Borland Graphics Interface (BGI) for Windows

Version 6.0, August 9, 2004

The following functions are mostly from the original Borland Graphics Interface for DOS
programs. The BGI graphics functions may also be used with Windows programs created
by the Borland 5.0 compiler, the free GNU C++ compiler, and possibly other compilers.
Extra Windows functions are also available, described in
www.cs.colorado.edu/~main/cs1300/doc/bgi/bgi.html. These extra functions are indicated
below by . Also, any of the functions that use colors can use RGB colors in addition
to the 16-color BGI palette.

Functions:

void arc (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int

radius);

void bar (int left, int top, int right, int bottom);

void bar3d (int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int
depth, int topflag);

ostringstream bgiout;

void circle (int x, int y, int radius);

void cleardevice (void);

void clearmouseclick(int kind);

void clearviewport (void);

void closegraph (int window=ALL_WINDOWS);

int converttorgb (int color);

void delay (int millisec);

void detectgraph (int *graphdriver, int *graphmode);

void drawpoly (int numpoints, int *polypoints);

void ellipse (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int

xradius, int yradius);
 void fillellipse (int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius);

void fillpoly (int numpoints, int *polypoints);

void floodfill (int x, int y, int border);

int getactivepage (void);

void getarccoords (struct arccoordstype *arccoords);

void getaspectratio (int *xasp, int *yasp);

int getbkcolor (void);

int getch (void);

int getcolor (void);

int getcurrentwindow (void);

struct palettetype* getdefaultpalette (void);

int getdisplaycolor (int color);

char* getdrivername (void);

void getfillpattern (char *pattern);

void getfillsettings (struct fillsettingstype *fillinfo);

int getgraphmode (void);

void getimage (int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
void *bitmap);

void getlinesettings (struct linesettingstype *lineinfo);

int getmaxcolor (void);

int getmaxmode (void);

int getmaxheight (void);

int getmaxwidth (void);

int getmaxx (void);

int getmaxy (void);

char* getmodename (int mode_number);

void getmoderange (int graphdriver, int *lomode, int

*himode);
 void getmouseclick(int kind, int& x, int& y);

void getpalette (struct palettetype *palette);

int getpalettesize (void);

int getpixel (int x, int y);

void gettextsettings (struct textsettingstype

*texttypeinfo);

void getviewsettings (struct viewporttype *viewport);

int getvisualpage (void);

int getwindowheight (void);

int getwindowwidth (void);

int getx (void);

int gety (void);

void graphdefaults (void);

char* grapherrormsg (int errorcode);

int graphresult(void);

unsigned imagesize (int left, int top, int right, int bottom);

void initgraph (int *graphdriver, int *graphmode, char

*pathtodriver);

int initwindow (int width, int height, const char*

title="Windows BGI", int left=0, int top=0, bool dbflag=false, bool
closeflag=true);

int installuserdriver (char *name, int huge

(*detect)(void));

int installuserfont (char *name);

bool ismouseclick(int kind);

int kbhit (void);

void line (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);

void linerel (int dx, int dy);

 void lineto (int x, int y);

int mousex (void);

int mousey (void);

void moverel (int dx, int dy);

void moveto (int x, int y);

void outtext (char *textstring);

void outtextxy (int x, int y, char *textstring);

void pieslice (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle,

int radius);

void printimage (

const char* title=NULL, double width_inches=7,

double border_left_inches=0.75, double

border_top_inches=0.75,

int left=0, int right=0, int right=INT_MAX, int

bottom=INT_MAX

);

void putimage (int left, int top, void *bitmap, int op);

void putpixel (int x, int y, int color);

void readimagefile (

const char* filename=NULL,

int left=0, int top=0, int right=INT_MAX, int

bottom=INT_MAX

);

void rectangle (int left, int top, int right, int bottom);

int registerbgidriver (void (*driver)(void));

int registerbgifont (void (*font)(void));

void registermousehandler (int kind, void h(int, int));

 void restorecrtmode (void);

RGB functions:

COLOR(r,g,b),

RED_VALUE(v), GREEN_VALUE(v), BLUE_VALUE(v),

IS_BGI_COLOR(v), IS_RGB_COLOR(v)

void sector (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int

xradius, int yradius);

void setactivepage (int page);

void setallpalette (struct palettetype *palette);

void setaspectratio (int xasp, int yasp);

void setbkcolor (int color);

void setcolor (int color);

void setcurrentwindow (int window);

void setmousequeuestatus(int kind, bool status=true);

void setfillpattern (char *upattern, int color);

void setfillstyle (int pattern, int color);

unsigned setgraphbufsize (unsigned bufsize);

void setgraphmode (int mode);

void setlinestyle (int linestyle, unsigned upattern, int

thickness);

void setpalette (int colornum, int color);

void setrgbpalette (int colornum, int red, int green, int

blue);

void settextjustify (int horiz, int vert);

void settextstyle (int font, int direction, int charsize);

void setusercharsize (int multx, int divx, int multy, int

divy);

void setviewport (int left, int top, int right, int

bottom, int clip);
 void setvisualpage (int page);

void setwritemode (int mode);

int showerrorbox (const char *message);

int swapbuffers (void);

int textheight (char *textstring);

int textwidth (char *textstring);

void writeimagefile (

const char* filename=NULL,

double width_inches=7, double

border_left_inches=0.75, double border_top_inches=0.75,

int left=0, int top=0, int right=INT_MAX, int

bottom=INT_MAX

);

arc

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void arc(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);

Description
arc draws a circular arc in the current drawing color centered at (x,y) with a radius
given by radius. The arc travels from stangle to endangle. If stangle equals 0 and
endangle equals 360, the call to arc draws a complete circle.

The angle for arc is reckoned counterclockwise, with 0 degrees at 3 o'clock, 90

degrees at 12 o'clock, and so on.

The linestyle parameter does not affect arcs, circles, ellipses, or pie slices. Only the
thickness parameter is used.

If you are using a CGA in high resolution mode or a monochrome graphics adapter,
the examples in online Help that show how to use graphics functions might not
 produce the expected results. If your system runs on a CGA or monochrome
adapter, pass the value 1 to those functions that alter the fill or drawing color
(setcolor, setfillstyle, and setlinestyle, for example), instead of a symbolic color
constant (defined in graphics.h).

Return Value
None.
See also
circle
ellipse
fillellipse
getarcoords
getaspectratio
pieslice
sector
Example
/* arc example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

int stangle = 45, endangle = 135;

int radius = 100;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

 /* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* draw arc */

arc(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, radius);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

bar

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>
 void bar(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);

Description
bar draws a filled-in, rectangular, two-dimensional bar. The bar is filled using the
current fill pattern and fill color. bar does not outline the bar; to draw an outlined
two-dimensional bar, use bar3d with depth equal to 0.

The upper left and lower right corners of the rectangle are given by (left, top) and
(right, bottom), respectively. The coordinates refer to pixels.

Return Value
None.
See also
bar3d
rectangle
setcolor
setfillstyle
setlinestyle
Example
/* bar example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy, i;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

 errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the fill patterns */

for (i=SOLID_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++) {

/* set the fill style */

setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw the bar */

bar(midx-50, midy-50, midx+50, midy+50);

getch();

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

}
bar3d

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void bar3d(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int depth, int
topflag);

Description
bar3d draws a three-dimensional rectangular bar, then fills it using the current fill
pattern and fill color. The three-dimensional outline of the bar is drawn in the
current line style and color. The bar's depth in pixels is given by depth. The topflag
parameter governs whether a three-dimensional top is put on the bar. If topflag is
nonzero, a top is put on; otherwise, no top is put on the bar (making it possible to
stack several bars on top of one another). The upper left and lower right corners of
the rectangle are given by (left, top) and (right, bottom), respectively.

To calculate a typical depth for bar3d, take 25% of the width of the bar, like this:

bar3d(left,top,right,bottom, (right-left)/4,1);

Return Value
None.
See also
bar
rectangle
setcolor
setfillstyle
setlinestyle
Example
/* bar3d example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

{
/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy, i;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the fill patterns */

for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++) {

/* set the fill style */

setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw the 3-d bar */

bar3d(midx-50, midy-50, midx+50, midy+50, 10, 1);

getch();
 }

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

Output Stream Functions for Windows BGI

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

extern ostringstream bgiout;

void outstream(ostringstream& out=bgiout);

void outstreamsy(int x, int y, ostringstream& out=bgiout);

Description
The winbgim package supports a globally defined output stream called bgiout.
This output stream can be written to just like cout or any other output stream.
However, the information written to bgiout does not appear in the graphics window
until the program calls outstream or outstreamxy.

The outstream and outstreamxy functions work like outtext and outtextxy
functions except that they print from an ostringstream rather than from an
ordinary string. The outstream function prints its information in the active graphics
window at the current pointer. The outstreamxy function prints its information in
the active graphics window at coordinates (x,y).

Both functions clear the ostreamstream after printing its information.

Both functions use the global bgiout as the default value for the ostringstream.

bgiout Examples:
#include "graphics.h"

initwindow(400, 400);
 bgiout << "Hello, World!" << endl;

bgiout << 42 << endl;

outstreamxy(100, 100);

getch( );

closegraph( );

circle

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void circle(int x, int y, int radius);

Description
circle draws a circle in the current drawing color with its center at (x,y) and the
radius given by radius.

The linestyle parameter does not affect arcs, circles, ellipses, or pie slices. Only the
thickness parameter is used.

If your circles are not perfectly round, adjust the aspect ratio.

Return Value
None.
See also
arc
ellipse
fillellipse
getaspectratio
sector
setaspectratio
Example
/* circle example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy, radius = 100;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* draw the circle */

circle(midx, midy, radius);

/* clean up */

getch();
 closegraph();

return 0;

cleardevice

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void cleardevice(void);

Description
cleardevice erases (that is, fills with the current background color) the entire
graphics screen and moves the CP (current position) to home (0,0).
Return Value
None.
See also
clearviewport
Example
/* cleardevice example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* for centering screen messages */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* output a message to the screen */

outtextxy(midx, midy, "Press any key to clear the screen:");

getch(); /* wait for a key */

cleardevice(); /* clear the screen */

/* output another message */

outtextxy(midx, midy, "Press any key to quit:");

 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

clearmouseclick

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void clearmouseclick(int kind);

Description
The clearmouseclick function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. This is just like getmouseclick, except it does not provide the x and y
coordinates of the event. The value of the argument kind may be any of the
constants listed above. After calling getmouseclick, for a particular kind of event,
the ismouseclick will return false for that kind of event until another such event
occurs.

The kind argument to clearmouseclick is one of these constants from the

graphics.h file:

WM_MOUSEMOVE
if you want to detect a mouse movement
WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the left mouse button is double clicked
WM_LBUTTONDOWN
...detect when the left mouse button is clicked down
WM_LBUTTONUP
...detect when the left mouse button is released up
WM_MBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the middle mouse button is double clicked
WM_MBUTTONDOWN
...detect when the middle mouse button is clicked down
WM_MBUTTONUP
...detect when the middle mouse button is released up
WM_RBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the right mouse button is double clicked
WM_RBUTTONDOWN
 ...detect when the right mouse button is clicked down
WM_RBUTTONUP
...detect when the right mouse button is released up

The middle mouse button handlers aren't working on my machine. I haven't yet
tracked down the reason--it could be a broken mouse or it could be a bug in my
programming.

See also
ismouseclick
getmouseclick
Example
/* mouse example */

#include "graphics.h"

void main(void)

const int LIMIT = 10; // Number of clicks to stop program.

int maxx, maxy; // Maximum x and y pixel coordinates

int count = 0; // Number of mouse clicks

int divisor; // Divisor for the length of a triangle side

// Put the machine into graphics mode and get the maximum
coordinates:

initwindow(450, 300);

maxx = getmaxx( );

maxy = getmaxy( );

// Draw a white circle with red inside and a radius of 50

pixels:

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);

setcolor(WHITE);

fillellipse(maxx/2, maxy/2, 50, 50);

 // Print a message and wait for a red pixel to be double
clicked:

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 2);

outtextxy(20, 20, "Left click " << LIMIT << " times to end.");

setcolor(BLUE);

divisor = 2;

while (count < LIMIT)

triangle(maxx/divisor, maxy/divisor);

delay(500);

divisor++;

if (ismouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN))

clearmouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN));

count++;

// Switch back to text mode:

closegraph( );

clearviewport

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void clearviewport(void);

Description
 clearviewport erases the viewport and moves the CP (current position) to home
(0,0), relative to the viewport.
Return Value
None.
See also
cleardevice
getviewsettings
setviewport
Example
/* clearviewport example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define CLIP_ON 1 /* activates clipping in viewport */

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode, ht;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

 getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

ht = textheight("W");

/* message in default full-screen viewport */

outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in default viewport");

/* create a smaller viewport */

setviewport(50, 50, getmaxx()-50, getmaxy()-50, CLIP_ON);

/* display some messages */

outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in smaller viewport");

outtextxy(0, 2*ht, "Press any key to clear viewport:");

getch(); /* wait for a key */

clearviewport(); /* clear the viewport */

/* output another message */

outtextxy(0, 0, "Press any key to quit:");

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
closegraph

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void closegraph(int wid=ALL_WINDOWS);

Description
closegraph deallocates all memory allocated by the graphics system, then restores
the screen to the mode it was in before you called initgraph. (The graphics system
deallocates memory, such as the drivers, fonts, and an internal buffer, through a call
to _graphfreemem.)
Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
The windows version of closegraph has an optional parameter called wid which is
the window id (returned by initwindow) of the window that is to be closed. This
parameter may also be one of two special constant values: CURRENT_WINDOW
(causing closegraph to close only the current window), or ALL_WINDOWS (which
is the default, causing closegraph to close all open graphics windows). If the current
window is closed, then there is no longer a current window and no further drawing
operations may be done until a new window is created or a current window is set by
calling setcurrentwindow.
See also
initgraph
initwindow
setgraphbufsize
setcurrentwindow
Example
/* closegraph example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode, x, y;

/* initialize graphics mode */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

x = getmaxx() / 2;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

/* output a message */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(x, y, "Press a key to close the graphics system:");

getch(); /* wait for a key */

/* closes down the graphics system */

closegraph();

printf("We're now back in text mode.\n");

printf("Press any key to halt:");

 getch();

return 0;

Colors for Windows BGI

The winbgim package supports two types of colors that may be used with any of the
functions that expect colors as arguments:

1. The sixteen ordinary BGI colors. These are the integers 0 through 15 or you may
use the symbolic names:
2.
3. BLACK BLUE GREEN CYAN
4.
5. RED MAGENTA BROWN LIGHTGRAY
6.
7. DARKGRAY LIGHTBLUE LIGHTGREEN LIGHTCYAN
8.
9. LIGHTRED LIGHTMAGENTA YELLOW WHITE
10.
11. A color may be specified from red, green and blue components using a new
function called COLOR(r,g,b). Each of the r,g,b arguments must be a number in the
range 0 to 255. For example, COLOR(255,100,0) is a mostly red color with some
green and no blue. If you create one of these colors, it may be used as an argument
to any of the BGI functions that expect a color. These colors may also be returned
from BGI functions such as getbkcolor and the new function getdisplaycolor (which
tells you what actual color will be displayed on the current monitor).

A function, converttorgb, and several other functions (RED_VALUE, GREEN_VALUE,

BLUE_VALUE, IS_BGI_COLOR, and IS_RGB_COLOR) are explained in the examples
below.

RGB Examples:

setcolor(BLUE); // Change drawing color to BLUE.

setcolor(COLOR(255,100,0)); // Change drawing color to reddish-green.

setpalette(4, BLUE); // Change palette entry 4 to BLUE.

setpalette(4, COLOR(9,9,9));// Change palette entry 4 to nearly

black.
 int current = getcolor( ); // Set current to current drawing color.

if (IS_BGI_COLOR(current)) // Check whether it is a BGI color.

cout << "Current BGI drawing color is: " << current << endl;

if (IS_RGB_COLOR(current)) // Check whether it is an RGB color.

cout << "Current RGB drawing color has these components:\n"

<< "Red: " << RED_VALUE(current) << '\n'

<< "Green: " << GREEN_VALUE(current) << '\n'

<< "Blue: " << BLUE_VALUE(current) << '\n';

cout << "The usual Windows RGB color int value is:\n"

<< converttorgb(current) << endl;

delay

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void delay(int millisec);

Description
The delay function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI graphics.
You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function pauses the
computation for the the specified number of milliseconds.
Return Value
None.
See also None.
Example
/* delay example */

#include "graphics.h"
 int main(void)

int midx, midy, i;

/* initialize the window size */

initwindow(100, 100);

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the fill patterns with 4 second delays */

for (i=SOLID_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++) {

/* set the fill style */

setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw the bar */

bar(midx-50, midy-50, midx+50, midy+50);

delay(4000);

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

detectgraph
Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void detectgraph(int *graphdriver, int *graphmode);

Description
detectgraph detects your system's graphics adapter and chooses the mode that
provides the highest resolution for that adapter. If no graphics hardware is detected,
*graphdriver is set to grNotDetected (-2), and graphresult returns grNotDetected (-
2).

*graphdriver is an integer that specifies the graphics driver to be used. You can give
it a value using a constant of the graphics_drivers enumeration type defined in
graphics.h and listed as follows:

graphics_drivers constant Numeric value

DETECT 0 (requests autodetect)
CGA 1
MCGA 2
EGA 3
EGA64 4
EGAMONO 5
IBM8514 6
HERCMONO 7
ATT400 8
VGA 9
PC3270 10

*graphmode is an integer that specifies the initial graphics mode (unless

*graphdriver equals DETECT; in which case, *graphmode is set to the highest
resolution available for the detected driver). You can give *graphmode a value
using a constant of the graphics_modes enumeration type defined in graphics.h and
listed as follows.

Columns
Graphics
Driver graphics_mode Value x Rows Palette Pages
CGA CGAC0 0 320 x 200 C0 1
CGAC1 1 320 x 200 C1 1
CGAC2 2 320 x 200 C2 1
 CGAC3 3 320 x 200 C3 1
CGAHI 4 640 x 200 2 color 1

MCGA MCGAC0 0 320 x 200 C0 1

MCGAC1 1 320 x 200 C1 1

MCGAC2 2 320 x 200 C2 1
MCGAC3 3 320 x 200 C3 1
MCGAMED 4 640 x 200 2 color 1
MCGAHI 5 640 x 480 2 color 1

EGA EGALO 0 640 x 200 16 color 4

EGAHI 1 640 x 350 16 color 2

EGA64 EGA64LO 0 640 x 200 16 color 1

EGA64HI 1 640 x 350 4 color 1

EGA-MONO EGAMONOHI 3 640 x 350 2 color 1 w/64K

EGAMONOHI 3 640 x 350 2 color 2 w/256K

HERC HERCMONOHI 0 720 x 348 2 color 2

ATT400 ATT400C0 0 320 x 200 C0 1

ATT400C1 1 320 x 200 C1 1
ATT400C2 2 320 x 200 C2 1
ATT400C3 3 320 x 200 C3 1
ATT400MED 4 640 x 200 2 color 1
ATT400HI 5 640 x 400 2 color 1

VGA VGALO 0 640 x 200 16 color 2

VGAMED 1 640 x 350 16 color 2
VGAHI 2 640 x 480 16 color 1

PC3270 PC3270HI 0 720 x 350 2 color 1

IBM8514 IBM8514HI 0 640 x 480 256 color ?
IBM8514LO 0 1024 x 768 256 color ?
 Note: The main reason to call detectgraph directly is to override the graphics mode
that detectgraph recommends to initgraph.

Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version of detectgraph returns VGA for the graphdriver and VGAHI
for the graphmode, regardless of the machine's hardware. However, the screen is not
necessarily 640 x 480.
See also
graphresult
initgraph
Example
/* detectgraph example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

/* the names of the various cards supported */

char *dname[] = { "requests detection",

"a CGA",

"an MCGA",

"an EGA",

"a 64K EGA",

"a monochrome EGA",

"an IBM 8514",

"a Hercules monochrome",

"an AT&T 6300 PC",

"a VGA",

"an IBM 3270 PC"

 };

int main(void)

/* used to return detected hardware info. */

int gdriver, gmode, errorcode;

/* detect the graphics hardware available */

detectgraph(&gdriver, &gmode);

/* read result of detectgraph call */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* display the information detected */

clrscr();

printf("You have %s video display card.\n", dname[gdriver]);

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

return 0;

}
drawpoly

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void drawpoly(int numpoints, int *polypoints);

Description
drawpoly draws a polygon with numpoints points, using the current line style and
color.

*polypoints points to a sequence of (numpoints * 2) integers. Each pair of integers

gives the x- and y-coordinates of a point on the polygon.

In order to draw a closed figure with n vertices, you must pass n + 1 coordinates to
drawpoly where the nth coordinate is equal to the 0th.

Return Value
None.
See also
fillpoly
floodfill
graphresult
setwritemode
Example
/* drawpoly example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int maxx, maxy;

 int poly[10]; /* our polygon array */

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk){ /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx();

maxy = getmaxy();

poly[0] = 20; /* first vertex */

poly[1] = maxy / 2;

poly[2] = maxx - 20; /* second vertex */

poly[3] = 20;

poly[4] = maxx - 50; /* third vertex */

poly[5] = maxy - 20;

poly[6] = maxx / 2; /* fourth vertex */

poly[7] = maxy / 2;

poly[8] = poly[0]; /* drawpoly doesn't automatically close

*/
 poly[9] = poly[1]; /* the polygon, so we close it */

drawpoly(5, poly); /* draw the polygon */

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

ellipse

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void ellipse(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int xradius,

int yradius);

Description
ellipse draws an elliptical arc in the current drawing color with its center at (x,y) and
the horizontal and vertical axes given by xradius and yradius, respectively. The
ellipse travels from stangle to endangle. If stangle equals 0 and endangle equals
360, the call to ellipse draws a complete ellipse.

The angle for ellipse is reckoned counterclockwise, with 0 degrees at 3 o'clock, 90

degrees at 12 o'clock, and so on.

The linestyle parameter does not affect arcs, circles, ellipses, or pie slices. Only the
thickness parameter is used.

Return Value
None.
See also
arc
circle
fillellipse
sector
Example
/* ellipse example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

int stangle = 0, endangle = 360;

int xradius = 100, yradius = 50;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

}
 midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* draw ellipse */

ellipse(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, xradius, yradius);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

fillellipse

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void fillellipse(int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius);

Description
Draws an ellipse using (x,y) as a center point and xradius and yradius as the
horizontal and vertical axes, and fills it with the current fill color and fill pattern.
Return Value
None.
See also
arc
circle
ellipse
pieslice
Example
/* fillellipse example */
#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy, i;

int xradius = 100, yradius = 50;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the fill patterns */

 for (i = EMPTY_FILL; i < USER_FILL; i++) {

/* set fill pattern */

setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw a filled ellipse */

fillellipse(midx, midy, xradius, yradius);

getch();

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

fillpoly

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void fillpoly(int numpoints, int *polypoints);

Description
fillpoly draws the outline of a polygon with numpoints points in the current line
style and color (just as drawpoly does), then fills the polygon using the current fill
pattern and fill color.

polypoints points to a sequence of (numpoints * 2) integers. Each pair of integers

gives the x- and y-coordinates of a point on the polygon.

Return Value
None.
See also
drawpoly
 floodfill
graphresult
setfillstyle
Example
/* fillpoly example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int i, maxx, maxy;

/* our polygon array */

int poly[8];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();
 exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx();

maxy = getmaxy();

poly[0] = 20; /* first vertex */

poly[1] = maxy / 2;

poly[2] = maxx - 20; /* second vertex */

poly[3] = 20;

poly[4] = maxx - 50; /* third vertex */

poly[5] = maxy - 20;

poly[6] = maxx / 2; /* fourth, fillpoly automatically */

poly[7] = maxy / 2; /* closes the polygon */

/* loop through the fill patterns */

for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++) {

/* set fill pattern */

setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw a filled polygon */

fillpoly(4, poly);

getch();

/* clean up */

closegraph();
 return 0;

floodfill

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void floodfill(int x, int y, int border);

Description
floodfill fills an enclosed area on bitmap devices. (x,y) is a "seed point" within the
enclosed area to be filled. The area bounded by the color border is flooded with the
current fill pattern and fill color. If the seed point is within an enclosed area, the
inside will be filled. If the seed is outside the enclosed area, the exterior will be
filled.

Use fillpoly instead of floodfill whenever possible so that you can maintain code
compatibility with future versions.

floodfill does not work with the IBM-8514 driver.

Return Value
If an error occurs while flooding a region, graphresult returns a value of -7.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version allows the border argument to be an ordinary BGI color (from
0 to 15) or an RGB color.
See also
drawpoly
fillpoly
graphresult
setcolor
setfillstyle
Example
/* floodfill example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int maxx, maxy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx();

maxy = getmaxy();

/* select drawing color */

setcolor(getmaxcolor());
 /* select fill color */

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, getmaxcolor());

/* draw a border around the screen */

rectangle(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

/* draw some circles */

circle(maxx / 3, maxy /2, 50);

circle(maxx / 2, 20, 100);

circle(maxx-20, maxy-50, 75);

circle(20, maxy-20, 25);

/* wait for a key */

getch();

/* fill in bounded region */

floodfill(2, 2, getmaxcolor());

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getactivepage
Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

int getactivepage(void);

Description
The getactivepage function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. getactivepage gets the page number of the currently active page (where
drawing takes place).

The active graphics page might not be the one you see onscreen, depending on how
many graphics pages are available on your system.

The original winbgi was designed to support up to 16 pages, but I have only used
pages 1 and 2 myself. NOTE: Using page number 0 might mess up the colors. I use
pages 1-2 for double buffering.

Return Value
The page number of the currently active page.
See also
getvisualpage
setactivepage
swapbuffers

getarccoords

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getarccoords(struct arccoordstype *arccoords);

Description
getarccoords fills in the arccoordstype structure pointed to by arccoords with
information about the last call to arc. The arccoordstype structure is defined in
graphics.h as follows:
struct arccoordstype {

int x, y;

int xstart, ystart, xend, yend;

};
 The members of this structure are used to specify the center point (x,y), the starting
position (xstart, ystart), and the ending position (xend, yend) of the arc. These
values are useful if you need to make a line meet at the end of an arc.
Return Value
None.
See also
arc
fillellipse
sector
Example
/* getarccoords example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

struct arccoordstype arcinfo;

int midx, midy;

int stangle = 45, endangle = 270;

char sstr[80], estr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

 printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* draw arc and get coordinates */

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

arc(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, 100);

getarccoords(&arcinfo);

/* convert arc information into strings */

sprintf(sstr, "*- (%d, %d)", arcinfo.xstart, arcinfo.ystart);

sprintf(estr, "*- (%d, %d)", arcinfo.xend, arcinfo.yend);

/* output the arc information */

outtextxy(arcinfo.xstart, arcinfo.ystart, sstr);

outtextxy(arcinfo.xend, arcinfo.yend, estr);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;
 }

getaspectration

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getaspectratio(int *xasp, int *yasp);

Description
The y aspect factor, *yasp, is normalized to 10,000. On all graphics adapters except
the VGA, *xasp (the x aspect factor) is less than *yasp because the pixels are taller
than they are wide. On the VGA, which has "square" pixels, *xasp equals *yasp. In
general, the relationship between *yasp and *xasp can be stated as

*yasp = 10,000

*xasp <= 10,000

getaspectratio gets the values in *xasp and *yasp.

Return Value
None.
See also
None.
Example
/* getaspectratio example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

main()

/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int xasp, yasp, midx, midy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* get current aspect ratio settings */

getaspectratio(&xasp, &yasp);

/* draw normal circle */

circle(midx, midy, 100);

getch();

/* draw wide circle */

 cleardevice();

setaspectratio(xasp/2, yasp);

circle(midx, midy, 100);

getch();

/* draw narrow circle */

cleardevice();

setaspectratio(xasp, yasp/2);

circle(midx, midy, 100);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getbkcolor

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getbkcolor(void);

Description
getbkcolor returns the current background color. (See the table in setbkcolor for
details.)
Return Value
getbkcolor returns the current background color.
Windows Notes
In the winbgim version, the user might set the background color to an RGB color.
Therefore, the return value from getbkcolor might be an ordinary BGI color (integer
from 0 to 15) or an RGB color.
See also
getcolor
getmaxcolor
getpalette
setbkcolor
Example
/* getbkcolor example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int bkcolor, midx, midy;

char bkname[35];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();
 exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* for centering text on the display */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* get the current background color */

bkcolor = getbkcolor();

/* convert color value into a string */

itoa(bkcolor, bkname, 10);

strcat(bkname, " is the current background color.");

/* display a message */

outtextxy(midx, midy, bkname);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
getch

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

int getch(void);

Description
The getch function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI graphics.
You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function reads one
character from the keyboard and returns its ASCII value (without waiting for a
return key). In order to work, the user must click in the graphics window (i.e., the
Windows focus must be in the graphics window). For special keys, the getch
function first returns ASCII 0. The next call will then return one of these special
keys:
#define KEY_HOME 71

#define KEY_UP 72

#define KEY_PGUP 73

#define KEY_LEFT 75

#define KEY_CENTER 76

#define KEY_RIGHT 77

#define KEY_END 79

#define KEY_DOWN 80

#define KEY_PGDN 81

#define KEY_INSERT 82

#define KEY_DELETE 83

#define KEY_F1 59

#define KEY_F2 60

#define KEY_F3 61

#define KEY_F4 62

#define KEY_F5 63

#define KEY_F6 64

#define KEY_F7 65
 #define KEY_F8 66

#define KEY_F9 67

Return Value
The ASCII value of a key that has been pressed.
See also
kbhit
Example
#include "graphics.h"

#include <stdio.h> // Provides sprintf

#include <iostream.h> // Provides cout

void outintxy(int x, int y, int value);

int main( )

int i;

char c;

// Initialize the graphics window.

initwindow(400, 300);

// Convert some numbers to strings and draw them in graphics

window:

outtextxy(10, 10, "Here are some numbers:");

for (i = 10; i <= 100; i += 10)

outintxy(20, i+10, i);

// Get some characters from the keyboard until an X is typed:

outtextxy(20, 130, "Click in this graphics window,");

outtextxy(20, 140, "and then press arrow keys.");

outtextxy(20, 150, "Watch the console window while pressing.");

 outtextxy(20, 160, "Press X to exit.");

do

c = (char) getch( );

if (c != 0)

cout << "That is ASCII value: " << (int) c << endl;

else

{ // Process one of the special keys:

c = (char) getch( );

switch (c)

case KEY_HOME: cout << "Home key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_UP: cout << "Up key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_PGUP: cout << "PgUp key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_LEFT: cout << "Left key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_CENTER: cout << "Center key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_RIGHT: cout << "Right key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_END: cout << "End key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_DOWN: cout << "Down key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_PGDN: cout << "PgDn key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_INSERT: cout << "Insert key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_DELETE: cout << "Delete key." << endl;

break;
 case KEY_F1: cout << "F1 key." << endl;
break;

case KEY_F2: cout << "F2 key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_F3: cout << "F3 key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_F4: cout << "F4 key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_F5: cout << "F5 key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_F6: cout << "F6 key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_F7: cout << "F7 key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_F8: cout << "F8 key." << endl;

break;

case KEY_F9: cout << "F9 key." << endl;

break;

default: cout << "Unknown extended key." << endl;

} while ((c != 'x') && (c != 'X'));

closegraph( );

void outintxy(int x, int y, int value)

char digit_string[20];

sprintf(digit_string, "%d", value);

outtextxy(x, y, digit_string);

}
getcolor

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getcolor(void);

Description
getcolor returns the current drawing color. The drawing color is the value to which
pixels are set when lines and so on are drawn. For example, in CGAC0 mode, the
palette contains four colors: the background color, light green, light red, and yellow.
In this mode, if getcolor returns 1, the current drawing color is light green.
Return Value
getcolor returns the current drawing color.
Windows Notes
In the winbgim version, the user might set the drawing color to an RGB color.
Therefore, the return value from getcolor might be an ordinary BGI color (integer
from 0 to 15) or an RGB color.
See also
getbkcolor
getmaxcolor
getpalette
setcolor
Example
/* getcolor example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int color, midx, midy;

char colname[35];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* for centering text on the display */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* get the current drawing color */

color = getcolor();

/* convert color value into a string */

itoa(color, colname, 10);

strcat(colname, " is the current drawing color.");

 /* display a message */

outtextxy(midx, midy, colname);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getcurrentwindow

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

int getcurrentwindow( );

Description
The getcurrentwindow function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h.

The function gets the current window number, which is the window where all
graphics operations occur.

See also
setcurrentwindow
initgraph
initwindow
Example
/* setcurrentwindow example */

#include

void change ( int window )

 {

int oldwindow = getcurrentwindow( );

setcurrentwindow(window);

// Do whatever graphics operations you like in the new current

// window...

// Restore the original window:

setcurrentwindow(oldwindow);

getdefaultpalette

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

struct palettetype *getdefaultpalette(void);

Description
getdefaultpalette finds the palettetype structure that contains the palette initialized
by the driver during initgraph.
Return Value
getdefaultpalette returns a pointer to the default palette set up by the current driver
when that driver was initialized.
See also
getpalette
initgraph
Example
/* getdefaultpalette example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>
int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* pointer to palette structure */

struct palettetype *pal = NULL;

int i;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* return a pointer to the default palette */

pal = getdefaultpalette();

for (i=0; i<pal->size; i++) {

 printf("colors[%d] = %d\n", i, pal->colors[i]);

getch();

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getdisplaycolor

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getdisplaycolor( int color );

Description
The getdisplaycolor function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. getdisplaycolor is used to get an color that the current actual display
device can display.
Return Value
getdisplaycolor(color) returns the color number that will actually be drawn when a
program calls putpixel(0, 0, color). This is not always identical to color because
some display devices cannot display all possible colors. However, the display color
will always be as close as possible to the requested color.
Windows Notes
In the winbgim version, the user might set colors to an RGB color. Therefore, the
return value from getdisplaycolor might be an ordinary BGI color (integer from 0 to
15) or an RGB color.
See also
getpixel
putpixel
wincolor
Example
/* getdisplaycolor example */
#include <graphics.h>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(void)

int r, g, b; // Components of r, g and b for a color.

int color_request, color_actual;

/* initialize graphics window */

initwindow(300, 300);

/* Get a user-defined color */

cout << "Please enter amounts of red, green and blue: ";

cin >> r >> g >> b;

/* Compute what this color will display as. */

color_request = COLOR(r, g, b);

color_actual = getdisplaycolor(color_request);

if (IS_BGI_COLOR(color_actual))

cout << "That will display as BGI color number " <<
color_actual << endl;

else

cout << "That color will display on this machine with

components:\n"

<< "Red: " << RED_VALUE(color_actual) << '\n'

 << "Green: " << GREEN_VALUE(color_actual) << '\n'

<< "Blue: " << BLUE_VALUE(color_actual) << '\n';

getdrivername

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

char *getdrivername(void);

Description
After a call to initgraph, getdrivername returns the name of the driver that is
currently loaded.
Return Value
getdrivername returns a pointer to a string with the name of the currently loaded
graphics driver.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version of getdrivername returns "EGAVGA" for the driver name,
regardless of how initgraph was called.
See also
initgraph
Example
/* getdrivername example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main()

/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* stores the device driver name */

char *drivername;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* get the name of the device driver in use */

drivername = getdrivername();

/* for centering text onscreen */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* output the name of the driver */

outtextxy(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2, drivername);

/* clean up */
 getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getfillpattern

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getfillpattern(char *pattern);

Description
getfillpattern copies the user-defined fill pattern, as set by setfillpattern, into the 8-
byte area pointed to by pattern.

pattern is a pointer to a sequence of 8 bytes, with each byte corresponding to 8

pixels in the pattern. Whenever a bit in a pattern byte is set to 1, the corresponding
pixel will be plotted. For example, the following user-defined fill pattern represents
a checkerboard:

char checkboard[8] = {

0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55, 0xAA, 0x55

};

Return Value
None.
See also
getfillsettings
setfillpattern
Example
/* getfillpattern example */
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
 int main(void) {
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;
char pattern[8] = {0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x25, 0x27, 0x04, 0x04};
/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) {
/* an error occurred */
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* select a user-defined fill pattern */
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor());
/* fill the screen with the pattern */
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
getch();
/* get the current user-defined fill pattern */
getfillpattern(pattern);
/* alter the pattern we grabbed */
pattern[4] -= 1;
pattern[5] -= 3;
pattern[6] += 3;
pattern[7] -= 4;
/* select our new pattern */
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor());
/* fill the screen with the new pattern */
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
getfillsettings

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getfillsettings(struct fillsettingstype *fillinfo);

Description
getfillsettings fills in the fillsettingstype structure pointed to by fillinfo with
information about the current fill pattern and fill color. The fillsettingstype structure
is defined in graphics.h as follows:
struct fillsettingstype {

int pattern; /* current fill pattern */

int color; /* current fill color */

};

The functions bar, bar3d, fillpoly, floodfill, and pieslice all fill an area with the
current fill pattern in the current fill color. There are 11 predefined fill pattern styles
(such as solid, crosshatch, dotted, and so on). Symbolic names for the predefined
patterns are provided by the enumerated type fill_patterns in graphics.h, as shown
here:
Name Value Description
EMPTY_FILL 0 Fill with background color
SOLID_FILL 1 Solid fill
LINE_FILL 2 Fill with ---
LTSLASH_FILL 3 Fill with ///
SLASH_FILL 4 Fill with ///, thick lines
BKSLASH_FILL 5 Fill with \\\, thick lines
LTBKSLASH_FILL 6 Fill with \\\
HATCH_FILL 7 Light hatch fill
XHATCH_FILL 8 Heavy crosshatch fill
INTERLEAVE_FILL 9 Interleaving line fill
WIDE_DOT_FILL 10 Widely spaced dot fill
CLOSE_DOT_FILL 11 Closely spaced dot fill
USER_FILL 12 User-defined fill pattern
Note: All but EMPTY_FILL fill with the current fill color; EMPTY_FILL uses the
current background color. In addition, you can define your own fill pattern. If
pattern equals 12 (USER_FILL), then a user-defined fill pattern is being used;
otherwise, pattern gives the number of a predefined pattern.
Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
In the winbgim version, the user might set the fill color to an RGB color. Therefore,
the color in the fillsettingstype struct might be an ordinary BGI color (integer from
0 to 15) or an RGB color.
See also
getfillpattern
setfillpattern
setfillstyle
Example
/* getfillsettings example */

#include

#include

#include

#include

/* the names of the fill styles supported */

char *fname[] = { "EMPTY_FILL", "SOLID_FILL", "LINE_FILL",

"LTSLASH_FILL", "SLASH_FILL", "BKSLASH_FILL", "LTBKSLASH_FILL",
"HATCH_FILL", "XHATCH_FILL", "INTERLEAVE_FILL", "WIDE_DOT_FILL",
"CLOSE_DOT_FILL", "USER_FILL" };

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

struct fillsettingstype fillinfo;

int midx, midy;

char patstr[40], colstr[40];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

 initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get info about current fill pattern and color */

getfillsettings(&fillinfo);

/* convert fill information into strings */

sprintf(patstr, "%s is the fill style.",

fname[fillinfo.pattern]);

sprintf(colstr, "%d is the fill color.", fillinfo.color);

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, patstr);

outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), colstr);

/* clean up */
 getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getgraphmode

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getgraphmode(void);

Description
Your program must make a successful call to initgraph before calling
getgraphmode.

The enumeration graphics_mode, defined in graphics.h, gives names for the

predefined graphics modes. For a table listing these enumeration values, refer to the
description for initgraph.

Return Value
getgraphmode returns the graphics mode set by initgraph or setgraphmode.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version of getgraphmode returns VGAHI for the graphmode,
regardless of how initgraph was called. However, the screen is not necessarily
640 x 480.
See also
getmoderange
initgraph
restorecrtmode
setgraphmode
Example
/* getgraphmode example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy, mode;

char numname[80], modename[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get mode number and name strings */

mode = getgraphmode();
 sprintf(numname, "%d is the current mode number.", mode);

sprintf(modename, "%s is the current graphics mode.",

getmodename(mode));

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);

outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), modename);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getimage

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getimage(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void
*bitmap);

Description
getimage copies an image from the screen to memory.

left, top, right, and bottom define the screen area to which the rectangle is copied.
bitmap points to the area in memory where the bit image is stored. The first two
words of this area are used for the width and height of the rectangle; the remainder
holds the image itself.

Return Value
None.
See also
 getpixel
imagesize
putimage
Example
/* getimage example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <alloc.h>

void save_screen(void *buf[4]);

void restore_screen(void *buf[4]);

int maxx, maxy;

int main(void)

int gdriver=DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

void *ptr[4];

/* autodetect the graphics driver and mode */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

errorcode = graphresult(); /* check for any errors */

if (errorcode != grOk) {

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1);
 }

maxx = getmaxx();

maxy = getmaxy();

/* draw an image on the screen */

rectangle(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

line(0, maxy, maxx, 0);

save_screen(ptr); /* save the current screen */

getch(); /* pause screen */

cleardevice(); /* clear screen */

restore_screen(ptr); /* restore the screen */

getch(); /* pause screen */

closegraph();

return 0;

void save_screen(void *buf[4])

unsigned size;

int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block;

yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;

yend = yincr;

/* get byte size of image */

size = imagesize(0, ystart, maxx, yend);

 for (block=0; block<=3; block++) {

if ((buf[block] = farmalloc(size)) == NULL) {

closegraph();

printf("Error: not enough heap space in

save_screen().\n");

exit(1);

getimage(0, ystart, maxx, yend, buf[block]);

ystart = yend + 1;

yend += yincr + 1;

void restore_screen(void *buf[4])

int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block;

yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;

yend = yincr;

for (block=0; block<=3; block++) {

putimage(0, ystart, buf[block], COPY_PUT);

farfree(buf[block]);

ystart = yend + 1;

yend += yincr + 1;

}
getlinesettings

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getlinesettings(struct linesettingstype *lineinfo);

Description
getlinesettings fills a linesettingstype structure pointed to by lineinfo with
information about the current line style, pattern, and thickness.

The linesettingstype structure is defined in graphics.h as follows:

struct linesettingstype {

int linestyle;

unsigned upattern;

int thickness;

};

linestyle specifies in which style subsequent lines will be drawn (such as solid,
dotted, centered, dashed). The enumeration line_styles, defined in graphics.h, gives
names to these operators:
Name Value Description
SOLID_LINE 0 Solid line
DOTTED_LINE 1 Dotted line
CENTER_LINE 2 Centered line
DASHED_LINE 3 Dashed line
USERBIT_LINE 4 User-defined line style
thickness specifies whether the width of subsequent lines drawn will be normal or
thick.
Name Value Description
NORM_WIDTH 1 1 pixel wide
THICK_WIDTH 3 3 pixels wide
Return Value
None.
See also
setlinestyle
Example
/* getlinesettings example */
#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

/* the names of the line styles supported */

char *lname[] = { "SOLID_LINE", "DOTTED_LINE", "CENTER_LINE",

"DASHED_LINE", "USERBIT_LINE" };

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

struct linesettingstype lineinfo;

int midx, midy;

char lstyle[80], lpattern[80], lwidth[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

 getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get information about current line settings */

getlinesettings(&lineinfo);

/* convert line information into strings */

sprintf(lstyle, "%s is the line style.",

lname[lineinfo.linestyle]);

sprintf(lpattern, "0x%X is the user-defined line pattern.",

lineinfo.upattern);

sprintf(lwidth, "%d is the line thickness.", lineinfo.thickness);

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, lstyle);

outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), lpattern);

outtextxy(midx, midy+4*textheight("W"), lwidth);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;
 }

getmaxcolor

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getmaxcolor(void);

Description
getmaxcolor returns the highest valid color value for the current graphics driver and
mode that can be passed to setcolor.

For example, on a 256K EGA, getmaxcolor always returns 15, which means that
any call to setcolor with a value from 0 to 15 is valid. On a CGA in high-resolution
mode or on a Hercules monochrome adapter, getmaxcolor returns a value of 1.

Windows Notes
The winbgim version of getmaxcolor returns 15 for the maximum color. However,
in addition to the usual BGI colors (0 through 15), the programmer may also use
RGB colors.
Return Value
getmaxcolor returns the highest available color value.
See also
getbkcolor
getcolor
getpalette
getpalettesize
setcolor
Example
/* getmaxcolor example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

char colstr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* grab the color info. and convert it to a string */

sprintf(colstr, "This mode supports colors 0..%d",

getmaxcolor());

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, colstr);

 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getmaxmode

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getmaxmode(void);

Description
getmaxmode lets you find out the maximum mode number for the currently loaded
driver, directly from the driver. This gives it an advantage over getmoderange,
which works for Borland drivers only. The minimum mode is 0.
Return Value
getmaxmode returns the maximum mode number for the current driver.
See also
getmodename
getmiderange
Example
/* getmaxmode example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

char modestr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* grab the mode info. and convert it to a string */

sprintf(modestr, "This driver supports modes 0..%d",

getmaxmode());

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
 outtextxy(midx, midy, modestr);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getmaxheight

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getmaxheight(void);

Description
The getmaxheight function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. The function returns the maximum height that will fit on the screen when
creating a window with initwindow. This is one of the few BGI functions that may
be called before calling initwindow. Note: The value returned is correct for a
window with a non-empty title. If you create a window with the empty string
(no characters) for a title, then the height can be increased by
GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYCAPTION).
Return Value
getmaxheight returns the maximum window height
See also
getmaxy
getwindowheight
getmaxwidth
initwindow
Example
/* getmaxwidth and getmaxheight example */

#include <graphics.h>

int main(void)
 {

/* Make a window, as big as possible */

initwindow(getmaxwidth( ), getmaxheight( ));

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getmaxwidth

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getmaxwidth(void);

Description
The getmaxwidth function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. The function returns the maximum width that will fit on the screen when
creating a window with initwindow. This is one of the few BGI functions that may
be called before calling initwindow.
Return Value
getmaxwidth returns the maximum window width
See also
getmaxx
getwindowwidth
getmaxheight
initwindow
Example
/* getmaxwidth and getmaxheight example */

#include <graphics.h>

int main(void)
 {

/* Make a window, as big as possible */

initwindow(getmaxwidth( ), getmaxheight( ));

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getmaxx

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getmaxx(void);

Description
getmaxx returns the maximum (screen-relative) x value for the current graphics
driver and mode.

For example, on a CGA in 320*200 mode, getmaxx returns 319. getmaxx is

invaluable for centering, determining the boundaries of a region onscreen, and so
on.

Return Value
getmaxx returns the maximum x screen coordinate.
See also
getmaxy
getwindowwidth
getx
Example
/* getmaxx example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

char xrange[80], yrange[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* convert max resolution values to strings */

 sprintf(xrange, "X values range from 0..%d", getmaxx());

sprintf(yrange, "Y values range from 0..%d", getmaxy());

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, xrange);

outtextxy(midx, midy + textheight("W"), yrange);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getmaxy

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getmaxy(void);

Description
getmaxy returns the maximum (screen-relative) y value for the current graphics
driver and mode.

For example, on a CGA in 320*200 mode, getmaxy returns 199. getmaxy is

invaluable for centering, determining the boundaries of a region onscreen, and so
on.

Return Value
getmaxy returns the maximum y screen coordinate.
See also
getmaxx
getwindowheight
 gety
Example
/* getmaxy example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

char xrange[80], yrange[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

}
 midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* convert max resolution values into strings */

sprintf(xrange, "X values range from 0..%d", getmaxx());

sprintf(yrange, "Y values range from 0..%d", getmaxy());

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, xrange);

outtextxy(midx, midy+textheight("W"), yrange);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getmodename

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

char *getmodename(int mode_number);

Description
getmodename accepts a graphics mode number as input and returns a string
containing the name of the corresponding graphics mode. The mode names are
embedded in each driver. The return values ("320*200 CGA P1," "640*200 CGA",
and so on) are useful for building menus or displaying status.
Return Value
getmodename returns a pointer to a string with the name of the graphics mode.
See also
getmaxmode
getmoderange
Example
/* getmodename example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy, mode;

char numname[80], modename[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

 }

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get mode number and name strings */

mode = getgraphmode();

sprintf(numname, "%d is the current mode number.", mode);

sprintf(modename, "%s is the current graphics

mode.",getmodename(mode));

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);

outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), modename);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getmoderange

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getmoderange(int graphdriver, int *lomode, int *himode);

Description
 getmoderange gets the range of valid graphics modes for the given graphics driver,
graphdriver. The lowest permissible mode value is returned in *lomode, and the
highest permissible value is *himode. If graphdriver specifies an invalid graphics
driver, both *lomode and *himode are set to -1. If the value of graphdriver is -1, the
currently loaded driver modes are given.
Return Value
None.
See also
getgraphmode
getmaxmode
getmodename
initgraph
setgraphmode
Example
/* getmoderange example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

int low, high;

char mrange[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();
 if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get the mode range for this driver */

getmoderange(gdriver, &low, &high);

/* convert mode range info. into strings */

sprintf(mrange, "This driver supports modes %d..%d", low, high);

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, mrange);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
getmouseclick

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

voud getmouseclick(int kind, int& x, int& y);

Description
The getmouseclick function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. This function sets x and y to the pixel coordinates of an unprocessed event
of the specified kind. If there is no such event, then the function sets both x and y to
-1. The value of the argument kind may be any of the constants listed above. After
calling getmouseclick, for a particular kind of event, the ismouseclick will
return false for that kind of event until another such event occurs.

The kind argument to getmouseclick is one of these constants from the

graphics.h file:

WM_MOUSEMOVE
if you want to detect a mouse movement
WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the left mouse button is double clicked
WM_LBUTTONDOWN
...detect when the left mouse button is clicked down
WM_LBUTTONUP
...detect when the left mouse button is released up
WM_MBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the middle mouse button is double clicked
WM_MBUTTONDOWN
...detect when the middle mouse button is clicked down
WM_MBUTTONUP
...detect when the middle mouse button is released up
WM_RBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the right mouse button is double clicked
WM_RBUTTONDOWN
...detect when the right mouse button is clicked down
WM_RBUTTONUP
...detect when the right mouse button is released up

The middle mouse button handlers aren't working on my machine. I haven't yet
tracked down the reason--it could be a broken mouse or it could be a bug in my
programming.

Note: Normally, getmouseclick returns the coordinates of the most recent event of
the requested kind. If you want mouse clicks of a particular kind to be queued for
processing, then call setmousequeuestatus.
See also
clearmouseclick
ismouseclick
setmousequeuestatus
Example
/* mouse example */

#include "graphics.h"

void main(void)

int maxx, maxy; // Maximum x and y pixel coordinates

int x, y; // Coordinates of the mouse click

int divisor; // Divisor for the length of a triangle side

// Put the machine into graphics mode and get the maximum
coordinates:

initwindow(450, 300);

maxx = getmaxx( );

maxy = getmaxy( );

// Draw a white circle with red inside and a radius of 50

pixels:

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);

setcolor(WHITE);

fillellipse(maxx/2, maxy/2, 50, 50);

// Print a message and wait for a red pixel to be double

clicked:

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 2);

outtextxy(20, 20, "Left click in to end.");

setcolor(BLUE);

divisor = 2;
 while (!ismouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN))

triangle(maxx/divisor, maxy/divisor);

delay(500);

divisor++;

getmouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN, x, y);

cout << "The mouse was clicked at: ";

cout << "x=" << x;

cout << " y=" << y << endl;

// Switch back to text mode:

closegraph( );

getpalette

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getpalette(struct palettetype *palette);

Description
getpalette fills the palettetype structure pointed to by palette with information about
the current palette's size and colors.

The MAXCOLORS constant and the palettetype structure used by getpalette are
defined in graphics.h as follows:

#define MAXCOLORS 15
 struct palettetype {

unsigned char size;

signed char colors[MAXCOLORS + 1];

};

size gives the number of colors in the palette for the current graphics driver in the
current mode.

colors is an array of size bytes containing the actual raw color numbers for each
entry in the palette.

getpalette cannot be used with the IBM-8514 driver.

Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version of getpalette returns a palettetype object of 16 colors. Each
color is either one of the 16 BGI color numbers (0 through 15) or it is -1 to indicate
that the location of the palette has been set to an RGB color.
See also
getbkcolor
getcolor
getdefaultpalette
getmaxcolor
setallpalette
setpalette
Example
/* getpalette example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main()

{
 /* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

struct palettetype pal;

char psize[80], pval[20];

int i, ht;

int y = 10;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* grab a copy of the palette */

getpalette(&pal);

/* convert palette info into strings */

sprintf(psize, "The palette has %d modifiable entries.",

pal.size);

/* display the information */

outtextxy(0, y, psize);
 if (pal.size != 0) {

ht = textheight("W");

y += 2*ht;

outtextxy(0, y, "Here are the current values:");

y += 2*ht;

for (i=0; i<pal.size; i++, y+=ht) {

sprintf(pval, "palette[%02d]: 0x%02X", i, pal.colors[i]);

outtextxy(0, y, pval);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getpalettesize

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getpalettesize(void);

Description
getpalettesize is used to determine how many palette entries can be set for the
current graphics mode. For example, the EGA in color mode returns 16.
Return Value
getpalettesize returns the number of palette entries in the current palette.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version of getpalettesize returns 16 for the palette color. However, in
addition to the palette colors, the programmer may also use RGB colors.
See also
setallpalette
setpalette
Example
/* getpalettesize example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main()

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

char psize[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

}
 midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* convert palette size info into string */

sprintf(psize, "The palette has %d modifiable

entries.",getpalettesize());

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, psize);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getpixel

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

unsigned getpixel(int x, int y);

Description
getpixel gets the color of the pixel located at (x,y).
Return Value
getpixel returns the color of the given pixel.
Windows Notes
 In the winbgim version, the user might set a pixel color to an RGB color. Therefore,
the return value from getpixel might be an ordinary BGI color (integer from 0 to 15)
or an RGB color.
See also
getimage
putpixel
Example
/* getpixel example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <dos.h>

#define PIXEL_COUNT 1000

#define DELAY_TIME 100 /* in milliseconds */

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int i, x, y, color, maxx, maxy, maxcolor, seed;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

 printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx() + 1;

maxy = getmaxy() + 1;

maxcolor = getmaxcolor() + 1;

while (!kbhit()) {

seed = random(32767); /* seed the random number generator */

srand(seed);

for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; i++) {

x = random(maxx);

y = random(maxy);

color = random(maxcolor);

putpixel(x, y, color);

delay(DELAY_TIME);

srand(seed);

for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; i++) {

x = random(maxx);

y = random(maxy);

color = random(maxcolor);

if (color == getpixel(x, y))

putpixel(x, y, 0);

}
 }

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

gettextsettings

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void gettextsettings(struct textsettingstype *texttypeinfo);

Description
gettextsettings fills the textsettingstype structure pointed to by textinfo with
information about the current text font, direction, size, and justification. The
textsettingstype structure used by gettextsettings is defined in graphics.h as follows:
struct textsettingstype {

int font;

int direction;

int charsize;

int horiz;

int vert;

};

See settextstyle for a description of these fields.

Return Value
None.
See also
outtext
outtextxy
registerbgifont
settextjustify
settextstyle
 setusercharsize
textheight
textwidth
Example
/* gettextsettings example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

/* the names of the supported fonts */

char *font[] = { "DEFAULT_FONT", "TRIPLEX_FONT", "SMALL_FONT",

"SANS_SERIF_FONT", "GOTHIC_FONT" };

/* the names of the text directions supported */

char *dir[] = { "HORIZ_DIR", "VERT_DIR" };

/* horizontal text justifications supported */

char *hjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "RIGHT_TEXT" };

/* vertical text justifications supported */

char *vjust[] = { "BOTTOM_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "TOP_TEXT" };

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

 struct textsettingstype textinfo;

int midx, midy, ht;

char fontstr[80], dirstr[80], sizestr[80];

char hjuststr[80], vjuststr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get information about current text settings */

gettextsettings(&textinfo);

/* convert text information into strings */

sprintf(fontstr, "%s is the text style.", font[textinfo.font]);

sprintf(dirstr, "%s is the text

direction.",dir[textinfo.direction]);
 sprintf(sizestr, "%d is the text size.", textinfo.charsize);

sprintf(hjuststr, "%s is the horizontal justification.",

hjust[textinfo.horiz]);

sprintf(vjuststr, "%s is the vertical justification.",

vjust[textinfo.vert]);

/* display the information */

ht = textheight("W");

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, fontstr);

outtextxy(midx, midy+2*ht, dirstr);

outtextxy(midx, midy+4*ht, sizestr);

outtextxy(midx, midy+6*ht, hjuststr);

outtextxy(midx, midy+8*ht, vjuststr);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getviewsettings

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void getviewsettings(struct viewporttype *viewport);

Description
getviewsettings fills the viewporttype structure pointed to by viewport with
information about the current viewport.
 The viewporttype structure used by getviewport is defined in graphics.h as follows:

struct viewporttype {

int left, top, right, bottom;

int clip;

};

Return Value
None.
See also
clearviewport
getx
gety
setviewport
Example
/* getviewsettings example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

char *clip[] = { "OFF", "ON" };

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

struct viewporttype viewinfo;

int midx, midy, ht;

char topstr[80], botstr[80], clipstr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

 initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get information about current viewport */

getviewsettings(&viewinfo);

/* convert text information into strings */

sprintf(topstr, "(%d, %d) is the upper left viewport

corner.",viewinfo.left, viewinfo.top);

sprintf(botstr, "(%d, %d) is the lower right viewport

corner.",viewinfo.right, viewinfo.bottom);

sprintf(clipstr, "Clipping is turned %s.", clip[viewinfo.clip]);

/* display the information */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

ht = textheight("W");
 outtextxy(midx, midy, topstr);

outtextxy(midx, midy+2*ht, botstr);

outtextxy(midx, midy+4*ht, clipstr);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getvisualpage

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

int getvisualpage(void);

Description
The getvisualpage function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. getvisualpage gets the page number of the currently visable page (which is
visible on the screen).

The visual graphics page might not be the one where drawing currnetly takes place.

The original winbgi was designed to support up to 16 pages, but I have only used
pages 1 and 2 myself. NOTE: Using page number 0 might mess up the colors. I use
pages 1-2 for double buffering.

Return Value
The page number of the currently visible page.
See also
getactivepage
setvisualpage
swapbuffers
getwindowheight

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getwindowheight(void);

Description
The getwindowheight function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. The function returns the total height of the window including nondrawable
border areas.
Return Value
getwindowheight returns the total height of the window
See also
getmaxy
getwindowwidth
gety
Example
/* getwindowheight example */

#include <graphics.h>

int main(void)

int w_above, w_below;

int height; // Total height of w_above;

// Make two windows, one on top of the other */

w_above = initwindow(300, 200);

height = getwindowheight( );

w_below = initwindow(300, 200, 0, height);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();
 return 0;

getwindowwidth

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getwindowwidth(void);

Description
The getwindowwidth function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. The function returns the total width of the window including nondrawable
border areas.
Return Value
getwindowwidth returns the total width of the window
See also
getmaxx
getwindowheight
getx
Example
/* getwindowwidth example */

#include <graphics.h>

int main(void)

int w_left, w_right;

int width; // Total width of w_left;

// Make two windows, side by side */

w_left = initwindow(300, 200);

width = getwindowwidth( );

w_right = initwindow(300, 200, width, 0);

 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

getx

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int getx(void);

Description
getx finds the current graphics position's x-coordinate. The value is viewport-
relative.
Return Value
getx returns the x-coordinate of the current position.
See also
getmaxx
getviewsettings
gety
moveto
Example
/* getx example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

{
/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* move to the screen center point */

moveto(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2);

/* create a message string */

sprintf(msg, "<-(%d, %d) is the here.", getx(), gety());

/* display the message */

outtext(msg);

/* clean up */

getch();
 closegraph();

return 0;

gety

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int gety(void);

Description
gety returns the current graphics position's y-coordinate. The value is viewport-
relative.
Return Value
gety returns the y-coordinate of the current position.
See also
getmaxy
getviewsettings
getx
moveto
Example
/* gety example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

 char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* move to the screen center point */

moveto(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2);

/* create a message string */

sprintf(msg, "<-(%d, %d) is the here.", getx(), gety());

/* display the message */

outtext(msg);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
graphdefaults

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void graphdefaults(void);

Description
graphdefaults resets all graphics settings to their defaults:

 sets the viewport to the entire screen.

 moves the current position to (0,0).
 sets the default palette colors, background color, and drawing color.
 sets the default fill style and pattern.
 sets the default text font and justification.

Return Value
None.
See also
initgraph
setgraphmode
Example
/* graphdefaults example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int maxx, maxy;

 /* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx();

maxy = getmaxy();

/* output line with nondefault settings */

setlinestyle(DOTTED_LINE, 0, 3);

line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

outtextxy(maxx/2, maxy/3, "Before default values are

restored.");

getch();

/* restore default values for everything */

graphdefaults();

/* clear the screen */

cleardevice();
 /* output line with default settings */

line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

outtextxy(maxx/2, maxy/3, "After restoring default values.");

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

grapherrormsg

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

char * grapherrormsg(int errorcode);

Description
grapherrormsg returns a pointer to the error message string associated with
errorcode, the value returned by graphresult.

Refer to the entry for errno in the Library Reference, Chapter 4, for a list of error
messages and mnemonics.

Return Value
grapherrormsg returns a pointer to an error message string.
See also
graphresult
Example
/* grapherrormsg example */

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define NONSENSE -50

int main(void)

/* force an error to occur */

int gdriver = NONSENSE, gmode, errorcode;

/* initialize graphics mode */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

/* if an error occurred, then output descriptive error message*/

if (errorcode != grOk) {

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* draw a line */
 line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

graphresult

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int graphresult(void);

Description
graphresult returns the error code for the last graphics operation that reported an
error and resets the error level to grOk.

The following table lists the error codes returned by graphresult. The enumerated
type graph_errors defines the errors in this table. graph_errors is declared in
graphics.h.

code constant Corresponding error message string

0 grOk No error
-1 grNoInitGraph (BGI) graphics not installed (use initgraph)
-2 grNotDetected Graphics hardware not detected
-3 grFileNotFound Device driver file not found
-4 grInvalidDriver Invalid device driver file
-5 grNoLoadMem Not enough memory to load driver
-6 grNoScanMem Out of memory in scan fill
-7 grNoFloodMem Out of memory in flood fill
-8 grFontNotFound Font file not found
-9 grNoFontMem Not enough memory to load font
-10 grInvalidMode Invalid graphics mode for selected driver
-11 grError Graphics error
 -12 grIOerror Graphics I/O error
-13 grInvalidFont Invalid font file
-14 grInvalidFontNum Invalid font number
-15 grInvalidDeviceNum Invalid device number
-18 grInvalidVersion Invalid version number

Note: The variable maintained by graphresult is reset to 0 after graphresult has been
called. Therefore, you should store the value of graphresult into a temporary
variable and then test it.

Return Value
graphresult returns the current graphics error number, an integer in the range -15 to
0; grapherrormsg returns a pointer to a string associated with the value returned by
graphresult.
See also
detectgraph
drawpoly
fillpoly
floodfill
grapherrormsg
initgraph
pieslice
registerbgidriver
registerbgifont
setallpalette
setcolor
setfillstyle
setgraphmode
setlinestyle
setpalette
settextjustify
settextstyle
setusercharsize
setviewport
setvisualpage
Example
/* graphresult example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>
int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* draw a line */

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
imagesize

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

unsigned imagesize(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);

Description
imagesize determines the size of the memory area required to store a bit image. If
the size required for the selected image is greater than or equal to 64K - 1 bytes,
imagesize returns 0xFFFF (-1).
Return Value
imagesize returns the size of the required memory area in bytes.
See also
getimage
putimage
Example
/* imagesize example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define ARROW_SIZE 10

void draw_arrow(int x, int y);

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

void *arrow;

int x, y, maxx;
 unsigned int size;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx();

x = 0;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

/* draw the image to be grabbed */

draw_arrow(x, y);

/* calculate the size of the image */

size = imagesize(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE),

y+ARROW_SIZE);

/* allocate memory to hold the image */

arrow = malloc(size);
 /* grab the image */

getimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE), y+ARROW_SIZE,

arrow);

/* repeat until a key is pressed */

while (!kbhit()) {

/* erase old image */

putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);

x += ARROW_SIZE;

if (x >= maxx)

x = 0;

/* plot new image */

putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);

/* clean up */

free(arrow);

closegraph();

return 0;

void draw_arrow(int x, int y)

/* draw an arrow on the screen */

moveto(x, y);

linerel(4*ARROW_SIZE, 0);
 linerel(-2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);

linerel(0, 2*ARROW_SIZE);

linerel(2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);

initgraph

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void initgraph(int *graphdriver, int *graphmode, char

*pathtodriver);

Description
initgraph initializes the graphics system by loading a graphics driver from disk (or
validating a registered driver), and putting the system into graphics mode.

To start the graphics system, first call the initgraph function. initgraph loads the
graphics driver and puts the system into graphics mode. You can tell initgraph to
use a particular graphics driver and mode, or to autodetect the attached video
adapter at run time and pick the corresponding driver.

If you tell initgraph to autodetect, it calls detectgraph to select a graphics driver and
mode. initgraph also resets all graphics settings to their defaults (current position,
palette, color, viewport, and so on) and resets graphresult to 0.

Normally, initgraph loads a graphics driver by allocating memory for the driver
(through _graphgetmem), then loading the appropriate .BGI file from disk. As an
alternative to this dynamic loading scheme, you can link a graphics driver file (or
several of them) directly into your executable program file.

pathtodriver specifies the directory path where initgraph looks for graphics drivers.
initgraph first looks in the path specified in pathtodriver, then (if they are not there)
in the current directory. Accordingly, if pathtodriver is null, the driver files (*.BGI)
must be in the current directory. This is also the path settextstyle searches for the
stroked character font files (*.CHR).

*graphdriver is an integer that specifies the graphics driver to be used. You can give
it a value using a constant of the graphics_drivers enumeration type, which is
defined in graphics.h and listed below.
graphics_drivers constant Numeric value
DETECT 0 (requests autodetect)
CGA 1
MCGA 2
EGA 3
EGA64 4
EGAMONO 5
IBM8514 6
HERCMONO 7
ATT400 8
VGA 9
PC3270 10

*graphmode is an integer that specifies the initial graphics mode (unless

*graphdriver equals DETECT; in which case, *graphmode is set by initgraph to the
highest resolution available for the detected driver). You can give *graphmode a
value using a constant of the graphics_modes enumeration type, which is defined in
graphics.h and listed below.

graphdriver and graphmode must be set to valid values from the following tables, or
you will get unpredictable results. The exception is graphdriver = DETECT.

Palette listings C0, C1, C2, and C3 refer to the four predefined four-color palettes
available on CGA (and compatible) systems. You can select the background color
(entry #0) in each of these palettes, but the other colors are fixed.

Palette Number Three Colors

0 LIGHTGREEN LIGHTRED YELLOW
1 LIGHTCYAN LIGHTMAGENTA WHITE
2 GREEN RED BROWN
3 CYAN MAGENTA LIGHTGRAY

After a call to initgraph, *graphdriver is set to the current graphics driver, and
*graphmode is set to the current graphics mode.

Columns
Graphics
Driver graphics_mode Value x Rows Palette Pages
CGA CGAC0 0 320 x 200 C0 1
CGAC1 1 320 x 200 C1 1
CGAC2 2 320 x 200 C2 1
 CGAC3 3 320 x 200 C3 1
CGAHI 4 640 x 200 2 color 1

MCGA MCGAC0 0 320 x 200 C0 1

MCGAC1 1 320 x 200 C1 1

MCGAC2 2 320 x 200 C2 1
MCGAC3 3 320 x 200 C3 1
MCGAMED 4 640 x 200 2 color 1
MCGAHI 5 640 x 480 2 color 1

EGA EGALO 0 640 x 200 16 color 4

EGAHI 1 640 x 350 16 color 2

EGA64 EGA64LO 0 640 x 200 16 color 1

EGA64HI 1 640 x 350 4 color 1

EGA-MONO EGAMONOHI 3 640 x 350 2 color 1 w/64K

EGAMONOHI 3 640 x 350 2 color 2 w/256K

HERC HERCMONOHI 0 720 x 348 2 color 2

ATT400 ATT400C0 0 320 x 200 C0 1

ATT400C1 1 320 x 200 C1 1
ATT400C2 2 320 x 200 C2 1
ATT400C3 3 320 x 200 C3 1
ATT400MED 4 640 x 200 2 color 1
ATT400HI 5 640 x 400 2 color 1

VGA VGALO 0 640 x 200 16 color 2

VGAMED 1 640 x 350 16 color 2
VGAHI 2 640 x 480 16 color 1

PC3270 PC3270HI 0 720 x 350 2 color 1

IBM8514 IBM8514HI 0 640 x 480 256 color ?
IBM8514LO 0 1024 x 768 256 color ?
Return Value
initgraph always sets the internal error code; on success, it sets the code to 0. If an
error occurred, *graphdriver is set to -2, -3, -4, or -5, and graphresult returns the
same value as listed below:
Constant Name Number Meaning
grNotDetected -2 Cannot detect a graphics card
grFileNotFound -3 Cannot find driver file
grInvalidDriver -4 Invalid driver
grNoLoadMem -5 Insufficient memory to load driver
Windows Notes
The winbgim version of initgraph uses its parameters only to determine the size of
the window that will be created. For example, initgraph(CGA, CGAC3) will create
a 320 x 200 window. As an alternative, the user may call initwindow(width, height)
instead of initgraph.
See also
closegraph
detectgraph
getdefaultpalette
getdrivername
getgraphmode
getmoderange
graphdefaults
graphresult
installuserdriver
registerbgidriver
registerbgifont
restorecrtmode
setgraphbufsize
setgraphmode
Example
/* initgraph example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

{
 /* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* initialize graphics mode */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* return with error code */

/* draw a line */

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

initwindow
Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

int initwindow(int width, int height, const char* title="Windows

BGI", int left=0, int top=0, bool dbflag=false, closeflag=true);

Description
The initwindow function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function
initializes the graphics system by opening a graphics window of the specified size.
The first two parameters (width and height) are required, but all other parameters
have default values.

The title parameter is the title that will be printed at the top of the window (with a
default of "Windows BGI".) If this is set to the empty string (no characters), then
the window will be opened without a title bar or border (typically used for a popup
message that the user can then close by clicking), and the user will not be able to
move this window. If you want a title bar with no visible title, then set the title to a
string containing one space.

The left and top parameters determine the screen coordinates of the left and top
sides of the window.

The dbflag parameter determines whether double-buffering for the window is

automatically turned on as described in the swapbuffers function (true means that
double-buffering will be turned on).

If the closeflag parameter is true, then the user can click on the window's close
button to shut down the entire program.

Return Value
The original version of initgraph was a void function (with no flag argument), and
only one graphics window could be created in any program. The new version allows
multiple graphics windows to be created. The return value from the new initwindow
function is a unique int identifier that can be used as an argument to
setcurrentwindow in order to set which of several windows is currently being used.
Immediately after calling initwindow, the current window is always the window that
was just created.
See also
closegraph
getcurrentwindow
getmaxheight
getmaxwidth
initgraph
setcurrentwindow
swapbuffers
Example
/* initwindow example */

#include "graphics.h"

int main(void)

/* initialize graphics window at 400 x 300 */

initwindow(400, 300);

/* draw a line */

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

/* initwindow example with two windows */

#include "graphics.h"

int main(void)

int wid1, wid2;

/* initialize graphics windows */

wid1 = initwindow(400, 300);

wid2 = initwindow(300, 400, 200, 100);

 /* draw lines */

setcurrentwindow(wid1);

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

setcurrentwindow(wid2);

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

installuserdriver

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int installuserdriver(char *name, int huge (*detect)(void));

Description
installuserdriver lets you add a vendor-added device driver to the BGI internal table.
The name parameter is the name of the new device-driver file (.BGI), and the detect
parameter is a pointer to an optional autodetect function that can accompany the
new driver. This autodetect function takes no parameters and returns an integer
value.

There are two ways to use this vendor-supplied driver. Suppose you have a new
video card called the Spiffy Graphics Array (SGA) and that the SGA manufacturer
provided you with a BGI device driver (SGA.BGI). The easiest way to use this
driver is to install it by calling installuserdriver and then passing the return value
(the assigned driver number) directly to initgraph.

The other, more general way to use this driver is to link in an autodetect function
that will be called by initgraph as part of its hardware-detection logic (presumably,
the manufacturer of the SGA gave you this autodetect function). When you install
the driver (by calling installuserdriver), you pass the address of this function, along
with the device driver's file name.
 After you install the device-driver file name and the SGA autodetect function, call
initgraph and let it go through its normal autodetection process. Before initgraph
calls its built-in autodetection function (detectgraph), it first calls the SGA
autodetect function. If the SGA autodetect function doesn't find the SGA hardware,
it returns a value of -11 (grError), and initgraph proceeds with its normal hardware
detection logic (which can include calling any other vendor-supplied autodetection
functions in the order in which they were "installed"). If, however, the autodetect
function determines that an SGA is present, it returns a nonnegative mode number;
then initgraph locates and loads SGA.BGI, puts the hardware into the default
graphics mode recommended by the autodetect function, and finally returns control
to your program.

You can install up to ten drivers at one time.

Return Value
The value returned by installuserdriver is the driver number parameter you would
pass to initgraph in order to select the newly installed driver manually.
Windows Notes
installuserdriver is not available in the winbgim implementation.
See also
initgraph
registerbgidriver
Example
/* installuserdriver example */

#include

#include

#include

#include

/* function prototypes */

int huge detectEGA(void);

void checkerrors(void);

int main(void)

int gdriver, gmode;

 /* install a user written device driver */

gdriver = installuserdriver("EGA", detectEGA);

/* must force use of detection routine */

gdriver = DETECT;

/* check for any installation errors */

checkerrors();

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* check for any initialization errors */

checkerrors();

/* draw a line */

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

/* detects EGA or VGA cards */

int huge detectEGA(void)

int driver, mode, sugmode = 0;

 detectgraph(&driver, &mode);

if ((driver == EGA) || (driver == VGA))

return sugmode; /* return suggested video mode number */

else

return grError; /* return an error code */

/* check for and report any graphics errors */

void checkerrors(void)

int errorcode;

/* read result of last graphics operation */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) {

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1);

installuserfont

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int installuserfont(char *name);

Description
name is a file name in the current directory (pathname is not supported) of a font
file containing a stroked font. Up to twenty fonts can be installed at one time.
Return Value
installuserfont returns a font ID number that can then be passed to settextstyle to
select the corresponding font. If the internal font table is full, a value of -11
(grError) is returned.
Windows Notes
installuserfont is not available in the winbgim implementation.
See also
settextstyle
Example
/* installuserfont example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

/* function prototype */

void checkerrors(void);

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;

int userfont;

int midx, midy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
 midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* check for any initialization errors */

checkerrors();

/* install a user-defined font file */

userfont = installuserfont("USER.CHR");

/* check for any installation errors */

checkerrors();

/* select the user font */

settextstyle(userfont, HORIZ_DIR, 4);

/* output some text */

outtextxy(midx, midy, "Testing!");

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

/* check for and report any graphics errors */

void checkerrors(void)

int errorcode;
 /* read result of last graphics operation */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) {

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1);

ismouseclick

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

bool ismouseclick(int kind);

Description
The ismouseclick function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. This function returns true if there is an unprocessed mouse event of the
specified kind. The argument to ismouseclick is one of these constants from the
graphics.h file:
WM_MOUSEMOVE
if you want to detect a mouse movement
WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the left mouse button is double clicked
WM_LBUTTONDOWN
...detect when the left mouse button is clicked down
WM_LBUTTONUP
...detect when the left mouse button is released up
WM_MBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the middle mouse button is double clicked
WM_MBUTTONDOWN
...detect when the middle mouse button is clicked down
WM_MBUTTONUP
...detect when the middle mouse button is released up
 WM_RBUTTONDBLCLK
...detect when the right mouse button is double clicked
WM_RBUTTONDOWN
...detect when the right mouse button is clicked down
WM_RBUTTONUP
...detect when the right mouse button is released up

The middle mouse button handlers aren't working on my machine. I haven't yet
tracked down the reason--it could be a broken mouse or it could be a bug in my
programming.

A mouse event can be processed by calling getmouseclick (which gets the

coordinates of the event), or by calling clearmouseclick (which processes the
event without providing its coordinates).

Return Value
True if there is an unprocessed mouse event of the specified kind; otherwise false.
See also
getmouseclick
clearmouseclick
Example
/* mouse example */

#include "graphics.h"

void main(void)

int maxx, maxy; // Maximum x and y pixel coordinates

int x, y; // Coordinates of the mouse click

int divisor; // Divisor for the length of a triangle side

// Put the machine into graphics mode and get the maximum
coordinates:

initwindow(450, 300);

maxx = getmaxx( );

maxy = getmaxy( );

// Draw a white circle with red inside and a radius of 50

pixels:
 setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);

setcolor(WHITE);

fillellipse(maxx/2, maxy/2, 50, 50);

// Print a message and wait for a red pixel to be double

clicked:

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 2);

outtextxy(20, 20, "Left click in to end.");

setcolor(BLUE);

divisor = 2;

while (!ismouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN))

triangle(maxx/divisor, maxy/divisor);

delay(500);

divisor++;

getmouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN, x, y);

cout << "The mouse was clicked at: ";

cout << "x=" << x;

cout << " y=" << y << endl;

// Switch back to text mode:

closegraph( );

kbhit
Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

int kbhit(void);

Description
The kbhit function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI graphics.
You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function returns
true (non-zero) if there is a character in the input buffer ready to read. Otherwise it
returns false. In order to work, the user must click in the graphics window (i.e., the
Windows focus must be in the graphics window).
Return Value
True (non-zero) if there is a character in the input buffer, otherwise false.
See also
getch
Example
#include "graphics.h"

#include <stdio.h> // Provides sprintf

void outintxy(int x, int y, int value);

int main( )

int i;

// Initialize the graphics window.

initwindow(400, 300);

// Convert some numbers to strings and draw them in graphics

window:

outtextxy(20, 130, "Click in this graphics window,");

outtextxy(20, 140, "and then press a key to stop.");

outtextxy(10, 10, "Here are some numbers:");

for (i = 0; !kbhit( ); i++)

{
 outintxy(20 + (i/10)*40 , (i % 10)*+10, i);

delay(4000);

closegraph( );

void outintxy(int x, int y, int value)

char digit_string[20];

sprintf(digit_string, "%d", value);

outtextxy(x, y, digit_string);

line

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);

Description
line draws a line in the current color, using the current line style and thickness
between the two points specified, (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), without updating the current
position (CP).
Return Value
None.
See also
getlinesettings
linerel
lineto
setcolor
setlinestyle
setwritemode
Example
/* line example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int xmax, ymax;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1);

}
 setcolor(getmaxcolor());

xmax = getmaxx();

ymax = getmaxy();

/* draw a diagonal line */

line(0, 0, xmax, ymax);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

linerel

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void linerel(int dx, int dy);

Description
linerel draws a line from the CP (current position) to a point that is a relative
distance (dx,dy) from the CP. The CP is advanced by (dx,dy).
Return Value
None.
See also
getlinesettings
line
lineto
setcolor
setlinestyle
setwritemode
Example
/* linerel example */
#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) {

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1);

/* move the CP to location (20,30) */

moveto(20,30);

/* create and output a message at (20,30) */

 sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());

outtextxy(20,30, msg);

/* draw line to a point a relative distance away from current CP

*/

linerel(100, 100);

/* create and output a message at CP */

sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());

outtext(msg);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

lineto

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void lineto(int x, int y);

Description
lineto draws a line from the CP (current position) to (x,y), then moves the CP to
(x,y).
Return Value
None.
See also
getlinesettings
line
linerel
 setcolor
setlinestyle
setwritemode
Example
/* lineto example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) {

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1);

}
 /* move the CP to location (20,30) */

moveto(20, 30);

/* create and output a message at (20,30) */

sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());

outtextxy(20,30, msg);

/* draw a line to (100,100) */

lineto(100, 100);

/* create and output a message at CP */

sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());

outtext(msg);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

mousex

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

int mousex(void);

Description
The mousex function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI graphics.
It returns the most recent x coordinate of the mouse within the graphics window. X-
 coordinates start with 0 at the left edge of the window and increase to getmaxx( ) at
the right edge of the window.
Return Value
Most recent x coordinate of the mouse within the graphics window
See also
getmaxx
mousey
registermousehandler
Example
/* mouse example */

#include "graphics.h"

// The click_handler will be called whenever the left mouse button

is

// clicked. It checks copies the x,y coordinates of the click to

// see if the click was on a red pixel. If so, then the boolean

// variable red_clicked is set to true. Note that in general

// all handlers should be quick. If they need to do more than a

little

// work, they should set a variable that will trigger the work
going,

// and then return.

bool red_clicked = false;

void click_handler(int x, int y)

if (getpixel(x,y) == RED)

red_clicked = true;

// Call this function to draw an isosoles triangle with the given

base and

// height. The triangle will be drawn just above the botton of the
screen.

void triangle(int base, int height)

{

int maxx = getmaxx( );

int maxy = getmaxy( );

line(maxx/2 - base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2 + base/2, maxy - 10);

line(maxx/2 - base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2, maxy - 10 - height);

line(maxx/2 + base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2, maxy - 10 - height);

void main(void)

int maxx, maxy; // Maximum x and y pixel coordinates

int divisor; // Divisor for the length of a triangle side

// Put the machine into graphics mode and get the maximum
coordinates:

initwindow(450, 300);

maxx = getmaxx( );

maxy = getmaxy( );

// Register the function that handles a left mouse click

registermousehandler(WM_LBUTTONDOWN, click_handler);

// Draw a white circle with red inside and a radius of 50

pixels:

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);

setcolor(WHITE);

fillellipse(maxx/2, maxy/2, 50, 50);

 // Print a message and wait for a red pixel to be double
clicked:

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 2);

outtextxy(20, 20, "Left click in RED to end.");

setcolor(BLUE);

red_clicked = false;

divisor = 2;

while (!red_clicked)

triangle(maxx/divisor, maxy/divisor);

delay(500);

divisor++;

cout << "The mouse was clicked at: ";

cout << "x=" << mousex( );

cout << " y=" << mousey( ) << endl;

// Switch back to text mode:

closegraph( );

mousey

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

int mousey(void);

Description
 The mousey function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI graphics.
It returns the most recent y coordinate of the mouse within the graphics window. Y-
coordinates start with 0 at the top edge of the window and increase to getmaxy( ) at
the bottom edge of the window.
Return Value
Most recent y coordinate of the mouse within the graphics window
See also
getmaxy
mousey
registermousehandler
Example
/* mouse example */

#include "graphics.h"

// The click_handler will be called whenever the left mouse button

is

// clicked. It checks copies the x,y coordinates of the click to

// see if the click was on a red pixel. If so, then the boolean

// variable red_clicked is set to true. Note that in general

// all handlers should be quick. If they need to do more than a

little

// work, they should set a variable that will trigger the work
going,

// and then return.

bool red_clicked = false;

void click_handler(int x, int y)

if (getpixel(x,y) == RED)

red_clicked = true;

// Call this function to draw an isosoles triangle with the given

base and

// height. The triangle will be drawn just above the botton of the
screen.
void triangle(int base, int height)

int maxx = getmaxx( );

int maxy = getmaxy( );

line(maxx/2 - base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2 + base/2, maxy - 10);

line(maxx/2 - base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2, maxy - 10 - height);

line(maxx/2 + base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2, maxy - 10 - height);

void main(void)

int maxx, maxy; // Maximum x and y pixel coordinates

int divisor; // Divisor for the length of a triangle side

// Put the machine into graphics mode and get the maximum
coordinates:

initwindow(450, 300);

maxx = getmaxx( );

maxy = getmaxy( );

// Register the function that handles a left mouse click

registermousehandler(WM_LBUTTONDOWN, click_handler);

// Draw a white circle with red inside and a radius of 50

pixels:

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);

setcolor(WHITE);

fillellipse(maxx/2, maxy/2, 50, 50);

 // Print a message and wait for a red pixel to be double
clicked:

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 2);

outtextxy(20, 20, "Left click in RED to end.");

setcolor(BLUE);

red_clicked = false;

divisor = 2;

while (!red_clicked)

triangle(maxx/divisor, maxy/divisor);

delay(500);

divisor++;

cout << "The mouse was clicked at: ";

cout << "x=" << mousex( );

cout << " y=" << mousey( ) << endl;

// Switch back to text mode:

closegraph( );

moverel

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void moverel(int dx, int dy);

Description
 moverel moves the current position (CP) dx pixels in the x direction and dy pixels
in the y direction.
Return Value
None.
See also
moveto
Example
/* moverel example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

 }

/* move the CP to location (20,30) */

moveto(20,30);

/* plot a pixel at the CP */

putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());

/* create and output a message at (20,30) */

sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());

outtextxy(20,30, msg);

/* move to a point a relative distance away from the current CP

*/

moverel(100, 100);

/* plot a pixel at the CP */

putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());

/* create and output a message at CP */

sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());

outtext(msg);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
moveto

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void moveto(int x, int y);

Description
moveto moves the current position (CP) to viewport position (x,y).
Return Value
None.
See also
moverel
Example
/* moveto example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* move the CP to location (20,30) */

moveto(20,30);

/* plot a pixel at the CP */

putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());

/* create and output a message at (20,30) */

sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());

outtextxy(20,30, msg);

/* move to (100,100) */

moveto(100,100);

/* plot a pixel at the CP */

putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());

/* create and output a message at CP */

sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());

outtext(msg);
 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

outtext

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void outtext(char *textstring);

Description
outtext displays a text string in the viewport, using the current font, direction, and
size.

outtext outputs textstring at the current position (CP). If the horizontal text
justification is LEFT_TEXT and the text direction is HORIZ_DIR, the CP's x-
coordinate is advanced by textwidth(textstring). Otherwise, the CP remains
unchanged.

To maintain code compatibility when using several fonts, use textwidth and
textheight to determine the dimensions of the string.

If a string is printed with the default font using outtext, any part of the string that
extends outside the current viewport is truncated.

outtext is for use in graphics mode; it will not work in text mode.

Return Value
None.
See also
gettextsettings
outtextxy
settextjustify
textheight
textwidth
Example
/* outtext example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;
 /* move the CP to the center of the screen */

moveto(midx, midy);

/* output text starting at the CP */

outtext("This ");

outtext("is ");

outtext("a ");

outtext("test.");

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

outtextxy

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void outtextxy(int x, int y, char *textstring);

Description
outtextxy displays a text string in the viewport at the given position (x, y), using the
current justification settings and the current font, direction, and size.

To maintain code compatibility when using several fonts, use textwidth and
textheight to determine the dimensions of the string.

If a string is printed with the default font using outtext or outtextxy, any part of the
string that extends outside the current viewport is truncated.

outtextxy is for use in graphics mode; it will not work in text mode.
Return Value
None.
See also
gettextsettings
outtext
settextjustify
textheight
textwidth
Example
/* outtextxy example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();
 exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* output text at center of the screen; CP doesn't get changed

*/

outtextxy(midx, midy, "This is a test.");

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

pieslice

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void pieslice(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);

Description
pieslice draws and fills a pie slice centered at (x,y) with a radius given by radius.
The slice travels from stangle to endangle. The slice is outlined in the current
drawing color and then filled using the current fill pattern and fill color.

The angles for pieslice are given in degrees. They are measured counterclockwise,
with 0 degrees at 3 o'clock, 90 degrees at 12 o'clock, and so on.

If you're using a CGA or monochrome adapter, the examples in online Help that
show how to use graphics functions might not produce the expected results. If your
system runs on a CGA or monochrome adapter, use the value 1 (one) instead of the
 symbolic color constant, and see the second example under arc whis shows how to
use the pieslice function.

Return Value
None.
See also
fillelipse
graphresult
sector
setfillstyle
Example
/* pieslice example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

int stangle = 45, endangle = 135, radius = 100;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

{
 printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* set fill style and draw a pie slice */

setfillstyle(EMPTY_FILL, getmaxcolor());

pieslice(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, radius);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

printimage

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void printimage(

const char* title=NULL,

double width_inches=7, double border_left_inches=0.75, double

border_top_inches=0.75,

int left=0, int right=0, int right=INT_MAX, int bottom=INT_MAX

 );

Description
The printimage function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function
opens a windows printer dialog to allow the user to print a portion of the active page
from the current window.
See also
getimage
writeimagefile

putimage

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void putimage(int left, int top, void *bitmap, int op);

Description
putimage puts the bit image previously saved with getimage back onto the screen,
with the upper left corner of the image placed at (left,top). bitmap points to the area
in memory where the source image is stored.

The op parameter to putimage specifies a combination operator that controls how

the color for each destination pixel onscreen is computed, based on the pixel already
onscreen and the corresponding source pixel in memory. The enumeration
putimage_ops, as defined in graphics.h, gives names to these operators.

Name Value Description

COPY_PUT 0 Copy
XOR_PUT 1 Exclusive or
OR_PUT 2 Inclusive or
AND_PUT 3 And
NOT_PUT 4 Copy the inverse of the source

In other words, COPY_PUT copies the source bitmap image onto the screen,
XOR_PUT XORs the source image with the image already onscreen, OR_PUT ORs
the source image with that onscreen, and so on.
Return Value
None.
See also
getimage
imagesize
putpixel
setvisualpage
Example
/* putimage example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define ARROW_SIZE 10

void draw_arrow(int x, int y);

int main()

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

void *arrow;

int x, y, maxx;

unsigned int size;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

errorcode = graphresult();
 if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx();

x = 0;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

draw_arrow(x, y);

/* calculate the size of the image and allocate space for it */

size = imagesize(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE),

y+ARROW_SIZE);

arrow = malloc(size);

/* grab the image */

getimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE), y+ARROW_SIZE,

arrow);

/* repeat until a key is pressed */

while (!kbhit()) {

/* erase old image */

putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);

x += ARROW_SIZE;

if (x >= maxx)
 x = 0;

/* plot new image */

putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);

free(arrow);

closegraph();

return 0;

void draw_arrow(int x, int y) {

moveto(x, y);

linerel(4*ARROW_SIZE, 0);

linerel(-2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);

linerel(0, 2*ARROW_SIZE);

linerel(2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);

putpixel

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void putpixel(int x, int y, int color);

Description
putpixel plots a point in the color defined by color at (x,y).
Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
 The winbgim version allows the color argument to be an ordinary BGI color (from 0
to 15) or an RGB color.
See also
getpixel
putimage
Example
/* putpixel example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <dos.h>

#define PIXEL_COUNT 1000

#define DELAY_TIME 100 /* in milliseconds */

int main()

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int i, x, y, color, maxx, maxy, maxcolor, seed;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

 printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx() + 1;

maxy = getmaxy() + 1;

maxcolor = getmaxcolor() + 1;

while (!kbhit())

/* seed the random number generator */

seed = random(32767);

srand(seed);

for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; i++) {

x = random(maxx);

y = random(maxy);

color = random(maxcolor);

putpixel(x, y, color);

delay(DELAY_TIME);

srand(seed);

for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; i++) {

x = random(maxx);

y = random(maxy);

color = random(maxcolor);

if (color == getpixel(x, y))

 putpixel(x, y, 0);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

readimagefile

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void readimagefile(

const char* title=NULL,

int left=0, int right=0, int right=INT_MAX, int bottom=INT_MAX

);

Description
The readimagefile function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function
reads a BMP, GIF, JPG, ICO, EMF or WMF image file and displays it in part of the
current active window. The filename may be NULL (in which case a windows file
save dialog box is opened to allow the user to select a file name).
See also
getimage
printimage
writeimagefile

rectangle
Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);

Description
rectangle draws a rectangle in the current line style, thickness, and drawing color.

(left,top) is the upper left corner of the rectangle, and (right,bottom) is its lower
right corner.

Return Value
None.
See also
bar
bar3d
setcolor
setlinestyle
Example
/* rectangle example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int left, top, right, bottom;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

 errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

left = getmaxx() / 2 - 50;

top = getmaxy() / 2 - 50;

right = getmaxx() / 2 + 50;

bottom = getmaxy() / 2 + 50;

/* draw a rectangle */

rectangle(left,top,right,bottom);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

registerbgidriver

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int registerbgidriver(void (*driver)(void));

Description
registerbgidriver enables a user to load a driver file and "register" the driver. Once
its memory location has been passed to registerbgidriver, initgraph uses the
registered driver. A user-registered driver can be loaded from disk onto the heap, or
converted to an .OBJ file (using BGIOBJ.EXE) and linked into the .EXE.

Calling registerbgidriver informs the graphics system that the driver pointed to by
driver was included at link time. This routine checks the linked-in code for the
specified driver; if the code is valid, it registers the code in internal tables.

By using the name of a linked-in driver in a call to registerbgidriver, you also tell
the compiler (and linker) to link in the object file with that public name.

Return Value
registerbgidriver returns a negative graphics error code if the specified driver or font
is invalid. Otherwise, registerbgidriver returns the driver number.

If you register a user-supplied driver, you must pass the result of registerbgidriver to
initgraph as the driver number to be used.

Windows Notes
registerbgidriver is not available in the winbgim implementation.
See also
graphresult
initgraph
installuserdriver
registerbgifont
Example
/* registerbgidriver example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* register a driver that was added into GRAPHICS.LIB */

errorcode = registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_driver);

/* report any registration errors */

if (errorcode < 0) {

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* draw a line */

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

registerbgifont

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int registerbgifont(void (*font)(void));

Description
Calling registerbgifont informs the graphics system that the font pointed to by font
was included at link time. This routine checks the linked-in code for the specified
font; if the code is valid, it registers the code in internal tables.

By using the name of a linked-in font in a call to registerbgifont, you also tell the
compiler (and linker) to link in the object file with that public name.

If you register a user-supplied font, you must pass the result of registerbgifont to
settextstyle as the font number to be used.

Return Value
registerbgifont returns a negative graphics error code if the specified font is invalid.
Otherwise, registerbgifont returns the font number of the registered font.
Windows Notes
registerbgifont is not available in the winbgim implementation.
See also
graphresult
initgraph
installuserdriver
registerbgidriver
settextstyle
Example
/* registerbgifont example */
#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy;

/* register a font file that was added into GRAPHICS.LIB */

errorcode = registerbgifont(triplex_font);

/* report any registration errors */

if (errorcode < 0) {

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

 printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* select the registered font */

settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4);

/* output some text */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(midx, midy, "The TRIPLEX FONT");

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

registermousehandler

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void registermousehandler(int kind, void h(int, int));

Description
The registermousehandler function is available in the winbgim implementation of
BGI graphics. In general, you write a different "handler function" to handle each
different kind of mouse event, and you "register" each of your handlers by calling
registermousehandler. The first argument to registermousehandler is one of
these constants from the graphics.h file:
WM_MOUSEMOVE
if you want the handler called whenever the mouse moves
WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK
...called whenever the left mouse button is double clicked
WM_LBUTTONDOWN
...called whenever the left mouse button is clicked down
WM_LBUTTONUP
...called whenever the left mouse button is released up
WM_MBUTTONDBLCLK
...called whenever the middle mouse button is double clicked
WM_MBUTTONDOWN
...called whenever the middle mouse button is clicked down
WM_MBUTTONUP
...called whenever the middle mouse button is released up
WM_RBUTTONDBLCLK
...called whenever the right mouse button is double clicked
WM_RBUTTONDOWN
...called whenever the right mouse button is clicked down
WM_RBUTTONUP
...called whenever the right mouse button is released up
The second argument to registermousehandler must be the name of the handler
function that you wrote. This function must be a void function with two int
parameters. Whenever the specified mouse event occurs, your handler will be called
and the two int parameters will be the x and y positions where the event happened.

The middle mouse button handlers aren't working on my machine. I haven't yet
tracked down the reason--it could be a broken mouse or it could be a bug in my
programming.

Return Value
None.
See also
mousex
mousey
Example
/* mouse example */

#include "graphics.h"
// The click_handler will be called whenever the left mouse button
is

// clicked. It checks copies the x,y coordinates of the click to

// see if the click was on a red pixel. If so, then the boolean

// variable red_clicked is set to true. Note that in general

// all handlers should be quick. If they need to do more than a

little

// work, they should set a variable that will trigger the work
going,

// and then return.

bool red_clicked = false;

void click_handler(int x, int y)

if (getpixel(x,y) == RED)

red_clicked = true;

// Call this function to draw an isosoles triangle with the given

base and

// height. The triangle will be drawn just above the botton of the
screen.

void triangle(int base, int height)

int maxx = getmaxx( );

int maxy = getmaxy( );

line(maxx/2 - base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2 + base/2, maxy - 10);

line(maxx/2 - base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2, maxy - 10 - height);

line(maxx/2 + base/2, maxy - 10, maxx/2, maxy - 10 - height);

}
void main(void)

int maxx, maxy; // Maximum x and y pixel coordinates

int divisor; // Divisor for the length of a triangle side

// Put the machine into graphics mode and get the maximum
coordinates:

initwindow(450, 300);

maxx = getmaxx( );

maxy = getmaxy( );

// Register the function that handles a left mouse click

registermousehandler(WM_LBUTTONDOWN, click_handler);

// Draw a white circle with red inside and a radius of 50

pixels:

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);

setcolor(WHITE);

fillellipse(maxx/2, maxy/2, 50, 50);

// Print a message and wait for a red pixel to be double

clicked:

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 2);

outtextxy(20, 20, "Left click in RED to end.");

setcolor(BLUE);

red_clicked = false;

divisor = 2;

while (!red_clicked)

triangle(maxx/divisor, maxy/divisor);
 delay(500);

divisor++;

cout << "The mouse was clicked at: ";

cout << "x=" << mousex( );

cout << " y=" << mousey( ) << endl;

// Switch back to text mode:

closegraph( );

restorecrtmode

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void restorecrtmode(void);

Description
restorecrtmode restores the original video mode detected by initgraph.

This function can be used in conjunction with setgraphmode to switch back and
forth between text and graphics modes. textmode should not be used for this
purpose; use it only when the screen is in text mode, to change to a different text
mode.

Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
restorecrtmode is implemented in winbgim, but it does not do any work. This is
because both the graphics window and the text window are always open during any
Windows program, so there is no need to switch back and forth between the two
modes.
See also
 getgraphmode
initgraph
setgraphmode
Example
/* restorecrtmode example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int x, y;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

}
 x = getmaxx() / 2;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

/* output a message */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(x, y, "Press any key to exit graphics:");

getch();

/* restore system to text mode */

restorecrtmode();

printf("We're now in text mode.\n");

printf("Press any key to return to graphics mode:");

getch();

/* return to graphics mode */

setgraphmode(getgraphmode());

/* output a message */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(x, y, "We're back in graphics mode.");

outtextxy(x, y+textheight("W"), "Press any key to halt:");

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
Colors for Windows BGI
The winbgim package supports two types of colors that may be used with any of the
functions that expect colors as arguments:

1. The sixteen ordinary BGI colors. These are the integers 0 through 15 or you may
use the symbolic names:
2.
3. BLACK BLUE GREEN CYAN
4.
5. RED MAGENTA BROWN LIGHTGRAY
6.
7. DARKGRAY LIGHTBLUE LIGHTGREEN LIGHTCYAN
8.
9. LIGHTRED LIGHTMAGENTA YELLOW WHITE
10.
11. A color may be specified from red, green and blue components using a new
function called COLOR(r,g,b). Each of the r,g,b arguments must be a number in the
range 0 to 255. For example, COLOR(255,100,0) is a mostly red color with some
green and no blue. If you create one of these colors, it may be used as an argument
to any of the BGI functions that expect a color. These colors may also be returned
from BGI functions such as getbkcolor and the new function getdisplaycolor (which
tells you what actual color will be displayed on the current monitor).

A function, converttorgb, and several other functions (RED_VALUE, GREEN_VALUE,

BLUE_VALUE, IS_BGI_COLOR, and IS_RGB_COLOR) are explained in the examples
below.

RGB Examples:

setcolor(BLUE); // Change drawing color to BLUE.

setcolor(COLOR(255,100,0)); // Change drawing color to reddish-green.

setpalette(4, BLUE); // Change palette entry 4 to BLUE.

setpalette(4, COLOR(9,9,9));// Change palette entry 4 to nearly

black.

int current = getcolor( ); // Set current to current drawing color.

if (IS_BGI_COLOR(current)) // Check whether it is a BGI color.

cout << "Current BGI drawing color is: " << current << endl;
 if (IS_RGB_COLOR(current)) // Check whether it is an RGB color.

cout << "Current RGB drawing color has these components:\n"

<< "Red: " << RED_VALUE(current) << '\n'

<< "Green: " << GREEN_VALUE(current) << '\n'

<< "Blue: " << BLUE_VALUE(current) << '\n';

cout << "The usual Windows RGB color int value is:\n"

<< converttorgb(current) << endl;

sector

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void sector(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int xradius,

int yradius);

Description
Draws and fills an elliptical pie slice using (x,y) as the center point, xradius and
yradius as the horizontal and vertical radii, respectively, and drawing from stangle
to endangle. The pie slice is outlined using the current color, and filled using the
pattern and color defined by setfillstyle or setfillpattern.

The angles for sector are given in degrees. They are measured counter-clockwise
with 0 degrees at 3 o'clock, 90 degrees at 12 o'clock, and so on.

If an error occurs while the pie slice is filling, graphresult returns a value of -6
(grNoScanMem).

Return Value
None.
See also
arc
circle
ellipse
getarccoords
getaspectratio
graphresult
pieslice
 setfillpattern
setfillstyle
setgraphbufsize
Example
/* sector example */

#include <graphics.h<

#include <stdlib.h<

#include <stdio.h<

#include <conio.h<

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy, i;

int stangle = 45, endangle = 135;

int xrad = 100, yrad = 50;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

 }

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the fill patterns */

for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++) {

/* set the fill style */

setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw the sector slice */

sector(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, xrad, yrad);

getch();

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

setactivepage

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setactivepage(int page);

Description
 setactivepage makes page the active graphics page. All subsequent graphics output
will be directed to that graphics page.

The active graphics page might not be the one you see onscreen, depending on how
many graphics pages are available on your system. Only the EGA, VGA, and
Hercules graphics cards support multiple pages.

Return Value
None.
See also
setvisualpage
swapbuffers
Example
/* setactivepage example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* select driver and mode that supports multiple pages */

int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;

int x, y, ht;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

{
 printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

x = getmaxx() / 2;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

ht = textheight("W");

/* select the off screen page for drawing */

setactivepage(1);

/* draw a line on page #1 */

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* output a message on page #1 */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #1:");

outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to halt:");

/* select drawing to page #0 */

setactivepage(0);

/* output a message on page #0 */

outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #0.");

outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to view page #1:");

 getch();

/* select page #1 as the visible page */

setvisualpage(1);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setallpalette

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setallpalette(struct palettetype *palette);

Description
setallpalette sets the current palette to the values given in the palettetype structure
pointed to by palette.

You can partially (or completely) change the colors in the EGA/VGA palette with
setallpalette.

The MAXCOLORS constant and the palettetype structure used by setallpalette are
defined in graphics.h as follows:

#define MAXCOLORS 15

struct palettetype {

unsigned char size;

signed char colors[MAXCOLORS + 1];

};

size gives the number of colors in the palette for the current graphics driver in the
current mode.

colors is an array of size bytes containing the actual raw color numbers for each
entry in the palette. If an element of colors is -1, the palette color for that entry is
not changed.

The elements in the colors array used by setallpalette can be represented by

symbolic constants which are defined in graphics.h. See Actual Color Table given
here:

Name Value
BLACK 0
BLUE 1
GREEN 2
CYAN 3
RED 4
MAGENTA 5
BROWN 6
LIGHTGRAY 7
DARKGRAY 8
LIGHTBLUE 9
LIGHTGREEN 10
LIGHTCYAN 11
LIGHTRED 12
LIGHTMAGENTA 13
YELLOW 14
WHITE 15
EGA_BROWN 20
EGA_DARKGRAY 56
EGA_LIGHTBLUE 57
EGA_LIGHTGREEN 58
EGA_LIGHTCYAN 59
EGA_LIGHTRED 60
EGA_LIGHTMAGENTA 61
EGA_YELLOW 62
EGA_WHITE 63
 Changes made to the palette are seen immediately onscreen. Each time a palette
color is changed, all occurrences of that color onscreen change to the new color
value.

Note: Valid colors depend on the current graphics driver and current graphics mode.

setallpalette cannot be used with the IBM-8514 driver.

Return Value
If invalid input is passed to setallpalette, graphresult returns -11 (grError), and the
current palette remains unchanged.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version of setallpalette expects a palettetype object of up to 16 colors.
Each color is one of the 16 BGI color numbers (0 through 15). If you want to set a
palette color to an RGB color, then use setrgbpalette.

In the windows version, changing the palette effects only future drawing. Currently
drawn pixels do not change their color when the palette changes (no "palette
animation").

See also
getpalette
getpalettesize
graphresult
setbkcolor
setcolor
setpalette
Example

See also

getpalette

getpalettesize

graphresult

setbkcolor

setcolor

setpalette

Example
/* setallpalette example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

struct palettetype pal;

int color, maxcolor, ht;

int y = 10;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

}

maxcolor = getmaxcolor();

ht = 2 * textheight("W");

/* grab a copy of the palette */

getpalette(&pal);

/* display the default palette colors */

for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++) {

setcolor(color);

sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);

outtextxy(1, y, msg);

y += ht;

/* wait for a key */

getch();

/* black out the colors one by one */

for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++) {

setpalette(color, BLACK);

getch();

/* restore the palette colors */

setallpalette(&pal);
 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setaspectratio

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setaspectratio(int xasp, int yasp);

Description
setaspectratio changes the default aspect ratio of the graphics system. The graphics
system uses the aspect ratio to make sure that circles are round onscreen. If circles
appear elliptical, the monitor is not aligned properly. You could correct this in the
hardware by realigning the monitor, but it's easier to change in the software by
using setaspectratio to set the aspect ratio. To obtain the current aspect ratio from
the system, call getaspectratio.
Return Value
None.
See also
circle
getaspectratio
Example
/* setaspectratio example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int xasp, yasp, midx, midy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* get current aspect ratio settings */

getaspectratio(&xasp, &yasp);

/* draw normal circle */

 circle(midx, midy, 100);

getch();

/* clear the screen */

cleardevice();

/* adjust the aspect for a wide circle */

setaspectratio(xasp/2, yasp);

circle(midx, midy, 100);

getch();

/* adjust the aspect for a narrow circle */

cleardevice();

setaspectratio(xasp, yasp/2);

circle(midx, midy, 100);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setbkcolor

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setbkcolor(int color);

Description
setbkcolor sets the background to the color specified by color. The argument color
can be a name or a number as listed below. (These symbolic names are defined in
graphics.h.)
Name Value
BLACK 0
BLUE 1
GREEN 2
CYAN 3
RED 4
MAGENTA 5
BROWN 6
LIGHTGRAY 7
DARKGRAY 8
LIGHTBLUE 9
LIGHTGREEN 10
LIGHTCYAN 11
LIGHTRED 12
LIGHTMAGENTA 13
YELLOW 14
WHITE 15
For example, if you want to set the background color to blue, you can call
setbkcolor(BLUE) /* or */ setbkcolor(1)

On CGA and EGA systems, setbkcolor changes the background color by changing
the first entry in the palette.

If you use an EGA or a VGA, and you change the palette colors with setpalette or
setallpalette, the defined symbolic constants might not give you the correct color.
This is because the parameter to setbkcolor indicates the entry number in the current
palette rather than a specific color (unless the parameter passed is 0, which always
sets the background color to black).

Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version allows the color argument to be an ordinary BGI color (from 0
to 15) or an RGB color. Also, only future drawing will use the new background
color (anything currently drawn in the old background color will stay in the old
color). Calling setbkcolor(0) will change the background color to the current color
at index [0] of the palette (rather than always changing the background to black).
See also
 getbkcolor
setallpalette
setcolor
setpalette
Example
/* setbkcolor example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* _select driver and mode that supports multiple background

colors*/

int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;

int bkcol, maxcolor, x, y;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

}

/* maximum color index supported */

maxcolor = getmaxcolor();

/* for centering text messages */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

x = getmaxx() / 2;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the available colors */

for (bkcol=0; bkcol<=maxcolor; bkcol++) {

/* clear the screen */

cleardevice();

/* select a new background color */

setbkcolor(bkcol);

/* output a messsage */

if (bkcol == WHITE)

setcolor(EGA_BLUE);

sprintf(msg, "Background color: %d", bkcol);

outtextxy(x, y, msg);

getch();

}
 /* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

setcolor

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setcolor(int color);

Description
setcolor sets the current drawing color to color, which can range from 0 to
getmaxcolor. The current drawing color is the value to which pixels are set when
lines, and so on are drawn. The drawing colors shown below are available for the
CGA and EGA, respectively.
Palette Number Three Colors
0 LIGHTGREEN LIGHTRED YELLOW
1 LIGHTCYAN LIGHTMAGENTA WHITE
2 GREEN RED BROWN
3 CYAN MAGENTA LIGHTGRAY
Name Value
BLACK 0
BLUE 1
GREEN 2
CYAN 3
RED 4
MAGENTA 5
BROWN 6
LIGHTGRAY 7
DARKGRAY 8
LIGHTBLUE 9
LIGHTGREEN 10
LIGHTCYAN 11
LIGHTRED 12
 LIGHTMAGENTA 13
YELLOW 14
WHITE 15
You select a drawing color by passing either the color number itself or the
equivalent symbolic name to setcolor. For example, in CGAC0 mode, the palette
contains four colors: the background color, light green, light red, and yellow. In this
mode, either setcolor(3) or setcolor(CGA_YELLOW) selects a drawing color of
yellow.
Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version allows the color argument to be an ordinary BGI color (from 0
to 15) or an RGB color.
See also
getcolor
getmaxcolor
graphresult
setallpalette
setbkcolor
setpalette
Example
/* setcolor example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* select driver and mode that supports multiple drawing colors

*/

int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;

int color, maxcolor, x, y;

char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* maximum color index supported */

maxcolor = getmaxcolor();

/* for centering text messages */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

x = getmaxx() / 2;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the available colors */

for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++) {

cleardevice(); /* clear the screen */

setcolor(color); /* select new background color */

/* output a messsage */
 sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);

outtextxy(x, y, msg);

getch();

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

setcurrentwindow

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void setcurrentwindow(int window);

Description
The setcurrentwindow function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h.

The function changes the current window for all graphics operations to the specified
window. This window number must be a number returned by the initiwindow
functiion. The current window is the window where all other graphics operations
will take place.

Note: Initwindow and initgraph both set the current window to the newly created
window, so there is no need to call setcurrentwindow immediately after opening a
new window. parameters have default values.

See also
getcurrentwindow
initgraph
initwindow
Example
/* setcurrentwindow example */
 #include

int main(void)

int big;

int w, w_right, w_below ;

int width, height; // Total width and height of w_left;

big = initwindow(getmaxwidth( ), getmaxheight( ), "Big");

w = initwindow(300, 200, "Top/Left Corner");

width = getwindowwidth( );

height = getwindowheight( );

w_right = initwindow(300, 200, "Right", width, 0);

w_below = initwindow(300, 200, "Below", 0, height);

setcurrentwindow(big);

line(0, 0, getmaxwidth( )-1, getmaxheight( )-1);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setmousequeuestatus

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

voud setmousequeuestatus(int kind, bool status=true);

Description
The setmousequeuestatus function is available in the winbgim implementation of
BGI graphics. This function controls whether mouse events of a particular kind are
queued for processing. If the status parameter is false, then mouse events of the
specified kind are not queued. This means that each time a mouse event of that kind
occurs, any previous events of the same kind are deleted. If the status parameter is
true, then mouse events of the specified kind are queued, and each call to
getmouseclick returns the details about the event at the front of the queue.

When a window first opens, queuing is turned off for all events.

See also
clearmouseclick
ismouseclick
getmouseclick
Example
/* mouse example */

#include

#include "graphics.h"

using namespace std;

int main(void)

int maxx, maxy; // Maximum x and y pixel coordinates

int x, y; // Coordinates of the mouse click

int divisor; // Divisor for the length of a triangle side

// Put the machine into graphics mode and get the maximum
coordinates:

initwindow(450, 300);

setmousequeuestatus(WM_LBUTTONDOWN);

maxx = getmaxx( );

maxy = getmaxy( );
 // Draw a white circle with red inside and a radius of 50
pixels:

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);

setcolor(WHITE);

fillellipse(maxx/2, maxy/2, 50, 50);

// Print a message and wait for a red pixel to be double

clicked:

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 2);

outtextxy(20, 20, "Left click several times!");

setcolor(BLUE);

divisor = 2;

while (!ismouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN))

delay(5000); // Five second delay, so there might be a

several clicks

while (ismouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN))

getmouseclick(WM_LBUTTONDOWN, x, y);

cout << "The mouse was clicked at: ";

cout << "x=" << x;

cout << " y=" << y << endl;

// Switch back to text mode:

closegraph( );

}
setfillpattern

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setfillpattern(char *upattern, int color);

Description
setfillpattern is like setfillstyle, except that you use it to set a user-defined 8x8
pattern rather than a predefined pattern.

upattern is a pointer to a sequence of 8 bytes, with each byte corresponding to 8

pixels in the pattern. Whenever a bit in a pattern byte is set to 1, the corresponding
pixel is plotted.

Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version allows the color argument to be an ordinary BGI color (from 0
to 15) or an RGB color.
See also
getfillpattern
getfillsettings
graphresult
sector
setfillstyle
Example
/* setfillpattern example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

 int maxx, maxy;

/* a user-defined fill pattern */

char pattern[8] = {0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x24, 0x24, 0x07,

0x00};

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxx = getmaxx();

maxy = getmaxy();

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* select a user-defined fill pattern */

setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor());

/* fill the screen with the pattern */

bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setfillstyle

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setfillstyle(int pattern, int color);

Description
setfillstyle sets the current fill pattern and fill color. To set a user-defined fill
pattern, do not give a pattern of 12 (USER_FILL) to setfillstyle; instead, call
setfillpattern.

If invalid input is passed to setfillstyle, graphresult returns -1(grError), and the

current fill pattern and fill color remain unchanged.

Note: The EMPTY_FILL style is like a solid fill using the current background color
(which is set by setbkcolor).

Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version allows the color argument to be an ordinary BGI color (from 0
to 15) or an RGB color.
See also
bar
bar3d
fillpoly
floodfill
getfillsettings
graphresult
pieslice
 sector
setfillpattern
Example
/* setfillstyle example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

/* the names of the fill styles supported */

char *fname[] = { "EMPTY_FILL", "SOLID_FILL", "LINE_FILL",

"LTSLASH_FILL", "SLASH_FILL", "BKSLASH_FILL", "LTBKSLASH_FILL",
"HATCH_FILL", "XHATCH_FILL", "INTERLEAVE_FILL", "WIDE_DOT_FILL",
"CLOSE_DOT_FILL", "USER_FILL" };

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int style, midx, midy;

char stylestr[40];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

for (style = EMPTY_FILL; style < USER_FILL; style++) {

/* select the fill style */

setfillstyle(style, getmaxcolor());

/* convert style into a string */

strcpy(stylestr, fname[style]);

/* fill a bar */

bar3d(0, 0, midx-10, midy, 0, 0);

/* output a message */

outtextxy(midx, midy, stylestr);

/* wait for a key */

getch();

cleardevice();

}
 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setgraphbufsize

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

unsigned setgraphbufsize(unsigned bufsize);

Description
Some of the graphics routines (such as floodfill) use a memory buffer that is
allocated when initgraph is called and released when closegraph is called. The
default size of this buffer, allocated by _graphgetmem, is 4,096 bytes.

You might want to make this buffer smaller (to save memory space) or bigger (if,
for example, a call to floodfill produces error -7: Out of flood memory).

setgraphbufsize tells initgraph how much memory to allocate for this internal
graphics buffer when it calls _graphgetmem.

You must call setgraphbufsize before calling initgraph. Once initgraph has been
called, all calls to setgraphbufsize are ignored until after the next call to closegraph.

Return Value
setgraphbufsize returns the previous size of the internal buffer.
Windows Notes
setgraphbufsize is not available in the winbgim implementation.
See also
closegraph
initgraph
sector
Example
/* setgraphbufsize example */
#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define BUFSIZE 1000 /* internal graphics buffer size */

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int x, y, oldsize;

char msg[80];

/* _set size of internal graphics buffer before calling

initgraph */

oldsize = setgraphbufsize(BUFSIZE);

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();
 exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

x = getmaxx() / 2;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

/* output some messages */

sprintf(msg, "Graphics buffer size: %d", BUFSIZE);

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(x, y, msg);

sprintf(msg, "Old graphics buffer size: %d", oldsize);

outtextxy(x, y+textheight("W"), msg);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setgraphmode

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setgraphmode(int mode);

Description
setgraphmode selects a graphics mode different than the default one set by
initgraph. mode must be a valid mode for the current device driver. setgraphmode
clears the screen and resets all graphics settings to their defaults (current position,
palette, color, viewport, and so on).
 You can use setgraphmode in conjunction with restorecrtmode to switch back and
forth between text and graphics modes.

Return Value
If you give setgraphmode an invalid mode for the current device driver, graphresult
returns a value of -10 (grInvalidMode).
Windows Notes
setgraphmode is implemented in winbgim, but it does not do any work.
Windows Notes
setgraphmode is implemented in winbgim, but it does not do any work. This is
because both the graphics window and the text window are always open during any
Windows program, so there is no need to switch back and forth between the two
modes.
See also
getgraphmode
getmoderange
graphresult
initgraph
restorecrtmode
Example
/* setgraphmode example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int x, y;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

x = getmaxx() / 2;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

/* output a message */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(x, y, "Press any key to exit graphics:");

getch();

/* restore system to text mode */

restorecrtmode();

printf("We're now in text mode.\n");

printf("Press any key to return to graphics mode:");

getch();

/* return to graphics mode */

setgraphmode(getgraphmode());
 /* output a message */

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(x, y, "We're back in graphics mode.");

outtextxy(x, y+textheight("W"), "Press any key to halt:");

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setlinestyle

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setlinestyle(int linestyle, unsigned upattern, int thickness);

Description
setlinestyle sets the style for all lines drawn by line, lineto, rectangle, drawpoly, and
so on.

The linesettingstype structure is defined in graphics.h as follows:

struct linesettingstype {

int linestyle;

unsigned upattern;

int thickness;

};
 linestyle specifies in which of several styles subsequent lines will be drawn (such as
solid, dotted, centered, dashed). The enumeration line_styles, which is defined in
graphics.h, gives names to these operators:
Name Value Description
SOLID_LINE 0 Solid line
DOTTED_LINE 1 Dotted line
CENTER_LINE 2 Centered line
DASHED_LINE 3 Dashed line
USERBIT_LINE 4 User-defined line style
thickness specifies whether the width of subsequent lines drawn will be normal or
thick.
Name Value Description
NORM_WIDTH 1 1 pixel wide
THICK_WIDTH 3 3 pixels wide
upattern is a 16-bit pattern that applies only if linestyle is USERBIT_LINE (4). In
that case, whenever a bit in the pattern word is 1, the corresponding pixel in the line
is drawn in the current drawing color. For example, a solid line corresponds to a
upattern of 0xFFFF (all pixels drawn), and a dashed line can correspond to a
upattern of 0x3333 or 0x0F0F. If the linestyle parameter to setlinestyle is not
USERBIT_LINE (in other words, if it is not equal to 4), you must still provide the
upattern parameter, but it will be ignored.

Note: The linestyle parameter does not affect arcs, circles, ellipses, or pie slices.
Only the thickness parameter is used.

Return Value
If invalid input is passed to setlinestyle, graphresult returns -11, and the current line
style remains unchanged.
See also
arc
bar3d
bar
circle
drawpoly
ellipse
getlinesettings
graphresult
line
linerel
lineto
pieslice
rectangle
Example
/* setlinestyle example */
#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

/* the names of the line styles supported */

char *lname[] = { "SOLID_LINE", "DOTTED_LINE", "CENTER_LINE",

"DASHED_LINE", "USERBIT_LINE" };

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int style, midx, midy, userpat;

char stylestr[40];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* a user-defined line pattern */

/* binary: "0000000000000001" */

userpat = 1;

for (style=SOLID_LINE; style<=USERBIT_LINE; style++)

/* select the line style */

setlinestyle(style, userpat, 1);

/* convert style into a string */

strcpy(stylestr, lname[style]);

/* draw a line */

line(0, 0, midx-10, midy);

/* draw a rectangle */

rectangle(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* output a message */

outtextxy(midx, midy, stylestr);

/* wait for a key */

 getch();

cleardevice();

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

NOTE: Some machines at the University of Colorado have a D: drive that is too small to
compile a project. In this case, you'll get an out of memory error. Move your work to a
temporary directory on the C: Drive for these machines.

setpalette

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setpalette(int colornum, int color);

Description
setpalette changes the colornum entry in the palette to color. For example,
setpalette(0,5) changes the first color in the current palette (the background color) to
actual color number 5. If size is the number of entries in the current palette,
colornum can range between 0 and (size - 1).

You can partially (or completely) change the colors in the EGA/VGA palette with
setpalette. On a CGA, you can only change the first entry in the palette (colornum
equals 0, the background color) with a call to setpalette.

The color parameter passed to setpalette can be represented by symbolic constants

which are defined in graphics.h.

Name Value
BLACK 0
BLUE 1
 GREEN 2
CYAN 3
RED 4
MAGENTA 5
BROWN 6
LIGHTGRAY 7
DARKGRAY 8
LIGHTBLUE 9
LIGHTGREEN 10
LIGHTCYAN 11
LIGHTRED 12
LIGHTMAGENTA 13
YELLOW 14
WHITE 15

setpalette cannot be used with the IBM-8514 driver; use setrgbpalette instead.

Return Value
If invalid input is passed to setpalette, graphresult returns -11, and the current
palette remains unchanged.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version allows the color argument to be an ordinary BGI color (from 0
to 15) or an RGB color. The colornum should be a palette index from 0 to 15.

In the windows version, changing the palette effects only future drawing. Currently
drawn pixels do not change their color when the palette changes (no "palette
animation").

See also
setrgbpalette
Example
/* setpalette example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>
int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int color, maxcolor, ht;

int y = 10;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

maxcolor = getmaxcolor();

ht = 2 * textheight("W");

/* display the default colors */

for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++) {

setcolor(color);

sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);

outtextxy(1, y, msg);
 y += ht;

/* wait for a key */

getch();

/* black out the colors one by one */

for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++) {

setpalette(color, BLACK);

getch();

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

setrgbpalette

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setrgbpalette(int colornum, int red, int green, int blue);

Description
setrgbpalette can be used with the IBM 8514 and VGA drivers.

colornum defines the palette entry to be loaded, while red, green, and blue define
the component colors of the palette entry.
 For the IBM 8514 display (and the VGA in 256K color mode), colornum is in the
range 0 to 255. For the remaining modes of the VGA, colornum is in the range 0 to
15. Only the lower byte of red, green, or blue is used, and out of each byte, only the
6 most significant bits are loaded in the palette.

For compatibility with other IBM graphics adapters, the BGI driver defines the first
16 palette entries of the IBM 8514 to the default colors of the EGA/VGA. These
values can be used as is, or they can be changed using setrgbpalette.

Return Value
None.
Windows Notes
The winbgim version allows the the colornum to be a palette index from 0 to 15.
The call
setrgbpalette(colornum, r, g, b);

is similar to
setpalette(colornum, COLOR(r,g,b) );

The difference is that setrgbpalette will use only the six most significant bits of the
least significant byte of r, g and b. However, COLOR(r,g,b) uses the entire least
significant byte of r, g and b. color argument to be an ordinary BGI color (from 0 to
15) or an RGB color.

In the windows version, changing the palette effects only future drawing. Currently
drawn pixels do not change their color when the palette changes (no "palette
animation").

See also
setpalette
Example
/* setrgbpalette example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

{
/* select driver and mode that supports use of setrgbpalette */

int gdriver = VGA, gmode = VGAHI, errorcode;

struct palettetype pal;

int i, ht, y, xmax;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

/* grab a copy of the palette */

getpalette(&pal);

/* create gray scale */

for (i=0; i<pal.size; i++)

setrgbpalette(pal.colors[i], i*4, i*4, i*4);

/* display the gray scale */

ht = getmaxy() / 16;
 xmax = getmaxx();

y = 0;

for (i=0; i<pal.size; i++) {

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, i);

bar(0, y, xmax, y+ht);

y += ht;

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

settextjustify

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void settextjustify(int horiz, int vert);

Description
Text output after a call to settextjustify is justified around the current position (CP)
horizontally and vertically, as specified. The default justification settings are
LEFT_TEXT (for horizontal) and TOP_TEXT (for vertical). The enumeration
text_just in graphics.h provides names for the horiz and vert settings passed to
settextjustify.
Description Name Value Action
horiz LEFT_TEXT 0 left-justify text
CENTER_TEXT 1 center text
RIGHT_TEXT 2 right-justify text
vertical BOTTOM_TEXT 0 bottom-justify text
CENTER_TEXT 1 center text
 TOP_TEXT 2 top-justify text
If horiz is equal to LEFT_TEXT and direction equals HORIZ_DIR, the CP's x
component is advanced after a call to outtext(string) by textwidth(string).

settextjustify affects text written with outtext and cannot be used with text mode and
stream functions.

Return Value
If invalid input is passed to settextjustify, graphresult returns -11, and the current
text justification remains unchanged.
See also
gettextsettings
graphresults
outtext
settextstyle
Example
/* settextjustify example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

/* function prototype */

void xat(int x, int y);

/* horizontal text justification settings */

char *hjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "RIGHT_TEXT" };

/* vertical text justification settings */

char *vjust[] = { "BOTTOM_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "TOP_TEXT" };

int main(void)

{
/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int midx, midy, hj, vj;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through text justifications */

for (hj=LEFT_TEXT; hj<=RIGHT_TEXT; hj++)

for (vj=LEFT_TEXT; vj<=RIGHT_TEXT; vj++) {

cleardevice();

/* set the text justification */

settextjustify(hj, vj);
 /* create a message string */

sprintf(msg, "%s %s", hjust[hj], vjust[vj]);

/* create crosshairs on the screen */

xat(midx, midy);

/* output the message */

outtextxy(midx, midy, msg);

getch();

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

void xat(int x, int y) /* draw an x at (x,y) */

line(x-4, y, x+4, y);

line(x, y-4, x, y+4);

settextstyle

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>
 void settextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize);

Description
settextstyle sets the text font, the direction in which text is displayed, and the size of
the characters. A call to settextstyle affects all text output by outtext and outtextxy.

The parameters font, direction, and charsize passed to settextstyle are described in
the following:

font: One 8x8 bit-mapped font and several "stroked" fonts are available. The 8x8
bit-mapped font is the default. The enumeration font_names, which is defined in
graphics.h, provides names for these different font settings:

Name Value Description

DEFAULT_FONT 0 8x8 bit-mapped font
TRIPLEX_FONT 1 Stroked triplex font
SMALL_FONT 2 Stroked small font
SANS_SERIF_FONT 3 Stroked sans-serif font
GOTHIC_FONT 4 Stroked gothic font
SCRIPT_FONT 5 Stroked script font
SIMPLEX_FONT 6 Stroked triplex script font
TRIPLEX_SCR_FONT 7 Stroked triplex script font
COMPLEX_FONT 8 Stroked complex font
EUROPEAN_FONT 9 Stroked European font
BOLD_FONT 10 Stroked bold font

The default bit-mapped font is built into the graphics system. Stroked fonts are
stored in *.CHR disk files, and only one at a time is kept in memory. Therefore,
when you select a stroked font (different from the last selected stroked font), the
corresponding *.CHR file must be loaded from disk.

To avoid this loading when several stroked fonts are used, you can link font files
into your program. Do this by converting them into object files with the BGIOBJ
utility, then registering them through registerbgifont.

direction: Font directions supported are horizontal text (left to right) and vertical
text (rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise). The default direction is HORIZ_DIR.
The size of each character can be magnified using the charsize factor. If charsize is
nonzero, it can affect bit-mapped or stroked characters. A charsize value of 0 can be
used only with stroked fonts.

 If charsize equals 1, outtext and outtextxy displays characters from the 8x8
bit-mapped font in an 8x8 pixel rectangle onscreen.
  If charsize equals 2, these output functions display characters from the 8x8
bit-mapped font in a 16*16 pixel rectangle, and so on (up to a limit of ten
times the normal size).
 When charsize equals 0, the output functions outtext and outtextxy magnify
the stroked font text using either the default character magnification factor
(4) or the user-defined character size given by setusercharsize.

Always use textheight and textwidth to determine the actual dimensions of the text.
Return Value
See also
gettextsettings
graphresults
installuserfont
settextjustify
setusercharsize
textheight
textwidth
Example
/* settextstyle example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

/* the names of the text styles supported */

char *fname[] = { "DEFAULT font", "TRIPLEX font",

"SMALL font", "SANS SERIF_font",

"GOTHIC_font", "SCRIPT font",

"SIMPLEX font", "TRIPLEX SCRIPT font",

"COMPLEX font", "EUROPEAN font",

"BOLD font"};

int main(void)

{
/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int style, midx, midy;

int size = 1;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

midx = getmaxx() / 2;

midy = getmaxy() / 2;

settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* loop through the available text styles */

for (style=DEFAULT_FONT; style<=BOLD_FONT; style++) {

cleardevice();

if (style == TRIPLEX_FONT)

size = 4;

/* select the text style */

 settextstyle(style, HORIZ_DIR, size);

/* output a message */

outtextxy(midx, midy, fname[style]);

getch();

/* clean up */

closegraph();

return 0;

setusercharsize

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setusercharsize(int multx, int divx, int multy, int divy);

Description
setusercharsize gives you finer control over the size of text from stroked fonts used
with graphics functions. The values set by setusercharsize are active only if charsize
equals 0, as set by a previous call to settextstyle.

With setusercharsize, you specify factors by which the width and height are scaled.
The default width is scaled by multx : divx, and the default height is scaled by
multy : divy. For example, to make text twice as wide and 50% taller than the
default, set

multx = 2; divx = 1;

multy = 3; divy = 2;

Return Value
None.
See also
 gettextsettings
graphresult
settextstyle
Example
/* setusercharsize example */
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void) {
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) {
/* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:"); getch(); exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}
/* select a text style */
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4);
/* move to the text starting position */
moveto(0, getmaxy() / 2);
/* output some normal text */
outtext("Norm ");
/* make the text 1/3 the normal width */
setusercharsize(1, 3, 1, 1);
outtext("Short ");
/* make the text 3 times normal width */
setusercharsize(3, 1, 1, 1);
outtext("Wide");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
setviewport

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setviewport(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int
clip);

Description
setviewport establishes a new viewport for graphics output.

The viewport corners are given in absolute screen coordinates by (left,top) and
(right,bottom). The current position (CP) is moved to (0,0) in the new window.

The parameter clip determines whether drawings are clipped (truncated) at the
current viewport boundaries. If clip is nonzero, all drawings will be clipped to the
current viewport.

Return Value
If invalid input is passed to setviewport, graphresult returns -11, and the current
view settings remain unchanged.
See also
clearviewport
getviewsettings
graphresult
Example
/* setviewport example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

#define CLIP_ON 1 /* activates clipping in viewport */

int main(void)

{
/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* message in default full-screen viewport */

outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in default viewport");

/* create a smaller viewport */

setviewport(50, 50, getmaxx()-50, getmaxy()-50, CLIP_ON);

/* display some text */

outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in smaller viewport");

 /* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setvisualpage

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setvisualpage(int page);

Description
setvisualpage makes page the visual graphics page.
Return Value
None.
See also
graphresult
setactivepage
swapbuffers
Example
/* setvisualpage example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

{
/* select driver and mode that supports multiple pages */

int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;

int x, y, ht;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

x = getmaxx() / 2;

y = getmaxy() / 2;

ht = textheight("W");

/* select the off screen page for drawing */

setactivepage(1);

/* draw a line on page #1 */

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* output a message on page #1 */

 settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #1:");

outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to halt:");

/* select drawing to page #0 */

setactivepage(0);

/* output a message on page #0 */

outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #0.");

outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to view page #1:");

getch();

/* select page #1 as the visible page */

setvisualpage(1);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

setwritemode

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

void setwritemode(int mode);

Description
 The following constants are defined:
COPY_PUT = 0 /* MOV */

XOR_PUT = 1 /* XOR */

Each constant corresponds to a binary operation between each byte in the line and
the corresponding bytes onscreen. COPY_PUT uses the assembly language MOV
instruction, overwriting with the line whatever is on the screen. XOR_PUT uses the
XOR command to combine the line with the screen. Two successive XOR
commands will erase the line and restore the screen to its original appearance.

setwritemode currently works only with line, linerel, lineto, rectangle, and
drawpoly.

Return Value
None.
See also
lineto
putimage
Example
/* setwritemode example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main()

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int xmax, ymax;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

xmax = getmaxx();

ymax = getmaxy();

/* select XOR drawing mode */

setwritemode(XOR_PUT);

/* draw a line */

line(0, 0, xmax, ymax);

getch();

/* erase the line by drawing over it */

line(0, 0, xmax, ymax);

getch();

/* select overwrite drawing mode */

setwritemode(COPY_PUT);
 /* draw a line */

line(0, 0, xmax, ymax);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

showerrorbox

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void showerrorbox(const char* message=NULL);

Description
The showerrorbox function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function
opens a windows error message box with the specified message (or a standard
message if the message parameter is NULL). The message box waits for the user to
click on OK button before showerrorbox returns.
See also
bgiout
outtext
outtextxy
Example
/* showerrorbox example */

#include "graphics.h"

int main(void)

/* initialize graphics window at 400 x 300 */

 initwindow(400, 300);

/* draw a line */

line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* display a sample error box */

showerrorbox("Sample of an Error Box");

closegraph();

return 0;

swapbuffers

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void swapbuffers( );

Description
The swapbuffers function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function
swaps the roles of the current active and the current visual graphics buffers. It is
equivalent to these statements:
int oldv = getvisualpage( );

int olda = getactivepage( );

setvisualpage(olda);

setactivepage(oldv);

See also
getactivepage
getvisualpage
initwindow
setactivepage
setvisualpage
textheight

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int textheight(char *textstring);

Description
The graphics function textheight takes the current font size and multiplication
factor, and determines the height of textstring in pixels. This function is useful for
adjusting the spacing between lines, computing viewport heights, sizing a title to
make it fit on a graph or in a box, and so on.

For example, with the 8x8 bit-mapped font and a multiplication factor of 1 (set by
settextstyle), the string BorlandC++ is 8 pixels high.

Use textheight to compute the height of strings, instead of doing the computations
manually. By using this function, no source code modifications have to be made
when different fonts are selected.

Return Value
textheight returns the text height in pixels.
See also
gettextsettings
outtext
outtextxy
settextstyle
textwidth
Example
/* textheight example */
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void) {
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int y = 0;
int i;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
 if (errorcode != grOk) {
/* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}
/* draw some text on the screen */
for (i=1; i<11; i++) {
/* select the text style, direction, and size */
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, i);
/* create a message string */
sprintf(msg, "Size: %d", i);
/* output the message */
outtextxy(1, y, msg);
/* advance to the next text line */
y += textheight(msg);
}
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}

textwidth

Syntax
#include <graphics.h>

int textwidth(char *textstring);

Description
The graphics function textwidth takes the string length, current font size, and
multiplication factor, and determines the width of textstring in pixels.

This function is useful for computing viewport widths, sizing a title to make it fit on
a graph or in a box, and so on.

Use textwidth to compute the width of strings, instead of doing the computations
manually. When you use this function, no source code modifications have to be
made when different fonts are selected.
Return Value
textwidth returns the text width in pixels.
See also
gettextsettings
outtext
outtextxy
settextstyle
textheight
Example
/* textwidth example */

#include <graphics.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

/* request autodetection */

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

int x = 0, y = 0;

int i;

char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */

initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */

errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) { /* an error occurred */

printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));

 printf("Press any key to halt:");

getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */

y = getmaxy() / 2;

settextjustify(LEFT_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

for (i = 1; i < 11; i++) {

/* select the text style, direction, and size */

settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, i);

/* create a message string */

sprintf(msg, "Size: %d", i);

/* output the message */

outtextxy(x, y, msg);

/* advance to the end of the text */

x += textwidth(msg);

/* clean up */

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
writeimagefile

Syntax
#include "graphics.h"

void writeimagefile(

const char* title=NULL,

double width_inches=7, double border_left_inches=0.75, double

border_top_inches=0.75,

int left=0, int right=0, int right=INT_MAX, int bottom=INT_MAX

);

Description
The writeimagefile function is available in the winbgim implementation of BGI
graphics. You do not need to include conio.h; just include graphics.h. The function
saves a portion of the active page in a BMP file. The filename must end in "BMP"
or ".bmp", or it may be NULL (in which case a windows file save dialog box is
opened to allow the user to select a file name).
See also
getimage
printimage
readimagefile