Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide The Institute of PlumbingFoabing eating cote Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide Corrigendum Column | —_ Details Table table 6. For 100,000 litres storage read 100 m? for 2 metre height tak: P=!=300 shouldfeadP=1=_30 =0.025 T1200 T 4200 table 14 Basin = 18mm sep taps (63/1200) - Usage ratio should read 0.028 table 14, Type of applian6@islep happer cistenc only- should read tern fig 16. Pips wilh 88eion 7 end B Bhould bE Gtendaad forthe leftto connect into pipe section 6:(co!d water from: ‘Ptank) table 16. Notes, 1 mejentheathof Water should rej 9 mh? SEO.B KPa, onkNim= tight should Yeats kghs = ale oer ac OOTE Kausionstinddresic Silty, 7 exh xl Table 22 shauid read table 25, Heading should Fad “Vacuum pipe sizing’ Leif hand note'should read 1.5m maximuin for WO branch Right and note sfiould read - 2.5m maximum for other appliance connections. Category 2 should read 1.5 and Category 3 should read 4.5, Head Office The Institute of Plumbing & Heating Engineering 64 Station Lane, Homehurch, Essex, RM12 6NB, ENGLAND Tel: +44 (0)1708-472791 Fax: +44 (0)1708-448087 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iphe.ora.uk ISSUE 4 10/06Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide The Institute of Plumbing Compiled and pubsished by The Institute of Plumbing 64 Station Lane, Hornchurch, Essex RM12 6NB. Telephone: +44 (0)1708 472791 Fax: +44 (0)1708 448987 www plumbers.org.uk ‘www. registeredplumber.comProject Co-ordinator Sian Tidsioy Secretary & Project Manager alo Courtman teng FIOP RP oP Technical Manager Administration Support Emma Tally Lorraine Courtman Janice Grands ‘Jenni Canavan Technical Editors & Dosigners Tarot Millbury Printers - Saunders & Willams Printers Lid ISBN 1 871956 40 4 Published 2002 © The Institute of Plumbing The Institute of Plumbing cannot accept responsibility for any errors and omissions in this publication i Tastit The Institute of Plumbing ofPlumbing 64 Station Lane, Hornchurch, Essex RMI2 ENB. tute p Telephone: +44 ()1708 472791 Fax: +44 (0)1708 448987 worw.plumbers.org.uk —_wwmw.registeredplumber.comDr Alan Whitehead MP ‘ister for Building Regulations ipariment for Tanspor, wal Government ‘nthe Regions ty 2002 ste: On 29 May 2002 the Department of Transport Local ernment ard the Regions DTLR) was disbanded and ‘esponstailty or Euring ‘uations England and Wales tas tanstorred tothe Office ofthe Deputy Prime Minister It is my pleasure to provide the foreword for this edition of the Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide. For many years now, the Institute of Plumbing has supported the construction industry on the wide range of issues that are concerned with plumbing engineering services and this design guide has been key to the success of that support. As with other sectors of the construction industry, plumbing engineering services is an area that is rapidly developing with new, improved and innovative technologies and the role of the Institute of Plumbing in this is an important one. The Guide has needed to evolve with the advances in industry practice and techniques. Since the guide was first launched in 1977 it has continued to be an indispensable reference source for designers, engineers and trades-persons and this is reflected by the constant demand for it, both from home and abroad. This new edition will provide additional information and guidance ‘on cutrent technologies and practices and will, no doubt, continue to be a valuable source of information for those engaged in the design, approval, and installation of plumbing engineering services. commend it to the plumbing industry. fb, wot Dr Alan Whitehead MPAcknowledgements In today’s fast moving world, talented volunteers are hard to come by. The Institute is most fortunate in having benefitted from the expertise of a number of such people who have stepped forward to make contributions to the contents of this Design Guide. They have been ably led by Institute Past President, Stan Tildsley, an engineer of distinction in plumbing engineering services, who has acted as project co-ordinator. He has been helped by several loP head office staff members, in particular, Dale Gourtman and Emma Tolley who deserve special mention for their hard work and commitment to the project We greatly appreciate the assistance received from contributing organisations. These include Government Departments and Agencies; sister professional bodies, research establishments and commercial companies. We also thank printers, Saunders and Williams and technical editors, Tarot Milbury for their co-operation and professionalism, During the lifetime of this Guide, it will become common place for the dissemination of up-to-date technical information to take place through fast broadband connections to the Internet accessible via either static computers or wireless handheld devices. As a result, this is probably the last time the Guide will be available as a complete work in bound, hard-cover printed format, We pay tribute to all those who have contributed. They can be justifiably proud of their efforts. Andy Watts MBE EngTech MIP RP Chiof Executive and Secretary On behalf of the Board of Trustees of The Institute of Plumbing June 2002 Contributing Organisations Contributing Authors GF Baker ARUP 1 Basset eng, FIDAgE, MiP, MIEN, ACIBSE Brlish Standards Institution Mates AIP FP Brook Water Management G Ball MoM ng Teck MIP AP Building Research Establishment Lid © Bundall lr AGIOSE ‘Copper Development Association 1. Boyd Era, FOR, Doparmont or Envtonment Food 8 ce sess Cg MB MICOST tal Alas Je Griggs ror Department for Transport, Local 4 Hanson-Gavile MA FIP Government and the Regions D Harper tng Teo, WEEN, FMMSos, MF, ME, MASSE Donald Smith, Seymour & Pooley Nay’ Bse tony Energy Etciency Best Practice GHenderson Mee, CEng, MEE Programme NN Howard ae>p Hen, CEng, FOR MORSE, MWe Grundios Pumps Lid DE uct Single MSE, OR ACIBSE, 163, RP Hepworth Plumbing Products Beale Her Majesty's Fire Service een SW Love Gt. SSE, AF FN ah, Fe Marey Plumbing and Drainage Aner ielear anata are Spirax ~ Sarco Lid G Luz ter FOP Ae MASH, MEE The Councilor Registered Gas G'Shoulor Oe is, CoM Installors S Tikley Ena oes HON FOR MR AP “The Inituiion of Electical Engineers. CP Topp tg HOP FEEN, MASH MAE, RP Uponer Lid vine Yernagene JS Watay erg e0 LC. mp soe RP SS AWalsh Cero, FiWeM, ROP MCIBSE, MOSH, MAE, MEY PJ Witte eng Tec, MOF RP 1B Whoriow feng FIOR AP Pm Witlame Resource EMiclent Design: Energy Etioncy (axctuding section on Plato Heat Exchanger) this has been Contibuted by the government’ Housing Energy Effetency Best Practice Programme, and Crown Copyrights reserved.Contents Hot and cold water services Legionnaires disease Heating Resource efficient design Piped gas services Sonitary plumbing and drainage Pumps and pumping Fire protection services Steam and condensate Pipework expansion Mechanical ventilation Designing for the disabled Domestic swimming pools Electrical earthing and bonding of building services Stondards, codes and miscellaneous data + 4l 47 67 81 105 161 169 179 191 197 205 as 2 aHot and cold water asHot and cold water supplies Sources of water The source of water varies dependant on which area of the British Isles a supply is required. The types are 1, Upland catchment (reservoir) 2, Ground water (borehole/artisan) 2. River extraction ‘These sources provide water for supply purposes, each with a wide range of physical, and bacterial quality differences, Le 1. Hardness 2. Bacteria count 3. Minerals The quality of water supplied for distribution to, and for use by persons and properties 's controlled by an Act of arliamont, the Water Supply (Water (Quality) Rogulations 1989, and subsequent amendments. The fenforcement of the Act is undertaken by the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI), Who regulate a wide range of Key elements to attain and maintain the water supply quality. See Table 1 The standards cover colour, alkalinity, taste, odour, undosirable and toxic substances, and micro-organisms 10 specified parameters. The standards are called Prescribed Concentrate values’ (PCV's) to either maximum, minimum, average or percentage levels. ‘These standards are imposed on all water supply companies, with relaxation ‘only considered under emergency situations, Le. extreme drought or flooding, but under no circumstances it there is @ risk to public healt. Water supply companies ‘The water supply companies operate under the requirements of the Wator Industry Act 1991, enforced by the Oifice ‘of Water Services (OFWAT), Water supply companies are responsible {or the catchment or abstraction of raw water; i's conditioning, treatment and distritution to consumers within their region. The characteristics of the water supplied varias, region to region and within regions dependant upon the actual ‘souroe, single or multipl, and the level of treatment provided in order to attain the prescribed quality at the point of ‘connection to the customer's supply. Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guidh Table 1 Drinking water standards “Temperature 250 PH 55.95 ‘Colour 20 Hazon unis [4 Formazin units ‘Quattaweeaour [A odour ives ualiabve ast Alas ivesig Dilton odour ‘len No Dilution ast Sat25 Gonduetviy ssaouslem 206 Tota hardness | Applies onty ‘aly Free cote | ‘Comparison Tal eiorne gaint average Faecal eliouns 07100 les Fo mi Fracoalstrepiooooe! | 07100 mr “al clio 100 mi (85% Colony count, day | Comparison Gridssbaty Sng 05 mg 0.1 mp 50 mpl 200 ng uorse 1500 ugh Phosphonis 2200 ug Supra 250.ngt Magnesia 50 mg ‘on 200-19 Mangas 50 ugh ‘Numiniam 200-ugt Gatun 250 mg Potassium “2 mgh Sodium 150 m9 Seppe 2000 ugh Zino 5000 Uh Lead Tso gt Siver 10ugh 40ugh Supt 1000 val 2000 upt 50.val Sg a [50 vg sae al [50 ui Selenum 10 ugh Total oroans carbon | Comparisons ihaloet 100 ugl Tatachiorometnane | 2 ugh Tichbroetone 30 gH ‘erachoroetiens | 10 up Bonzo 3.4 pyrone Ong Fluorenthene, benzo 3, | Indlvidual 4,11, 12,uoranthene, | testing a! these Denzét, 32 peryene | substances to indeno (123e¢) pyrene_| provide total ‘otal PAHS ‘O2ugh [rionic deter 200 ual! Pesticides & Compids | 5 upi total From this connection, which generally aslo incorporates @ water company meter, th consumer is responsible forall aspects the supply and distribution of water Consumers! rights Every consumer has the right to be supplied with water for domestic Purposes from the water supply charge by the wator company for tho following services 1. New or replacement supply 2, Meter installation 2. Supply network reinforcement 4, Infrastructure charge. All these charges relate to the anticipated daily demand (m?), peak fl rate (V5), and number of draw off fiting being served from the supply Type Num Water regulations ed Consumers water supaly installations a, Fequied to comply To tho Wator Supp (Water Fiting) Regulations 1998, and vol ‘The Water Supply QWator Fting) —_Biviny (Amendments) Regulations 1999 (2) (tifewiy Water Byelaws 2000 (Sestang). Thesabh regulations are enforced by the water oi) company that supplies water the wc The regulations govern the whole of th ha consumers instalation trom tho ‘et Connection tothe water company’s yyy communication pipe end meter termination, to al the dara fitings, Bis! inclusive of ay alterations. in The regulations requir that no water yy, {iting shal be installed, connected, arranged or used in suh a manner, or Mist by reason of being damaged, worn or oerise faulty tat causes, ol 1. Waste 2. Misuse 8. Undue consumption 4. Contamination 5. Erroneous measurement, ‘The water supply companies are required to be notified of certain proposed installations, which may be ‘subject to inspection and acceptance prior to receiving the water company’s ‘supply connection. ‘The regulations are a statutory Instrument, which is supported by an interpretation of the regulations. The water supply companies have the authority to apply to the Regulator foriumbing Engineering Services Design Guide Hot and cold water suppli ‘olaxation of any part of the regulation ‘considered inappropriate to a particular Water regulations guide The Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WAS) publish a guide which provides: formal guidance and recommendations "how the regulations should be applied lo the actual water installations and include the Water Byelaws 2000 (Scotland) Water demand The water demand for a building is dependant on a number of factors. Type of buliding and its function 2. Number of occupants, permanent or transitional Requirement for fre protection systems, 1. Landscape and water features. In dwelings the resident's water consumption is divided between the many appliances. A typical percentage break down provided by the Environment AAgoncy is: 1. WC suite 50%. 2 Washing machine 12%. 8. Kitehen sink 15% 4. Bath 15%. 5, Basin o% 6. Shower 5% 7. Outside supply 2% 8, Miscellaneous 9% ‘Overall consumption increases by around 10% during warmer months when out ‘door usage increases to over 25%. In ‘general, consumption per person ‘decreases with an increase in dwelling size given the shared facies. For guidance on the total water demand for typical types of bullcings cefer to Table 2 for daly water demand. The figures tated have boon assembled from a number of sources, including BS 6700, ‘Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) and Environmental ‘Agency studies and can be used as a basis for good practice. Water storage ‘The storing of water has a number of purposes, Providing for an interruption of supply ‘Accommodation peak demand 3, Providing a pressure (head) for ‘gravity supplies. Design Codes recommend that storage is provided to cover the interruption of an incoming mains supply, in order to maintain a water supply to the building. Water supply companies are empowerod. ta insist on specific terms, inclucing the ‘volume or period of storage, within the: term of thelr supply agreement with a ‘consumer. However many water supply ‘companies only recommend that storage be provided in accordance with the BS 6700, placing the responsibilty and decision firmly on the consumers. ‘Table 2 provides guidance on typical water usage within buildings over a 24 hour period, In designing storage capacities, account needs to be taken of the building and its location. 1. Period and hours of occupation 2. Pattern of water usage 3. Potential for an interruption of supply 4, Available mains pressure, and any inadequacies during the hours of building use 5. Health & Safety, prevention of bacteria, including legionelia Ia bullaing is occupied 24 hours a day, then an interruption of supply wil have a ‘greater impact than that for say an office, which may only be occupied for eight to ton hours. Where a building is occupiod by elderly or infirmed people then avoiding any disruption of the water ‘supply isan important consideration as they would be unable to easily leave the building should water become unavailable. Clients, such as the National Health ‘Service, require their buildings to be provided with storage to safeguard against an interruption of the mains ‘supply. Industrial clients may well require storage to ensure their business andior production is not interrupted. If water ceases to be available within a building then the occupiers will eventually leave as toilet faciities wil become unusable. It is likely that when an interruption of supply ozcurs then the water available ‘would be conserved as much as possible, thereby extending the time of ‘occupancy beyond that anticipated under normal usage rates. Table 2 Daily water demand Type of Building ‘ites Cite Ducting ace bedroom 210 | Bedroom 7 bedkoom Becroorn Bedroom, Bedroom [Bed space Bed space Student, communal Nurses Home hicren’s Home| 735 | Bed space sheltored | 120_| Bedroom Care Home| 195 | Bed space inmate Beaton Bedroom ais Siar Lucury room Diloes & general work places ih eantsen 45, | Porson i) without canteen | —40-[ Person (1 Sheps = wih canteen [48 without eanteen | 40. ‘without eantesn | 40 [Person Schools th Fom Gala | 20) —Boarsing Hospitals = Distic'Gonead | 600” [Bad ‘Surgical ward Medical ward = Paodiatvc ward Geritrie ward ‘Swimming £66) = Fold Sports ‘Allweather pich | 35 _[ Person Pracos of Assombiy (nck sal ‘rt Galle 6 [Person Library [6 [Peron useurs | Person ‘Theatre [Person Cinema 3. [Person Bars 4 [Person ‘Night Cub (@)__| 4 Person Restaurant 7 [Cover ‘SUPPORTING INFORMATION ifthe number of buleing occupants are not accurately known then as a gue the following entoria can be used, tices, one person per 14m? ofthe gross bulletin floor area, ‘Sports hal our porsons per badminton court area per hour open, maxima, ‘Swimming poo, one person per cubical per hhour open, witha factor of 0.6 for aivoraty Fiald sports changing, persons per teams per umber of pitches, per ayHot and cold water supplies ‘A Wsathor Feld, persons per teams per hours used, Museums, Art Galeries, Libraries, One person per 3om® of ho gross bling floor Fostauranis, One person per 1.0m? of tha dining area ‘Bars, Ona person per 0.8m ofthe publ Dbareating area. When the water supply companies, regulations, or client requirements do not specifically dictate the period to cover an Interruption of a mains supply then Table 3 provides recommendations for reasonable periods of storage, expressed as a percentage of the dally water demand, Table 3 Period of storage Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide ‘The type of water system will need to be ‘one of a combination of the following ‘a. Direct mains fed b. High level storage with gravity down feed Pumped from a break cistom or storage provision. Potentially a one or two storey bullding in 2 locality where an interruption of water supply is very infrequent and causing litte inconvenience, there is an option for the water supply to be direct from the ‘mains withoul storage being provided. It the provision of storage is possible at high level then the system could be enhanced to provide storage coupled with itlbecoming a gravity down feed system. See Figure 1 peta re shines [Gece Hospitals | 50% tank at nigh leet Nursing Hom 50%. — i = st mo, i ‘epi He or = en ee = = Se ese ae aon nee ls amen Save bein oer t Se eae Boarding Schools Water distribution The water distribution installation requires to be able to doliver the correct, flow and volume of hot and cold water When and where itis needed, The mains pressure can provide the initial means of elivering water into the building. The water supply companies are required to deliver their water to the boundary with a minimum pressure of 1.0 bar. Often their delivery pressure can be higher, however at times of high demand, the pressure Will be closer ta the minimum provision. Type of system ‘The type and style of water distribution needed for a particular building will ‘depend mainly on the building height and its use. ‘a. The building height will determine whether pumping will be required to delivr water to the highest level b. The building use will determine the amount of storage that will be required. Figure 1 Supply toa two storey busing Storage tanks building requiring a large water storage provision may not be able to ‘accommodate it at high level, in which ‘case a low level location will be needed, in conjunction with a pumped distribution system. ‘A combination of high and low storage ‘can be considered if a gravity distribution is preferred for all or part of the building. ‘This has an advantage of providing some storage in the event of an interruption of the water supply, of power supply to the Pumps. A storage ratio of 2:1 lowhigh level is atypical arrangement. Storage can comprise of two ‘compartments or cisterns/tanks in order that maintenance can be carried out without interrupting distribution, For small storage quantities one piece cistomns can be used, which generally are of a ow height construction. For storage of 2500 litres or more, sectional ppanel tanks may be considered more ‘appropriate with a centre divide, ‘Above 4000 litres storage twin cistems/tanks may be considered appropriate. Soe Figure 2. Incarang supp y (bance pipes ot te) ‘stems rena, rps Cots, tom epposts corer tin an ‘Stetytdaned in ean a contpuraton nore Yat abe provide to nate one estetankto De eta whist cher nals open. Figure 2 Storage cistemfank layout ‘Sectional tanks commonly have flanges, boing internal or external. External flanges permit tightening without needing to enter the tank, and on the base permit the tank to be self draining through a single drain point, without further draining (of any entrapped water between flanges: ‘Such a feature reduces maintenance and assists the prevention of water stagnation which can lead to harmful bacteria, ‘growth, including legionella, In calculating the storage capacity 2 free board allowance is necessary to accommodate the float valve, over flow installations and any expansion from the hot water systom. Depending on pipe sizes, commonly a 260 ~ 300 mm free board depth is required on ciserns\tanks hhaving a capacity greater than 2500 litres. Raised ball (float) valve housiags in conjunction with a weir overfiow can provide an increased depth of water Slored over the main area of the Cistern/tank(s). The location of the inlet and outlet ‘connections is important. A cross flow through the cistern/ank needs to be achieved to assist the complete regular tum over of water throughout the storage period. ‘Sub divided, twin and multiple Cisterns/tanks ideslly should be installod in parallel to each other. The inlets require to be positioned at tne same level to ensure they supply the cisternsitanks in unison, and as far as possible the same flow rate to assist a balanced throughput. The outlet connections and manifold pipe work needs to be arranged with symmetrical and equal lengths, also. to provide, as far as is possible a balanced flow from the tanks. ‘The use of a delayed action float valve may also be considered to ensure a (greater turn over of water.