FORTS AND PALACES

The medieval rulers of India constructed innumerable forts and fortresses to

defend their territorial possession from their adversaries and to demonstrate their
sovereignty. These structures were built keeping the contemporary war technology and
tactics in mind. Thus, they occupied considerable importance in medieval polity and
warfare and played a pivotal role in contemporary India. Hence battles were fought
between the rulers to establish their supremacy and sovereignty over the region by
simply capturing forts and defeating their masters. Hence, capturing of a fort meant
victory over the enemy and the establishment of sovereignty over the region.
Consequently, the medieval rulers made efforts to build impregnable and inaccessible
forts to secure their sovereignty an territorial possessions. In fact, the forts had virtually
become the symbol of power, prestige and the royal prepotence.

Kalinjar:

Kalinjar occupies a prominent place in the galaxy of forts in India. It's strategic
location attributed strength and impregnability to it. It witnessed numerous battles and
withstood the brunt of the invasions of Mahmud Ghazni, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, Qutub-
ud-din Aibak, Humayun, Sher Shah, Akbar and Aurangzeb.

This celebrated hill-fort is located in tahsil BadausA, 56 km south-east of the

Banda district of Uttar Pradesh which falls in the region popularly known as
Bundelkhand. It is located on an isolated flat-topped hill of the Vindhya range which
rises above 800-900 feet high above the plain.' It is fortified by rampart nearly four
miles in circuit and constructed of large blocks of stones. This fort seems to have
grown organically out of harsh rock. From the ground to a top the passage in length cut
in a way that becomes difficult as we go up. Cunningham in his report writes, that the
"lower part of the ascent is tolerably easy, but the middle portion is very steep, while
the upper part is nearly perpendicular and quite inaccessible."^ So, the ascent increases
gradually as we go up and continue to increase as we proceed fixrther, and with great
difficulty one can approach the main entrance gate. The fort runs from east to west. It is
rectangular in shape i.e., larger in length than breadth. It is one mile in length and half a
mile in breadth.

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 Cunningham noted two projections-one in the north angle that is nearly a
quarter of a square mile while another projection of the same size is on the middle of
the southern face. But the latter projection is triangular in shape.

The height of the Kalinjar fort(Plate No. 2.1) is quite inordinary and its access
was always difficult to the adversaries. Cunningham further remarks in his survey
report that Kalinjar fort excels the Gwalior fort in height. The former is 800 feet above
the plain while the latter is below 400feet, i.e. almost half in height. But in length the
fort of Gwalior is larger than the Kalinjar fort.

Kalinjar Fort (Plate No. 2.1)

Located on the table-land of the Kalinjar hill it has two entry points or gates,
one in the northern direction towards the town while the other is at the south-east angle.
The gate facing the route of Panna, is called the Panna Gate.'* It appears to have been
the main or principal entrance and hence it was followed by another six gates. These
gates were planned in such a way that at every point the advancing of the enemy's army
could be checked or repulsed. One interesting fact emerges out from these gates is that
these entrances were not constructed simultaneously but added at different points of
time keeping the necessity of defence and military tactics in mind. The principal gate is
called Alam Darwaza, a battlemented edifice added during the time of Aurangzeb.

21
The date of construction of this gate is determined on the basis of the inscription fixed
on the gate/

As we proceed further we encounter the second entry point known as the Ganesh gate
located at a steep ascent. Strategically placed, it is the strongest gate, defended by
bastions on either side.

It appears that it was the first gate in the original plan of the fort and this can be
inferred from its nomenclature. In Hindu mythology the entry point or gate had always
been associated with the Lord Ganesha. The third gate is located at a short distance
above in the bend of road called the Chandi Darwaza. It is also known as the Chaubuiji
Darwaza because it has a double gate with four towers. The antiquity of the gate is
attested by the graffiti and inscriptions left by pilgrims.^ Cunningham noticed an
inscription of the Gupta period^ that indicates the use of place for some specific
purpose.

Gate of Kalinjar Fort (Plate No.2.2)

The fourth gate is named after the auspicious planet Mars i.e., Budha and
therefore, known as the Budha Darwaza. It is interesting to note that because of steep
climb it assumed the second name Swarga-Rohan or "Heaven-ascending Gate". It also
contains one pilgrim's inscription of V.S. 1580/A.D. 1523.* Along the incline is the
fifth gate known as the Hanuman Darwaza. The figure of the monkey-God is carved on
the rock. Near the gate is located Bhairon Kund.

22
 This gate appears to have been named so because the God Hanuman represent
qualities of chivalry or courage. It reminds the soldiers about their might or strength to
fight with full coiirage. There are also numerous inscriptions of the pilgrims. The sixth
gate is the Lai darwaza which owes its name because of its red colour. This gate is
located near the top of the height. We may presume that it was named so because here
at this point a fierce or final battle was to be fought before entering into the main gate
where the royal palaces were located. Therefore it was named as the Lai drawaza. The
location of the statue of Bhairav also confirms this presumption. At a short distance is
located the seventh gate which is the main gate to reach inner part of the fort. This gate
is called Bada darwaza that is elaborately inscribed and leads on to the flat hilltop.
Cunningham opined on the basis of an inscription on the gate that it was constructed in
V.S. 1691/A.D. 1634.' However, it is difficult to ascertain whether it was the date of its
construction or renovation.

Waterbodies in the Fort:

The water availabity was considered one of the important factors for the site
selection of the construction of any fort because it determined the resistance power of
the occupants of the fort against the invading army. The planners of the Kalinjar fort
might have been satisfied with the water sources on the site. Therefore, they decided to
construct such a fort on the spot in question. There are enough water sources in and
around the fort. There are natural reservoirs and other man-made water-harvesting
structures. Prominent among them are kunds, ponds, springs and tanks (talao)-
seemingly, a pereimial source of water. The statement of Abul Fazl attests this fact
when he writes that "springs rise within the fort and there are numerous tanks".'° His
statement proves the wisdom of the planners in selecting this site for the fort which is
ftiU of hilly areas around it and provides sufficient water resources. Cunningham
notices Sita kund, Fatal Ganga (the underground Ganges) and Pandu hind. The Fatal
Ganga name itself indicates its depth. It was carved out by cutting the rock within,
therefore no building material was used. Its water supply is perennial. Its antiquity can
be judged fi-om the inscriptions found on the water body. There are numerous
inscriptions belonging to different periods. The oldest inscription is of the year V.S
1339/A.D. 1282 while others belong to different years such as V.S. 1500/A.D. 1443,
V.S.1540/A.D. 1483,A.H.936/A.D.1529-30 and V.S. 1640/A.D. 1583. The last two
belonged to the period of Humayun Akbar respectively.''

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 The Pandu kund, named after the Pandavas, is a "shallow circular basin", about
12 feet in diameter but supplies water without any hindrance. The water constantly
trickles from the clefts in the rock. An inscription of Gupta period establishes its
antiquity than the Fatal Ganga (Plate No. 2.3)

Patal-Ganga (Plate No. 2.3)

1 1r
mm^^^m m^gaB^t^f^^m^ .^
m^
tf M i
1;

1^ — ^ ^ ^ i..A -

Koti-Tirth Taal (Plate no. 2.4)

1

The Budhi or Burhiya tal was excavated in the bottom of deep depression with
steps all around. It is said that its water possesses great healing qualities. It was a
source of water for the dwellers of the fort.

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 The Bhairav kund is the waterbody located in the fort near the Lai Darwaza
(the sixth gate) and is the largest among the kunds in the fort. It is also Known as the
Khamborkund.'^

The Koti-tirth (Plate No. 2.4) is a holy spot with a quite big reservoir. It is
nearly 100 yards in length with a series of steps on all sides. The name of the reservoir
itself indicates its pilgrimage status that is also attested by numerous inscriptions left by
pilgrims. Cunningham says that it is located on the highest ground in the fort.'^ It
collects water in the rainy season or it contains underground water source. This
waterbody also feeds another small reservoir known as the Mrig-dhara or "Antelope's
spring". It is located below the Kot-Tirth.'''

Extant water structures demonstrate that enough sources of water for the
residents including military contingents stationed in the fort was available. This made
possible for the occupants to resist the invading army for a longer period.

Historical Background:

The territory of Kalinjar located on the Vindhya range is known in history well
before the construction of the fort. References of Kalinjar occurs in the Vedas, the
Mahabharata, Karam Purana, and Padam Purana'^ and these refer exclusively to project
Kalinjar as holy place meant for the ascetics. Besides these mythological references,
we find innumerable inscriptions that testily the antiquity of the place. The inscriptions
and sculptures indicate that this place was quite known before the construction of fort.
Its antiquity is regarded as pre-Chandelas dominations.'^

Inscriptions of different periods indicate the possession of the area by the

Pandavas, the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas. This place changed hands from
the Kalchuris to the Rashtrakutas in the second half of the 10* Centuy.'^ Later on the
area was captured by the Chandelas.

The fort is believed to have first erected by Chandra Varma, the founder of the
Chandela dynasty.'^ By the end of the 10* Century Kalinjar emerged as the capital of
the Chandelas.'^

Invasions on Kalinjar:

The Kalinjar fort appears to have faced first incursion of Mahmud of Ghazni in
A.D. 1019 but he returned back with enormous booty without besieging the fort. Again

25
in A.D. 1022, Mahmud came and besieged the fort but its ruler Nanda surrendered and
made a peace with the invader. But Farishta and Al-Beruni had all praise for the
strength and impregnability of the fort. The former writes that the fort of Kalinjar had
'no equal in the whole coimtry of Hindustan for its strength and impregnability'.•^° Al-
Beruni also had praise for it. He writes that:

"Marching from Kanoj (Kanyakubja) towards the south-east, on the western

side of the Ganges, you come to the realm of Jajahuti (Jejakbhukti), 30 farsakh from
Kanoj. The capital of the country is Kajuraha. Between this town and Kanoj there two
of the most famous fortresses of India, Gwalior and Kalinjar."^'

Then the next attack on Kalinjar was by Qutubuddin Aibak and the fort was
again wrested from the Chandelas. The court historian Hasan Nizami gives a detailed
description about this attack.^^ He writes as follows:

"In the year 599 AH(AD 1203-03) Qutubuddin Aibek proceeded to the
investment of Kalinjar, on which expedition he was accompanied by the Sahib Qiran
Shamsud din Altamash (Iltutmish). 'The accursed Parmar'[Paramardi deva(1165-
1203)], the Rai of Kalinjar, fled into the fort after a desperate resistance in thefieldand
afterwards surrendered himself, and 'placed the collar of subjection' round his neck,
and on his promise of allegiance was admitted to the same favours as ancestor had
experienced from Maqhmudbin Subuktigin, and engaged to make a payment of tribute
and elephants, but he died a natural death before he could execute any of his
engagements. His diwan or Mahtea by name Ajai Deo was not disposed to surrender so
easily as his master and gave up his enemies much trouble, until he was compelled to
capitulate, in consequence of severe drought having dried up all the reservoirs of water
in the fort. On Monday, the 20* of Rajab(27"' April, 1203) the garrison, in an extreme
state of weakness and distraction, came out of the fort and by compulsion left their
native place, and the fort of Kalinjar which was celebrated throughout the world for
being as strong as the wall of Sikandar [Alexander] was taken."

But inscription indicates that this fort was again taken by the Chadelas.^^ Again
on the instructions of Iltutmish, his iqtadar of Sultan kot and Bayana Malik,
Nasuruddin Taisi made an attempt on Kalinjar. As the news of his attack reached to the
ears of the ruler, he fled from there and the territory was plimdered by commander of

26
Iltutmish. He retreated laden with booty after devastating the countryside, but without
entering the fort^'' that remained with the Chandelas.

Next incursion was led by Humayun in 1530 which is attested by an inscription

on a rock below the Fatal Ganga?^ This attack was carried out during the last days of
Babur. This means that after ascending the throne in 1531 Humayun did not carry out
any campaign against Kalinjar.

Next attack on Kalinjar was by the Afghan ruler Sher Shah in AD 1545. It was
under Raja Kirat Singh, ft is said that the Afghan ruler asked the Raja to handover Bir
Singh Deo Bundela who had taken shelter there. His refiisal invited the attack. Thus the
fort was invested by the Afghan army and the siege lasted for one year. Sher Shah
himself was supervising the action. He ascended a high tower and was watching
activities and ordered one of the officers to bring supply of loaded shells and rockets.
There was firing by rockets and one of the rocket was fired against the gate but it
rebounded and ignited a heap of ammunitions. Sher Shah standing nearby was injured
and was taken back to his tent. Thereafter, he summoned his military commanders to
carry out attack immediately. His orders were followed. Abbas Khan Sherwani remarks
the invasion as below. ^^

"Men came and swarmed out instantly on every side like ants and locusts, and
by the time of afternoon prayers captured the fort, putting every one to the sword, and
sending all the infidels to hell. About the hour of evening prayers the intelligence of the
victory reached Sher Shah, and marks of joy and pleasure appeared on his countenance.
Raja Kirat Singh, with 70 men, remained in a house. Kutub Khan the whole night a
long watched the house in person lest the Raja should escape. Sher Shah ordered his
sons that none of his nobles need watch the house, so that the Raja escaped out of the
house, and the labor and trouble of this long watching was lost. The next day at sunrise,
however, they took the Raja alive." "On the lO"' Rabi-ul-awal, 952 AH.(May 1545),
Sher Shah went from the hostel of this world to rest in the mansion of happiness, and
ascended peacefully from the abode of this world to the lofty heavens. The date was
discovered in the words azdlash murd. He diedfi-omfire."

At last with much difficulty the Afghan army could get success in capturing the
fort. Kirat Singh was executed. Sher Shah's son Islam Shah was crowned at Kalinjar.

27
Later on, the fort again came under the possession of the Baghela chief, Raja Ram
Chand after the death of Islam Shah Sur?'

After his accession, the Mughal Emperor Akbar attempted to expand his
empire. In AD 1569, the Mughal emperor ordered Majnun Khan Qaqshal, the governor
of Manikpur to carry out military campaign against Kalinjar. Raja Ram Chander could
not dare to face the Mughal army and surrendered the fort without offering any
resistance. Akbar then appointed him the first qiledar of the Kalinjar fort.^^
Curmingham is right in recording that after the occupation of the fort by Akbar it
remained under the possession of the Mughals for 120 years. The Bundela chief
Chhatrasal captured the fort during the last phase of Augangzeb's rule^^ in 1688-89.
Since then, the fort remained with the Bundelas and did not face any incursion.

The above description shows that in real terms there was only one attack in
military sense and that was by Sher Shah in AD 1545, and in that war the strength of
the fort was demonstrated and a long siege is the testimony to it. Though ultimately the
fort was captured but its image as a strong fort was proved. Apart this solitary incursion
it was having virtually conquered by invaders but its occupant rulers surrendered the
fort without any resistance out of fear or being deceived by their trusted men.

Ajaigarh:

The Vindhya range stand proud to posses numerous forts of repute such as
Kalinjar and Ajaigarh. The latter is located just 35km from the district of Panna and
about 33 km. by road to the south west of Kalinjar. Further, it is on the south-east of
Mahoba and north-east of Khajuraho. The fort crowns on a flat spur of the Vindhya
range. It is located in the 24^54'' north latitude and 80*^18 east longitude. The river
Ken flows about 14 km south-west of the citadel. It derived its name from Ajaipal, a
sage who meditated on the hill Kedar Parvat.^°

A physical survey conducted by Curmingham in 1883-84 and his report

provides us insight about its design, topography and history. His survey finds its height
equal to that the fort of Kalinjar that is, between 700 and 800 feet above the plain. The
hill is composed of granite and sandstone. The lower part consists of granite is not
steep but the upper part contains a reddish sandstone is extremely high and quite
inaccessible. Cunningham makes a comparison of ground plans of both the forts of
Kalinjar and Ajaigarh and draws conclusion that the latter is not very small in size than

28
the former. It is quite near in size to that of the latter. The fort of Ajaigarh is near 1 mile
in length from north to south and only a little less from west to east. It is nearly
triangular in shape, and the circumference of its walls is just 3 miles. While Kalinjar is
oblong form and is nearly a mile in length and half a mile in breadth. At the north angle
there is a large projecting spur nearly a quarter of a square mile; and on the middle of
the southern face there is another projection of about the same size, but triangular in
shape. The distance between the extreme points of these two projections is nearly 1
mile. The whole area is therefore considerably less than I square mile, while the
parapet walls are nearly 4 miles in length.^'

Ajaigarh Fort (Plate No. 2.5)

The fort is located on the height of 1744 feet from the sea level and 860 feet
from the ground (Plate No. 25). The foundation of Ajaigarh is ascribed to one Ajaypal
about whom our sources are silent. Moreover, the name of Ajaigarh is not mentioned in
the available inscriptions. Instead, we come across the name as the Jayapura durga or
the "fortress of Jaipura".^^ It is said that it was constructed by the Chandela ruler Raja
Jaishakti in 830."

The fort was constructed keeping in mind the political conditions of the period.
Military campaigns and incursions of the adversaries to expand their territory was a
common feature of the polity. Therefore, the builders raised this citadel on a very high
hill and built very strong walls to withstand the onslaughts of the enemies and to use it
as an important stronghold in the region.

29
 To withstand prolonged sieges, the fort was provided middle bastions and
strong comer towers. It has seven gates. The one in the north does not have any
nomenclature but is simply styled as Darwaza however, in inscription it is mentioned as
Kalinjar Darwaza because it faces the fort of Kalinjar or leads towards it while the
other in the south-east is designated as the Tarhaoni Gate. It is named so because the
passage directly goes to the village of Tarhowan located at the foot of the hill.
Remaining five gates are blocked. To enter into the fort one has to pass through seven
gates and zigzag passage. These two gateways are the principal entrances to the fort.
Kalijar Darwaza is well defended by four subsidiary gates connected in series by the
flight of steps in right angle plan. The construction of these gateways is based on
trabeate style having antechambers built on either side to accommodate the guard.

The massive fortification wall as interspersed and strengthened by well

equipped sixteen bastions which are located at particular strategic sites. These bastions
are drum type in shape with a slight tapering on top just below the merlons. The bastion
wall contains loop-holes and crenellation for cannons and also for pouring hot water.
The parapet of the fortification is surmounted by merlons resembling mitres.

At the points of strategic importance particularly on the straight walls additional

rampart walk-wall at the top has been built and it is approached by flight of steps. The
platforms have been erected for fighting.

Waterbodies in the Fort:

The planners, designers and engineers of the citadel were conscious about its
provisions which could provide strength to sustain the siege for long period in addition
to strong and high walls, bastions and other military check-posts. Water harvesting
structures formed an essential component of the fort without which the fort could not
sustain for a single day. So they excavated large number of waterbodies to harvest rain
water which could satisfy the needs of large population including military contingents
and other defence purposes for longer period. So the water harvesting structures inside
the citadel provided strength to the occupants.

Keeping this point in mind the architects of the fort excavated two tanks named
as the Ganga and Yamuna near the northern of Kalinjar gate.

30
 The designation itself idicats that these waterbodies would provide water for
longer period as the two rivers the Ganga and Yamuna. These water monuments hewn
in rock and replenished from an undeground spring.

An enormous tank known as Ajaypal Ka-Talao (Plate No. 2.6) is located in the
middle of the fort that was built by cutting the rock. It is old in appearance but quite big
in circumference. Similarly, a tank known as the Parmal Tal or Parmardideva Talao is
located in the southern end of the fort. It is believed that this reservoir was excavated
by Raja Parmal of the Chandela dynasty. It is said that the latter waterbody was used by
women of the royal house.

Ajai Pal Ka Talao (Plate No.2.6)

A stepwell (baoli) was constructed by Raut Sri Vera, the son of Tejla in VS
1237/AD 1180 during the time of famine^'' Obviously, these three big reservoirs
provided sufficient water supply to the residents of the fort. The Ganga and Jamuna
tanks appear to have supplied water like perennial rivers of the same name. It means
their water was never dried up even in the summer. This implies that these tanks were
not depended on the rain water alone but get water from the underground springs.

The Ain-i-Akbari records Ajaygarh as one of the pargana headquarters under

the sarkar Kalinjar in suba Allahabad^^ which had a stone fort located on the hill. It
clearly demonstrates that it was incorporated into the Mughal empire by the time of the
compilation of the Ain by Abul Fazl. But we do not know that how it came under the

31
jurisdiction of the great Mughal emperor Akbar. We can presume that when Majnun
Khan Qagshal, the governor of Manikpur led military campaign against Kalinjar on the
orders of the Emperor^^ this citadel was also surrendered to Akbar by Raja Ram
Chander. This appears logical because it was then under the possessions of the ruler of
Kalinjar. Since the time of Akbar it remained the part of the Mughal empire till the end
of Aurangzeb's reign. In the meantime, Panna emerged as the dominant principality in
Bundelkhand, Champat Rai took part in the battle of Samugarh against Dara Shikoh on
the side of Aurangzeb.

Later on, the relations between Champat Rai and Aurangzeb were broken down
because of the latter's unbecoming behaviour. The Bundela chief resented against it
and decided to block Mughal access to Malwa. He harassed the Mughal army by
guerrilla tactics but the insurgency could not continue for a long. Under the pressure of
Mughal military campaigns, assisted by th Orchha troops he was compelled to commit
suicide by stabbing himself to death along with his wife.

After his father's death, Chhatrasal was offered Mughal service but instead he
preferred to search new allies in the Marathas. He met Shivaji and on his advice he
came back to Bvmdelkhand. Then pursuing the policy to expand Mughal influence in
his own region of Bundelkhand and he captured Ajaiygarh in 1674, Chhatrasal was
confirmed in his possessions by the emperor.

After his victory over the citadel it remained in the possession of the successors
of Chhatrasal. His son Jagat Raj inherited it as a part of Jaitpur state. Later on, it came
in 1800 in the hands of Ali Bahadur, the Nawab of Banda. Finally, in 1809 the British
laid siege of Ajaigah and the fort was conquered from a person known as Lakshaman
Daoowa, Pogson gives description of the battle:

"The batteries opened at day break on the 12**^ of February, 1809 and so heavy
and destructive was the fire, that the enemy could not show a man, and fired in the
intervals while our guns were cooling. By sunset two of their guns were dismounted
and three of the gates, with their defences, laid in ruins. Immense masses of stone and
masonry were brought down. Next morning, the batteries played on the upper gate and
defences with powerfiil effect, and at noon the enemy displayed a white flag. At four
they evacuated the fort; and atfivewe occupied it".^^

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 The Above description shows the strength of the fort. A fierce attack with guns
took a full day to capture it. It came under the possession of the British only after the
destruction of major defences of the fort. It shows that the fort of Ajaigarh is one of the
forts of India that faced many invasions but did not change hand without battle. This
speaks of the impregnability.

Maniyagarh:

This fort is located on the left side of the River Ken in the modem city Rajgarh.
It is pearched on an isolated hill known as the 'Maniya' mountain, part of range of hills
runs to the south and south-east of the modem place. This was built by the Chandela
mler Yasho Varma (A.D. 925-40).^^ He had established a temple in the fort of his
favourable deity Maniya Devi and named it 'Maniyagarh.'

The fort is in 24*^43'' north latitude and 8O'' east longitude and 1200 above the
sea level. The site was first surveyed by Cunningham in 1871-72 but could not conduct
extensive and detailed survey because of dense forest. Therefore, he gives rough
estimation of its size.

He says that "it is about 1 Vi mile long, or more, by from % to 14 a mile broad. .
Then he again conducted a survey in 1883-84 but could not add much afresh.
According to Tripathi the fort is about 15 km in circumference.'*" The wall around is
made of square and rectangular stones which are "well and closely set." Sometimes
merely mbbles are used but no motar in any case.'*'

With these stone slabs the wall is raised 20 feet high and 10 feet broad after
levelling the surface of the hill. From the defence point of view a guard or defence post
was erected on the western part of the wall which still exists though in dilapidated
condition.

According to Cunningham this fort is older than Ajaigarh and Kalinjar. Though
it is not as extensive as Ajaiygarh but certainly stronger than it.'*^ It is unique in its
natural defence. Since it is raised on an isolated hill and not commanded by any other
hills. Those which are close or near to it being separated by deep valleys which makes
it difficult to approach.'*^ This is the reason that it neither went into the hands of an
enemy and nor even attacked.

33
 The Chandela rulers by excavating eight tanks all around the fort made the
approach more inaccessible.'*'' Besides this, the eastern part is protected by the River
Ken. Thus deep valleys, tanks and the river Ken made it impregnable.

It appears that the citadel contains one gate in the north which is the main
entrance called the Chandorani Darwaza located near the temple of Maniya Devi.

The palaces and stores were erected in the middle of the fort. An enormous tank
was excavated in one comer of it. In addition to it, there is a natural spring from which
water constantly oozes out from clefts and pores of the overhanging rock and collects
into a Kund.

Bundelas:

The emergence of the Bundelas marks a new beginning in the field of fortress-
palace building. The style developed by the Bimdelas in the architecture contains some
indigenous elements, therefore it earned an appellation and to be referred to as the
'Bundela Style' The Jahangir Mandir or Mahal at Orchha and the Bir Singh Dev Mahal
at Datia are the representative of this style.

Jahangir Mandir or Palace:

This fortress palace was constructed under the instructions of Raja Bir Singh
Dev in the first and second decade of the seventeenth century. It was purposefully
designated as the Jahangir Mandir to demonstrate his loyalty to his patron, the Mughal
emperor Jahangir. The suffix of the term "Mandir' (temple) after proper name, Jahangir
signifies the status of the God which was accorded to the Mughal emperor by the
Bimdela chief Infact, this was a befitting response from him to his patron who has the
entire territory of Bundelkhand dethrowning Raja Ram Shah, the elder brother of Bir
Singh Dev.

Percy Brown calls'*^ it as the "castellated residence which means combination of

characteristics of a citadel and a royal palace. The magnificence of the architectural
style demonstrates the commanding position of the Bundela chief in the region. This
multistoried structure was built on a hillock with locally fovmd stone. This magnificent
building is square in plan with bastions at the comers, rising in two storeys with
projecting balconies which are supported by brackets and surmounted with pillard

34
kiosks. This appears to have been influenced with the architectural style and design of
Gwalior fort.

Eave stones (chhajjas) supported by beautiful brackets run all around the
building at various heights thus dividing the entire building into several receding
storeyes. In the middle of each storey is a projecting balcony resting on pillars. The top
most storey has four domed pavilions at the four comers and four domed structures at
the four sides- which come eight in all. Each domed superstructure is surroimded by
four smaller chhatris. While the four side pavilions are also flanked by two pillared
square kiosks {chhatris) with pyramidal roofs. Each done is crowned with padamkosha
(lotus petal), amalaka and kalasha fmial. The four side pavilion domes are plain while
the four comer pavilion domes are ribbed domes which resemble to those of Hampi.

Front View of Jahangir Palace (Plate No. 2.7)

The main entrance is beautifully designed as it is five storey high structure and
each storey is demarcated by chhaja resting on carved brackets (Plate No. 2.7). The
entrance is a combination of both Hindu (trabeated) and Islamic (arcuate) techniques.
The actual entrance is through the beautifully carved lintel and bracket doorway above
which is a fringed arch and the whole is enclosed within a rectangular fi-ame. The
gateway is flanked by projected pillared square balconies wdth beautiful brackets
supporting the chhajjas.

35
 The lower balconies contain a pair stone elephants while the upper balconies
have openings which are connected in the chambers behind them.(Plate No. 2.8) There
is also an opening above the gateway in between the actual entrance and the ornamental
arch. The entire facade is beautifully decorated with carvings and the remaining upper
storeys are covered with perforated stone (jali) screens (Plate No. 2.10).

Main Entrance Gate (Plate No. 2.8)

Inner View of Palace (Plate No. 2.9)

As compared to the exterior, the interior is more interesting. The central

courtyard is surrounded by multi-storeyed structures.(Plate No.2.9)

36
 Whereas the exterior is predominantly indigenous while interior is
predominated by Islamic or arcuated methods. There are arcaded verandas in all the
four sides of which in the center are pointed plains arches and in the sides are foliated
arches.

Jalis and Bracket of the Palace (Plate No. 2.10)

Fountain System in Courtyard (Plate No. 2.11)

Seeing these characteristics it may be said that the interior arrangement pf

buildings with constructional techniques have close resemblance with the structures of
Fatehpur Sikri. Exteriorly it bears a close affmity with Rajput structures of Rajasthan.

37
 Percy Brown compares the interior design with that of Jodha Bai house at
Fatehpur Sikri. But at the same time he appreciates it's large size and intricate
planning/^ (See Plate No.2.11)

It appears that master mason tried to imbibe all essential elements of medieval
architecture in this great building. On this basis the English historian of architecture
classifies it as a superb example of the builder's art.'*^

The analysis of the architectural characteristics, design and plan of the Jahangir
Mahal demonstrates that it contains varied forms and styles of architecture developed in
different regions prior to this building. The styles of Rajput, Hampi, Islamic and
Mughal architecture were skillfully employed by the artisans. On this basis one may
say that it is an example of composite culture reflected in the architecture developed by
the Bundela rulers in their territory. In fact it represents an amalgamation of in the field
of building construction.

Palace of Datia:

Datia is located 24 km north-west of Jhansi and about 48 km away from

Orchha. Now it forms a separate district headquarters of state of Madhya Pradesh.
Formerly it was the part of Orchha state. When the reins of the Bundelkhand state came
in the hands of Bir Singh Dev in 1605 the constriction of buildings: forts, palaces,
temples, dams, wells and stepwells was initiated at large scale.

The constriction of palace at Datia was a part of broad plan of Bir Singh Dev
which he is said to have built in 1620.^*^ This building was known by various names
such as Satkhanda Mahal, Narsinsgh Mahal'*^, Datia Rajmahal^*' and Purana Mahal or
Birsingh's Palace.^'

It is built on an outstanding rock and seems to be a compact building within an

enclosure. Percy Brown praises its architectural beauty. He gives its measurement as
200 feet in length and the total height to the apex of the central dome isl30 feet but at
the same time praises to architectural entity which makes it majestic and prominent. ^^
He further writes that since the entire structure stands on an uneven ridge of granite
therefore its height is deceptive. A remarkable feature of this building is that it is not
unplanned but based on a solid principle. Percy Brown praises its 'systems of
foundation.' He notices underground storeys which are not visible. There are as many

38
underground storeys as are above the ground. According to him there are many large
underground or subterranean halls in descending order. It is evident that these
underground halls are excavated out of the basement rock. These underground storeys
or tahkhanas appear to have duplicate of the structure above. This kind of planning of
underground storeys is said to have been usual in hot countries and Brown designates
them as the 'cavern- like retreats' and this appears to have been the motive behind this
particular design 53

Facade of Datia palace (Plate No. 2.12)

It is really a massive structure comprising as many as five stories and square in

plan. Every storey is of different height. The storeys are superimposed one over the
other in diminishing manner to be finzilly surmoimted by a big ribbed dome on an
octagonal drum and surrounded by four small chhatris, one each on the four comers of
the square terrace of the top storey. The dome as well as the chhatris are crowned with
padamkoshas, amalka and Kalash finials. Each storey of the palace is demarcated by
chhajas resting on beautiful brackets and these chhajas with babustrades are formed
into balconies at every stage for the rooms opening out them.

39
 Though both arcuate and trabeate methods have been used, the trabeate and
corbelling methods seem to predominate. The outerwalls of the upper storey have
ornamental arcaded panels, but these are not made of arches. The shape of arch is
achieved by using corbelled brackets resting on pilasters.

w^>- isJiyl
^^si^^^^^SF^k
i^^m

7^
s ^''^^^HPH^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I

Inner View Of Palace (Plate No. 2.13)

Alcove Paintings in Palace (Plate No. 2.14)

The main entrance and the fa9ade of the palace is very beautifiilly and
w^ell designed.(Plate No. 2.15) The main entrance getev^^ay is in the traditional
indigenous style i.e. made of pillar lintel (trabeate) style. It is,

40
 however, superimposed by a fine four-centered pointed arch of the Mughal
style, and the gap in between the lower trabeated entrance and the arch above is filled
with a corbelled projecting window. The entrance gateway is enclosed within a
rectangular margin which contain a series of recessed alcoves.

Ceiling Paintings of Main Gate (Plate No. 2.15)

Paintings in Room of Palace (Plate No. 2.16)

At the lower level the gateway is flanked by two side asanas (stone seats) while
at the upper level by two pillered kiosks. Above the gateway are open pillared
balconies while at the third stage a similar balcony but covered stone jalis.

41
 To decorate the outer fa9ade and paint are used. Brown calls it coloured tiles a
public entrance while another entrance on the northern is styled as private.

Eaves, Domes and Canopies of Palace (Plate No. 2.17)

The interior breaks up into separate five stories of apartments. In fix)nt of them
is an open courtyard in middle of which stands five storied structure. There are royal
compartments on these stories. Percy Brown concludes that making of the royal
compartment was the central features of the entire composition.^'*

One point of extreme importance related to the water supply system to the
residents of this large fortress- palace is escaped the notice of the historians of the
architecture. No building of such a magnitude could be designed or even imagined
without a proper water supply system. Then how the eight storied structure (five
underground) could be thought of by the master masions of the periods?

The location of the building on the bank of a lake provided ample source of
water. It was depended on the skill of the civil and hydraulic engineers to tap this water.
It appears that they got success in their efforts in taping the rain water collected in lake.

42
 The basement rock on which the entire five storied structure stands was
excavated by the builders to make subterranean halls and rooms. Similarly, the rear
portion was dug out deeper than the water level of the lake located in that direction. It
appears that two wells were excavated to tap under current of gushing water of the
jheel. On the mouth of both the wells two minars were raised upto the level of the apex
of the palace. The arrangement appears to have been made at every stage to lift water
and supply through channels (nails) to every part of the palace. This is evident from
the extant systems of channels available at the upper part of the building.

Lake Behind the Palace (Plate No. 2.18)

FortofKulPahar:

Kul Pahar is combination of two villages namely Kuluhua and Paharia.

Formerly, both had separate identities but later on merged into one and popularly
known as Kulpahar.^^ This place is part of the district of Mahoba located at 25^' 19 N
latitude and 79°-39 E longitude. This was in the jagir of Kehar Singh son of Raja Jagat
Raj of Jaitpur and the grandson of Maharaja Chhatarsal of Panna.^^ He erected a
fortress palace on the hill. Though it is a small but beautiful edifice. The outer wall of
the fort is quite high and looks like a palace. It is a three storeyed building. On the
ground floor there are two rectangle windows.

43
 In middle of the wall of the second floor an arch type M l size window with
two small size windows covered by overhanging. The third floor contains three full size
arched openings. On the roof there is a projected balcony rested on four brackets in the
middle. (Plate No 2.20)

Fort of Kul Pahad (Plate No. 2.19)

Courtyard and Both Sides Open Veranda (Plate No. 2.20)

There are total six structures- four rested chhatris and two open pavilions with
semi-circular roof On the right side of the structure there is an open pavilion with five
openings in front and one in side. Above it there is another storey with two openings in

44
front part is decorated with Kanguras. In left side of the main building there is an
octagonal structure with small square/rectangular hole. On top of it there is a statue
mounted on horse. It is said that the statue is of some Shah who rule over this area in
later period. Apparently this structure is later addition because it has no symmetry with
the building.

Wall of the Courtyard (Plate No. 2.21)

The open courtyard on the upper storey possesses an excellent wall. (Plate No.
2.21) There are chhatris on all four comers and middle wall contains arch openings
topped by semi-circular roof with three openings. In middle of every two such
structures a chhatri is mounted to beautify the outer wall. In one comer of open
enclosure an open tibari (sitting place with three cross openings) topped by chhaja and
carved roof was erected. It was a sitting place for enjoying summer evenings.

Fort of Prithvipur:

The fort is located in the south of village Prithvipur in district Tikamgarh at 25°
13' N latitude and 78^46'E longitude. It perches on a flat surface of a mound. It was
constmcted by Maharaj Prithvi Singh (1736-52) and therefore came to be known after
his name. Presently its major parts have been destroyed except north- westem part.
Since its major part is destroyed therefore it is difficult to know about its entrance gate.

45
It appears that its main gate was in the north. It is said that there are many turns in the
fort and it contains two courtyards." (Plate No. 2.22)

Fortified Wall of the Fort (Plate No. 2.22)

Courtyard of the Fort (Plate No. 2.23)

The fortification wall is made of rubbles with mortar. (Plate No.2.22) The wall
has loop-holes and embrasures in three tiers. Besides these, there are square holes on
the entire body of the wall. Middle part is projected which also contains holes. On both
sides of the wall there are gumbads or bastions containing embrasures. There is an
open space between the kanguras and space for soothing.

46
 Both the courtyards are made of bricks and mortar. There are two rooms with
multifoliated arch entrances. There is a chhaja rested on stone brackets running over
rooms. There is one room on the first floor fi-onted by a terrace. Above the room there
is an open roof. A wall is located in the middle of the courtyard. It appears that it was a
royal residence.

Another courtyard is located on the south of the first. This part contains ladies
apartment. It's a double storey building. There are one entrance with small windows for
light and ventilation. There are three bastions which were meant for guns.

Water was lifted from well and stored in rectangular overhead tank and supplied
through channel (nali) running parallel to the roof wall.

Barauni Fort:

There are two Baronis : Baroni Khurd and Barauni Buzburg in tahsil Datia and
located at 25*^41' N and 78°24' E. It is about 6.4 km north-east of the headquarters. In
the former place there is an old ruined fort which is said to have been constructed by
Bir Singh Dev when it was in his Jagir. His interest in the construction sector appears to
have been developed during the time ofjagirdari of Baroni.

Main Gate of Barauni Fort (Plate No. 2.24)

The fort of Baroni contains two entrances. The fa9ade of entrance has two
storeys. (P. No. 2.25) The ground floor possesses multifoliated arched gate with two
side rooms. Two windows of these chambers are opened on each side of the entrance.

47
 A chhaja resting on the brackets runs above them. There is an open chamber
fronted by three openings on the first floor. Front sides are having windows of big size.
It is sided by two chambers with one window on each opened towards fi-ont. The roof
contains palanquin and escorted by two chhatris on each side. Below the palki there are
four windows. The fafade represents the style of the Bundela architecture.

Palenquine Gate of Fort (Plate No. 2.25)

Double Storyed Courtyard of Fort (Plate No. 2.26)

In the side of the former building there is an another complex or may be

extension or part of it. The entrance of this part is magnificent. This double arched

48
darwaza of great height gives the impression of the Buland Darwaza of Fatehpur Sikri.
Similar kind of gate is in the inner part. Intermediate part is in closed chambers. The
arch patterns in niches in stone are carved out in the wall on both sides but square
pattern in lower and upper part. There are square and rectangular holes in these patterns
probably for ventilation. In both the comers two structures exist which depict the
pattern of palki and chhatris. The grandeur and loftiness of the entrance gate
encourages us to infer that it was probably constructed by Bir Singh Dev after killing
Abul Fazl.

In the inner part there is an open courtyard and in one side there is a double
storey building. The part on the ground floor is opened with multifoliated arched
entrance numbering in five. While the upper storey openings are towards the courtyard
topped by Kanguras. In firont of this there is a place with the jet of sprinklers for
enjoying surrmier evenings.

Similarly, a very beautifiil watch tower like small chamber stands on roof It is
made of polished stone with beautiful flower carvings. The roof is designed in semi-
circular pattern topped by the gumbad. Entrance is decorated with multifoliated arch. In
all theflourcomers there are decorated circular pillars.

Badi (Buzurg) Baroni Fort:

This fort too is situated in Baroni but abandoned. Since it was colonized in early
period therefore it came to know as Badi Baroni. This means that to this fort too
belongs to early period. It stands on a hill and its height is about 30 metres from the
plain area below the foot of the hillock. The stmcture is irregular in plan and has many
tums. It measures about 150 metres along east-west about 200 metres broad in north.

There is only one approach to the fort in the east. But one deceptive space
resembles entrance exists between two stone blocks below two tums of the wall. Upper
open part is covered with stone slab on which wall was raised. The gap between the
two stones was used by the builders to lure the invaders to approach the gate and face
attack from above the ramparts.

The battlement wall has much curvature on front side according to the contours
of the hill. The wall possesses two and at some places three tiers of loop-holes.

49
These were designed to provide hidden space for discharging weapons like arrows,
spears or cannons. These are in downward position. There are real windows in the
fortification wall.

Fort of Buzurg Barauni (Plate No.2.27)

Entrance of Fort (Plate 2.28)

The fa9ade of the top entrance gate possesses space which serves the purpose
for pouring hot water and boiled oil over the enemies. Besides, there are loop-holes in
the wall for discharging cannons. Thus the entrance gate is well fortified. This fort
possesses one unique characteristics that is its four bastions.

50
 Three bastions are located outside the fortification wall but connected through
the passage. All are raised on heavy block of stones attached to the parapet wall. If
these were not constructed over these stone slabs then they could be used by the
enemies to scale the wall. Two are semi-circular while the third is almost circular in
shape. All have loop-holes. The third one is bigger in height and contains loop-holes
and open gallery on the upper part. The roof provides seating place.

Probably, the bastion was raised to safeguard the entrance gate from the
enemey's attacks. The fourth bastion is located on the back part of the entrance which
was meant to cover the onslaughts of the adversaries from the back. The lower part of it
big in size while upper portion is small. It contains both loop-holes and embrasures.

Inner Part of Fort (Plate no. 2.29)

There are many palatial buildings in the fort-complex but destroyed now. Some
parts are visible. In one comer one room in the upper protion which has one oriel
window and two side windows. There are two chhatris on side while one window
topped by palki and a gumbad still exists. While another chamber's projected balcony
resting on brackets is seen. Remaining part is destroyed probably in attacks. There is a
place probably for sitting inside the entrance gate. But this has passage in both sides
therefore it can be presumed that this place was meant for hiding the soldiers in them.
There is a strong possibility that these were connected with adjacent side chambers.

51
Rajgarh Fort:

Presently, the fort is situated in the district Chhatarpur. It perches on high

hillock and located at 24^42 N latitude and 80° E longitude. It was built by Raja
Hindupat (1758-76) of Panna. ^^ It entrance gate is north facing. To approach the main
gate long and broad flight of steps are provided.(Plate No. 2.30)

1 i^^^^K.

1 , .11
huuiMit^^^^Hm^P

[\^
.*

^^I^H^L^K A_J
.'1|-:J| <<• ^9BV»^^^^^^BiBS^BV^^^^^
d^^^^^i

Fortified Wall of Fort (Plate No.2.30)

Facade of Palace (plate No. 231)

The facade of the main entrance gate is well ornamented with architectural designs and
paintings. It has multifoliated arch entrance.(plate No. 2.31)

52
 The provision for sitting on both sides with arch window is made. Above two
projected balconies with semi-circular coverings are raised. There is designed verandah
in front of chamber. Above it, another chamber with three arch windows. Both the sides
of the entrance gate are decorated with the verandah on the ground and the first floor.
The first floor contains screens. Second floor contains three open arch windows.

Public Court of Palace (Plate No.2.32)

Ornamented Balconies and Room Chamber (Plate No. 3.33)

It has one underground hall which was meant for holding court (Plate No. 2.32).
It rests on pillars. On its upper part, there are two rooms and one room in each comer.

53
 Every room is topped by the chhatris. There are semi-circular open sitting place
in the middle of the roof.(Plate No.2.33) Since the fort palace was constructed in the
second half of the 18* century therefore ornamentation is stylish.

We may conclude that the forts not only served the points of defence
mechanism but also were the centers of power for the medieval chieftains who resided
in the forts with their paraphernalia and military contingents to guard the area under his
command or authority. The plarming, location and strategical designs of such forts or
fortress were made in a way to deter the enemy access to it.

Forts of Chandelas

S.No. Fort builders Year Location

1. Garh Kundar Yasho Varman 925-40 Tkamgarh
2. Barigarh Vijay Varman 1040 Chhatarpur
(Vijaygarh)
3. Manijagarh Yasho Varrm 925-40 Do
4. Ajaygarh Jaishakti 830 Panna
5. Mahoba Madan Varman Mahoba
6. Jaitpur Samarjit S/o Parmal Do
Dev
7. Madfa Chandelas Banda
8. Hamirpur Hamir Dev 289-1508 Hamirpur
9. Kalpi Vasho Varma 955 Jalaun

Forts of Bundelas

S.No. Fort Builder Year Location

1. Orchha Rudra Pratap 1531 Tikamgarh
Malhukar Shah
2. Khargpur Madho Singh S/o Bir c. 1630 Do
Singh Dev
3. Mohangarh Udot Singh C.1700 Do
4. Jhansi Bir Singh Dev 1613 Jhansi
5. Karera Do 1618 Shivpuri

54
References ^ ^ ^ - v , . ,,^s

1. A, Purer. The monumental Antiquities and Inscriptions in the North-Western

Province and Oude, Varanasi, reprint, 1969,p.; Rita Sharma and Vijay Sharma,
The forts of Bundelkhand, Delhi, 2006, pp. 152-67.

2. A Cunningham records its height about 800 feet above the plain, Reports of A
Tour in Bundelkhand and Rewa in 1883-84; and A Tour in Rewa, Bundelkhand,
Malwa and Gwalior, in 1984-85, Varanasi, Reprint, 1969, p.21.

3. Cunningham, A Tour in Rewa, op.cit., p.21.

4. Ibid., p.28.

5. The given date is 1084 AH/AD 1673, cf.ibid., pp.38-39. Also see, Syed Ali
Nadeem Rezavi, 'The Medieval Fort of Kalinjar And Its Hitory', in
Proceedings of Indian History Congress, 63'^'' Session, 2002, p. 1234.

6. Three dates are VS 1199, 1572, 1580 and 1600. Cunningham writes that the VS
1600/AD 1543 is the date of final capture of the fort by Sher Shah. There is an
error of two years, ibid., p.39.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., p.30.

10. Abdul Fazl, Ain-i-Akhari, tr. Jarret, Vol.II,p. 170.

11. Ibid.,pp.30-31.

12. Nadeem Rezavi, Op.cit, p. 1236.

13. Cunningham, Op.cit., p.320.

14. This was noticed by Lieutenant Maisey and recorded by Cunningham in his
survey, op.cit., p.32.

15. For its antiquity see, Cunningham, op.cit., pp.21-22.

16. Edwin T. Atkinson, Statistical Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-
Western Provinces of India, Vol.1, Allahabad, pp.446-73; Cunningham, op.cit.,
pp.22-48; Nadeem Rezavi, op.cit., p. 1239.

55
17. H.C. Ray, Dynastic history of North India, Calcutta, 1936, II, p.741; N.S. Bose
History of the Chandelas, Calcutta, 1956, pp.29-30.

18. Though Cunningham believes that it was constructed before the Chandelas but
his argument is based on the inscriptions of earlier period which do not mention
about the fort, see op.cit., pp.22-23.

19. Nadeem Rezavi, op.cit., p. 1240.

20. Nizamuddin Ahmad, Tabaqat-I-Akbari, tr. B.De. Biblitheca Indica, Vol.1,

Calcutta, 1927, p.l4.

21. Abu Raihan al-Beruni, Alheruni 's India, tr. Sachau, London, 1910, Vol.1, p.202.

22. Hasan Nizami, Tajul Ma 'asir, tr. Elliot and Dowson, History of India as Told by
its own Historians, Vol.III, London, 1869, pp.231-32.

23. Nadeem Rezavi, op.cit., p. 1242.

24. Minhaj us Siraj, Tabaqat-I-Nasiri, ed. Nasau Lees, K. Husain and Abdul Hayy,
Bib. Ind. 1864, pp.239-41, as quoted by Nadeem Rezavi, op.cit, p. 1243.

25. Fuhrer, op.cit., p. 152, Nadeem Rezavi gives a description about this expedition,
op.cit, p. 1243.

26. Abbas Khan Sarwani, Tarikh-I-Sher Shahi, ed. S.M. Imamuddin, Dacca, 1964,
pp.200-04; also, K.R. Qanungo, Sher Shah and His Times, Calcutta, 1921,
p.339.

27. Abul Fazl, Akbarnama, ed. Beverridge, Vol.11, p.499; Abdul Qadir Badauni,
Muntakhab ut Tawarikh, Vol.11, p. 124.

28. Cunningham, op.cit., p.27.

29. A Cunningham, Reports of A Tour in Bundelkhand and Rewa in 1883-84 and A

Toor in Rewa, Bundelkhand, Malwa And Gwalior in 1884-85, Vol. XXI-part-I
and II, Varanasi, p.46.

30. Ibid, p.46.

31. Ibid, p.21; Rita Sharma and Vijay Sharma, op.cit., pp.143-44.

32. Ibid, p.46.

56
33. Kashiprasad, Bundelkhand Ke Durg, Delhi, 2005, p. 139; B.L.Bhadani & Safiya
Khan, Ajaigarh Fort: Water Structures and Religious buildings.- Felicitation
volume of Dr. Manohar Singh Ranawat, Natnagar Shodh Sansthan, Sitamau,
(M.P.)2010.

34. Inscription of VS 1237/AD 1180 which indicates the construction of a baoli by

Raut Sri Vera see, for the text of the inscription, Cunningham, ibid, p.50.

35. Abul Fazl, Ain-I-Akbarri, tr. By Col. H.S. Jarrrett and corrected and annotated
by Jadunath Sarkar, Vol.11, New Delhi, third edition, 1978, p. 177.

36. Abul Fazl, Akbarnama, ed. Baveridge, Vol.11, p.499, Abdul Qadir Badauni,
Muntakhab ut Tawarikh, Vol.11, p. 124.

37. W.R. Pogson quotes from the Asiatic Annual Register of 1809, in his A History
of the Bundelas, Delhi, 1974, p. 136.

38. Kashiprasad Tripathi, Bundelkhand Ke Durg, New Delhi, 2005, p.75.

39. Cunningham, Report of a Tour on Bundelkhand and Malwa, 1871 -72 and in the
Central Provinces, 1873- 74, Calcutta, 1878, pp.42-3.

40. Tripathi, op.cit., p.75.

41. Cvuiningham, op.cit., p.42

42. Ibid., p.44.

43. Ibid. Ibid.

44. Kashiprasad Tripathi, Bundelkhand Ke Durg, p. 157.

45. Percy Brown, Indian Architecture (Islamic period), Mimibai, reprint, 1997, p.
120; K.K. Chakravarty expresses similar views see, 'The Palace Architecture of
Orchha' in The Glory that was Bundelkahnd, part I, ed. K.D. Bajpai, Bhopal,
1963, p. 577.

46. Ibid, pp. 120-21

47. Ibid., p. 120. E.A. Havell expresses in similar way and praises its craftsmanship;
Indian Architecture, London 1913, p.203; G.H.R..Tillotson, The Rajput
Palaces, Delhi, 1987.

57
48. Bhagwan Das Gupta, Mughalon Ka Antargat Bundelkhand, op.cit., p. 136; S.D.
Trivedi Bundelkhand Ka Puratatva, pp.39-40.

49. Harivishnu Awasthi, 'Bundelkhand Ka Aik Adwitya Abhishapt Prasad

Narsingh Mahal Datia' in Bundeli Basant 2002, ed. Bahadur Singh Parmar,
Basari, Chhatarpur, pp.117-20.

50. Maasir-ul-Umra

51. E.B. Havell, Indian Architecture, p.202.

52. Percy Brown, op.cit, p. 121; while Havell offers a different measurement. He
writes that it is "over 300 feet square in plan and raised upon a vaulted
basement about 40 feet high" ef p. 202.

53. Percy Brown, op.cit., p.l21.

54. Ibid

55. K.P. Tripathi, Bundelkhand the Durg, pp. 57.

56. Ibid., pp.59-60.

57. Madhya Pradesh District Gazetters-Datia p.301.

58. K.P. Tripathi, pp.77-78.

58