joints 286 5.7.5 cutting, notching or drilling 300
3.3.5 Split ring connector joints 287 5.7.6 Joints made with nails
3.3.6 Shear plate connectors 288 or bolts 300
3.4 Adhesives 289 5.7.7 lateral support of beam
3.4.1 Structural wood adhesives 289 compression edge 300
3.4.2 test methods for adhesives 289 5.7.8 end bearing requirements 300
3.4.3 Adhesives for structural 5.8 composite i-joists 300
purposes 289 5.8.1 i-joist validation 300
3.4.4 Adhesives 289 5.8.2 Storage 300
3.4.5 Surfaces for gluing 289 5.8.3 moisture content 300
3.4.6 moisture content 289 5.8.4 lateral restraint 300
3.4.7 treated timber 289 5.8.5 web stiffeners 300
5.8.6 notching, cutting or drilling 300
5.8.7 Alignment 300

274 275