AUTO POWER SUPPLY CONTROL FROM 4 DIFFERENT

SOURCES: SOLAR, MAINS, GENERATOR & INVERTER TO

ENSURE NO BREAK POWER
 ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project is to provide uninterrupted power
supply to a load, by selecting the supply from any source out of 4 such as mains,
generator, and inverter and solar automatically in the absence of any of the
source. The demand for electricity is increasing every day and frequent power
cuts is causing many problems in various areas like industries, hospitals and
houses. An alternative arrangement for power source is a must.

In this project uses four switches to demonstrate the respective failure

of that power supply. When any of the switches is pressed it shows the
absence of that particular source, switches are connected to microcontroller as
input signals. A microcontroller of 8051 family is used. The output of
microcontroller is given to the relay driver IC, which switches appropriate relay
to maintain uninterrupted supply to the load. The output shall be observed
using a lamp drawing power supply from mains initially. On failure of the mains
supply (which is actuated by pressing the appropriate switch) the load gets
supply from the next available source, say an inverter. If the inverter also fails
it switches over to the next available source and so on. The current status, as
to which source supplies the load is also displayed on an LCD. As it is not
feasible to provide all 4 different sources of supply, one source with alternate
switches are provided to get the same function.
 INTRODUCTION
An important requirement of electric power distribution systems is the
need for automatic operation. In particular, the rapid and reliable transfer of
the system from one power source to another during certain system events is
important to achieving the reliability goals for such systems and the facility
serves. In the existing system, we made four switches to demonstrate the
corresponding failure of that power supply. By pressing any one of the switch,
absence of that particular source can be found out. The switches are
connected as input signals to aurdino . In this system aurdino is used. The four
channel relay module low level trigger collects output of aurdino ,which
adjusts relay module to maintain continuous supply to the load. In this
proposed system, we made use of AURDINO SOFTWARE technology, which
helps in operating the system from the different places. This AURDINO
SOFTWARE technology is a latest technology, which is use to collect the
information about the different sources either the switch is ON or OFF. In this
system, we made use of AURDINO SOFTWARE which has many advance
features.
 MAIN OBJECTIVES
 The main objective of this project is to provide uninterrupted power supply
to a load, by selecting the supply from any source out of 4 such as mains,
generator, and inverter and solar automatically in the absence of any of the
source.
 In this project we use four switches to demonstrate the respective failure
of that power supply. When any of the switches is pressed it shows the
absence of that particular source, switches are connected to aurdino as
input signals.
 The demand for electricity is increasing every day and frequent power cuts
is causing many problems in various areas like industries, hospitals and
houses. An alternative arrangement for power source is a must.
 The project can be further enhanced by using other sources like wind power
also and then taking into consideration for using the best possible power
whose tariff remains lowest at that moment.
 Aurdino is a software used where the machine language code is written
and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into
hex code which is to be dumped into the 4 channel Relay module for
further processing. Aurdino also supports C language code.
 Power supply can be control in :- Industries, Hospitals, Schools, Multiplexes
,Banks etc.
 Power supply can be controlled from four different sources if any problem
occurred in one source then other sources can be used.
 We conclude that main objective of this project is to develop an “AUTO
POWER SUPPLY CONTROL FROM 4 DIFFERENT SOURCES: SOLAR, MAINS,
GENERATOR & INVERTER TO ENSURE NO BREAK POWER”.
 It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware
components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and
placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.
 TRANSFORMER
WHAT IS TRANSFORMER? :
In very simple words Transformer is a device which transfer Electrical power
from electrical circuit to another electrical circuit. Its working without changing
the frequency. Work through on electrical induction. When, both circuits take
effort on mutual induction. Can’t step up or step down the level of DC voltage
or DC current. Can step up or step down the level of AC voltage or AC current.
Without transformer the electrical energy generated at generation station
won’t probably be sufficient enough to power up the city. Just imagine that
there are no transformers how many power plants do you think have to setup
in order to power up the city? It’s not easy to setup power plant. It is
expensive.

INTRODUCTION:
The transformer is one of the most common devices found in electrical
system that links the circuits which are operating at different voltages. These
are commonly used in applications where there is a need of AC voltage
conversion from one voltage level to another. It is possible either to decrease
or increase the voltage and currents by the use of transformer in AC circuits
based on the requirements of the electrical equipment or device or load.
Various applications use wide variety of transformers including power,
instrumentation and pulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized into two types, namely, electronic
transformers and power transformers. Electronic transformers operating
voltages are very low and are rated at low power levels. These are used in
consumer electronic equipments like televisions, personal computers, CD/DVD
players, and other devices. The term power transformer is referred to the
transformers with high power and voltage ratings. These are extensively used
in power generation, transmission, distribution and utility systems to increase
or decrease the voltage levels. However, the operation involved in these two
types of transformers is same. So let us go in detail about the transformers.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF TRANSFORMER:

FIG:TRANSFORMER WORKING
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER:
The basic principle behind working of a transformer is the phenomenon
of mutual induction between two windings linked by common magnetic flux.
The figure at right shows the simplest form of a transformer. Basically a
transformer consists of two inductive coils; primary winding and secondary
winding. The coils are electrically separated but magnetically linked to each
other. When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage,
alternating magnetic flux is produced around the winding. The core provides
magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with the secondary winding. Most of
the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is called as 'useful flux'
or main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with secondary winding is
called as 'leakage flux'. As the flux produced is alternating (the direction of it is
continuously changing), EMF gets induced in the secondary winding according
to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This emf is called 'mutually
induced emf , and the frequency of mutually induced emf is same as that of
supplied emf. If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then mutually induced
current flows through it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred from
one circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary).
Basic Construction of Transformer:

FIG:BASIC CONSTRUCTION
Basically a transformer consists of two inductive windings and a
laminated steel core. The coils are insulated from each other as well as from
the steel core. A transformer may also consist of a container for winding and
core assembly (called as tank), suitable bushings to take our the terminals, oil
conservator to provide oil in the transformer tank for cooling purposes etc.
The figure at left illustrates the basic construction a transformer
In all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling (stacking)
laminated sheets of steel, with minimum air-gap between them (to achieve
continuous magnetic path). The steel used is having high silicon content and
sometimes heat treated, to provide high permeability and low hysteresis loss.
Laminated sheets of steel are used to reduce eddy current loss. The sheets are
cut in the shape as E,I and L. To avoid high reluctance at joints, laminations are
stacked by alternating the sides of joint. That is, if joints of first sheet assembly
are at front face, the joints of following assemble are kept at back face.
 LCD DISPLAY(16*2)
WORKING OF LCD DISPLAY(16×2):

FIG:LCD DISPLAY
We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers, calculators,
television sets, mobile phones, digital watches use some kind of display to
display the time. An LCD is an electronic display module which uses liquid
crystal to produce a visible image. The 16×2 LCD display is a very basic module
commonly used in DIYs and circuits. The 16×2 translates o a display 16
characters per line in 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in a
5×7 pixel matrix.

16X2 LCD PINOUT Diagram:

FIG: 16X2PINOUT DIAGRAM

Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

Contrast adjustment; the best way is to use variable resistor such as a

potentiometer. The output of the potentiometer is connected to this pin.
3 Vo / VEE
Rotate the potentiometer knob forward and backwards to adjust the LCD
contrast.

RS (Register
4 Selects command register when low, and data register when high
Select )
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given; Extra voltage push
is required to execute the instruction and EN(enable) signal is used for this
6 purpose. Usually, we make it en=0 and when we want to execute the Enable
instruction we make it high en=1 for some milli seconds. After this we again
make it ground that is, en=0.
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
FUNCTION OF PINS IN LCD DISPLAY:

Displaying Custom Characters on 16X2 LCD:

Generating custom characters on LCD is not very hard. It requires the
knowledge about custom generated random access memory (CG-RAM) of LCD
and the LCD chip controller. Most LCDs contain Hitachi HD4478 controller. CG-
RAM is the main component in making custom characters. It stores the custom
characters once declared in the code. CG-RAM size is 64 byte providing the
option of creating eight characters at a time. Each character is eight byte in
size.CG-RAM address starts from 0x40(Hexadecimal) or 64 in decimal. We can
generate custom characters at these addresses. Once we generate our
characters at these addresses, now we can print them on the LCD at any time
by just sending simple commands to the LCD. Character addresses and printing
commands are below.