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Indices, Surds and Log

The document discusses indices, surds, and logarithms. It defines indices as expressions with a base and exponent, such as 25 where 2 is the base and 5 is the exponent. It describes six laws of indices for manipulating expressions with the same base. Surds are irrational numbers left in root form, and there are rules for simplifying expressions with surds, such as rationalizing the denominator. Logarithms are defined as the inverse of exponential functions, where logb(x) is the power to which the base b must be raised to equal x. The document outlines several common logarithm rules and properties.

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Abdul Azam Asul
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9K views

Indices, Surds and Log

The document discusses indices, surds, and logarithms. It defines indices as expressions with a base and exponent, such as 25 where 2 is the base and 5 is the exponent. It describes six laws of indices for manipulating expressions with the same base. Surds are irrational numbers left in root form, and there are rules for simplifying expressions with surds, such as rationalizing the denominator. Logarithms are defined as the inverse of exponential functions, where logb(x) is the power to which the base b must be raised to equal x. The document outlines several common logarithm rules and properties.

Uploaded by

Abdul Azam Asul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indices & the Law of Indices

Introduction
Indices are a useful way of more simply expressing large numbers. They also present
us with many useful properties for manipulating them using what are called the Law
of Indices.
What are Indices?
The expression 25 is defined as follows:

We call "2" the base and "5" the index.


Law of Indices
To manipulate expressions, we can consider using the Law of Indices. These laws
only apply to expressions with the same base,
Six rules of the Law of Indices
Rule 1:
Any number, except 0, whose index is 0 is always equal to 1, regardless of the value
of the base.

Rule 2:

Rule 3:
To multiply expressions with the same base, copy the base and add the indices.

Rule 4:
To divide expressions with the same base, copy the base and subtract the indices.

Rule 5:
To raise an expression to the nth index, copy the base and multiply the indices.

Rule 6:

Surds
Introduction
Surds are numbers left in root form (√) to express its exact value. It has an infinite
number of non-recurring decimals. Therefore, surds are irrational numbers.
There are certain rules that we follow to simplify an expression involving
surds. Rationalising the denominator is one way to simplify these expressions. It is
done by eliminating the surd in the denominator. This is shown in Rules 3, 5 and 6.
Six Rules of Surds
Rule 1:

Rule 2:
Rule 3:
By multiplying both the numberator and denominator by the denominator you can
rationalise the denominator.

Rule 4:

Rule 5:
Following this rule enables you to rationalise the denominator.

Rule 6:
Following this rule enables you to rationalise the denominator.

Logarithm
Logarithm definition
When b is raised to the power of y is equal x:
by = x
Then the base b logarithm of x is equal to y:
logb(x) = y
Logarithm as inverse function of exponential function
The logarithmic function,
y = logb(x)
is the inverse function of the exponential function,
x = by
Natural logarithm (ln)
Natural logarithm is a logarithm to the base e:
ln(x) = loge(x)
Inverse logarithm calculation
The inverse logarithm (or anti logarithm) is calculated by raising the base b to the
logarithm y:
x = log-1(y) = b y
Logarithmic function
The logarithmic function has the basic form of:
f (x) = logb(x)
Logarithm rules
Rule name Rule

Logarithm product rule logb(x ∙ y) = logb(x) + logb(y)

Logarithm quotient rule logb(x / y) = logb(x) - logb(y)

Logarithm power rule logb(x y) = y ∙ logb(x)

Logarithm base switch logb(c) = 1 / logc(b)


rule

Logarithm base change logb(x) = logc(x) / logc(b)


rule

Derivative of logarithm f (x) = logb(x) ⇒ f ' (x) = 1 / ( x ln(b) )

Integral of logarithm ∫ logb(x) dx = x ∙ ( logb(x) - 1 / ln(b) ) + C

Logarithm of negative logb(x) is undefined when x≤ 0


number
logb(0) is undefined
Logarithm of 0

Logarithm of 1 logb(1) = 0

Logarithm of the base logb(b) = 1

Logarithm of infinity lim logb(x) = ∞,when x→∞

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