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Friction Factors

Note: I have tried to include a wide range of relevant information on this topic. It will be noted that friction values in one
section do not necessarily agree with values in another section...Please use the linked references at the bottom of the
page for more detailed information.

Factors Affecting friction..... Static Friction..... Sliding/dynamic/kinetic friction..... Coefficients of Friction..... Rolling
Friction..... Plain Bearings Friction.....
Rolling Bearing Friction..... Clutch Brake Friction..... Bolted Joints..... Power Screws..... Press Fits.... Test Methods....
Linked Reference Info
Factors affecting the friction between surfaces

Dry surfaces

1. For low surface pressures the friction is directly proportional to the pressure between the surfaces. As the
pressure rises the friction factor rises slightly. At very high pressure the friction factor then quickly increases to
seizing
2. For low surface pressures the coefficient of friction is independent of surface area.
3. At low velocities the friction is independent of the relative surface velocity. At higher velocities the coefficent of
friction decreases.

Well lubricated surfaces

1. The friction resistance is almost independent of the specific pressure between the surfaces.
2. At low pressures the friction varies directly as the relative surface speed
3. At high pressures the friction is high at low velocities falling as the velocity increases to a minimum at about
0,6m/s. The friction then rises in proportion the velocity 2.
4. The friction is not so dependent of the surface materials
5. The friction is related to the temperature which affects the viscosity of the lubricant

Surface Friction Notes

Static Coefficient of Friction

The static friction coefficient (µ) between two solid surfaces is defined as the ratio of the tangential force (F) required to
produce sliding divided by the normal force between the surfaces (N)

µ = F /N

For a horizontal surface the horizontal force (F) to move a solid resting on a flat surface

F= µ x mass of solid x g.

If a body rests on an incline plane the body is prevented from sliding down because of the frictional resistance. If the
angle of the plane is increased there will be an angle at which the body begins to slide down the plane. This is the angle
of repose and the tangent of this angle is the same as the coefficient of friction.
.

Sliding
Sliding Coefficient of Friction

When the tangential force F overcomes the frictional force between two surfaces then the surfaces begins to slide relative
to each other. In the case of a body resting on a flat surface the body starts to move. The sliding frictional resistance is
normally different to the static frictional resistance. The coefficient of sliding friction is expressed using the same formula
as the static coefficient and is generally lower than the static coefficient of friction..

Friction Coefficients

A table below shows approximate friction coefficients for various materials. All values are approximate and are only
suitable for guidance only. The sliding/lubricated values must be used with extreme care. The only way to determine
the accurate coefficient of friction between two materials is to conduct experiments.

Coefficients of friction are sensitive to atmospheric dust and humidity, oxide films, surface finish, velocity of sliding,
temperature, vibration, and extent of contamination. In many cases the degree of contamination is perhaps the most
important single variable.. Link Table of Coefficients of Friction

The friction values provided are obtained by different test methods under different ambient conditions. This factor can also
affect the results. Link Test Methods

Rolling Friction

When a cylinder rolls on a surface the force resisting motion is termed rolling friction. Rolling friction is generally
considerably less than sliding friction. If W is the weight of the cylinder converted to force, or the force between the
cylinder and the flat surface, and R is radius of the cylinder and F is the force required to overcome the rolling friction then.

F = f x W/R

f is the coefficient of rolling friction and has the same unit of length as the radius R -in the example below m (metres)

Typical values for f are listed below

Note: Values for rolling friction from various sources are not consistent and the following values should only be used for
approximate calculations.

• Steel on Steel f = 0,0005m

• Wood on Steel f = 0,0012m
• Wood on Wood f = 0,0015m
• Iron on iron f = 0,00051m
• Iron on granite f = 0,0021m
• Iron on Wood f = 0,0056m
• Polymer of steel f = 0,002m
• Hardrubber on Steel f = 0,0077m
• Hardrubber on Concrete f = 0,01 -0,02m
 • Rubber on Concrete f = 0,015 -0,035m

Plain Bearing Friction factors

For values of rolling bearing friction Plain Bearing Friction Values

Rolling Bearing Friction

For values of rolling bearing friction Rolling Bearing Friction Values

Clutch - Brake Friction Values

The coefficient of friction value is important in the design and brakes and clutches.
Various values are provided on the following linked page Clutch/Brake Materials

Friction
Friction coefficient Bolted Joints

The coefficient of friction is required in calculating tightening torques and resulting bolt tensile forces and stress and in
calculating the resulting friction between the connected surfaces. Below are provided a small number of values showing
approximate values of friction coefficients to be used for steel screw fastened connections. The values are only
representative values and should be confirmed against other sources of information and preferably testing.

Coefficient of Friction for screw threads

Female Thread -Nut or Tapped Hole in steel(untreated)

Friction Coefficient Friction Coefficient
Male screw
(Dry) (lub)
Untreated Steel 0,12 - 0,18 0,10 - 0,17
Phosphated Steel 0,12 - 0,18 0,10 - 0,17
Cadmium Plated
0,09 - 0,14 0,08 -0,23
Steel
Galvanised steel 0,14 - 0,23 0,12 - 0,2
Degreased steel 0,19 - 0,25
Female Thread -Nut or Tapped Hole in steel(Galvanised)
Friction Coeffient Friction
Male screw
(Dry) Coefficient(Lub.)
Untreated Steel 0,14 - 0,2 0,12 - 0,18
Phosphated Steel 0,14 - 0,2 0,12 - 0,18
Cadmium Plated
0,1 - 0,16 0,09 - 0,15
Steel
Galvanised steel 0,14 - 0,25 0,12 - 0,2
Degreased steel 0,19 - 0,25

Coefficient of Friction Nut/Bolt Face against Clamped surface

Clamped Surface = Steel

Friction Coeffient Friction
Bolt/Nut Mat'l
(Dry) Coefficient(Lub.)
Untreated Steel 0,10 - 0,18 0,08 - 0.15
Phosphated Steel 0,10 - 0,18 0,08 - 0,15
Galvanised steel 0,10 - 0,2 0,09 - 0,18
Clamped Surface -Galvanised Steel
Friction Coefficient Friction Coefficient
Bolt/Nut Mat'l
(Dry) (lub)
Untreated Steel 0,10 - 0,18 0,08 - 0,15
Phosphated Steel 0,10 - 0,18 0,08 - 0,15
Galvanised steel 0,16 - 0,22 0,09 - 0,18

Coefficient of friction between surfaces clamped by bolts /screws.

These values allow calculation of the shear force necessary to cause slip between surfaces when clamped by bolts.
 Contact Surfaces slip coefficient
Steel On Steel- No treatment 0,15- 0,25
Steel On Cast Iron- No treatment 0,18 - 0,3
Steel On Steel- Machined (Degreased) 0,12- 0,18
Steel On Cast Iron- Machined (Degreased) 0,15 - 0,25
Grit -Sandblasted surfaces 0,48 - 0,55

Friction Factors for Power Screws

The following factors are typical friction factors for power screw torque and efficiency calculations..

1) Screw Thread Friction values (µs)

(Friction factors apply mainly for screw thread friction (µs) - can be applied to collar friction(µc)
Nut Material
Screw Material Cast
Steel Brass Bronze
Iron
0,15- 0,15- 0,15- 0,15-
Steel(Dry)
0,25 0,23 0,19 0,25
0,11- 0,10- 0,10- 0,11-
Steel (Lubricated)
0,17 0,16 0,15 0,17
0,08- 0,04- 0,06-
Bronze (Lubricated) -
0,12 0,06 0,09
2) Thrust collar Friction values (µc)
Surface Combinations Moving Starting
Soft Steel on Cast Iron 0,12 0,17
Hard Steel on Cast Iron 0,09 0,15
Soft Steel on Bronze 0,08 0,10
Hard Steel on Bronze 0,06 0,08

Press Fit Mechanical Joints

In mechanical engineering rotary motion can be transferred by mechanical connections between a shaft and hub using
only a tight fit. Methods of achieving this type of connection include the engineered interference fit, the taper lock bush
and hydraulic fit bush. These keyless shaft/hub connections all transfer torque by friction.

The coefficient of friction used for designing these types of connections is dependent on the interface pressure, materials,
surface condition, surface coatings etc. The coefficient of friction is also dependent on the method of installation. A
different value result if the shaft is forced into the hub (force fit) compared to the value if the assemble is completed by
heating the hub or freezing the shaft prior to assembly (shrink fit)...

Various values of relevant coefficients of friction are provided below;

• Steel Hub , Steel Shaft unlubricated - force fit ...C. of Friction = 0,07 to 0,16
• Steel Hub , Steel Shaft greased - force fit ...C. of Friction = 0,05 to 0,12
• Steel Hub , Steel Shaft unlubricated - Shrink fit ...C. of Friction = 0,15 to 0,25
• Steel Hub , Steel Shaft greased - Shrink fit ...C. of Friction = 0,08 to 0,16

The manufacturers of the proprietary keyless hub/shaft systems indicate that their products are based on a coefficient of
friction of 0,12 for lightly oiled connections and 0,15 for dry assemblies. These companies can provide surface coating
fluids containing particles to increase theie coefficient of friction to 0,25 to 0,3. (ref links 1 & 2 below)

The American Gear Manufactures Association (AGMA) recommends a value of between 0,12-0,15 for hydraulically
expanded hubs and 0,15-0,20 for shrink or press fit hubs.

Testing Methods
Methods

There are a number of test methods for coefficient of frictions as some of which are listed below

• Flat block pressed against a OD of rotating ring (FOR)

• Flat block against another flat block (FOF)
• Flat block sliding down an inclined runway(IS)
• Pin pressed against a OD of rotating ring (POR
 • Reciprocating loaded spherical end pin pressed on a flat surface(RSOF)

It is clear that the different test methods provide different friction results..

Coefficient of Friction

Extreme care is needed in using friction coefficients and additional independent references should be used. For any
specific application the ideal method of determining the coefficient of friction is by trials. A short table is included above
the main table to illustrate how the coefficient of friction is affected by surface films. When a metal surface is perfectly
clean in a vacuum , the friction is much higher than the normal accepted value and seizure can easily occur.

......The links below the tables provide further information.

Effect of oxide film etc on coefficient of static friction

Thick
Clean Sulfide
Material Oxide
Dry Film
Film
Steel-Steel 0,78 0,27 0,39
Copper-Copper 1,21 0,76 0,74

The level of uncertainty of the information below is indicated by using steel on steel as an example. Various reference
sources provide values similar to the values below.(0,74 Static- 0,42 sliding) Gieck( 7th ed) provides values of
(0,15...0,30 Static - 0,10...0,30 sliding). Concise Metals Data Handbook by J.R. Davis (table 14,1) includes values (0,31
static -0,23 sliding - for steel 1032? on steel 1032?).. The same table includes a value for mild steel on mild steel of 0,62
sliding.

Coefficient Of Friction
Test
Material 1 Material 2 DRY Greasy method
Static Sliding Static Sliding
1,05-
Aluminum Aluminum 1,4 0,3
1,35
Aluminum Mild Steel 0,61 0,47
Brake Material Cast Iron 0,4
Brake Material Cast Iron (Wet) 0,2
Brass Cast Iron 0,3
Brick Wood 0,6
Bronze Cast Iron 0,22
Bronze Steel 0,16
Cadmium Cadmium 0,5 0,05
Cadmium Mild Steel 0,46
Cast Iron Cast Iron 1,1 0,15 0,07
Cast Iron Oak 0,49 0,075
Chromium Chromium 0,41 0,34
Copper Cast Iron 1,05 0,29
Copper Copper 1,0 0,08
Copper Mild Steel 0,53 0,36 0,18
Copper Steel 0,8 SPOF
Copper Steel (304 stainless) 0,23 0,21 FOF
Copper-Lead Alloy Steel 0,22 -
0,05 -
Diamond Diamond 0,1
0,1
Diamond Metal 0,1 - 0,1
 0,15
0,09-
Glass Glass 0,9 - 1,0 0,4 0,1 - 0,6
0,12
Glass Metal 0,5 - 0,7 0,2 - 0,3
Glass Nickel 0,78 0,56
Graphite Graphite 0,1 0,1
Graphite Steel 0,1 0,1
Graphite (In vacuum) Graphite (In vacuum) 0,5 - 0,8
0,12 -
Hard Carbon Hard Carbon 0,16
0,14
0,11 -
Hard Carbon Steel 0,14
0,14
0,15 -
Iron Iron 1,0
0,2
Lead Cast Iron 0,43
Lead Steel 1,4 SPOF
Leather Wood 0,3 - 0,4
Leather Metal(Clean) 0,6 0,2
Leather Metal(Wet) 0,4
Leather Oak (Parallel grain) 0,61 0,52
Magnesium Magnesium 0,6 0,08
Nickel Nickel 0,7-1,1 0,53 0,28 0,12
Nickel Mild Steel 0,64; 0,178
0,15 -
Nylon Nylon
0,25
Oak Oak (parallel grain) 0,62 0,48
Oak Oak (cross grain) 0,54 0,32 0,072
Platinum Platinum 1,2 0,25
Plexiglas Plexiglas 0,8 0,8
Plexiglas Steel 0,4 - 0,5 0,4 - 0,5
Polystyrene Polystyrene 0,5 0,5
Polystyrene Steel 0,3-0,35 0,3-0,35
Polythene Steel 0,2 0,2
Rubber Asphalt (Dry) 0,5-0,8
0,25-
Rubber Asphalt (Wet)
0,0,75
Rubber Concrete (Dry) 0,6-0,85
0,45-
Rubber Concrete (Wet)
0,75
Saphire Saphire 0,2 0,2
Silver Silver 1,4 0,55
Sintered Bronze Steel - 0,13
Solids Rubber 1,0 - 4,0 --
Steel Aluminium Bros 0,45
Steel Brass 0,35 0,19
Steel(Mild) Brass 0,51 0,44
Steel (Mild) Cast Iron 0,23 0,183 0,133
Steel Cast Iron 0,4 0,21
Steel Copper Lead Alloy 0,22 0,16 0,145
 Steel (Hard) Graphite 0,21 0,09
Steel Graphite 0,1 0,1
Steel (Mild) Lead 0,95 0,95 0,5 0,3
Steel (Mild) Phos. Bros 0,34 0,173
Steel Phos Bros 0,35
Steel(Hard) Polythened 0,2 0,2
Steel(Hard) Polystyrene 0,3-0,35 0,3-0,35
0,09-
Steel (Mild) Steel (Mild) 0,74 0,57
0,19
Steel (Mild) Steel (Mild) - 0,62 FOR
0,05 - 0,029-
Steel(Hard) Steel (Hard) 0,78 0,42
0,11 ,12
Steel Zinc (Plated on steel) 0,5 0,45 - -
Teflon Steel 0,04 0,04 0,04
Teflon Teflon 0,04 0,04 0,04
Tin Cast Iron ,32
Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-
Aluminium Alloy 6061-T6 0,41 0,38 FOF
4V(Grade 5)
Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al- Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-
0,36 0,30 FOF
4V(Grade 5) 4V(Grade 5)
Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-
Bronze 0,36 0,27 FOF
4V(Grade 5)
Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide 0,2-0,25 0,12
0,08 -
Tungsten Carbide Steel 0,4 - 0,6
0,2
Tungsten Carbide Copper 0,35
Tungsten Carbide Iron 0,8
0,25 -
Wood Wood(clean)
0,5
Wood Wood (Wet) 0,2
Wood Metals(Clean) 0,2-0,6
Wood Metals (Wet) 0,2
Wood Brick 0,6
Wood Concrete 0,62
Zinc Zinc 0,6 0,04
Zinc Cast Iron 0,85 0,21

Coefficient Of Friction
Test
Material 1 Material 2 DRY LUBRICATED method
Static Sliding Static Sliding
FOR = Flat against rotating Cylinder, FOF = Flat against flat, POF = Pin on flat, IS = inclined surface,SPOF Spherical end
pin on flat.

Source of above values.... The values are checked against a variety of internet and literature sources including the links
below eg Link 6-Page 16. I have referred to books including Machinerys Handbook Eighteenth edition, Kempes Engineers
Year Book 1980, Concise Metals Handbook by J.R.Davis ASM - (Good source of referenced data) and Kurt Giecks
Engineering Formulas 7th Edition.. 1980, etc etc

Table of friction Values for elements

I provide the table below as a consistent set of values for simple elements using the simplest of test methods. It can be
seen that values are generally different to the values in the table above...

Friction tests in air at room temperature. (50% relative humidity)

 Friction Test
Fixed Surface Moving Block
coefficient Method
Static Sliding
Incline
Silver (Ag) Silver (Ag) 0,5
Plane
Incline
Gold(Au) 0,53
Plane
Incline
Copper(Cu) 0,48
Plane
Incline
Iron(Fe) 0,49
Plane
Incline
Aluminium(Al) Aluminium(Al) 0,57
Plane
Incline
Titanium (Ti) 0,54
Plane
Incline
Gold(au) Silver (Ag) 0,53
Plane
Incline
Gold(Au) 0,49
Plane
Incline
Cadmium(Cd) Cadmium(Cd) 0,79
Plane
Incline
Iron(Fe) 0,52
Plane
Incline
Cobalt(Co) Cobalt(Co) 0,56
Plane
Incline
Chromium(Cr) 0,41
Plane
Incline
Chromium(Cr) Cobalt(Co) 0,41
Plane
Incline
Chromium(Cr) 0,46
Plane
Incline
Copper(Cu) Cobalt(Co) 0,44
Plane
Incline
Chromium(Cr) 0,46
Plane
Incline
Copper(Cu) 0,55
Plane
Incline
Iron(Fe) 0,50
Plane
Incline
Nickel(Ni) 0,49
Plane
Incline
Zinc(Zn) 0,56
Plane
Incline
Iron(Fe) Cobalt(Co) 0,41
Plane
Incline
Chromium(Cr) 0,48
Plane
Incline
Iron(Fe) 0,51
Plane
Incline
Maganese(Mg) 0,51
Plane
Incline
Molybdenum(Mo) 0,46
Plane
Incline
Titanium(Ti) 0,49
Plane
 Incline
Tungsten(W) 0,47
Plane
Incline
Zinc(Zn) 0,55
Plane
Incline
Indium(In) Indium(In) 1,46
Plane
Incline
Maganese(Mg) Maganese(Mg) 0,69
Plane
Incline
Molybdenum(Mo) Iron(Fe) 0,46
Plane
Incline
Molybdenum(Mo) 0,44
Plane
Incline
Niobium(Nb) Niobium(Nb) 0,46
Plane
Incline
Nickel(Ni) Chromium(Cr) 0,59
Plane
Incline
Nickel(Ni) 0,50
Plane
Incline
Platinum(Pt) 0,64
Plane
Incline
Lead(Pb) Silver (Ag) 0,73
Plane
Incline
Gold(Au) 0,61
Plane
Incline
Copper(Cu) 0,55
Plane
Incline
Chromium(Cr) 0,53
Plane
Incline
Iron(Fe) 0,54
Plane
Incline
Lead(Pb) 0,90
Plane
Incline
Platinum(Pt) Nickel(Ni) 0,64
Plane
Incline
Platinum(Pt) 0,55
Plane
Incline
Tin(Sn) Iron(Fe) 0,55
Plane
Incline
Tin(Sn) 0,74
Plane
Incline
Titanium(Ti) Aluminium(Al) 0,54
Plane
Flat
Titanium(Ti) 0,55
Sliding
Incline
Tungsten(W) Copper(Cu) 0,41
Plane
Incline
Iron(Fe) 0,47
Plane
Incline
Tungsten(W) 0,51
Plane
Incline
Zinc(Zn) Copper(Cu) 0,56
Plane
Incline
Iron(Fe) 0,55
Plane
Incline
Zinc(Zn) 0,75
Plane
Links to Friction Information

1. Friction Joint Theory... An informative article

2. RingFeder ...Keyless Shaft Hub Connection-including relevant friction values
3. Carbide Depot.. Friction Coefficients
4. NORD-SKG.. Download manual with various Calculations involving sliding and rolling
friction
5. Supercivilcd Com.. Coefficient of Sliding Friction for various civil Materials
6. Fastener Design Manual...NASA GRC RP-1228 (9,6 Mbyte pdf file) Includes
comprehensive table with friction values.
7. Physlinks - Coefficient of Friction...A Table of Friction Coefficients
8. Engineers Edge- Coefficient of Friction...A Table of Friction Coefficients
9. FrictionCenter- Coefficient of Friction...A Table of Friction Coefficients
10. School for Champions...Lots of very useful Notes
11. Investigation of the press fit joints by tribology aspect...A Very Informative paper
12. Bolt Council...Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints.(6,7 Mbyte pdf ). Info
on Slip coefficients (P.82) etc
13. MD Metric...Datasheet for PTFE
14. Friction coefficients in "Rail- Wheel" contacts .......Downloadable paper providing very
theoretical information
15. Hypertextbooks _Physics Factbooks.....Physics Factbook .A page inlcuding a number of
very good (school) articles on coe-fficents of friction of different materials
16. 3M Mill Rolls Coef't of Fr'n Study .."...Coefficient of friction values for real applications
17. NACA Research Memorandum .....Paper Download ..Friction value and surface damage of
several corrosion resistant materials
18. Wear Research Paper .....Paper Download ..A study of the tribological behaviour of
polyamide 66 with varying injection-moulding parameters
19. Fund'ls of Friction and Wear of Automobile Brake Materials .....Paper Download ..Very
informative document
20. Friction in Metal Forming...Chapter 4-aces, Tribology, DimensionalCharacteristics,
Inspection and Product Quality Assurance ..
21. Classical Friction...A very simple and clear description of what determines the coefficient of
friction.
22. 12 Friction...Brown University-Division of Engineering..Very clear document on friction
23. Rolling Friction...Very useful notes on rolling friction
24. co-design-5. Mechanics of Screw Threads ...Web page include screw friction values

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Last Updated 07/05/2007