Computational Fluid Dynamics:

multiphase flow
By:
Dr. Alam Nawaz Khan Wardag
Department of Chemical Engineering, PIEAS, Islamabad.
Email: [email protected]
Office: H block
Layout of Lectures

• Classification by Nature of Phases

• Flow Regime Classification
• Characteristics of Classes
• Multiphase Modeling Approaches

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 2

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

Gas-Liquid or Liquid-Liquid Flows

• Bubbly Flow:
discrete gaseous or fluid bubbles in a
continuous fluid
E.g. : absorbers, aeration, air lift pumps, cavitation,
evaporators, flotation, scrubbers
• Droplet Flow:
discrete fluid droplets in a continuous gas
–E.g. absorbers, atomizers, combustors, cryogenic
pumping, dryers, evaporation, gas cooling, scrubbers
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 3
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 4

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• Slug Flow:
large bubbles in a continuous fluid
–E.g. large bubble motion in pipes or tanks

• Stratified/Free-Surface Flow:
immiscible fluids separated by a clearly-
defined interface
–E.g. sloshing in offshore separator devices, boiling
and condensation in nuclear reactors

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 5

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• LIQUID-SOLID FLOWS
• Slurry Flow:
transport of solid particles in liquids.
– E.g. slurry transport, mineral processing
• Hydrotransport:
Densely-distributed solid particles in a continuous
liquid
– E.g. mineral processing, biomedical and physiochemical
fluid systems
• Sedimentation:
Settling of solid particles in a column of liquid.
– E.g. mineral processing

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 6

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 7

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• m

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 8

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• GAS-SOLID FLOWS
• Particle-laden Flow:
Discrete Solid Particles in a continuous gas.
–E.g. cyclone separators, air classifiers, dust collectors,
and dust-laden environmental flows

• Pneumatic Transport:
Conveying of Solid Particles by gas in Pipelines.
–e.g. transport of cement, grains, and metal powders

• Fluidized Beds:
Solid Particles suspended in a upward flowing gas.
–e.g. fluidized bed reactors, circulating fluidized beds
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 9
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• GELDART CLASSIFICATION

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 10

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• DRAG FORCE

• The drag coefficient is defined as the ratio of the

force on the particle and the fluid dynamic pressure
caused by the fluid times the area projected by the
particles

Skin Friction Skin Friction / Form Drag Skin Friction / Form Drag Form Drag

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 11

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 12

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• m

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 13

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• THREE PHASE FLOWS

– Bubbles in a Slurry Flow
– Droplets and Particles in Gaseous flow

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 14

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 15

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Flow Regimes

Traditional Flow Regime Maps jl = 1

m/s
1. Bubbly
2. Slug
3. Churn
4. Annular

The Basis is Flow Topology

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 16

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Flow Regimes
Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 17

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Flow Regimes

Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 18

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Flow Regimes

Gas Solid Flow

Regimes

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 19

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Classification by Nature of Phases

• Two Phase Flow (with phase change)

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 20

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Approaches to Multiphase Modeling

• Euler-Lagrange Approach

• Euler-Euler Approach
– Eulerian Model
–Eulerian Granular Phase Model
–Mixture Model
–Volume Of Fluid (VOF) Model

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 21

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
DPM

Euler-Lagrange Approach
Discrete Phase Modeling

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 22

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Introduction to DPM

• Calculation of the discrete phase trajectory using a

Lagrangian formulation that includes
• discrete phase inertia
• hydrodynamic drag
• force of gravity
• both steady and unsteady flows

• Dispersion of particles due to turbulent eddies

present in the continuous phase

• Heating/cooling of the discrete phase

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 23

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Introduction to DPM (contd.)

• Vaporization and boiling of liquid droplets

• Combusting particles, including volatile
evolution and char combustion to simulate
• Coal combustion
• Optional coupling of the continuous phase
flow field prediction to the discrete phase
calculations
• Droplet breakup and coalescence

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 24

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Introduction to DPM (contd.)

• Discrete phase α should be very small ( < 10%)

• Discrete Phase mass-fraction can be large
• The model is appropriate for the modeling of:
– spray dryers
– coal and liquid fuel combustion
• Inappropriate for:
– modeling of liquid-liquid mixtures
– fluidized beds
– any application where the volume fraction of the
second phase is not negligible
• See Fluent user guide for coupling of DPM &
other models e.g combustion, reactions etc.
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 25
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
DPM Theoretical Bases

• Fluid Phase:
– Eulerian formulation as a single phase fluid with
or without turbulence.

• Dispersed Phase:
– Individual particle motion is traced through
particle equation of motion.

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 26

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Particle Equations of Motion

• Force Balance

– Up = particle velocity
– FD = Drag Force

– Fx = Any Other force

– Both forces are as
Force/particle mass
(~acceleration)
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 27
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Other Forces, Fx

• Virtual Mass Force

– Force (rate of momentum) required to accelerate
the surrounding fluid
– Significant for very small particle (dp ~ microns)
and when ρ > ρp
– Remember – boundary layer around particles are
not captured.
– Calculated as:

• Pressure gradient force:

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 28

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Other Forces, Fx

• Thermo-phoretic force
• When particle is in fluid with temperature
gradient

• DT,p is the thermo-phoretic coefficient, to be

provided by user

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 29

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Other Forces, Fx

• Or use the Talbot formula for Thermo-phoretic

force:

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 30

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Other Forces, Fx

• Brownian Force
– For very small particles

• Saffman’s Lift force:

– This is lift force due to shear (particle in a velocity
gradient region)

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 31

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
 Euler-Euler Approach
Eulerian (two-fluid) Model

Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Eulerian Model

• Overview
• The Eulerian multiphase model allows multiple
separate, yet interacting phases.
• The phases can be liquids, gases, or solids in nearly
any combination.
• An Eulerian treatment is used for each phase
• Any number of secondary phases can be modeled
(memory is the limit).
• For complex multiphase flows, however, you may find
that your solution is limited by convergence behavior

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 33

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Eulerian Model contd.

• A single pressure is shared by all phases.

• Momentum and continuity equations are solved for
each phase.
• Several interphase drag coefficient functions are
available, which are appropriate for various types of
multiphase regimes. (You can also modify the
interphase drag coefficient through user-defined
functions, as described in the separate UDF Manual.)
• All of the k-e turbulence models are available, and
may apply to all phases or to the mixture

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 34

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Conservation Equations

Conservation of Mass for Phase q

• A separate mass balance equation is solved for every
phase q

• q is the volume fraction of qth phase

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 35

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Conservation Equations

Conservation of Momentum
• A separate momentum balance equation is solved for
every phase q

• q is the qth stress-strain tensor

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 36

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Eulerian Model

Limitations
• Particle tracking (using the Lagrangian
dispersed phase model) interacts only with
the primary phase.
• Inviscid flow is not allowed.
• Melting and solidification are not allowed.
• Sharp Interfaces cannot be captured

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 37

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Euler- Euler Approach
Euler-Granular Phase Model
• For dense particulate flows, the DPM cannot
be used due to significant volume fraction of
solid phase
• Solid phase is modeled as a special type of
fluid using Kinetic Theory of Gases
• This Granular fluid has special correlations
for
– Granular Pressure
– Granular Viscosity
– Granular Temperature

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 38

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
EGPM

• Granular Phase modeled as Dense Gas

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 39

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
EGPM contd.

• Viscosity models for Solid phase

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 40

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
EGPM Governing Equation

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 41

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
EGPM Governing Equations Contd.

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 42

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
EGPM Governing Equations Contd.

• Various closure relations are used to model

the solid phase flow behavior
• The three most common are
– Gidaspow: good for dense fluidized bed applications.
– Syamlal: good for a wide range of applications.
– Sinclair: good for dilute and dense pneumatic transport
lines and risers.

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 43

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
EGPM

• OpenFOAM simulation of granular flow

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 44

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Algebraic Slip (Mixture) Model

• Solves one set of momentum equations for

the mass averaged velocity and tracks
volume fraction of each fluid throughout
domain.
• Assumes an empirically derived relation for
the relative velocity of the phases.
• For turbulent flows, single set of turbulence
transport equations solved.
• This approach works well for flow fields
where both phases generally flow in the
same direction.
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 45
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
ASM Governing Equations

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 46

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
ASM Governing Equations contd.

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 47

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
ASM Governing Equations contd.

• Slip Velocity and Drag

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 48

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
ASM Governing Equations contd.

• Limitations

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 49

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Volume of Fluid Model

• This is an Interface Tracking Method

• Other such methods are
– Level set method
– Moving front method
• Applied to immiscible fluids with clearly defined
interface.
– Shape of the interface is of interest.
• Typical problems:
– Jet breakup.
– Motion of large bubbles in a liquid.
– Motion of liquid after a dam break.
• Steady or transient tracking of any liquid-gas
interface.
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 50
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
VOF contd.

• Transient VOF simulation of Liquid Gas

interface

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 51

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
VOF Governing Equations

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 52

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
VOF Governing Equations contd.

• The Volume Fraction equation is solved to

track interface

• There are two schemes for interface

definition
– Piecewise linear scheme
– Donor-acceptor scheme

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 53

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
VOF Governing Equations contd.

Actual Interface Piecewise Linear Donor-Acceptor

Scheme Scheme

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 54

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Porous Media Flow Modeling

• There are two main approaches to model

single or multiphase flow in Porous media

– Microscopic i.e. Pore scale modeling

– Macroscopic modeling

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 55

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Pore-scale Modeling

• This requires resolving of every particle and

the interstitial spaces on mesh level
• The usual equation for transport phenomena
are solved with particles as solid boundaries
• Computationally expensive
• Find application in research and
development of better macroscopic models

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 56

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Pore-scale Modeling

• CFD simulation of flow at Pore-scale level

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 57

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Macroscopic modeling

• The Pore-scale modeling approach cannot be

used at an industrial scale
• Overall flow patterns are more important in
practical applications
• The porous medium is modeled as a
momentum sink in the Navier-Stokes
equation
• Two type of models exist
– Darcian model (for Stoke flow)
– Non-Darcian model (for Inertial flow)
Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 58
7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Porous Flow Model Governing Equations

• Darcian law for Porous medium

– The pressure gradient due to Porous medium is
given as

–  is the permeability coefficient for the porous

medium
–  is the viscosity of fluid

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 59

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Porous Flow Model Governing Equations

• Non–Darcian (inertial) flow coefficient

• This is given as

– C2 is the inertial pressure loss coefficient

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 60

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
Porous Flow Model Governing Equations

• The Momentum Sink term including both

Darcian and Non-Darcian terms for ith
direction is

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 61

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013
 • END

Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics: 62

7/18/2014 9:02 AM
Multiphase Flow
Short Course on “Computational Fluid Dynamics for Industry” at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences on September 9-10, 2013