ASSIGNMENT # 2

IN

OPERATING SYSTEMS
MSIT 621

Submitted by: Adrian Jay L. Delara

Submitted to: Sir
ENIAC- ENIAC (/ˈini.æk/ or /ˈɛni.æk/; Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first
electronic general-purpose computer. It was Turing-complete, digital, and could solve "a large class of
numerical problems" through reprogramming.

EDVAC- EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest
electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was a
stored program computer.

Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer.

EDSAC- Short for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, EDSAC is an early British
computer considered to be the first stored program electronic computer. The computer was created at
the University of Cambridge in England, performed its first calculation on May 6, 1949, and was the
computer that ran the first graphical computergame, nicknamed "Baby." In the picture to the right, is an
example of the EDSAC computer.

BINAC- BINAC, the Binary Automatic Computer, was an early electronic computer designed
for Northrop Aircraft Company by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1949. Eckert and Mauchly,
though they had started the design of EDVAC at the University of Pennsylvania, chose to leave and
start Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), the first computer company. BINAC was their first
product, the first stored-program computer in the US, and the world's first commercial digital computer.

UNIVAC- UNIVAC is the name of a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with
the products of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the name was applied to a division of
the Remington Rand company and successor organizations. UNIVAC is
an acronym for UNIVersal Automatic Computer.
The BINAC, built by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, was the first general-purpose computer for
commercial use. The descendants of the later UNIVAC 1107 continue today as products of
the Unisys company.

IBM- IBM - The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)
through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company,
the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed "International
Business Machines" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The
initialism "IBM" followed. In 1949, Watson created IBM World Trade Corporation, a subsidiary of IBM focused
on foreign operations. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of
the color in products, packaging and its logo.
Fortran (formerly FORTRAN, derived from "Formula Translation") is a general-
purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific
computing. Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, Fortran came
to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous use for over half a century in
computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational
fluid dynamics, computational physics and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-
performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest
supercomputers.
Fortran encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while
usually retaining compatibility with prior versions. Successive versions have added support for structured
programming and processing of character-based data (FORTRAN 77), array programming, modular
programming and generic programming (Fortran 90), high performance Fortran (Fortran 95), object-oriented
programming (Fortran 2003) and concurrent programming (Fortran 2008).

ESA/390 (Enterprise Systems Architecture/390) was introduced in September 1990 and was IBM's last 31-bit-
address/32-bit-datamainframe computing design, copied by Amdahl, Hitachi, and Fujitsu among other
competitors. It was the successor of Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (ESA/370) and, in turn, was
succeeded by the 64-bit z/Architecture in 2000.
Machines supporting the architecture have been sold under the brand System/390 (S/390) from the
beginning of the 1990s. The 9672 implementations of System/390 were the first high-end IBM mainframe
architecture implemented first with CMOS CPU electronics rather than the traditional bipolar logic.

BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-
purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.
In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College in
New Hampshire. They wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use
computers. At the time, nearly all use of computers required writing custom software, which was something
only scientists and mathematicians tended to learn.
Versions of BASIC became widespread on microcomputers in the mid-1970s and 1980s. Microcomputers
usually shipped with BASIC, often in the machine's firmware. Having an easy-to-learn language on these
early personal computers allowed small business owners, professionals, hobbyists, and consultants to
develop custom software on computers they could afford.
BASIC remains popular in many dialects and in new languages influenced by BASIC, such as Microsoft's Visual
Basic. In 2006, 59% of developers for the .NET Framework used Visual Basic .NET as their only programming
language.

Unix (trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive
from the originalAT&T Unix, developed in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.
Initially intended for use inside the Bell System, AT&T licensed Unix to outside parties from the late 1970s,
leading to a variety of both academic and commercial variants of Unix from vendors such as the University of
California, Berkeley (BSD), Microsoft(Xenix), IBM (AIX) and Sun Microsystems (Solaris). AT&T finally sold its
rights in Unix to Novell in the early 1990s, which then sold its Unix business to the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO)
in 1995,] but the UNIX trademark passed to the industry standards consortium The Open Group, which allows
the use of the mark for certified operating systems compliant with the Single UNIX Specification (SUS).
Among these is Apple's macOS, which is the Unix version with the largest installed base as of 2014.
The Intel 80286 (also marketed as the iAPX 286] and often called Intel 286) is a 16-bit microprocessor that
was introduced on 1 February 1982. It was the first 8086 based CPU with separate, non-
multiplexed, address and data buses and also the first withmemory management and wide protection
abilities. The 80286 used approximately 134,000 transistors in its original nMOS (HMOS) incarnation and, just
like the contemporary 80186, it could correctly execute most software written for the earlier Intel
8086 and8088 processors.

The Intel 486 ("four-eight-six"), also known as the i486 or 80486 is a higher performance follow-up to
the Intel 80386microprocessor. The 486 was introduced in 1989 and was the first
tightly[2] pipelined x86 design as well as the first x86 chip to use more than a million transistors, due to a large
on-chip cache and an integrated floating-point unit. It represents a fourth generation ofbinary
compatible CPUs since the original 8086 of 1978.

MS-DOS (/ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs/ EM-es-DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a discontinued operating
system for x86-basedpersonal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. It was the most commonly used
member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC
compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by
operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft
Windows operating system by Microsoft Corporation.

Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released
in July 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing, multi-user operating system.
The first version of Windows NT was Windows NT 3.1 and was produced for workstations and server
computers. It was intended to complement consumer versions of Windows (including Windows
1.0 through Windows 3.1x) that were based onMS-DOS. Gradually, the Windows NT family was expanded
into Microsoft's general-purpose operating system product line for all personal computers, deprecating
the Windows 9x family.

Linux (pronounced /ˈlɪnəks/ LIN-əks or, less frequently, /ˈlaɪnəks/ LYN-əks) is a Unix-like and mostly POSIX-
i

compliant[12]computer operating system (OS) assembled under the model of free and open-source
software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating
system kernel first released on October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The Free Software Foundation uses the
name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to somecontroversy.
Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for personal computers based on the Intel
x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms than any other operating
system. Because of the dominance of Android onsmartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all
general-purpose operating systems. Linux, in its original form, is also the leading operating system
on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers and virtually all
fastestsupercomputers, but is used on only around 1.6% of desktop computers when not
including Chrome OS, which has about 5% of the overall and nearly 20% of the sub-
$300 notebook sales. Linux also runs on embedded systems, which are devices whose operating system is
typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system; this includes smartphones and tablet
computers running Android and other Linux derivatives, TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers,
facility automation controls, televisions, video game consoles and smartwatches.
MS-DOS (/ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs/ EM-es-DOSS; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a discontinued operating
system for x86-basedpersonal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. It was the most commonly used
member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC
compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s, when it was gradually superseded by
operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in various generations of the graphical Microsoft
Windows operating system by Microsoft Corporation.
MS-DOS resulted from a request in 1981 by IBM for an operating system to use in its IBM PC range of
personal computers. Microsoft quickly bought the rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, and
began work on modifying it to meet IBM's specification. IBM licensed and released it in August 1981 as PC
DOS 1.0 for use in their PCs. Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft
and IBM, in subsequent years the two products diverged, with recognizable differences in compatibility,
syntax, and capabilities.

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily
fortouchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android's user interface is mainly based
on direct manipulation, using touch gestures that loosely correspond to real-world actions, such as swiping,
tapping and pinching, to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for text input. In
addition to touchscreen devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for
cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also
used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronics.
Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems of any kind. Android has been the best selling
OS on tablets since 2013, and on smartphones it is dominant by any metric.
Parts of an operating system
As has been mentioned in earlier pages, the operating system can be broken down into four
main parts, namely
Kernel
Device Drivers
User Interface
System Utilities
This section will explain a bit more about what each part does and how they differ between
types of operating system

Kernel
This has the task of loading the applications into memory, making sure they do not interfere with
one another and allowing them to share use of the CPU efficiently. The kernel also handles file
storage to and from secondary storage devices such as hard disks and optical drives.
In other words the kernel handles:
Loading / Unloading applications from memory
Scheduling tasks to run on the CPU
Memory management
File management
Data security
The single user, single application operating system does not have to deal with networking,
unlike the network operating system, on the other hand, a device such as a mobile phone will
have to have an extremely efficient memory management kernel as its memory is a very limited
resource. So the Kernel of each type of operating system will have been designed with different
duties in mind.

Device Drivers
Every piece of hardware that makes up the computer or connected to it, will have a device
driver that allows the operating system to control and communicate with it. There could be
hundreds of device drivers pre-installed with the operating system, and the right ones for that
particular computer set-up is loaded on boot-up.
The exact detail of which device driver is needed by the operating system is kept in a file - in
Windows, the file is called the 'registry' and in Linux the details will be stored as a number of
'configuration files'.
Makers of printers, graphics tablets, scanners, digital cameras and so on, will normally provide
device drivers for each make of operating system. A device driver for Windows is different from
the device driver for Linux.
This is why if you remove an operating system such as Windows from a hard disk, and install
Linux instead, you will need to make sure you have all the correct device drivers available for
each piece of hardware.

User interface
This part of the operating system is directing what you see on the screen (via the device driver)
and reacting to your key presses and other inputs. The user interface could be a basic
command line interface, as you might find on a server, or it might be a full blown Graphical User
Interface (GUI) such as the Mac OS X, Windows or perhaps Gnome on Linux.
System Utilities
This part of the operating system provides all the basic facilities that run in the background
without user interaction. For example,
Print spool services
Cryptographic password management.
File management services

IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Modern Operating Systems
OS Terms and Characteristics
Regardless of the size and complexity of the computer and the operating system, all operating systems
perform the same four basic functions:
Control hardware access, Manage files and folders, Provide a user interface, Manage applications
Hardware Access
The OS manages the interaction between applications and the hardware. To access and communicate
with each hardware component, the OS uses a program called a device driver. When a hardware device
is installed, the OS locates and installs the device driver for that component. Assigning system resources
and installing drivers are performed with a plug-and-play (PnP) process. The OS then configures the
device and updates the registry, which is a database that contains all the information about the computer.
If the OS cannot locate a device driver, a technician must install the driver manually either by using the
media that came with the device or downloading it from the manufacturer’s website.
File and Folder Management
The OS creates a file structure on the hard disk drive to store data. A file is a block of related data that is
given a single name and treated as a single unit. Program and data files are grouped together in a
directory. The files and directories are organized for easy retrieval and use. Directories can be kept inside
other directories. These nested directories are referred to as subdirectories. Directories are called folders
in Windows operating systems, and subdirectories are called subfolders.
User Interface
The OS enables the user to interact with the software and hardware. Operating systems include two
types of user interfaces:
Command-line interface (CLI) - The user types commands at a prompt, as shown in Figure 1.
Graphical user interface (GUI) - The user interacts with menus and icons, as shown in Figure 2.
Application Management
The OS locates an application and loads it into the RAM of the computer. Applications are software
programs, such as word processors, databases, spreadsheets, and games. The OS allocates available
system resources to running applications.
To ensure that a new application is compatible with an OS, programmers follow a set of guidelines known
as an Application Programming Interface (API). An API allows programs to access the resources
managed by the operating system in a consistent and reliable manner. Here are some examples of APIs:
Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) - Cross-platform standard specification for multimedia graphics
DirectX - Collection of APIs related to multimedia tasks for Microsoft Windows
Windows API - Allows applications from older versions of Windows to operate on newer versions
Java APIs - Collection of APIs related to the development of Java programming