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Assignment No. 1 Multimedia Communication

A pair of modems is required to transmit digital signals over a PSTN because the signal must be converted from digital to analog when entering the PSTN and back to digital when exiting. Modems are located at each end of the communication and convert the signal as it passes into and out of the PSTN, which carries signals internally as analog. Packet switching networks allow for greater efficiency and dynamic sharing of bandwidth compared to circuit switching. Packets can still be delivered even during periods of heavy traffic, though delay increases. Packet switching also reduces storage and buffering demands compared to message switching. The aspect ratio of a display screen is the ratio of its width to its height. Common screen sizes today

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197 views

Assignment No. 1 Multimedia Communication

A pair of modems is required to transmit digital signals over a PSTN because the signal must be converted from digital to analog when entering the PSTN and back to digital when exiting. Modems are located at each end of the communication and convert the signal as it passes into and out of the PSTN, which carries signals internally as analog. Packet switching networks allow for greater efficiency and dynamic sharing of bandwidth compared to circuit switching. Packets can still be delivered even during periods of heavy traffic, though delay increases. Packet switching also reduces storage and buffering demands compared to message switching. The aspect ratio of a display screen is the ratio of its width to its height. Common screen sizes today

Uploaded by

Upinder Singh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment No.

1
Multimedia Communication

Que1: Explain why a pair of modems is required to transmit a digital signal over a PSTN. With
the aid of Diagram, show the location of the two modems when two digital devices communicate
over a PSTN and the types of signal analog or digital- that are used over each part of the access
circuit?

REQUIREMENT OF MODEM IN PSTN

To carry a typical phone call from a calling party to a called party, the analog audio signal is
digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate using 8-bit pulse code modulation (PCM).For the purpose of
pulse code modulation modem is used. The call is then transmitted from one end to another via
telephone exchanges. The call is switched using a call set up protocol (usually ISUP) between
the telephone exchanges under an overall strategy. When call reaches at the called party it again
passes through modem and reaches to its destination.

SIGNAL TRANSFORMATION IN PSTN

The call is carried over the PSTN using a 64 kbit/s channel, originally designed by Bell Labs.
The name given to this channel is Digital Signal 0 (DS0). The DS0 circuit is the basic granularity
of circuit switching in a telephone exchange. A DS0 is also known as a timeslot because DS0s
are aggregated in time-division multiplexing (TDM) equipment to form higher capacity
communication links.

A Digital Signal 1 (DS1) circuit carries 24 DS0s on a North American or Japanese T-carrier (T1)
line, or 32 DS0s (30 for calls plus two for framing and signaling) on an E-carrier (E1) line used
in most other countries. In modern networks, the multiplexing function is moved as close to the
end user as possible, usually into cabinets at the roadside in residential areas, or into large
business premises.

End Office

|……..|…………………………………………|…………………………………|………………………………………………………|……|
A…….D………………………………………..A…………………………………A……………………………………………………..D….A

A=analog: D=digital.

Que2: With the aid of the diagram, describe how the following gain access to the internet:

a) a user at home or in small business.

b) a distributed community of users around a single site or campus.

c) a distributed set of users all attached to the same enterprise-wide private network. Why is the latter
sometimes called an intranet.

a. A user at home or at business using internet

Client-Server Model

b. A distributed community or users around a single site or campus.


c. Interanet
An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet Protocol technologies to securely
share any part of an organization's information or network operating system within that
organization. The term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and
instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes the term refers only to the
organization's internal website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's
information technology infrastructure. It may host multiple private websites and constitute an
important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration

Que3: Explain why most data networks operate in a packet mode. Hence explain why services involving
audio and video are supported?
Advantages

 Greater Efficiency. Single node-to-node link can dynamically shared by many packets over time.

 When traffic become heavy on circuit switching network, some calls are blocked. On packet
switching network, packets are still accepted, but delivery delay increases.

 Unlike message switching, packet switching has a block size of 128 or 256 bytes, so reducing
storage demands or buffering in the nodes, as well as delay at each node.

Que4: Define the meaning of the term “channel bandwidth” in relation to a transmission channel. Hence
with the aid of diagram, explain the meaning of the term “bandlimiting channel”.
Que5: Define the aspect ratio of a display screen. Give two examples for current widely used screen
sizes?

The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of the width of the image to its height, expressed as two
numbers separated by a colon. That is, for an x:y aspect ratio, no matter how big or small the
image is, if the width is divided into x units of equal length and the height is measured using this
same length unit, the height will be measured to be y units. For example, consider a group of
images, all with an aspect ratio of 16:9. One image is 16 inches wide and 9 inches high. Another
image is 16 centimeters wide and 9 centimeters high. A third is 8 yards wide and 4.5 yards high.

Aspect ratios are mathematically expressed as x:y (pronounced "x-to-y") and x×y (pronounced
"x-by-y"), with the latter particularly used for pixel dimensions, such as 640×480.
Cinematographic aspect ratios are usually denoted as a (rounded) decimal multiple of width vs
unit height, whilst photographic and videographic aspect ratios are usually defined and denoted
by whole number ratios of width to height. In digital images there is a subtle distinction between
the Display Aspect Ratio (the image as displayed) and the Storage Aspect Ratio (the ratio of
pixel dimensions); see distinctions, below.

The most common aspect ratios used today in the presentation of films in movie theaters are
1.85:1 and 2.39:1.[1] Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.33:1), universal for
standard-definition video formats, and 16:9 (1.78:1), universal for high-definition television and
European digital television. Other cinema and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently.
As of 2010, nominally 21:9 (2.33) aspect TVs have been introduced by Philips and Vizio (the
latter using an LCD from AU Optronics) as "cinema" displays, though the resolution is more
precisely 2560×1080 = 2.37, and the aspect ratio is not standardized in HDTV.

Que6: Derive the bit rate that results from the digitization of a 525-line and a 625-line system using the
4:2:0 digitization format and interlaced scanning. Hence derive the amount of memory required to store
a 2-hour movie/video.

Que7: the following character string is to be transmitted using Huffman coding:

ABACADABACADABACABAB
1) Derive the Huffman code tree.

2) Determine the savings in transmission bandwidth over normal ASCII and binary coding.

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