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lFWUJW - Gl~{!5I, (m8QJlFWUJW - ilruGl~{!5I) lFWUW - .,mmrmw
lFWUruW - rffJa;JP~~
lFrTrua;r;;vrrlFrrmr;;v - uv.iJa;mr;;v.ia;I:Pa;w lFffiJa;w - .,mmru
lFrrLiI - a;1fI
lFrrt6W - (JlFrrf!)J
lFrrWrTj,fi;1UJw - fi;1pmw
iI(J~a;w - ~LLJ
~IEmt6 - 6Tmr6m"W
~uj,mt6 - J!§!!!iJPW, ~rrLLW ara;w - ~r;;vw
arj,t6w - tPTtUmw
arUJ(Jt6lFW - t6rn~rr@ ~IfIUJrn - (9rruJIf!)J GllFm~/U~w - a;~QJ
(JlFrrfi;1 - §)6'I'iI
(9rr~w - .,m{!5lQJ
t6mrlll--j,t6v.iJ - §)f!)Jj,t6v.iJ t6j,!6Iruw - .!Lmrmw t61f1j,fi;1uw - ruf!)Jmw
t6rT.ia;w - GllFrr!iJ(JurrrT (Debate) t6ruw - (J~rrrnLJ
t6~rrfi;1a;rrlfl - Glurr(!!jwrrwrT t6rra;w - (JruLma;
t6rrlFrn - .,mlll--UJrrrn
t6rruw - wm~ruI
t6rrrn'lUJw - 8in.r;;vw
fi;1~w - ~rrlOYr
Glt6uJruw - a;LQJm
(Jt6lFW - ~rr@ .
~a;uw - ULlll--~W
~LlFj,fi;1UW - ~rrlOYr, ~rrlOYr i£rn,
[rulmri£rn
~rrlFW - .,mlflQJ
rffJUJrrUJrurrfi;1 - rul:P.i(f5muu(Jurrrn rffJrTrurra;lFmu - ~L~.i(f5C!i> rffJj,fi;1mu - .!Lp.ia;w
tCfi;1ufi;1 - (!Jlmp(JruIEfDrn
u.ifi;1 - .,mrnLJ
ulfLmlF - (Jt6rTQJ
uj,fi;1uw - ~ru6m"W
uj,fi;1lf1ma; - @t6JP
uj,fi;1urrfi;1UrT - @t6l:Prr~IfIUJrT
u rra; W - 8in.f!)J
urrj,fi;1uw - eeoib, t6(f5fi;1 U/ua;rrlFw - §)6'I'iI
U/UlFffiJa;w - GllFrr!iJGlurrlflQJ U/uwlFrrlfl - wrr~
LJUrr6m"W - Ul:Pmw, ul:PffiJa;mt6 LJjl~uuj,fi;1lf1ma; - GllFuJfi;1j,t6rrm I,J,mlF - rulflurr@
WIEfi;11f1 - .,mmW~lFrn
WIEfi;1uw - wmpGlwrrlfl
wrrt6w - jlffiJa;1OYr
u: m.E lFW - J!§!!rn
(!Jl8in.rTj,t6W - ~mu
(!Jlj, fi;1 - Q'J@
(Jwa;w - (!Jlfilv.iJ
(JwrrLlFw - Q'J@
eusesni: - .!Lmu
ru(!!jGl1JW - ~mr@
eutteesnb - ~rTjl
rurrfi;1 - rul:P.ia;rr6'l'il
euttmb - 6J"1:Pr;;V (6J"@~rrlOYr Gla;rrmrL!6I) rullF~W - a;rumr;;v
rulfi;1-~JP
rulc§(9rr~w - .,m{!5lrulUJv.iJ ruI(JlFGl1JW - ilpuLJ rulj,jlUJrrlFw - (Jruf!)Jurr@ rulWrTlF~W - fi;1p~rrtUQJ rulUJrrlFw - a;L@mu mruj,jlUJrT - w(!!jj,!6IrurT !f!wrrrn - fi;1(!!jrurrmrT
1. UlrirQJ(!!jtD GllFfTrjJlT>fiSl6Yr QJLGlWfTI/iIWULJuuUJ. ~IT w!!)Jj,~8i 8it.!!)JIT> .: &~, 6)"a;w, (!jJiVW, (JUlfTa;W, u.i;a;w.
2. UlrirQJ(!!jw GllFrr!iJa;liirfhlii1Ji.lwULJuuUJ. ~n;iJQJfT!!)J 6T~fhUUL.u <JQJmr@w?
~.w~w, {!JtiJ6itm, UfT.i;Ulw, j).i;.
3. UlwQJ(!!jQJm-QJ!iJ!!)J8i<JlT>rjJ/V fhlii1Ji.l~ GllFfTrjJlT>m 6T~~IT>. ~/J/QJj)~~Q1, QUfTliJi'ffL..~, j5ffWlUlW, Qf}u"fJ,_w.
ere) ~®Quwir (Metonymy)
§)(!!j Glurr([email protected]® @UJv.iJurra; .,mmwIEt6 GlUUJrT @UJrjJGluUJtT
6T~UU@W. .,mrurulUJ!iJGluUJrT t6~.i®IfIUJ GlufT(!!jmw.i (f5I)51UJrr~ .,muGlurr(!!j(Jwrr@ lFWUIEt6UULL U/I)5IGlt6rr(!!j Glurr([email protected]®u GlWU!11l". QltflAr ~~GlUfIl!1fTro. .,m!6l, Glurr(!!jwrr(f5 GlUUJtT C!:Pfh~,UJ ufi;1~fTf!)J ruma;uJlm~ .!LmLUJ!6I.
GlU1l"(!§QI"fT(f§ QUfIlIT:- §)(!!j (!JlC!i>u Glurr(!!j6'l'ilrn (!Jlt6dJrn GlUUJrT .,mt6rn ~m~mUJ.i ®tfi/UU!6l.
@rurjJtfi/v.iJ t6rrwmuU.fw (!Jlv.iJmr;;vU.fw (!Jlt6v.iJa;wrrfilUJ Gla;rrlll--a;mw.i ®tfi/UJfT!6I .,mw(!Jlt6r;;Va;6'l'ilrn 8'lm~a;wrrfilUJ I,d,.ia;mw.i (f51)51j,t6~. @~ (!Jlt6r;;vfT(f5GluUJGlu~QJw GlUUJrT Gluf!)Jw.
Si)LQlfT(f§QUfIllT:- @Lj,jlrn GlUUJtT @Lj,!6IIOYrW Glurr(!!jmm.i
®tfi/uu~.
IT>fTQ)QlfT~QurulT:- a;rrr;;vj,jlrn GlUUJtT .,m.ia;rrr;;vj,!6I rffJa;JP Glurr(!!jmm.i ®l)5Iuu~.
@ru!iJl)5lr;;V a;fT/I 6TrnU!6I a;rrrTa;rrr;;vj,jlv.iJ rulmmU.fw Gl~r;;Vmr;;vU.fw, (JUrr5lmfl6TrnU~ .,mIE~fT6'l'ilv.iJ U/PIEt6rrmmU.fw (1)5Ij,!6I rffJrnpmw a;rrmra;.
28
29
F>fillQlrIllIT~ GlulIli:- ~ruUJruj,i1ar
QJJf[>{iJQulT@mm8; ®IJ5IUU~.
SL-W:- 'Qru{iJlJ5lm~ [9LLITGU' '~[J)JroJuliiiJ ru[!,f[>lTm'
ililTlflru ~~GlulUi:- 8;mfJUJj,j)GU QUUJrr
~mLruf[>{iJ®f[>roJUJlTm 8;lTur;;mj,mf[>8; ®IJ5IUU~.
SL-W:- '@[!,@T1iiiJ @U8'ITUJmw'
iIi(!§j,f61T ~~GlulIli:- Q8'Iilf[>rurn'iGU QUUJrr ~rum Q8'Iilf[> QUIT@mm8; ®IJ5IUU~.
@ru{iJ1J5l1iiiJ Qru{iJlJ5lm~ firmU~ Qru{iJlJ5lm~8; Q8;ITL-'l-mUJUjW,
~roJuliiiJ firmU~ ~ru{iJmID ILmLUJlTmmUjW ®1J5Ij,~ {t/GUlDm.
~AlrQlIT~ Glwui:- {t/IDW f[>GUmw firm-W1w UmrLJ8;fil'ilm QUUJrr ~UUmrLJ8;mm8; Q8;lTmrL QUIT@roTrlEmm8; ®IJ5IUU~.
IL-W:- 'Wr.§8'roTr ~muj,f[>lTroTr' 't$~W rulTffilfilmlTroTr'
@ru{iJ1J5l1iiiJ {t/IDuQUUJrr8;roTr QJJmIDaUJ fillJ)ffilm8;Ujw QUITL9-mUJUjw ®1J5Ij,f[>m.
Glf6ITIfiJQJIT~Gluru,;:- Qf[>lTySldlGU QUUJrr ~f[>W1mLUJ QUIT@mm8; ®[!5IUU~.
IL-W:- 'i1@ruroTr@!jrumuu UL9-j,f[>ITGU'
@i11iiiJ j)@ruroTr@!jrurr firGUU~ ~rurr Q8'Iilf[> ®IDmm8; ®1J5Ij,f[>~.
f6ITWl ~GlulUi:- f[>1Trn'i (@Lj,i1~roTrm QUIT@roTr) f[>lTmj,mf[>8; (@Lj,mf[>8;) ®IJ5IUU~.
IL-W:- 'roJm8;® QJJIJ5I[!,f[>~' 'roJID®8;8;LmL ~m!Jlj,~ eutr
@ru{iJ1J5l1iiiJ roJm8;® firGUU~ ~oooj)@8;®W f[>mrL9-mmUjw, roJID®.$ 8;L@ firmU~ ~~ arw[!,~ {t/mIDlTmmUjw ®1J5Ij,~ {t/mlDm.
GlIFITQJQJIT~ GlUIIl';:- Q8'lTliiiJdlm QUUJrr, ~f[>mlT{iJ QUIDuu@W
QUIT(!!j@!j8;8;lTru~.
IL-W:- 'UITL@8;® ILmu Q8'ITGUmITGU'
ILmu - Q8'ITIiiiJ. ~ooo~ @ffila8; 8;@j,~ ~1iiiJ~~ QUIT(!!jroTr firm ¢1GUID~' ILQlfiIIlDrulT~GlUru,;:- ILruWlTmW SLruaWUJj,mf[>8; ®IJ5IUu~. lL-W:- 'f11ffil8;W ru[!,f[>ITGU'
@mru QJJmIDaUJ QUlTffilfilm a8'lT{iJmIDUjw, ru{iJIJ5IUJ 8;lTmUJUjW ®1J5Ij,~ {t/GUlDm.
tfL.LQJWfillQI ~~GlulUi:- ~roiJrumroJmmUjmLUJ @Lj,mf[>
~1iiiJ~~ QUIT@mm8; ®IJ5IUu~.
IL-W:- '~(!!j mwliiiJ [9L[!,{ljITGU', '@umr@ UJlTrr rulTffilfilamm' rf/!!)Jj,f6QJWfillQI 4~GlulUi:- ~roiJrumroJmmUjmLUJ QUIT@mm8; ®lJ5Iu~.
lL-W:- '@Umr@ @IDITj,f[>1iiiJ rulTffilfilamar'
(!JUIij,f6QJWfillQI ~~GlUIIl';:- ~roiJrumroJmmUjmLUJ QUIT(!!jmm8; ®IJ5IUu~.
lL-W:- '~rum ~m[!,f[> Q[9liiiJdlliiiJ @umr@UL9-lTn@{lj~IT8; @@8;filID~' A"AirAlrQJWfillQI 4~Gluru,;:- ~GU[J)J, @umr@ firGUWlw firmr~u QUUJrr8;roTr ~roiJrumroJmmUjmLUJ QUIT@@!j8;®U QUUJUlTru~.
1.~®Gluru'; (iTGUIDrrlOiJ (iTmm? 2 • ..!!}f~ (iTj,f[>mm QlfilliliUU@W?
3.@LQlIT®GlUWff8;®w f[>rrAflwlT® GlUWff8;®w "_61rm aQl!!)Jurr@ WIT~? 4.iIi(!!jQ)lwrr(!5Gluwff, iIi(!!jj,f[>rrQJIT®GluWff(iTm~W @QI{iJ!!)J~®
.... "lTufifJ1W f6(!!jili.
IL-W:- '8;IT~1T1iiiJ [9L[!,f[>ITGU'
iIi(!!jQS)WIT®Gluru,;:- 8;@roJu51GU QUUJrr ~f[>mlT~lTfilUJ 8;mfJUJj,fiIIf[>8; ®lJ5Iuu~.
IL-W:- 'i1(!!jrulT8'8;W uL9-j,f[>ITGU'
1. GlUIT(!§L. Gluw,;
lL-W:- aru~ru, i1~8;rui1, ~[!,f[>r;;mrr, LJj,f[>8;W, ulDfillru8;roTr
30
31
2. j)uj GlUWtT
lL-W:- GlulTwtmlTmlDlJ,UJITEPuulTmrw, j}lDlJffiJmlh, ~iilUJIT, ~lhW, LI!DW, {61IDlJW, rulmr.
4~w (JrutjJ!f)Jmw: UlrIJl.ArIr$)l8>(f§u U/f)ar GllhlT@. ~w(JQJ{iJ!!)Imw:2.1J)~w-uJlfiI~ ~ 6~w (JrutjJ!f)Jmw: @!Dt5!6lrArIP GlUIT@WlhW @mru.
7~w (JrutjJ!f)Jmw: a!6lrifJlJ)lrfililL/.j)Q) ®mlJ) lhlTmreJUlrlr ulDlJrr. ~w (JrutjJ!f)Jmw: s;ifJlJ)/rCJAr! (y)w ru@lh.
lL-W:- (61Li5J~w, /6ITW, j)ffiJlhW, ~mr@, L/rowfiill:Jlmw, mro, /6~rotm, [p rr(y) fiiI.
GlUIT@fiIi!tm[p L/mLGluUJtTSoiilmUJ8; ®i6I8;®W Gl8'IT~ rulmtm Gl8'IT~. ~[p fYlrumlhuu@w. ~mru rulmtm(y)tjJ!f)J, GluUJGl[JSo8'W, rulmtmGlUJ808'w fiTWUtmrulT®w.
5. (f§AI11U GluWtT
lL-W: Gl8'wmw, ruLLW, ~WL/, GlailT@mw, ~@mw, @@mw, L/fiIi!UL/, @m!UL/, ~mrmw, (J8'tUmw.
6. Glrolr!/1tjJGlUWtT
(JwtjJaimrLru{iJ!f)JW umrL/u GluUJ@w, GlrolT!:fJtjJ
roj,roW8;Glaitm ruI®j)aimmUjmLUJtm . ~mru ru@WIT!f)J:
@oOo[p ~@ rulT8;fiilUJj,j)w uUJm!mIDlJUJlTtU, j)mmr, UIT~ (Y)ror;;O/UJtm aiITLUJ- {61tjJu[p aifT!ovj,mro Glrufili!uumLUJlTai8; aiITL@ru[p Glrorf}{61m<DlJ rulmtm (y){iJ!f)J. ®i6IUUlTlh8; lhITL@ru[p ®i6IuL/ rulmtm(y){iJ!f)J. @rurulmtm (y)tjJ!f)J8;lhW lLLWUITLUJ-W lhmr~w, fiTj)tTwmpuJ/w aimr~w ru@w.
Glrorf}{61mlDlJ rulmtm(y)tjJi6Iwlhmr ailTlDlJj,mro8; lhlTL@rutm Glu@w ulTwmw @mL{61m<DlJai@jW iil!f)JulTwmw ruI®j)ai@jwlTw. Ii, L, rD, £i)dr fiTWUtm @1J)~roailTlDlJ @mL{61mlDlJaiw. ~j/JdrlIJl, @drlIJl, @IIJI fiTwutm {ffIlhY,ailTlDlJ @mL{61m<DlJaiw. U, ~ fiTWUtm fiTj)rrlhlTlDlJ @mL{ffIm<DlJlhw.
lL-W: f!jwmw, GlrolT~m<DlJ, wlTLiil, f!jmrL/, ruUJ-QJ, f!jw®, f!jwi6I, f!jw!f)J, @wuw, f!jwtmrr.
Gl!6Ir!/1ifJGlUWtT mI(f5fNs;m-:- %~, ~~, ~w, l,9, ma;, smeu, (§, 4, .!L, $1, !iJ, W, .!L~, a;rr@, urr@, ~!Tfi1/, ~m~, mill, /!iI.
lL-W:- f!jLj,ro~, UITL~, ruITLLW, GlailTm<DlJ, ru@mlh, ulTrrmru, (JUIT8;®, f!jLL/, Gl8'IDlJQj, wpj), (JroMiil, wprul, lhLQjW (aiLj,ro~), 8'1T8;lhlT@, lTnUUIT@, (JrolTtjJP[JQj, rulT[JlTmtm, rufT[JlTmw, ru@ru[p.
lL-W:- /6L~roITW (/6L + j, + j, + ~w) @p~roa;lT<DlJw f!jLrulT{61WPITW (f!jL + ~w!!)J + ~m) {61lhY,lhITIDlJW f!jLUUITW (/6L + U + ~w) fiTj)rrlhlTlDlJW
®i6IUL/ rulmtm(y){iJ!!)I8;lhW GlUIT@W, @LW, lhITIDlJW, iilmtm, ®mrw, Glfl>ITI:fiJ~ fiTmW/w @rutjJi6ItmUJ-UJITlhU UJIJ)8;®W.
( ~) rol6lJ)6lJTW rr6\)6lJ)mrr~ tD Q u WIT
GluUJ[J[p @<DlJ8;lhmrW (Jru{iJ!!)Imw(JUJtjJp~. rulmtmUJ[p @1DlJ8;lhmrW lhITIDlJW lhITLL~. @rurul@ @<DlJ8;lhmr(y)w ~@ffiJ® lLmLUJ Gl8'IT~ rulmtmUJIT<DlJmmrUjw GluUJtT ~~<DlJ[p rulmtmuGluUJtT fiTtmUU@w.
a, -tb: - fiT(!:prulTtU (Jru{iJ!f)Jmw: Gls;ITmlJ)lrm ru~roITW, (GllhITWpruW ru~roITw) 2~w (Jru{iJ!f)Jmw: QJ~rolr~Ar8> lhmr(JLw.
3~w (Jru{iJ!!)Imw: ~ruw ulJI.j,roIrArITQ) lLUJrrj,rouuLLITW.
IL-W:- ~ruw GlUITWtmW (GlUITW + ~w) GlUIT@W ~rum wmlDlJUJw (wmlDlJ + ~w) @LW ~ruw mroUJITw (mro + ~m) lhITIDlJW
~ruw rom<DlJUJm (romlDlJ + ~m) filmtm ~ruWlhrf}UJW (lh@mw + ~w) ®mrw /6mLUJw(f!jmL + ~w) GlrolT!:fJ~
32
,fL-W:-
6T~rTwmiD Q)Jm~(!:fJi>!DIfiiiJ {i)fiiJ, JlW, cf6 6TQr@lw ~mL{tlmGIJa;m 6T~rTwmiDU QUfT@mm8; a;fTL@W.
,fL-W:- ,fL6WLfT~fiiiJGlJQr (cYIW), /liUilJfTQr t-e). /liL~~GIJQr ({i)W).
~mmT, utteo (!:fJ{!>~UJQJi>miD8; a;fTLLfT~ QUfT@m (!:fJi>[l)lU
QU[l)l{!>i>®u QUUJMQa=fTfiiiJmGIJ (JQJ6WI4-{ffIi>U~ QUUJQ[Tqa=W. (!:fJ14-8;®W QUUJMQa=fTi>a;wiT Qa=liIuQJQr, a;@Q)J, {ffIGlJW, Qa=UJfiiiJ, a;fTGlJw, Qa=UJuu@ QUfT@wiT 6TQr@lw ~mQJa;mfTw.
Q{!>rfI{ffImGIJu QUUJQ[Tq~~fiiiJ ~iD~{!>a;fTGIJ~~i>®w {ffIa;,pa;fTGIJ~f}i>®w (!:fJi>sn!DIUJ @mL{ffImGIJa;~W 6T~rTa;fTGIJ~f}i>® @mL{61mGIJuJlQr!DI 'LW' 6TQr@lw Q)J®~lLfw Gll@w.
,fL-W;-
,fL6WL mUUJQr ,fL6W!iJQriD mUUJQr - .fL6W~W mUUJQr - .fL6WL mUUJQr
.fL6WL {a;GIJW
ma;, rufTlii
a, 6WL fiI1@
33
,fL6W@ QJ~{!>fTQr (Qlf,u~ fOTmf!)JW rulT,uUITL...t.q.fIU Q)/mrn(!Jl iD (J IDIT@ (!Jl t.q.{6{b~)
(Qlf,u~ fOTmf!)JW rulT,uUITL...t.q.fIU QUUlQ[Ji~(J1fjIT@ (!Jlt.q.ff,1fj~)
.fL6W@ QJ~~ (Qlf,u~ fOTm@lw rulT,uUITL...t.q.roU
Q)/~rnQUl~(J{bIT@ (!Jlt.q.{6~) .fL6WmTfT (.fL6W@) QJ~{!>fTQr
(Qlf,uUlIT fOTmf!)JW rulT,uUIT@)
@mQJ(JUfTfiiiJ til, {i) (!:fJ{!>~UJ Q)J®~Qui>[l)lW ~iD~{!>a;fTGIJ
Q)Jm~QUJqa=rfiJa;m QJ@QJ~ .fLm .
.fL-w:- ~:14-} QJ~{!>fTQr (@8;[J Q)/(!!jii1 QuiDf!)l @1D{6{b8;lTfiUW 8;1TL...t.q. !fImlD~) (J{!>14-
~iD~{!>a;fTGlJW {ffIa;,pa;fTGlJw 6T ~ rT a; fTGIJ t.D
((!Jlt.q.8;(!!jW QlflTfIU: Qlf,uurum)
Qfflll 6TQrU~ '{ffIa;l:PfT {ffIi>a;' 6TQr@lw
Q)Jm~QUJqa= GllfTIiIUfTLfTW. fi'I[l)lUfTQrmw
6T~rTa;fTGIJ~m{!>ILfW a;fTLLQJW. Gll@W •
QUfT@6YTtfiiiJ {ffIa;,pa;fTGIJ
@ iD ~{!>a;fTGIJ~ m{!> ILf W
a, -tb:-
@ruQ)Jm~QUJqa=w ~iD~{!>a;fTGIJ~m{!>8; a;fTL@W(JUfT~ a;fT[TmTU
QUfT@mfTa;QJw, 6T~rTa;fTGIJ~m{!>8; a;fTL@W(JUfT~ a;fTrflUJU QUfT@liifTfTa;'ilfW Gll@W.
((!Jlt.q.8;(!!jW QlflTfIU: @LW) ((!Jlt.q.8;(!!jW QlflTroU: QlfUlflU) ((!Jlt.q.8;(!!jW QlflTfIU: 8;1TQ)W) ((ylt.q-8;(!!jW QUITi.J: QUUJuu@Qurr@m)
.fL-W:-
wml:P QuliIUJ Q/lifiiiJ Q)Jmm~{!>~. (lElT[JmTU QUIT@oYr) Q/lifiiiJ Q)JmmUJ wml:P QuliI{!>~. (8;mflUlu QUIT@oYr)
6T~rTa;fTGIJ Q)Jm~QUJqa= GllfTliIufT@a;wiT: Qa=uJlQr, Qa=IiI{!>fTfiiiJ, Qa=UJi>®, Qa=rUGllfT(J~fiiiJ (!:fJfl>~UJ~.
Qa=rU{!> , Qa=IiI!iJQriD' Qa=rUlLfw 6TQrU~ GUUJQ[Tqa= QJfTliIufT@a;mfTw. Qa=rU{!> 6TQrWlW GllfTrUUfTLl4-fiiiJ fi'lGIJ .fL{!>fT[TmTrfiJa;m:{!>~{!>,Gll~{!>,/liL~{!>,Qa=~{!>
Ga=rUfilQriD 6TQr@lw GllfTrUUUfTLl4-fiiiJ fi'lGIJ .fL{!>fT[TmTrfiJa;wiT:{!>@filQriD' Gll@filQriD, /liL8;filQriD, a=fTfilQriD
Qa=IiIILfW 6TQr@lw QJfTrUUfTLl4-fiiiJ fi'lGIJ .fL{!>fT[TmTrfiJa;wiT:{!>@w, Gll@W, /liL8;®W, a=fT®W.
.fL-W:-
.fL6WmflfiiiJ ufi'lfh@w (Qlfu5Jm fOTm@lw rulT,uUIT@) ,fL,.mLfTfiiiJ ufi'I ,@W (Qlf,u1fjlTfIU fOTm@lw rulT,uUIT@) .fLmTi>® ru~{!>fTQr (QlfUliD(!!j mU@lw rulT,uUIT@) .fL6WUfT(J~fiiiJ ufi'I fhrTGllfTQr (Qqujru{J(ffiroiJorm@llwrul1uiurr(6l)
(!:fJ8;a;fTGlJrfiJa;6YTtiWw Q)Jm~UJI4- Q)Ja;fT[TUu@{!>mGIJU UlQrGll@w fi'lGIJ
lL{[,fT[lmTrfiJa;6YTti> a;fT,.ma;.
~~ ~mmTILfW, UfTiWW a;fTLLfT~ Q)Jm~qQa=fTfiiiJ(JGlJfT@ (!:fJI4-Gll~. @iD~{!> a;fTGIJ Q)Jm~GUJqa= GllfTrUufT@a;wiT:-
Qa=rU~, Qa=rUL/, Qa=rUUJfT, Qa=IiIfY" Qa=rUQ{i~ 6TQrU~.
,tr
a;6WL, a;fT,.mfilQriD a;fT~t.D (QU.6T.)
a;6W@, a;fTmT, a;fTmflQr (Q)/.fOT.)
Qa=~{i, a=fTfilQriD, a=fT®W (QU.fOT.)
Ga=~~, a=fTa;, a=fTfilQr, Qa=~{ifTfiiiJ (Q)/.fOT.)
34
35
QI".
fl>~fl>' fl>(!!j~~TlJJ, fl>®W (Qu . er.}
fl>~~' fl>U, fl>IfJGiT (roI.fiT.)
ru~fl>, ru(!!j~GiTlD' ru(!!jw (Qu.fiT.)
ru~~, ruu, rulfJGiT (roI.fiT.)
rulm~a;GYr Gl<FUJUUrrl_:_(El ru/m~a;rorrrra;rr. Gl<FUJuu(ElGlurr(!!jGYr (!!jGiTlDrr{6 ~)Jm~a;GYr 'u(j)' 67mW/W ru/(!!jfil GluiJ!f)Jj Gl<FUJUUrrL(El ru/m~a;rorrrr(!!jw,
:L -W:- Gl<F,ufl>~
:Lromcmr~ Ul4-~fl>~
Gl<FUJuu(Elfl>~ :LromcmrUU@fl>~ Ul4-8;a;uu(Elfl>~
( r:r.) ~6iJrml61D61JT tSt !Dml61D61JT 56lT
fl>rrru Gl<F,urufJ)J fl>ruru/m~. t51lDm~ ~ru/j Gl<F,uru/UUfJ)J t51lDru/m~. fl>~ ru/m~ J.5IlDru/m~UJrrffiJa;rr~ w, UJ, (!!j, 87, (j), p, 4, IJ)I C':Pfl>~UJ ru/(!!jfila;@9rorr §1rumlD(;UJrr urilJruiJmlD(;UJrr ~iJ!f)J ·ru(!!jw. fi)!f)JU~rumLD~rra; (;LDiJ:nrrLl4-~, ru/(!!jfila;mrorr ~rilJrr~ GlLD~GlrilJ(!;p~~ ru~GlrilJ(!;pfl>fl>rr~UJLD. Gl{E~lDGllDrrL~ :L u5I ir ~ Glfl> rr LIT 8; (!!j iJ r§I UJ@JJa;uffiJa;GYr eu ruGl lD rr L ir 8; (!!j iJ r§I UJ@JJa;Uffil a; rorrrr~ UJ LD
:L-W:
Gl<F,ufl>rrru :LromLrrru (;urrfl>~ urr,ufl>~ :L(!!j@9fl>~ {EL~fl>~ 67(!;pfl>~ fJ)Ju5IriIJ~
Gl<F,uru/~fl>rrru :Lromt51~fl>rrru (;urr8;(!!jfl>~ urr,uj&fl>~ :L(!!jL(Elfl>~ {EL~fJ)J{lj~ 67(!;PU4fl>~
- fJ)J u5I iJ!f)J fl> ~
1. Gl{lj1fJ t61mQ)ru1mm 67rulDrr.iJ 67rum?
2. (!5r6luL/ru1mm .,-ruGl6l16l1 iJr§lml1l-wrr8;u J.5IlD8;(!5W?
3. GluwGlujlFrril8;m .,-ruGl6l1U GluWtTa;mm8; Gl8;ff""@ <!Pl1I-llIw?
4. "-filtT8;rrQ) rulmmGlwjlF 6l1fTlUUff@8;m li)Q) "-"!!)J8;.
5. GllFwGl6l1rirGlmj<Fw .,-ruGl6l1U GlUff(!!j6'li1.iJ {j)!D~fl>8;rrQ) .,-jlff8;ffQ)rril8;mm8; 8;ffL@W?
6. J.5I!Dru1mm rul(!5j)8;m wrrm6l1?
7. GllFwru1mm8;(!5w GllFWUUffL@ rulmm8;(!5w ILmm (J6l1!!)JUffLiSlL6 "-"!!)J8;.
GlLD~GlrilJ(!;p~~ ru~GlrilJ(!;p~{ljrr~u t!NlDru/m~u Glurr(!!jGYr fl>(!!jfl>~'
:L-w: fil(!!j~~fl>~ fil(!!j~~fl>~
GWIJ)I. [j)t4iJmw. :Lq;W(j) 67mum 67~wrru GluUJrra;@98;(!!jw
Glurr~rurrm C':PiJ!f)Ja;rorrrrw. ILq;WL, j5L!5/O 67ruum GlUUJGluj<FLDrra;fil[W ._mooor§lmcmru ummLD {j)lD~fl>a;rrW ru/m~C':PiJlDrra;fil[w ru(!!jw.
~L(Elfl>~
- ~iJ!f)Jfl>~ GlU(!!j8;(!!j{lj~ - :L(!!j8;@j{lj~
Qa:filllfll;, !Lq;W~ll; 67mu~ (;urrmlD Gl<FrriJa;GYr 67fij1rra;rrwu
GlUUJGluj<FLDrra;Q_fW 67filira;rrriIJ C':PiJlDrra;Q_fW ru(!!jw. c!piJlDrra; ru(!!jw (;urr~ ~wm, cJIIw";,, cJIIp, cJIImw 67ruW/W 67(!;prurr,ua;mrorr ~iJ(!!jw GlurrfJ)J rulm~C':PiJlDrrw.
Gl{El4-iJGllDrrL(!!jW :Lu5Iir~ Gl{ljrrL(!!jw ruruGllDrrLurr~u t51lDru/mmuGlurr(!!jGYr fl>(!!jfl>~'
:L-w: ~(Elfl>~
~!f)J{lj~ Glu(!!j®{lj~ :L(!!j(!!j{lj~
!Lq;Wurrm, Qa:titrurrm 67ruum :LUJirfilmcmr ~romurriJ uLrr8;ma; 61~tTa;rrriIJ ru/m~C':PiJlDrra;fil[w 67filira;rrw ru/mmGlUJj<FLDrra;fil[W ru(!!jw.
( fL) Q 8'W 6lSl61D61JT1LJ til Q 8'W U u rrL._@ 6lSl61D61JT1LJ til (Active and Passive)
a;(!!j~{ljrr ._m~rilJfJ)J Gl<F,uururu 67(!;prurrUJrra; ._mmLD~{lj rurr8;~UJ.w Gl<F,uru/m~ rurr8;~UJW. Gl<F,uUJuu(ElGlurr(!!jGYr 67(!;prurrUJrra; ._mmLD{Efl> rurr8;~UJW Gl<FUJuurrL(Elru/m~ rurr8;~UJW. Gl<FUJuu(ElGlurr(!!jGYr (!!jrur§lUJ
~ruQ,:- C':PrulOd'lmriIJ §1mr§liJ(;a; :LIfJUJ{ljrr,u §1(!!jmLDu5I~ ru/®fil GlLJ!D"~/W urumLDu5I~ uSJm, a.tb, [j)1i, ""Ii C':Pfl>~UJ ru/(!!jfil GluiJ!f)JW 1ilJ(I§liJ.
36
37
IL-W:-
~L
QJrr QJwLiilm QJrr(!!jw QJ(!!j~,r QJfT/Y,r
(~(!!jrnw) (~(!!jrnw)
(umrnw) Liilm Q]J®j) (umrnw) ILW ruJ®!6> (umrnw) @,r Q]J®~ (umrnw) FFrT Q]J®~
!. IlimrmlrnATIliGir:
a;ooa;(;l){i>~~ - ~(!!jQJrn!1QUJrr(!!jQJrT urrrT{i>~~, fiT!6>,ruu(Jjl~~ a;ooa;~@JJ~fiiiJ - lJa;rru{i>~rr~ a;oo ~QJj,~~
a;ooa;rrLl1I- Q]J(Jjlj,~~ - a;OOgrrrnLUJrr~ 6)"Q]JQ]J(Jjl~~ a;ooQa;uF Qg,u~~ - ~¢l~~(!!j~~ ~rnwQg,u~~
a;oo grrj,~~~ - a;ooQa;rroo(Jjl urr,rj,~~
a;oo 8<(!!jL(Jjl~~ - ~f:j)fi)~rr~ QJfla;rf/j,~~, t9IT8;a;wUJ8;a;wrr~fiiiJ a;r;;fu(Jjla;ySlj,~~ - QQJf!)lULJooLrr®w QJrnu [jIa;rT~~ Q]J(;l)8;®~~ a;oolOmfitTlj,~~ - u~6lJrn!1 &..f!)l~~
a;001Omf!)l~~ - ~mLJ ®rn/D~~
a;oolOmrr!D 8<(Jjl~~ - a;oolJlOmf!)lULU urr,rj,~~ a;oofi'ffil!D/D~ - 6T~IT r§1!D/D~
(8;mrmfirn!DIlURrmT{DlF Q8'fT6V~S»W Q8'fT6VIiV!D& (IjlrnrnirnW UlrnamfT8;8;fTlF Q"fT6V - ff)(!j&«!j{!Joir, 184 ) a;00~8;®8; a;oolOmrr~~ - Liila; ~(!!jrnwUJrr~ IL/DQJrr~~
a;oo~f!)l a;ySlj,~~ }. •• •
• 1"'1 '':;:'' • .0" -~(!!jLl1I- urf/a;rruw QgUJfD(;l)
a;lOmlD/lOmg~/(il) a;1:7,,~~(;l)
a;ooQIOm¢l~fiiiJ - a;rnL8;a;oolOmrr!D urrrTj,fD~ a;oolJlOmrr(Jjl~fiiiJ - @uru®~~
a;00fi1/Dj,~~ - ~¢l6lJooLrr®~~, a;fiiiJQ]Ja;!Dt.5Ij,~~ a;oou(Jjl~~ - t9ITru®~~, fi1(!!j~l1I-u(Jjl~~ a;ooLJrn~{i>~fiiiJ - ~¢l6lJ Qa;(Jjl~~
a;oo W(il)IT~fiiiJ - Q]JySI{i>~~
a; 00 c!:pfi)lPj,~~ - a;00ey;(Jjl~~, t9ITru®~~ a;oo QJWrT~~ - t!)fTru®~fiiiJ
a;ooQJrrru®~~ - a;oornlOm8; a;QJIT~~ a;00Q]J(Jjl~~ - ~rnWUJooLrr~fiiiJ
a;ooQ]J(!!jWLJ~fiiiJ - a;rr~(il)rT ~(!!jQJm!1 ~(!!jQJIT fil)7rn!1~~ a;rrlOm ruJ(!!jWLJ~~
3. 1Ii~j,~ mlrnATIliGir:
a;(!p{i>fi1!D a;L(Jjl~fiiiJ - QJ<D6J~~ Qurrf!)lUurrfitTlUJrr8;®~~
a;(!pj,~8; Qa;rr(Jjl{i>~~ - ~WQJ(!!j{i>~w urrurrw!D t.51/DIT a;mflUJj,rn~ 6)"!Df!)l r§1!D/D~,QJrrlP8;rna;uu(Jjl~~
a;(!pj,rn~ c!:p¢l{i>~fiiiJ - QJ(!!j{i>~~fiiJ
Q]JUJrulJa;miiYr:- @(!!j~rnlOm e/wurrfiiiJ ey;Q]JLrua;L®w Qurr~QJrr,u QJ(!!jw. QJrrlP{i>~~fiiiJ, rnQJ~~, Q]Jfi1j,~fiiiJ, IJQJOOl1l-8; lJa;rrL~ fiTmW/w Qurr(!!jma;rnw @o'o~ ILrnLUJ~.
IL-W: QJrrlPa;, QJrrySlUJ, QJrrySlUJIT (QJrrlP{i>~~~) ~ySla;, ~ySla;, ~rrlPa; (rnQJ~fiiiJ)
&..f!)la;, 6T(!p~a;, Qg,ua; (Q]Jfi1{i>~fiiiJ - a;LLrnmu51(Jjl~fiiiJ) ~(!!j@a;, a;rr8;a;, @uru®a; (IJQJOOl1l-8; lJa;rrL~)
mlm-1T51fim
1. mlrnAT';: G'IlFrrrjJIliJil!D G'lurr~QJrrATrnQJ fi)", Bftg)JIIi.
2. uarrnlD 6)"QJ6iJ ml®~IIiGir wrrrnQJl
3. mlwl&JlJllirrGir mlrnAT(!JI!Dg)J ~Q,G'lQJU G'luw,rllirnm ~~QJrrwrrlli ~rjJ®wl
4. ml w I&JlJllirrGir mlrnAT(!JI!Dg)J ~6iJG'lQJ U G'I u rr(!!j 6Ii16iJ QJ (!!jw 1
5. ~QJ~8;®W mlWl&JlJllirre8;®(!JIGirm IJQJg)Jurr@IIiGirfi)"'Bftg)JIIi.
81 00 ml6lJ>61IT a;m
1. ~l1I-mlrnATIliGir:
~l1I-8;fllPuu@~~ - ~rnlOm8;®mmrr~~
~l1I-~a;rT~~ - @LWQ]JL@U QUUJrT~fiiiJ
~l1I-UU@~~ - fllPuul1l-{hfiiiJ, uf:j)rnwUJrra; QJ(!!j{ljfiiiJ ~l1I-t.51l11-j,{ljfiiiJ - ~l1I-';:8<QJ@u!D¢lU IJU8<~fiiiJ, ~uu¢l{h~ ~l1I-t.51rnf:j){i>{ljfiiiJ - Q~¢l {ljQJ¢l ~Lj,{hfiiiJ
~l1I-t.51/D8;fi)@{lj~ - t.51mQJrrru®fD~' lJ~rr!DlJ/Drr(Jjl{ljfiiiJ ~l1I-u51@{ljfiiiJ - Q~rrLru®~fiiiJ
~l1I-QUJrr!Df!)l~~ - t.51mu!Df!)l~~
~l1I-Q]Jm8;®~fiiiJ - urr~riJa;(!pQ]JUJuglfl{i>~fiiJ
4. IlirrfDJ mlrnATIliGir:
a;rr~(;l)l1I-u@~~ - ~(!!j Qg,u[hl ~l1I-8;a;l1I- IJa;LLQ, a;fTlP®i>~~fiiiJ - QJ@i~j,~~
&fTrn{h8; a;l1I-j,~fiiiJ - a;rrIJ~rr!1wfTa; c!:pa;{i>rn~ rnQJj,~ wrn/D Qurr(!!jm QgrrfiiiJ@JJ~~, lJa;fTm Qgrr~@JJ~~
38
39
8irr~ ~mtT:?>~- ~@:?>~, umLQUJ@tt~5 Q~~~:?>~ 8irr~ Q8i@8i-:?>~ - 8irr~ ~riJ[6~ /6uj;8i(!:pI4-UJrrj(l!jtt:?>~ 8ifT~ Q8im;Yr@:?>~ - ruJl:PrrQ]/iD(!!jtt Q:?>rrLQ;8iW Q~riJ:?>~ 8irr~ ~rrriJ:?>~ - Q8i@:?>~, ~!fo:?>~
8irr~ I.51,m~:?>~ - a/6m6JrnrriD 8irr~8i1iiYr ~,m[f)JQ;Q8irr,m[f)J (!!j[f)JQ;8irr:?>~ 8im,;lJrr@:?>~ - (!:pUJiDfiJUJrriD Q~~ru@ fiJID[6j(l!jtt:?>~
8irrr,;urr[f)J:?>~ - /6mL~riJ[6~ @mmuurr[f)J:?>~
8irr@JJT,m[f)J:?>~ - u[6:?>iD8irr~ !1i@:?>~, wml:PQ;8irr~ @IDru(!!j:?>~ 8irrmr,;uSc 8i-iD[f)J:?>~ - Q:?>rrLtT[6~ UiD[f)J:?>~
8irrar,;urr@:?>~ - ~(I!j 8imf)UJttj~ (!:pUJ!iJfiJUJmrLrr:?>~
6. Gi1Il8> m1Gi11lW8>GYr :
m8i8ir,;utt:?>~ - :?>fl:PQJ:?>~, a;,_@:?>~, ~mrmLu5J@:?>~ m8i8iQ]/tt:?>~ - m8i5~rrmLUJrr~ ~LQ;(!!j:?>~, ~uUJwrottt:?>v.V m8i8irrL..@:?>v.V - jIDmw 8irrL..@:?>v.V
m8iQ8irr@tt:?>~ - ~,muttj~ !L:?>Q]/ Q~riJ:?>~
m8i a8irrtt:?>~ - !1iL..LjSc Q~riJ:?>~
m8i a~rrtT:?>v.V - m8iQ]/L..@u aurr:?>~, ru[f)JmwUJmL:?>v.V m8i :?>mr,;umrutt:?>~ - QU(I!j[6~UJIJmL:?>v.V
m8i :?>mtT:?>~ - ru[f)JmwUJmL:?>~
m8i :?>rrru(!!j:?>~ - a8iLmLUJrrwiD 8irrtt:?>v.V
m8i j(f!j[6~:?>~ - m8iQUJ@tt~, ruJmrnttjIDmw (!:p:?>r,;6)UJrn j(f!j[6~:?>v.V m8i ~mr@:?>~ - ~UJ a!1irrQ;8itta:?>rr@ Q:?>rr@:?>v.V
m8i ~mLtt:?>~ - Q]/L..@ tEru(!!j:?>~
m8i {gTQ;~ Q]/@:?>v.V - ru[f)Jmwu5J~ ~v.Vr,;u~ ~,muttjiD 8irrtt:?>v.V m8i {ff/Lfj)tT:?>~ - rumtT[6~ U(f!jruwmL:?>~
m8i tEL..@:?>v.V - ~l4-tt:?>v.V, @[Ttt:?>~, Q8irr@tt:?>~, j(f!j@:?>v.V m8i !1irrL..@:?>v.V - m8iQUJ@ttj@:?>~
m8i Q!1i~I:P:?>v.V - m8i :?>ruIDQ]/@:?>~
m8i Q!1irrl4-tt:?>~ - Q~v.Vru{ff/mr,;u Q8i@:?>v.V m8iuI.51l4-tt:?>~ - w~@ Q~riJ:?>~
m8iuI.51I4-UJrrriJu I.51l4-tt:?>~ - m8iUJw 8imQJwrrriJu UJl4-tt:?>v.V,
a!1irf)iD m8iUJrriD I.51l4-tt:?>~ m8i 1:/,8i-:?>v.V - !LmrL m8imUJQ; 8ifl:PQJ:?>~
m8iw wt§1tt:?>v.V - m8iUJrriDID@tt:?>v.V
m8iw Lfj)(!!j:?>~ - ~mQJ 8iLtt:?>~
m8iw (!:p~I:P:?>~ - m8ia;,_uLj:?>~
m8iw wrr[f)J:?>v.V - ~(f!jrutT m8iu5JmJm-[f)J wiDQIDrr(f!jrutT m8iQ;(!!ju aurr:?>v.V
m8iUJmLtt:?>v.V - I.51IDtT m8iu5J~ ~uLjQ]/tt:?>v.V
m8iUJwtTtt:?>~ - m.$u5JiD m~m8i 8irrL..14- ~mwjUJrrriJ @(f!jQ;8i5 Q~riJ:?>v.V m8iUJ[f)J:?>~ - ~,m[f)Jw Q~riJUJ (!:PI4-UJfTwv.V ru(f!j[6~:?>v.V
m8imUJQ; 8iL..@:?>~ - ~,m[f)Jw Q~riJUJ Q]/Lrrwv.V :?>@tt:?>v.V
m8imUJQ; 8il4-tt:?>~ - !1iL..Lwrr:?>~
m8i ru(f!j:?>~ - ~,mmID5 Q~riJUJQ; m8iQUJ@m8i, a:?>MfiJ QU[f)J:?>v.V m8i Q]/jtTtt:?>v.V - W[f)JuLj, ~SC~W (!:p:?>r,;6)UJruiDmIDQ; (!!jt§1tt~Q;
m8iUJm~tt:?>v.V
m8i Q]/rf)tt:?>~ - @,mmw (!!jt§1tt:?>v.V, Q8irrmL W[f)Jtt:?>~
7. Q~m1 m1Gi11lw8>m:
Q~Q]/~rrriJtt:?>~ - @~ru~Q; a8iL..Lv.V
Q~Q]/ j,m~:?>~ - wmIDQurr(f!jmfT8i ~~:?>v.V Q~Q]/uu@:?>~ - a8iL..8iUu@:?>~
Q~Q]/ w@tt:?>~ - a.$L..L~ Q~Q]/UJt§1QJ[f)Jtt:?>~ - !1iv.Vr,;ut§1QJ LJ.$L..@:?>v.V
8. !fJGi1IlQ) mJGi1Ilw8>m:
:?>mr,;u 8irrL..@:?>Q, - :?>,mmrnQ; 8irrL..@:?>~, ur,;u(f!jwt§1UJ Qrurotru(f!j:?>~,
/6,mmJr,;umwQ;(!!j ruIJttQ:?>fTLru(!!j:?>~ :?>mr,;uQ;a;,_@:?>~ - ~,m[f)Ja~tT:?>~, {ff/mIDaru[f)J:?>~
:?>mr,;u :?>@wrr[f)J:?>v.V - 8ir,;uQ;8iW6JlL~~, fltT (!!jmr,;u:?>~ :?>mr,;uuu@:?>~ - a;,_@:?>~
:?>mr,;u wUJru(!!j:?>~ - .$r,;u[6j(f!jtt:?>v.V
:?>mr,;uUJrot Q~riJ:?>~ - (!:p.$wr,;utT[6~ @,mQ~rriD Q~rrv.V~:?>v.V :?>6Jlr,;uUJrr~ !1iLtt:?>~ - Gl~(f!jQ;~ (!:pmIDwrrt§1 !1iLtt:?>~ :?>6Jlr,;uruJrf)tt~rr@:?>Q, - ~Lru8irrmW
!fJmr,;umUJtt :?>LQJ~~ - ru@fiJtt:?>~, ffTwrriDt§1u Qurr(f!j1iiYr QU[f)J:?>v.V.
9. (!JJ8> mJGi1Ilw8>m:
(!:p8iru .$rrL..@:?>v.V - 8irrL..fiJ Q8irr@tt:?>Q,
(!:p8i @ Gl~riJ:?>~ - a!1irrQ;(!!j:?>v.V, a:?>rr,m[f)J:?>v.V (!:p.$[6 :?>(f!j:?>v.V - UL..~W 8irrL..@:?>v.V
(!:p8i[6 j(f!jtt~:?>~ - rufTL..LW j(f!jtt~:?>~
(!:p8iW Lj(!!j:?>~ - ~(f!j@Q;8irr8i 6TjtT Q~,m[f)J {ff/iDIDv.V (!:p.$W[f)Jtt:?>~ - 8imra~rrL..LLfj),mt§1u aU8i-:?>v.V (!:p8iwrr:?>~ - !LL,mU@:?>~
(!:p8iwt§1:?>~ - @,mrnrrQIJrn ~mLUJrrmw Q:?>rf):?>~ (!:p8iwt§1tt~v.V - .$mra~fTL..LW Q8i@:?>~, Qru[f)JuUmL:?>~
40 ~tlilL9 LDIJ'4 Q8'IT6\>LDIJ'4 41
6UlAJrr';'aowlr QlFlnu QUlui fiDlQI)'"
1..81IJ1.QWIT!Df!)J~Q), ".aAlJ1IT@~Q), "ITQ) Q"IT"'e~Q), AllTtwf!)J~Q) fiTmr @G;l)8;lJiW (fIrnw
~muQJ!Du5Im wuqu QUIT(!§'" ml6'lTffiI" QJIT8;fii)wffiI"", 81AlW8;C!!>". fiTlf) Gl {D (!§ LIL.J fiTlf) fh rn G;l)i GllllU
2. rnc'];QJ(!§~Q), QlFmlW@~"Q), "rn",wilil QlFW~Q) ~muQJ!Du5Im fiT@ ~mr fiT@WL/
QUIT(!§Al6'IT ~@f§J". ffT!f)l @LUW, <:fbmr fi)r6!lJiW ffT!f)l
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{f>rrw5 . @juliI(!5w @jLf4.Q)UJU Urr~S;rr5@jW ~Ar4~ Gl{f>rrLtT4
WtTi;IIiLlFIDUtifl>ID.
~IDi6a{f>rrtT5@j UJrrlF{6a{f>rr!J)Jw GllF,uUJW fI(!!j S;LAr WtrFllIIlD.
{f>rr,uu ~Q)muSlAr U/f4.uSlGtSflAr!J)Jw @jL..f4. QJ~Q))W/w ~~{hrr,u Q))Lrr~ ~{l>mmu utjJtfi/ ~mlimuu{f>rrUJ ~Ar4~ Gl{f>rrLtT4 WlrffilFlrU lFIDUfi,{f>ID. (IL-W) sr!f,{f>Ue!Jl(r~~ {6rrUJmrrmu ~mIDQJAr {f>(jjl~{l>rrLGls;rrmrLQ)UJ.
~UlFtTS;m lFArUJrrm~{f>rrtOiJ Q))LL ¢1Q)w WlrAf)lIIlD.
{6ms;, ~~Q)S; (!p{f>.oJUJmQJrrs; UJm~~ ¢1s;~w srmQJs;m
4ID~{f>rrtT5@jU 4Q)mrr@jw QJmrlimW (!ps;~~~w UlID ~QJUJQJ~~~W a{f>rrAr!J)J{l>tOiJ GlwUUUIr@.
lLuSltT ~ID5@jW ~mflilJLAr QJL~mlFmUJ a!6rr5fi1l1i11mf1Artfi/ ~(!!j~{f>tOiJ QJLi;fi}(!!j~{f>""
~UlF UJS;&'liltT5@j ~v;VQ)~ ~QJUQ)mUJ GllFtOiJQJ UJS;&'liltT5@j ~Q)IiIs;rru~ GllF,uUJW Glumr QJ_avwllim.
lili6m{f>5@jW GllFQ))5@jW ~GtSflmUJ UUJ5@jW GllFrrtjJs;mrrtOiJ lL_mUJ5 s;(!!j~~5s;m UQ)QJtjJmID ~mUJ~~ QJrrlP~~{f>tOiJ QJIr"lQlID QJlrJj.>~B'
aQJGlIDrrartfi/tjJfiltOiJQ)rr ~y>@jLAr ~(!!j~{f>tOiJ m'UJuJI(!!j~!6""
4i){l>rrs;i GllF,u{f> a{f>tT, QJmrf4., s;uutOiJ ~QJtjJmID (!p{f>Ar(!p{f>Q)rrs; ~Lf4.Uurr(ruu~ GlQJQr(JQrlrL..LID.
~(!!ju~m!6{6!6rrQJ~ .ff,mrf4.tOiJ GllF,uUJUU(jjlW Gls;rrmrLrrLLw
GlQJm~QilIPIr.
eJwu{f>rrQJ~ ~mrf4.v;V GllF,uUJUU(jjlW Gls;rrmrLrrLLw GlUlrAr GliISPIr. ~!J)Ju{f>rrru~ .ff,mrf4.v;V GllF,uUJUU(jjlW Gls;rrmrLlrLLW QlQJU GliIIPIr.
ulliiJa!I
1. UlArQJ(!!j1D Gl'lrtjJlliQlQr QilQri;fi) fiT'C!lfilIli. @j~ILi;(!§uJI, ~eQlU, ullJ.fiT@~f6"'.
2. UlArQJ(!!jQJArQJUJQlID 9(!!j Gl,rr"''''lrtjJ (!§uJluUI@IIi.
(1) UlrBllilri;(!§wIr!!)J 9(!!jQJQlUWUJGlIDIr(!!jQJIfILID (J,tT~f6""
(2) QJ lfIuClulr8;lIitT (!JJ!6"'lruJKJmlrtTi;(!!j ~~i;IIiUU@1D .__,,"'u GlUIr(!!jm-.
(3) i>fi,Ql!6i;(!!jID, Gl,Qili;(!!j1D {j)Af)1II Gl'lrUJlliQrlr'" a.._QlWU
GluIr<!§QlQrfiT@~Bi; lIftuJI QJlrlP~B!6""
64
65
'~8;e;w U8;e;W' UfTfrj;~u (Jue; '~e;L G5/e;LwmiJ 'u (Jue;filpfTrn '~ffiIfilffiIQe;wfT{!juLfI- '
'~c§€il(JGlJ t51c§fil(JGlJ' ~¢1UJ(JQJ~@W '~Lfl-ULJW ~m0!m"ULJW'
'~@ULJW ~@uLJwmiJ @(!98;filpfTm' (<Fmwj;~8;
Qe;fT~LfI-(!98;filpfTm) '~~Lj;fijJ~W t51~Lj;fijJ~W' '~~mL UJUJGlJfTfr'
'~[5fijJu51~w <F[5fijJu51~w' '~UJfrj;{!j~ wP[6{!j~'
'~(!9Qj(!9' QJfTfilUJ @mpQJrn '~(!!jmw QU(!!jmw' Q{!jnJUJfT{!jrurn '~mfJ (!!jmpUJfTe;'
'~coVGlJcoV Q{!jfTcoVmGlJ' ~¢1UJfT{!jQJrn '~coV~W ue;~w' UfT@ULLfTrn. '~mGlJj;~8; ®mGlJj;~'8; Qe;@8;e;fT(J$lj '~!fi[6Q{!jfT!fi[6~ ,
'~(!:pffiIfilu LJ(!:pffiIfil' (QufTpfTmw t.E/(!!j[6~) '~(!:pj;{!j[6 fijJ(!9j;{!jWfT,u 'U (JufilwfTrn '~(!:pme;UJw Q{!jfT(!:pme; 'UJwfTe; '~rjJPfTfr8;(!!jW ~GlJ[6{!jfTfr8;®W'
'~rnw(!jJw Q<FfTrnw(!jJw' Qe;fT@j;~ ~nJj;{!jfTrn
'~m<FUJ W U fT<F(!jJW'
'~Lfl-UUfTLfI- '8; e;di/j;{!jfTrre;w
'~mLUJ~'e;f@jLrn
'~fijJUJW ~[6{!j(!jJ 't.E/coVGlJfT{!j
'~,u[6(J{!jfT,u[6~' UfTfr8;e;([email protected]
'~fJ ~WfJ' (JUJfT€ilj;~ ~(!9 e;(!9wj;mff>i Q<F,ue; '~¢1j; (J{!j¢1'
'@e;ufJ' e;e;ffiIe;m
'@L8;(!!j (!jJL8;(!!j'
'@mwj;~8; e;mwj;~' ru[6~ (J<Ffr[5{!jfTrn
'@coVGlJfT{!j~W QUfTcoVGlJfT{!j~W' Q<FfTcoV6l5/8; (Je;fTmIY>LLfl-WfTm '@rnWfTfr @WJUJfTfr' fiTrn£!)J ~QJrn UfTfruufijJcoVmGlJ
'FFme; @fJ8;e;W' !LmwQJfJfTe; @(!98;e; (Jru~@w
'FF@W fiT@ULJW' (~ULJW !LUJfrbl/W) @coVGlJfT{!jQJrn 'FFQUJ£!)JWLJ QWfT,u8;e;fTWcoV' UfTfrj;~8;Qe;fTm
'!L~Lfl-UJW !LmpUJf@jw' !L{!jG5/WfTrn
'!L(!9L@W LJfJL@W'
'!L(!9~@ fijJfJ~L' (!jJe;(!jJmmfTrn '!L(!9QjW fijJ(!9QjW' ~j;ff> e;fTQJfilJrT '!LrjJpfTfr !LpG5/WrT'
'!WJLfl-UJW 8in.Lfl-UJW'
'!WJ(!9W (JU(!9t..D' G5/lFfTnJj;~ QJ[6{!jfTrn
'!WJ~ !Lp8;e;W' @rn¢1 !LmIPj;{!jfTrn 'fiT~WLJW (J$ljfT~wfTe;' Qw6l5/[6~ (JUfTWfTrn 'fiT,uQJ~W fiT¢1QJ~ 'WfTe;u (JUfTfr Q<F,u{!jfTfre;m 'fi7ffiIfilj; (J{!jffiIfil'j; {!jG5/8;filpfTrn
'fi7LLfl-8;(!!jU (JUfTLLfl-UJfT,u' {EL#ilpfTrn 'fi7Wc§ lFfTWW' UfTfJfTWcoV fi;JnJfilpfTrn
'fi7mIP fiT~UJrufre;f@j8;(!!j' @fJffiIe;coV ([email protected] 'fi7rjJpj; {!jfTIPQj'
'fi7P @pffiIe;'u ufTrTj;ff>fTrn'
'~LLfI- !LGlJfr[6{!j' QJu51rjJ(JpfT@' e;fT0!m"UULLfrrn '~LL(!jJW {EmLUJWfT,u'
'~LmL !LmL<FcoV'
'~Lfl-UJfTLfI-'
'~,uQj ~!fiQj'
'e;ffiI(!!j e;mfJu51rn¢1' oQ"rummw ~@filrnp~ 'e;LfT G5/mL' (G5/';'fTQjW G5/mLUJW)
'e;0!m"8;(!!j QJIP8;filcoVGlJfTwcoV' Q<FfilJQj Q<F,u{!jcoV8in.LfT~ 'e;liiuJ(!9w e;wumGlJUJw'
'e;Iiiu~w e;(!9j;~ 'WfT,u QJwfrj;{!jfTm
'e;fJ@ (!jJfJLfTW' UfTm$lj
'e;(!9w(!jJw {!j(!9W(!jJW' ~¢1[5~ e;mLut5I.LfI-j;{!jcoV (JQJ~@W 'e;mfJ ~mp' Q{!jnJUJfTff>ULfI- ~ QU(!9fil:U~
'e; coV G5/ (Je; mG5/ 'e; di/Q) t.El8;e; fTrn
'e;cov~w e;fJ@W:
'e;mmw e;ULW' @coVGlJfTff>QJrn 'e;rjJLJw QUfTrjJLJW' t.E/8;e;QJm 'e;rjJ(JpfTfr8;(!!jW WrjJ(JPfTfr8;(!!jt..D' 'e; rn£!)J e; fT6l5/ '
'e;w(JQJfT {Ew(JQJfT' ~¢1(JUJrn 'e;fT@W (Jw@w' e;L[5~ Q<Frn(Jprn <e;fT,u[5~ e;(!!jfil'
'e;fTfJ <FfTfJ't.ElcoVGlJrr$lj
'filLLj;{!jLL.- '
'fil~Lfl-8; film¢1'
3. @lilDfiOOfQl£lIlWClJW (Words in Pairs)
66
67
'€UJUJW UlTWL/W' (jUfTlDiJ '~CJ:PW (jW~WfT8i'
'(!!jmr@w (!!jIfJUJWfTlll' @@i8;~!D~ '(!!jauffiJ(!!jrD!DW'
'(!!jauffiJ (!!j!D18im'
'(!!jumu 8in.WW'
'(!!jWUlL.@8; 8in.~~fTl1/- '
'(!!j6lJW (j8ifT~jluw' GJ5I8'mfl~~u Glumr Gl8ifT@~~rrm '(!!j!!JI8;(!!jW Glfli@8;(!!jW'
'8in.L.LW flifTL.LW'
'8in.L.l1/-8; (!!jm!D~~ 'u (jU8'~ '8in.l1/-8; (!!j6lJfTGJ5I'~ !ilrfl~~!Dm-rr '(j8imGJ51 (!pm!D' @lDiJm6lJlLJfT?
'(j8i@§ffiJ ~mmUJw' Gl8iL.LfTrr8;(!!j @lDiJm6lJ 'm8iUJw 8imQJWfT8i 'u Ull1/-UL.LfT~ 'm8iUJw GlWIllUJWfTlll'
'Gl8ifT8;(!!j8; (!!j@iGJ5l'8in.L @lDiJm6lJ 'Gl8ifT<9~8; (!!j6lJfTGJ5I' W~IP~~!Dm-rr
'Gl8ifTl1/- rulfJu51IDiJ' Wau<9Gl8'Ill~1DiJ (jrumr@w 'Gl8ifT@8;8i1DiJ rufTffiJ8iIDiJ' {t1uwu @@i8;~!D~ 'Gl8ifTUL/W (!!jmWUJWfTlll'
'(j8ifTu511DiJ (!!jmw'
'8'L.L jlL.LW'
'8'mrmL 8'li8'UQJ'
'8'i>~ GlUfTi>~'
'8'fT8iU UlmW8;8i '8; ~L8;~!DfT~ 'f/UfTl:"'l1/-U UfTUfTL.l1/-'
'f/@iw ~!DUL/W'
'flGJ5Ili ~ffiJ8ifTrfI~~'
'fI!D1li ~m-i>~'
'lhrD!D1li [email protected]/-'
'lhrD!!JI (!P rD!!JI W '
'Gl8'fTrD(jUfT@i8;(j8irr WrD(jUfT@i8;(j8ifT' ~mW8;~tPrr '~L.@~ ~LffiJ8iIDiJ'
'~@~~ w@i>~ 'li Gl8'fTlDiJrumfilDiJm6lJ '~mL GJ5ImL'
'~uUl~ ~ru!D1'
'~fTUJw(j8'UJw '
'~mr@i> ~~UJw'
'~~w~'
~mGt1l~ ~ l1/-~~' 'Gl~rr(!!j~~W ru(!!j~~w' '(j~rrL.Li> ~UQJ' 'flilLJ~~fT~W UILJ~~fT~W' 'flimu jlmu'
'fli~6lJ!!)I GlufTlDiJ6lJrr~~' 'flilOl5Ji>~w rulOl5Ji>~w'
'flifT@§W ~wmwUJw' urrrr~!!)I ffl@i 8i@iW~m~li Gl8'1ll '{t16lJW L/6lJW' 6T~6lJfTW ~ruW18;(!!jmr@
'tEL.l1/- {t1LiMi>~' ~Li>~fT~
'tE8;(!!jU (jUfT8;(!!j' @~mGil)
'(jfli@iW 8in.@iWfTlll'
'uffiJ(!!j UfT8iW'
'UL..L~ Gl8iL.L~' 6T~GiI)fTW Gl8'fT~m-rr~ 'UL.LW U~GJ5I8;(!!j' !6rr~ ~m8'UuLGJ5IlDiJm6lJ 'uu51rr ulim8"
'ulDiJ~u Glu@i~'
'UW8;8i ruW.i8iffiJ8i..rr, fli~!DfT8i @lDiJm6lJ 'ulfJ urrruffiJ8iL.(!!j' ~<98'fT~ru~ 'urD!D1u ULrri>~'
'UfTL.@W Ul1/-UL/W'
'UfTUJW U@8;m8iUJWfT8i '8; ~L8;~!DfT~ 'UfT~W (j~W1W' UfTUJw flirr@
'UfT~W uW(!pw'
'UI~mJu Ulmaui>!!)I' ~L8;~~!Dm'L/~!,J,mr@'
'!,J,QJW UI<9&WfTlll'
'Glumr@ Ulmmm8im'
'(ju@iW L/8iCJ:Pw'
'GlUfTlllUjW L/@§(!!jW'
'(jUfT8;(!!jU L/8iIDiJ'
'(jUfTrD!D1u L/8iIP{6~'
'WL.@ wrfllLJrrm~'
'W{6jlu ~ffijluffiJ8i..rr' rulDiJ6lJru-v
'w@i{6~ WfTlLJ 'GlwlDiJ6lJrrw ~ruW18;(!!j~ Gl~lfIlLJrr~ 'Wm6lJ8;(!!jW W@QJ8;(!!jW' lL..rrm GJ5I~~lLJrr8'W 'wmw ~mriJrr' ~mLlLJrr~ @LW 'Wm!D8;8i(jrurr W!!JI8;8i(jrurr' (!pl1/-lLJrr~
'uuts: W!!JI' ~rD!Dru~
'wrr@ 8i~Jl.lI' mru~~@i8;8i (jrumr@w
68
69
4. G1~rrLri<f- G1~rr!fi<Jjrn-
~a; u: ~ rT s:fil Uj W (!jJa; u: su rT 8:fil Uf us rra; ~~lFlT Gl!6~8<W fiT~lFlTi; ~[T(!jJW ~IJI-UJrj)ID W[TwaUIT~ UIJI-Iii)mlF ~Y>~~ ~(EluuffiJa;m[TuJ)~ ~w01 !,JUU
~~rum- ~~~~ Ljmm-rum- Ljmm~~ ~ Iii) Y> jl WI Iii)W1 UJ {lj Iii) Y> Gl W lTySI U uJ) 1DiT!J)I ~rum~ rffImmi;~ .!L[Tm~ @IJI-i;~ ~(!!jmwUjw Glu(!!jmwUjw ~p!UJIT~!JlIDiTQ)I ~(!!jroirGl!6P! aUITrj)IDIT~ w(!!jroirruySlaUJrj){W ~!Jlfilrj)® ~!Jl® GllF,u{ljrurr!J)l
~w~~ Gla;rr(El<i;a;IT~ ~roir6'l5l<i; Gla;IT(Eli;~ ~lDiTm Iii) LL ~LIJI-~ a;1DiTm-Iii) L(El ~1DiTm-!6mLuJ)~~(!!jfillDiTm-!6mLuuJ)~w
~<i;fiI ~ySli;~ ~6'I5Ii;~u Lj[T<i;®w ~mlF a;rrLIJI- awrrlFW GllF,u~
~a;rrUJi; {ljrrwm[TUjw ~mwwuJ)rT<i; a;wum(!jJw ~mL uJ) 1DiTp! eu ITm L uJ)1DiT Gl wroOJ ~~
ma;UJ~Gls;rrmr(El Glw,uUJ~ Glurri;f;i<i; a;rr~~Gla;lTmr(El aw~~ {lj!:p @
~mrlJl-~w ~p!Gl5)~w ~[gJurui;jl~w (!jJjlrT~{b ~mrlJl-(!jJ{lj~ ~[TlFlDiTrum[T
~mrlJl-~ filp!UJ[TIT,u ~p!Gl5)~ GlurfiUJ[TIT,u ~ui;1ffi arummuJ)~ ~(!!jw(!!j~Gl{ljlDiTm
~rfiUJ<i; ani;{ljrrlJl-m-rr~w a;rrrfiUJi;jlrj) a;mrq;mrra; ~~(!jJmrL {6~a;mrLIDiT
~@J<i;aa;rj)ID aruL(!jJW a;rr~i;jlrj)aa;rj)ID aa;IT~(!jJw ~rj)p!~ ~(!!ja;rr~ alFrj)p!~ fP(!!ja;rr~rr,u
@a;(!jJw U[T(!jJW @lDiTuw rffImID~~
@rhlfil{ljwP!~1ffi fi)"ruJUJ (!jJ1JI-i;~
@8:lFa;W aufil @[T~~ Glurr(!!jroir Glurj)!J)I @LL ~IJI- a!6rra; fiT(Eli;{lj ~IJI- Gla;rruu6'l5l<i;a; @LW Glurr(!!jroir fi)"ru~ fiT~~rrw ~mw~~ @LL~ lFLLwrr,u mrui;{b~ rurfimlFUJIT,u @~jl[T1DiT (!jJ{ljroOJUJ @mIDUJrurT U{ljrhla;@Jw
~~{bIii)~ @lDiTui;1ffi ~ySlGl5)~ ~@w @UJlDiTlDrum[J(!jJUJIDiT!J)I
@(!!ja{brr~uJ)rj) s;rr~mrui;1ffi @(!!jGl5)mmGlUJrrULj w~urfiurra;w @~IilJa;rri;{b fil6'I5IaulT~ ~fiI @m~wmlD a;rr,uaUIT~ wmID~~ filL~{b @!J)Ijl eu rfi WI W !L!J)I jl anp! @lDiTamrr[TlDiTm
.!L8:lF~{ljm~(!jJ{lj~ .!Lmmrhla;rr~ rum[T .!L8:filawrj) Lj6lJrurTGla;rrroir f1j8:8<W Lj~rumrr,u .!LL~ GlUIT(!!jroir ~Gl5) fYJm!J)lW fPULjGl5)i;~ !LmrL ~LIJI-rj)(f!j @[TIDfflLa;r§ GllF,uUJrrw~ !LIDfflIJl-UfW .!LmLUjW .!LmIDUj@Jw .!L{ljGl5) .!LU01LLrum[T .!LroirmmlilJw rffImm~~ .!LULj<i;®w !Lm!JlUJrrw~ !illIrT8<rj)P!i; jlrfi~~ !L(!!jIilJW jl(!!jIilJW a;(!!jGl5)~ ~mw~~ .!L~a;Glw~rrw fP(!!j ®mL<i;€Ey> ~mr(El .!LrurT<i;a;L~mm- GllF~rurT
.!Lroirmrhla;rr~ GlruwGlm~WLj a{ljUJ
'wrrmw R'm-w' UlTrT<i;a;rr{ljrum 'Iii)WI<i;fili; {b@J<i;fiI'i; jlrfifillDrrw '(!jJLIJI- aWlTjl'i; f;iID~~ UlTrT '(!jJrj)ID (!jJIJI-UJ'
'fYJ8:8<U aU8:8<' @~m~ 'fYJm~ (!jJL<i;®' 'fYJLmL (!jJ1JI-8:8<' 'ru~{ljmm ruySlUIT(El'
'ruySl IffimlD' Gl{ljrfiUJGl5)~m~
'ruySl ruma; '~p!~~ GllF,u{lj~ arumr(Elw 'rurj)p! ru[Tmr(El'
'eutul.u; rum{lji;~'
'euttts: ru{ljrhlfil'
'rurr,u<i;a;rr~ ru[TWLj' Gl{ljrfiUJrrw~ Glruwww U[TGl5)UJIffi
'rurrrfi rufilrT~~' (!jJ1JI-<i;a; arulDffl(Elw
'rurry>Gl5)~w {ljrry>Gl5)~w'
'rurrm-a;(!jJw mruUJa;(!jJw'
'Gl5)LL®mID Gl{ljITLL®mID'
'Gl5)mr~w wmr~w'
'Gl5)f;i Gl5)~<i;®' ~p!~~ !6Li;{lj~ arumr(Elw 'Gl5)(!!j~{ljrrw arurj)IDrrw'
'Gl5)(!!jULj Glru!J)lULj'
'GlruLfiI Gl5)mIDi;~uaulTmrrw' 'GlruL(ElW ®i;~w' 'aru(!!jW~(!!jW'
70
71
!L m""ffiJ ma; Gl /6 GiJut5)a;a;GJfI(J U rrGiJ !Lw""mf!ja; Gla;rrR@ /6GiJGOmf!jU UR~ !LW@jW LJIJ)(!JlW '€j!i>~
!LwGl""mmf!)J mrui>~u LJlJ)wGlurr~Q)I (JUB'rrLDGiJ !L rjJ f!)J (J /6 rr a; fiJ ti!!fiJi>f!j r§! if,~
!LrjJlJ)rrfr !Lruuu LDrjJ(JlJ)rrfr LDfiJlJl
ti!!a;fiJ OOIa;fiJ !LW""W f!jmlJli>~
ti!!~lJ)dia;w '€j!lfiIif,~
!W!j) UJ LiiI~r§! 68j) u51GOmGO if,~
Gl /6 rjJ r§! rol UJ frm eu ¢l GOi> j) GiJ 68 y>
(J/6rrlLlw Gl/6rrlll-lLIw umuib u@dima;ILILDrrliJ OOl[TfTfr !LmLmLDa;®U (Ju{Jrrm<F Gla;rrR@ OOI{Jrrfr uma;a;®w fl{Jrruulfildi®w ~""rrfiJ !W!(!!jdi®mlJli>~ ti!!f!jrrrflUJrrliJu t5!mlJli>~ !W!mlJllLlw !Luudia;w a;mr@
6TffiJa;G'l7tGlGO~ rsm61f!)J 6TLDdiGla;~r§!(!!jif,~ 6T.jfi)rjJma;UJrrGiJ a;rrdima; a;mGOdia;rrf!j 6TLLrrf!j ulPi>j)rjJ®a; Gla;rrLLrrrul rolL@ 6TLLrrf!jmf!j ¢1mrnif,~ Gla;rrLLrrrul rulL@ 6T@i>f!j a;rrrflUJi>j)GiJ @mLuJ@ uLrrLDGiJ 6T@uurrfr ma;ut5!wm""UJrrliJ
6TL@W @{JR@W ~r§!UJrrf!j
6TR~i> Glf!jrrmGOUJrr~ 6)"LllI-GiJ JlLffiJa;rr~ 6Tif,/6rrLLrufrdi®w f!jif,/6rrLLrurnrrliJ
6Tc!:p m LD ILl W eu C!:p eu rrf!j !Lc!:p eu GO ~ LJ
6)"B'rjJ r§! (!!j if, (Jf!j (J eu B'rjJ f!)J
6)"Glf!j ~ r§! {JffiJ a; ttus GiJ fl Glf!j ~ f!)J u rr{JrrLDGiJ 6)"{Jrr"" LD rrlLl W {brr{Jrr""LD rrlLl W
6)"rulUJ u~a;w UJrrmrulLlw (!Jllll-i>~
6)"lPrrw /6{JfiJrjJ®w (llPrrw /6{Ja;w
6)"mlP 6TG'l7tUJrufr rurru51GOllI-i>~
6)"(J rn rr f!j rr(Jrn rr 6Tro-r§! (!!jdia; ttu: GiJ
'€j!a;a;~w !LIJ)Q.[W Glf[>rrdifiJ(!!jif,~f!jru
'€j!LllI-UJ ruu51f!)Jw !LGOfrif,f!j !Lf[>@LDrrliJ
'€j!(!!j udia;w urr~w LDf!)Judia;w {E(!!jLDrrliJ '€j!GiJa;rru Glu(!!jwLJa;EPi> Glf!jrrGiJa;rrut5!UJrnrrfr '€j!GiJ~ ib ruma; UJ rrGiJ ~ru rr~ (!Jl UJ ~f!)J '€j!~f!)Jdi®w urjJlJ)rrf!j /6rr(JUJ~
~ffiJa;GlGOrn ¢1~f!)J !LUJfrif,(Jf[>rrfr Glf[>rrlP rol""ffiJfiJ ~@w GlB'wGlurrro-@Iw '€j!dia;(Jru (J/6rrdi®w
~~L~ ~llI-U Urr~L~ U(!!jfiJ a;LGiJLDmL j>lJ)if,Glf!jrna; a;rula;m Glurrlfilif,~ a;mLif,Glf!j@i>f!j a;lfiIGlu(!!j LDmLUJ~
a;L~ rurrffiJfiJ !LL~rurrffiJfiJ !LLmGOi> (Jf!jrjJr§! a;Ra;RL Glf!jliJruw
a; R a; eu fr eu rnu LJ w a; ruI ~Gl u f!)J (Jf!j rrrjJ IJ) (!Jl w a;RL(Jf!j a;rrLfi) Gla;rrRL(Jf!j (Ja;rrGOLDrrliJ a;R~rrrjJ a;RLmf!jdi ma;UJrrrjJ GlB'IiJ~
a; RJfr eu rr{J Gl LD IiJ w LD u51 fr fi) ut5) fru u a;R~di®di a;R~rra;U (JurrrjJr§!
a;Rm~u ur§!di®w a;LLIP®mLUJ a;R~llI-U ulPdia;GlLDGiJGOrrw LDR~llI-U (Jurra; a;R ~llI-i>f!jrnLDrrliJdi a;rrGOffiJa;lfiIi>~
a; UJ GiJ rollfillLl w ® u51 GiJ Gl LD rrlfillLl w
a;(!!jwt5!(!!jdia; @(!!jWLJj>~f!)J a;m""i>~
a;(!!jrul(JGO j)(!!jQ.[mLUJ
a; GiJ ruI UJ r§! Gl eu rrc!:pdi a; ffiJa; G'I7t rjJ fi) IJ) if,~
a; C!:Pi> j> GiJ Gl u rr~ rnma; ILl w (!Jla;i> j> GiJ LJ ro-rnma; ILl LD rr a; a;rjJeJlJ)rrfrdi®i> f!jrrwru{JwurrfiJUJ f!jmGOmLDUJ{JrrliJ a;rjJlJ)rrrulro- LDrnw(JurrGOdi a;fi)if,~(!!jfiJ
a;rri>~w UmLi>~w a;{Jif,~w rulm""UJrrllla;rrlll-mLu51L@W /6rrlll-mLu51L@W
a;rr@ rurrGlrurn 68@ (JurrGlrurn
a;rrGOrrGiJ @LLmf!jdi ma;UJrrrjJ GlB'IiJ~
a;rrrjJr§!@Iw a;@fiJ.j Gl<F~f!)J
a;rrGO@lw JI®&ffiJ a;@ffiJa;R LDlJ)rufr
®llI-dia;di Bin.c!:pdi®w a;LLdi a;if,mf!jdi®w rulfilu51~r§! ®LDrfI(!Jlf!jGiJ @LDUJW rum{J
®mIPGla;rrR@ (Ja;rrlfilGlUJr§!lLIw rurrlPa;ma; ®rjJlJ)i>mf!ji> f[>wG'l7tdi ®~i>mf!jdi Gla;rrw@ ®f!)J®f!)J /6Lif,~ ®f!jmGO GlLDrrlfilif,~
Bin.llI-di ®GOrrrul ~llI-di a;G'l7ti>~
Bin.mL ¢1mlJ)if,f!j Gl!EGiJ~w ~@ ¢1mlJ)if,{b Glurr~@Iw Bin. rfI UJ ~ r§! Q.[ tb grfl UJ '€j!c!:pdia; (!Jl w
Bin. rjJ f!)J L ro- f!)J (J LD GiJ eu rfI @I ib Bin.llI- 6Tj) fr ¢l rjJ ® w ~rjJ IJ) GiJ ma;a;LllI- rurrIiJLJmf!ji>~
ma;diGla;LllI-rn~ rurrliJdiGla;LLrrLDGiJ
ma;WLDITf!)J a;(!!jf[>ITLDGiJ
Gla;rrLlTdi a;RL@ldi® rulLrrdia;wLrnrrliJ (Ja;rrlll-UJlTm{Ji> f!jrrEPi>j> JlllI-UJrTm{J rurrEPi>!ii>
72
73
(J8; rrLrrWl (J8; rrUl- @;If)UJLlL.l1U8;mHD (J8;rrUl-ILjW (J{DUI-.9; ®Ul-ILjW @@i>jl a=LLr6J8;..rr 8;(Df!)JW ULLr6J8;..rr (i)/U(Df!)JW a=r;;i;r,;orru@; (i)/a=,u(J{D !Lr;;i;r,;orra=(i)/w,ufj)
a= rrfPJ If) UJ us rrlLj W us rrfPJ If) UJ us rrlLj W (J u Ul a=rr{Dmm-UJrr~w (JufT{Dmm-UJrr~w a=rr{D8;Wrr8;QJW Urr{D8;Wrr8;QJW a=rrUl-.9;(J8;(Dp (yJUI-(Jurrr;;i; ~mw{i;fPJ
sm» (!P W u tteu (!P W IIT,u fj)
Ul{i;m{DlLjw (i)/wrrEPIlLjw (i)/a=r;;i;r,;orr{D tPm~u51r;;i; Ulf!)J8;.9; 8;LUl-U (i)/U@8; rurri:P{i;fPJ Ulm-m-rrLur;;i;Ul~80 Ul(DP!PIGllmLUJ &mruu~ (i)/a=!PI{i;fPJ {6mru@r,;o{Drr~ &(DPi>{Drr(D &(DpUUL ~~~
(i)/a=,u eu m- (i)/a=,ufPJ {D ruJ r'rru m- {D ruJ r'r {i;fPJ (i)/a=(DP(!PW Ulm-(!pw ~(DP{6m- wm-(!pw (i)/a=rr(D &@.9;8;(!pW (i)/urr@L (i)/[email protected];8;(!PW (i)/a=rrm-m-UJ(!pw (i)/urr@GmUJ(!pw
(Ja=rr(Df!)J80 (i)/a=r,;oQJW [email protected];®U urrU(!pwrr,u {D@;a=W Lf®{i;{Drur'r.9;® ~@;(Ja=r;;i; IITm-f!)J {DL(Jjl.9;(i)/8;L(Jjli> {D(Jjlwrr!PI
{DL(Jjli>{DmLu51m-!PIi> {Drrurrwwrr,uu (JUa=rur;;i;~ {Dmr,;o8;rrr;;i; (i)/{DIf)UJrrfPJ {D(Jjlwrr!PIi> {Di>{D.flIi>fPJ {DWr'r{6mL {6L{i;fPJ w!Jlm~ (i)/wrrEPI{i;fPJ {Dm-.9;(i)/8;m- rurr!JlfTU Ulpr'r.9;®If)UJrrww {DwWlu51r'r(Jurrr;;i; wWWlu51r'r wfj)i>fPJ {Drrm-(Jprrw!PIi> {Dmr,;orur'r8;..rr
fPJ@wmui> ~Gmrr.9;~
fPJ..rr.flli> fj)1f)~wp 8;rrr,;oi>fj)(J~ [email protected];lJ;L.9;~ ~ r6J 8; rr fPJ m !Jli>fPJ 80 &8; W (i)/ u (D f!)J
~,umw (JU~ rurr,umw !,,!,mr@
(i)/{D(D® ruL.9;®i> (i)/{DIf)UJrr{D Ulf!)Jrum-
(i)/{Dwpr;;i; G8Ulif, (J{DW (i)/a=rrlf){i;fPJ rumr@urr@w fill!iiTrWU.9;&fT (J{D rn'I WI Lii1 rn'I UJ ~ @;(i)/a=rrr;;i; u u51 w f!)J
(i)/{DrrL.9;8; {6(JjlruJf!)Jfj)8;m (J{Drrwpi> (i)/{DIf){i;fPJ (i)/{Drrr;;i;8;rrUUlUJi>fPJw ur;;i;8;rr(D uu51wf!)J
(J{Drrwprri> fPJmGmUJrr,u
{6mLlLjmL urrrumm-
{6mufj)mu (yJULf
{6r;;i;r,;om{D.9; (i)/8;rrmw~w &lr;;i;~m{Di> {Dm!iiTr~W
{6rri>fj)8;w(JuUl {6rri>{D~w(Ju!PI {6rrLmrui>fPJ.9; (J8;@(i)/a=,ufPJ
{6rrUl-mUJu UlUl-i>fPJ {6r;;i;~m{D80 (i)/a=rrr;;i;6l51 {6 rr i>{D Wr'rtifPJ eu rr,u ® m!PI
{6 rr {6 UJ (!P W {6 rr6WUJ (!P W
{6rr(i)/UJrrwf!)J (i)/a=rrr;;i;~u (Ju(i)/UJrrm-f!)J (JUa= {6rrmm.9;(i)/8;rr@ jlp(!PW (Jrumm.9;(i)/8;rr@ (JfillL(!PW {6fT(i)/mrr@(Jwrn'llLjw (i)/urr~(i)/{Drr@ rumr6W(!pW $f!)J(JW(D ~{D (i)/{6@ULf
/PlGmr6J® (i)/wrrEPIu Lfr,;orur'r.9;® ru6Wr6J®(i)/wrrEPI ruJ@i>~ /Plrn'l U Lfr;;i; (JW,u80a=~rr,u
/P1Tr,;o!PI QJ W /Pl mrw fj) ILj W
(i)/{6@;a=rruu LflJ;i:PtifPJ euruutt: rurri:Pi>~ uLLurr(jjlw (i)/8;LL(J8;@W ULUl-Wrr@(JUrr(D 8;[email protected];8;rrru6l51m-!PI UmLULfU u~umLi>fPJU u~(Jurr@mr@ u@{i;fPJr6J ~.flIILjW Urrr6J8;rr,u rurr!Jl
ur;;i;m~u Ul@r6J~u u@{i;{DrrLLWrrUlurrr'ri>{D 8;mr~W ~fPJu(Jurr,u
urr~w (J{DWlw utnutb {6rrLrr,u urrm~rum-w (Ja=rrm~rum-wrr~
UlpULfU u~ (yJULf80 a=rr.9;8;rr@ Lfr,;omm-{i;fPJw (i)/urr!PI8;~r6J~
Lf6l51lLjw wrrWlw ~@fPJmplLjmr6W LfmGllUJWlw ruJ@wurru LfWLf~fTr;;i; UJrr.9;m& !,,!,{Dr,;o(!pw L£{Dr,;o(!pw (Jurr(Dp
!,,!,Lii1ILjW (i)/urr@@w !,,!,mruUJ@w IITWWlW (yJfillm8; UJrrma=lLjw (i)/urrr;;i;~rrmu tE.9;~ {6r;;i;~rrmu.9; 8;rri>fPJ
(i)/urrw(i)/m-rr@ {DLUI-~W !,,!,(i)/rurr@ {DLUI-~W
w{i;jlU(!pW {D{i;fj)U(!pW w@{i;fPJWrr~
wu51r,;orrL.9; ®u51r;;i; UfTL
wm-(i)/wrrEPI (i)/W,u8;m ~@ruEPI tP(DU (!pwWlu51r'r.9;~ur6J~i> {DWWlu51r'r (i)/8;rr@i>fP1 wm-w(Jurrm- (JUrr.9;(i)/8;r;;i;~rrw (Jurr,u wrrLwrr.fllm8; 8O..L(J8;rrLfUw Wrrm-r6J(i)/8;L@ wlf)UJrrm{D ruJL@ (!pwWI.9;®U Ulm- (!PU6Wrr&
(Jw(i)/~~{i;{D rurrlf)UJrr8;U UUl-i>fP1
(i)/wrrLmLi> {Dm~.9;®W (!P!Jlr6J8;rr~.9;®Li:l (!PUl-a=&U~UrrL@ UJrr(i)/um-p (Jurr(i)/{Dr;;i;~rrw {Drr(i)/m-wf!)J ~@m{D{i;fP1
74
75
:L-W:-
filldo)WIT~ Q{DrnQwlT~ !pm~a;mr@wTftj{6 fill ~ ~ ITrn fill (!!j:i>{D a{D fill mll.ia; IT~ 6Ti!)! W U 111- fill~aW~ Q]/~mfill:i>~ !prn!l)l
fill mu.i Qa; Ll1I-m~ W ma;.i Qa;LLITW~ filllTIP{!jlTmm 6l1IP{!jlTmlT.ifi)
fill ITm IJl UJ 111- fill ITm IJl UJ ITa;
fill 1Ti!)! P a fill IT~ fi) fill mw Q U P fill mfr:i>~ Q]/mramTlTfr LJa;1Jl wmraWl"ITfr wfi)1Jl Q]/~:i>{Dm QlFtU~ Q]/~.ifi)UJm fft~:i>~ Q]/ 6IJ tteu p8= fiM!:i>~
Q]/6IJITU LJmL.ia; ILmr@
Qru..rr6YTImL wm~aUIT~ Q{D..rr6YTI~rn :LmT[1 Q fill!l)l fill ITtU Q u: rn!l)l
afillmm.iQa;IT(!!j aU8=&W aQJm6IJ.iQa;IT(!!j lFITL@W
U~ + @m~ = U~ + ru + @m~. u~Q]/m~ U~IT + @m~ = u~lTQ]/m~
QJ@ + <!9I1Jl(!!j = QJ@QJIJl(!!j
Q{!j1T + <!9I1Jla;1T = Q{!jlTruQJlJla;1T
aa;1T + @~ = aa;ITQ]/~
Qa;m + <!9IlJl(!!j = Qa;mrulJl(!!j
@, FF, !!J 6Trni!)!W 6Tc!:p:i>~.ia;6YTIrn Ulrn • tU'6Trni!)!W :LLWU@ QWtU fill@W.
u: mfI + <!9IlJl(!!j = wmfl + tU + <!9IlJl (!!j. u: mfI UJ lJl(!!j ~ + 6Ttf)j{D~ = ~QUJtf)j{D~
wm~ + <!9IlJl(!!j = wm~UJIJl(!!j
QUUJfr8= QlFlT~ 6)"a;IT[1:i>fi1rn (!prn Qla;[1(!pw, @mL8= QlFlT~ 6)"a;IT[1:i>~rn (!prn
:L-W:- alF + :Lc!:p{D~ = alFblfC!:P{D~
<!91 eu a~ + <!9IlJla; rn = <!91 fill am UJ 1Jla; rn
QwtUQUJc!:p:i>~a;6YTI~ fftrnaplTQLlTrn!l)l alF(!!jrumblfw
Ulrnru@wlT!l)l: L, rjJ (!prn:,>, IF, U ~~6IJIT{Dm alF[1lT.
:L-W;-
QlFlTrjJa;..rr fftrnaplTQLlTrn!l)l alF@WaUIT~ @UJ~umillmblfW Q]/a;IT[1W <!9ImLQJmblfW 6Tm @(!!jruma;UJlTw.
@UJ~LJ.i(!!j :L{6IT[1mTW: umm + arufr = ummarufr
umm + a;mraLrn = umm a;mraLrn
Q]/a;IT[1W (y)rn!l)l fillma;Uu@W. <!9Imru a{DlTrnp~, ~tf){D~, Qa;@{D~
6Trnum.
rulTmlJlu + UIJlW = rulTmlJluulJlw. - 'u' (J1JjlTrn!!ll1Jj6U
U)[1W + (!!jmp:i>{DlTrn = w[1~(f!jmp:i>{DlTrn. - 'tb ' 'til' ~8i;; f)rfI~1JjfP. W[1W + arufr= w[1arufr. - 'tb: Q8iL..LfP
@fillrjJ!l)l..rr @UJ~UITa; arumrl1l-UJ QlFlTrjJQPITLfr Q]/a;IT[1W QuPJi!)!W Q]/ a; 1T[1 W Q U P a eu mrl1l- UJ~ @ UJ ~ U 1T9i1 i!)! W <!91 m fill {D LEI IP a; rjJ p QJ fr.i (f!j LEla; {!jma; Q]/mmQ]/UumfilllT(f!jW.
'QJlTmlJl UlJlW' 6Trn!l)lW, 'fillj~U aUlTmlTrn' 6Trn!l)lW 8in.PJmlT~ 6TUUl1I-u1I(!!j.i(f!jW? cW,a;aru, {DLElIP a;rjJa;u LJ(f!jaQJlTfr LJmTMfil Q]/~a;mm LEI a;.i 8in. frj~ a; eu ID6fI U U 1T[11T a;.
aWrjJa;mrL @UJ~LJW Q]/a;IT[1(!pw, alF@W QlFlTrjJa;6YTIrn FFrjJQpC!:p:i>~ (!P{DQ~c!:p:i>~.ia;..rr a;1T[1mTWITa;Q[w <!9I~ru~ arurjJ!l)lmwu QUIT(!!j..rr a;1T[JmTwlTa;blfw 6)"rjJu@w. fftrnaplTQLlTrn!l)l alF[JlT{D 6Tc!:p:i>~.ia;..rr Ulrn QJ(!!jQJm:
!Lu1Ifr 6Tc!:p:i>a{DlT@ :Lu1Ifr 6TC!:P:i>~8= alF[JIT~. @mLu1I~ !LLWU@ QwtU QurjJ!l)l8= alF(!!jW. <!91, cW" :L, !illI, fft, ~, ~m 6Trni!)!W 6Tc!:p:i>~a;6YTIrn Ulrn . w' 6TrnW/W !LLWU@ QwtU QJ~fM UlrnQJ(l1jw !Lu1Im[J8= alFn-8i(!!jW.
!L-W:-
mT, m (!prn <!9IQJrjJPJrn @m 6Tc!:p:i>~8;a;@jW a;, IF, (9, U, us, UJ Q/W ru@W. 6)"mmUJ QJIT[1IT.
QQJmra;6IJW, QrumralFlT!l)l, Qrumr@jwro61, QQJmru~, QQJrmrw6IJfr, wmrUJIT~, wmrfillro61~, QrumrLm~, LJrna;mr.
LJrnQlFtU, LJrn@jwro61, LJrnuu1In-, QUlTrnUJIT~, QUlTrnruro61~, LJrnpm6IJ.
u: (!prn u, UJ, eu W!lJ~(!!jw.
:L-W:-
:L-W:-
:L-W:-
aru~ a;11I-~, QJIT..rr a;11I-~,
filPJ~, ~~, Qutf)~,fillro61~, UJIT~ @QlrjJmpUfw 8in.L@a;.
QJ (!prn UJa;[1W alF(!!jW.
:L-W:- Q{Dru UJIT~
a u: rjJ8in.PJ UJ 6T C!:p:i>~ 8;a;..rr {D W a W IT@ alF[1lT{6 6TC!:P:i>~ 8; a; a WIT@ 8in.l1I-rn
76
77
Q)/m~QUJScfFi> Gl{DrrLlT {i)mLScGlfFrrtDGl!DrrLrr :LrfiScGlfFrrtD Gl !DrrLrr ~@8;®i>Gl~rrLrr
:L-W: Gll{6tp1 aurr~rrm
:L - W: W tD Gl!D rrm!!JI
:L-W: ~WI aum~
:L-w: umbu urrwLJ
w6fu + ~tp1 = W_I1!.tp1 Glurrm + ~tp1 = Glurrrnptpl w[Jw + ®PltpI = w[JffiJ®PltpI usmb + ~tp1 = w[J{6~tp1 w[Jw + filPltpl = w[J~filPltpl aGll~ + ~tp1 = aQJPtpl
{i)QJtDm!D {i)8;lbrr~i>{Drrrr LJmrrri>iJ!GlUJ(.!::p{Drrtpl W_~tp1 Glurrm~tp1 6T~Q[W ~Gllm{Drrm, aurr~rr~{Drrm 6T~Q[W 6T(.!::ptplQJrr.
aGlltD!!JImw ~~QJl:fiu Glurr(!!jliiirlb~tD afFrrQJ~ ~ruGlluGlurr(!!j1iiir lb~8;albtDU {i)UJ~urrlLfw ~~~tp1 Q)/lbrr[JW GlUtD!!JIW afFrr{6tp1 {61tD(f!jW.
:L-W:-
{i) ruGll~Gll I:fi aGll tD!!JImwu Gl u rr(!!jliiirlb~ tD fil su GlfFrrtDlb ~8;alb
LJmrMfilQ)/iJ! {i)ffiJalb 8i>.!DUU@W. 67m~UJGlltDm!D ~mWll~ (!JJ{D~UJ {i)~8;lbmr !§JT~lb~tD lbrrmtlb.
:LUJrriJ!mmru GluUJrrlb~m (!JJm~rrlb Gll~Gl~(.!::pi>tp1 (!JJ{DmGlwrrl:filbm
Gll{6{Drr~, Glu(!!jwurr~w ~UJ~urr®Wj fil!!JIurrmmwSc GlfFrrtDlbliiir
Q)/lbrr[Juu@W.
:L-W:- u;wL5I + GlurfiUJm = ~wL5I Glu&UJm ({j)UJ.vL/)
wffiJmlb + filPlUJIiiir = wffiJmlb filPlUJm ({j)UJ.vL/)
~Gllm + GlurfiUJm = ~Gllm GlurfiUJm ({j)UJ.vL/) lbL51~m + u[Jmrm = lbL51~ u[Jmrir (ro/s;rruw)
~[JfFm + Gllliiir~~ = ~[JfF QJIiiir~~ (ro/s;rruw) aGll~rr~m + L51mm~ = aQJ~rr_ L51,"m~ (ro/s;rruw) GlfFL.l1I- + Gl{D(!!j = .GlfFL.l1I-~Gl{D(!!j (ro/s;rruw)
{i)[J_Lrrw aGlltD!!JImw :L-W: Glurrmm~8; Gllbrr@:i>{Drrm
Glurrm Gllbrr@i>{Drtm
eyJm!DrrW aGlltD!!JImw :L-W: lb~~rr~ 6TPI{6{Drrm
lb~ 6TPI{6{Drrm
~rrmlbrrW aQJtD!!JImw :L-W: fFrr:i>{DW18;® Wlbm
fFrri>f!)m Wlbm
eJ {6{D tnb aGll tD!!JI m LD :L-W: wm~u51m Gl'l/p ~(!!ji1Sl
wm~ Gl'l/p ~(!!jQ)/
~!Drrw aGlltD!!JImw :L-W: UJrrm~u51~tp1 lbrrtpl
UJrrm~8; lbrrtpl
67y>rrw aQJtD!!JImw :L-w: wm~u51mlb_ Gl~~
wm~ Q~~
~ ~ eu I:fi L5I mGll (!!j us rr!!JI :
Q)/m~i> Gl{Drrmlb :L-W: ti1!!!JI lb rrriJ
u-LJi> Q{Drrmlb !L-W: lb(!!jffiJ(f!jiJ!m[J
!LGllmwi> Gl{Drrmlb !L-W: W iJ! c!plb W
:Lwmwi> Gl{Drrmlb :L-W: {i)[Jrruulb~
~mGlwrrl:fi:i> Gl{Drrmlb !L-W: 'l:J,ffiJ®y>~' Gll{6{Drrliiir
6T(.!::pGllrrriJi> Gl{DrrLrr :L-W: lb{6{Dm Gll{6{Drrm
Q)/~i> Gl{DrrLfr fL-W: lb {6{D rr! eu tt
Gl{Drfi {61m~ Q)/m ~(!JJtD!!JI !L-W: Gll{6{Drrm lb{6{Dm
®PI u LJ Q)/m ~(!JJtD!!JI :L-W: GlurfiUJm lbj~m
GluUJGl[JSc~ Gl{DrrLrr :L-W: Gllj{D lbj{Dm ai-L..@ iUl ATIT(9lm ~1TJi>IJiAII(9l Ii! 4A11ri ~'"
~, {i), a, 6Tm!D q.L.GlL(.!::P:i>tpl8;lb~rn (!JJm@lw 'er 6Tm!D Q)/~rr 6T(.!::pi>iJ!m (!JJm@lw :Lu51(!!jw {i)mLu51~(!JJw Gll{6{Drr~ Qllb[JW LiSJ®W. Gll~~~(!JJW Glw~~~(!JJW Gll{6{Drr~ ~ruGlGll(.!::pi>tpI8;lba~ LiSJ®W.
:L-W:-
~ + ~[JfFm = ~ruGll[JfFm {i) + ~[JfFm = {i)ruGll[JfFm :L + ~[JfFm = :LruGll[JfFm fiT + ~[JfFm = fiTruGll[JfFar
~ + UJrrm~ = ~ruUJrrm~ {i) + UJrrm~ = {i)ruUJrrm~ :L + UJrrmrm = :LruUJrr~tffi, fiT + UJrrm~ = fiTruUJrrm~ r:
~ + albrru51~ ~ ~8;albrru51~ } ru.v6l51m(!pw Qw.v6l51rn(!pw
~ + ~mPl = ~{6u;mPl ruu ~rururu Qru(!jl!6Gfb Lii/li,s;§iI
78
79
&I1Ji!Jilfp
GluUlGl[J8:<!1(.D, ruJmrmey;p!f)l, ~!DfTW Grup!f)lmW :L(i!jLJ, J/oo"rfilmmru u.mmwu GluUlIT~filUlruPrfiI.m ey;.m ru~Gl~~j>~ filUl~UfT(!5W.
:L-W:- :LmrL + (!5fijlP61[J = :LmrL (!5fijlm[J
!LmrLrm + (!5fijlm[J = :LmrLrm (!5fijlQl[J
U~ + m8i8i1iih" = U~ m8i8i1iih"
a...1Ji!Jlilip
~.m!DfTW Grup!f)lmw !L(i!jLJ. ~!DfTW Grup!J)lmw !L(i!jLJ, fnmr~u GlUUlIT, ruJmrmj> Glfh fTm8i , 8i-L@UGlUUlIT ~filUl filruprfiI.m ey;.mru(i!jW ru~dlrmw filUl~UfTW.
!L-W:-
<!1fTj>fhGlrmfT@ Gl8ifTmrLfT.m <!1fTj>fhrm~ m8i
fj/(i!j m8i
~@8iml!f)l
~~ (!5rfi1~
U~, fil~ fn.mW/w Gl<!1fTp8i1iih" fhw.i(!5W ey;.mW/w UI!DruPrfil.m ey;.mW/w UI.mru(i!jwfT!J)l LJmr(i!jw.
!L-w:- U~ + U~ = U~U~, ueauiseo, upu~ fil~ + fil~ = fil~fil~, fil~8:fil~, filpfilQ) UGO + 8imGO = uG08imGO, u~8imGO
fil GO + !6 fTliih" = fil GO!6 fTliih", fil arrmfT,,"
~.!i>JD1W~IJi!J ilfp
ru.mGl!DfTLIT J/~GOfTfhmru8i,," J/~rulPuS/~ filUl~UfTlU ey;L9-'4w•
dtJ,1Ji1J!Jilf P
~, WfT fn.mW/w Gl<!1fTp8iml.m ey;.mW/w ruJmrmey;p!f)l ey;~W/w ru~GlGO~j>~ filUl~UfT(!5W.
!L-w:- ~ + (!5rfi1~ = ~(!5rfi1~ WfT + (!5rfi1~ = WfT(!5rfi1~
!LmrmrfT + (!5fijlm[J8i1iih" = :LmrmrfT (!5fijlm[J8i1iih"
~1Ji!J tBlJilJ!J FFPlJiftr
fn~rufTUlfh GlfhfTLIT !LWmwj> GlfhfTm8i8iml~ filUl~UfT'4W; umrLJj> Glfh fTm8i , !Lrumwj> GlfhfTm8i, wmrmGlUl8:<!1W filruprfil~ Wl(!5ri~w; filGO fn~rufTtUj> GlfhfTLIfJ~ ruJ8ipUWfT'4W ru(i!jGlw~j>~8: G<!1(i!jw. :L-w:-
g-~QJI"';'~ Q!6IlLti" : U(i!jj>fijl + (!5rfi1~ = U(i!jj>fijl (!5rfi1~ UlfTmrm + 8i1fJ~ = UlfTmrm 8i1fJ~
'_WAlID~ Q!6"A1 .. : U[J~ + 8ifTITj>fijlm8i = U[J~ 8ifTITj>fijlm8i UlfTmrm + (!5fijlm[J = UlfTmrm (!5fijlm[J
U-LJ~ Q!6"a .. : wfTfil + jr§J8i1iih" :" wfTfilj> jr§J8i,," <!1fTm[J + UfTWLJ = <!1fTm[Ju UITWLJ
aiAlarQlUi6W: ~L9- + GUfTrmfT.m = ~L9-U GUlTrmlTar
'_QJalD~ Q!6l1a .. : 8ifTruJ + 8imr = 8ifTw.i8imr umrm + m8i = umrm.im8i
:L-W:-
fn~rufTtU: !6fT(!5 + 8iL9-~ =!6".(!5 8iL9-~
fno00(!5 + 8i~ = fiTOO,,~ 8i~
ru[J(!5 + filrfil~ = QJ[J(!5 filrfil~
(!5[Jr§J(!5 + GlulfJ~ = (!5[Jr§J(!5 GlulfJ~ Glfh 1iih"(!5 + Gl8iITL9-~ = GlJijIiih"(!5 Gl8i fTL9-~
ruJmrm fiThw: GlUIT~ + Gl<!1.m!DIT.m = GlUfT(i!j~ Gl<!1.m!DIT.m QJri~ + GUlTrmlTar = ruri~ GUlTrmlT.m
fntU~ + Gl8ifT.m!DIT.m = fiTtU~ G)8ifT.m!DIT.m
ruJmrmj> GlfhfTm8i: fV(!5 + 8ifT~ = fV(!58ifT~
~o"o(!5 + UI~ = J/o""(!5U1in1l GlU(i!j(!5+fhrmw= GlU(i!j(!5fhrmw
~ r§J (!5 + (!5 GO W = ~r§J (!5 (!5 GO W fiTtU~ + GlUIT(i!j1iih" = fiTtU~ GlUfT(i!j1iih"
i}A1Li Q611iJ&_: ~.m!f)l + 8imrLfT.m = J/.m!J)l8imrur.m. filGO filmL8:Gl<!1fTP8iml.m ey;.m ru~dlrmw Wl(!5w.
!L-W:-
~r§J(!5 + 8imrLIT.m = ~r§J(!5.i8imrLfT.m UlfTmr@ + Gl<!1.m!DfT.m = UlfTmr@8: Gl<!1.m!DIT.m
g-~QJI"';'~ Q!6I1Lti": filmI + (!5rfi1~ = filmI.i(!5rfi1~, filmI(!5rfi1~ fijlmrm + (!5rfi1~ = jmrm.i(!5rfi1~, fijlmrm(!5rfi1~
[j)mLj> GlJij ITL IT. ~tUfhj> GlfhfTLIT, Gl!6 L9-P Gl!DlTut• :LuS/ITj>GlJijITL'; ~filUlruPrfil.m ey;.mGrup!f)lmwuS/~w QJ~dlrmw Wl8iIT~.
!L-W:
80
81
6Tooo(!!j + 8i@mLD = 6Toaa(!!j 8i@mLD JDIT(!!j + 8i1T~ = JDIT(!!j8iIT~
eu U(!!j + 8i fi) tT = eu U(!!j 8i fi) tT
8'1fjIJ GlJD IlI-P Gl!DITLlT, !Lu5ItT{i; GltfjlTLtT8ifiiT (gruiJ!!)1mLDu5I~ IilJm-Gl!1>ITLtT8i mlTfiI eu ~ 661 m W t1i1li (!!j C!p IlI-ILf w.
~@ + 8i1T~ = ~L@li8ilT~ (!:P(!!j@ + 8i1T~ = c!p(!!jL@li8ilT~ (!:P u51!!)1 + 8i IT~ = C!p u5I P !!)1li8i IT~
8'1f!)JUITm-mLD (grup!!)1mLDu5I~ (gLDp8iJ>..I)5/UJ Q)]fi) GlU!DITLDSUW
~~IilJyS/u51~ (gLDP8iJ>..I)5/UJ Q)]fi) Glup!!)1W C!PllI-lLfw.
8i1T@ + ~umr = 8iITLLumr eu U@ + ~ @ = eu UL L IT@
(!!j(!!j@ + (g8iITyS/ = (!!j(!!jL@li(g8iITyS/
GlLDm-Gl!DITLITli (!!jpI)5/UJSU8iuffiJ8iro/p 8'1fjIJ rum-Gl!DITLtT5 (!!jpI)5/UJ
!L-W:-
!L-W:-
tfjlTm/j) + I,j, = tfjlT/:p + ~W + I,;J, " tfjlT/j)WI,j, 8'1fj1J, !9 Gl8iLIT~ 8'lTIflmUJ Glup!!)1 C!PIlI-ILfW.
!L-W:-
Ljm-mm + 8i1T1im~ = Ljm-mmUJffiJ8ilTlim~ c!p~mfjIJ + tfjlTtT = c!p~mfjlJUJ!6tfjlTtT
'1I1l liJlai J!>~';' Q"'ITJ!>lfim
tfj~li (!!jpGl!D~{i;(gtfjlT@mm GlLDtiJ !Lu5ItT lilJ!6tfjlT~ {iJUL@W.
JD IT@ + fil/j) (g1ilJ 1Tm- = JD IT@ fiI/j) (g1ilJ 1Tm- 8i1T@ + ~8iW = 8iITL8iW
LDmr + ~1fI~ = LDmr + mr + ~1fI~ = LDmrlimlfl~ GlUITm- + ~1fI~ = GlulTm-mlfl~
GlLDtiJGlUJ~~f;im- Ulm- fLJ8iU c!ptfjm- GlLDITyS/IilJ!6tfjlT~ {iJmLu5I~ {iJ8iUW (g8'(!!jw.
!L-W:-
!L-W:-
(g eu m + UJ ITIilJ m- = (g1ilJ ro/ UJ ITIilJ mLDmr + UJIT~ = LDmr~UJIT~
LD(!!j!6~ + mil = LD(!!j{i;~umu 8i(!!jWLJ + Q)]~ = 8i(!!jULJQ)]~
6lIIJ1fi!J QTIfi IJid ~ lfim
uw, m- Q'Jp!!)1,j Gl8'lTp8ifiiT (gIilJP!!)1mLDu5I~ L, flJ Q'Jpf!)J,j Gl8'lTp8imlTw. ~~IilJyS/u51~ rUJ~UIT(!!jW. !L-w:-
(lQl iJJ!)JfiII)llJ 8'1!!)1 8i mr + 8i ro/ f!)J = 8'1!!)1 8i L 8i ro/ fJlI
{ GlU.ITm- + tfj8i@ = ~UITP!D8i@
.!JIQ)QI/P1 LDIim + 8i1ll-~ = LDIim8iIll-~ GlUITm- + 8i1ll-~ = GlUITm-8iIll-~
SU8iuffiJ8imlT(!!jw; UfjIJ ~8iIT. !L-W:-
QlArGltoll'L'; "QI ..
eu mr@ + 8i IT~ = eu [email protected] IT~ U!6~ + fi)UL8'1 = U!6~{i; fi)UL8'1
8'1fjIJ GlLDm-Gl!DITLtT8ifiiT '!9' 6Tm-!D 6T~{i;mtfjU GluPIJ)l, 6lJ~GlfjlJ~{i;1jI t1i1.i (!!j (!:P IlI-ILf tb,
umr@ + 8ilTfjlJW = umrmLli8ilTfjlJw {iJm-f!)J + 6lJmu = {iJpm!D6lJmu ~mr@ + fi)ru8'W = ~LmL{i; fi)6lJ8'W ~m-1J)l + 8iJ>..661 = ~pm!Dli8iJ>..661
JIG\) tBlfilTlJ id~lfim
8'1 fjIJ t98i lTuQ'J P f!)J,j Gl8'ITP8i fiiT FFp f!)J t98i ITUW Gl8i L @, ~ W 6Tm!D 8'1T1fI m UJ Glupf!)J C!PIlI-ILfW.
!L-W:-
tfj~.i(!!jpGl!D~{i;(g{l>IT@ (g8'UITf6 mr, m- 58i," j58iU (!:pf6m GlLDITyS/ciUJIT@ (g8'(!!jw(gUIT~ Gl8i@w.
!L-W:- ~mr + JDmlJ)l =~. + IimmlJ)l = ~limm!!)1
U8"rLDmr + !6mlJ)l = U8"rLD~ + Iimmf!)J = U8"rLDlimmf!)J
(gf6Glmm-!D Gl8'IT~ {iJUJ~UITf6SUW, FF!!)1Gl8iL@ 6lJ~GlfjlJ~ti~
t1i1(!!jtfjSUW, GlLD~GlfjlJ~{i;~ t1i1(!!jf6SULDITW. !L-W:-
(lQl iJJ!)JfiII)llJ: .!JIQ)QI/P1:
(gtfjm + (!!jLW = (gtfjm(!!jLW, (gf6.i(!!jLW. (gf6ffiJ(!!jLW
(gf6m + (!!jIJ)WLJ = (gf6m(!!j/j)WLj, (g{l>5(!!jIJ)WLj, (g{l>ffiJ(!!jIJ)WL/
llJIfi!Jid ~
(g6lJpf!)JmLDu5IiJllw. ~~6lJlIJu5I~ umrLJ~ Gl{l>lTm5. !LfilJmLD~
82
Gl{ljlTrnS;S;~W llJs;[J~IjJf!)lq Gl8'ITIjJs;roir, Lu51(!§w @rnLu51w(!pw ru~G61w(!pw ru~{ljITG>iJ FFIjJf!)l iM;[JW GlS;L(ElU L/mT(!§W. @(!§ruySJu51SJ1w Glw~G61ww ru~{ljITSJlw Gls;(Elw.
83
g~",," {
'_';'am" GJ,..a.. { aIla ..... GJ .. 'a.. {
L-W:-
W[JW + &/LCI- = W[J + &/LCI- = W[JruLCIW[JW + (Jru" = W[J(Jru"
W[JW + (JS;IT@ = W[J.i(JS;IT(El
{
{ ruLLW + S;~ = ruLL.iS;~ ruLLW + ~YSJ = ruLLrulTySJ ruLLW+ruLCI-ruW=ruLLruLCI-ruW
{
ueuaui: + rulTlU = urum QJITIU
I.J)[JW + !61T" = W[J!6lTrT (WS;[JW GlS;LL~)
W[JW + JEmrL~ = LD[JJEmrL~ (LDS;[JW GlS;LL~)
umrL/i; Gl{ljlTrns;, Lrurnwi; Gl{ljlTrns;UJ~~1T fjJrnwUJ Gl{ljITLrTs;661~, LDS;[JGlWIiJ ru~G61ww ru[J.iGlS;LIT~, @wGlw~Gl~c!:pi;{ljITs;i; j)lfIlLJw. ruJrnwUJIT~rnmTlLJw GluUJIflf!)ljlllJs;[J(!pw {ljoo.i@j!D1rn~q 8'lTrT~{lj llJs;[J(!pw (JruljJf!)lrnwu51SJ1w ru~G61ww ru[J.iGlS;LIT~, @wGlruc!:pi;{ljITs;i; jllfllLJw.
(JruliJ + @j!D1~ = (JruliJ@j!D1~ (JrurT + fi'I!D1~ r: (JrurTfi'I!D1~ UJITIP + GlulfI~ = UJITIPGlulfl~
(J u IiJ + {,!ffi W = (J u IiJ {,!ffi W
JErT + S;W~ = JErTS;W~
@s;!:p + L/s;1P = @s;IPL/s;1P
Gl8'1iJ + S;Lm- = Gl8'IiJS;Lm-
G;il>rT + GlulT(!§roir = G{ljtTGl U IT(!§roir
~IP + L/W~ = ~IPL/w~
Lmr~UJrT+(JUlTrulTm-=Lmr~UJrT(JUlTrulTm-
{ {
Gl W IiJ + flIT i; jl = Gl tIl 1iJ.i flrt i; jl S;lTrT + U(!§ruw = S;lTrTUU(!§ruw !'!'!:p + uiDrnru = !,!,lPuuiDrnru
(J eu IiJ + G~ ITroir = (Jru IiJ {i; (J{lj ITroir S;IT" + @j1:P~ = S;lTrT.i@jI:P~
S;ITIP + ius.exub = S;1T!:pUULCl-ruw
(JUITIiJ + GlS;lTmrLITm- = (JUITIiJ.i GlS;lTmrLITm-
L-W:-
!6ITW + S;LCl-UJw = !6lTffiJS;LCl-UJw tEJ~w + ~ = tEJ~~~
Lmr~w + G8'ITf!)l = Lmr~@j(J8'ITf!)l LmrLww + fi'I!D1GUJw = LmrLw@j fi'I!D1(JUJw fi'I!D1(JUJw+rns;=fi'I!D1(JUJffiJrns;
!6W + rns; = !6ffiJrns;
L-W:-
Alai(J mai(J of,ol
Q)S;[J 6YTs;[JffiJs;roir (JruljJf!)lrnLDu51~ fDs;[J Ls;[JffiJs;roir ~@jw. &/G>iJruySJu51~
@uJ~UIT~ILJW j)1fI~~w ru(!§w. GlLD~Gl~c!:p{i;~s;661m- (!Pm- ~S;[J
(jWs;[JffiJs;mlTs;i; iiJlfIlLJw. L-W:-
GruljJf!)lrnwu51~ llJS;[J GlWIiJGlS;L(El ru~Gl~~i;tPI
Glw~Gl~c!:pi;~ t..EI@j{ljSJIw ~@jw.
L-W:-
{
S;~ + @j65lS; = s;1jJ@jrns; (!pm + @jrns; = (!pL@jrnS;
W,/}",IIR',oI
6Tc!:prulTliJi; Gl{ljITLrT Lwrnwi;Gl{ljlTrns; ruJrnwi; Gl{ljlTrns;s;661~ OJ, g, lP FFIjJ!D1m- (!pm- ru~Gl~c!:p{i;~ Liils;IT~ @UJ~UITIiJ (!PLCl-ILJW' umrL/i; Gl{ljlTrns; LrurnLDi; Gl{ljlTrns;s;661~ ruG>iJGl~c!:p{i;~ t..EI@jW gS;[J ~1jJf!)l ruJrnw 6Tq8'i;iiJm-
!61T1iJ + S;IT~ = !61T1iJ.iS;IT~
(J{ljrT + fi'I~ = (J{ljMfi'lG>iJ
!'!'IP + Gl8'ruJ = !'!'IPQGl8'ruJ (JruliJ + @j1:P~ = (JQJliJffiJ@jl:P~
{
S;~ + @j!D1~ = S;~@j!D1~, s;1jJ@j!D1~ ({!J'T>!JUJrr&j; ~Ifl~~)
(!proir + @j!D1~ = (!proir@j!D1~, (!pL@j!D1~ (LQ;!JUJrrs;p;~lf1t6M1)
84
85
(}6lJUJQ)JalW 8i~ + wlTLfil = 8iGMWITLfil (mS;IJLDITS;~ ~rf1t6{1)~) (!pm + wlTLfil = (YlmrwlTLfil ( __ S;IJLDITS;~ ~rf1t6{1)fP)
®!D~/D~{Jja:$lT@ alF[JlT~ QJ8i[J i1T8i[Jrfil8im 6lJ~il51QrW 6lJ~:$ITQ,
fiT~6lJlTrU{Jj ~{DITLtT, Lwmw{Jj ~:$lTm8i, ru/G'IiI~~{DITLtT, ru/mQr(!P!DQ)Jj, ~{DITLtT, ru/mQr{Jj~{DlTm8i ~$)IU6lJ!D¢l~ {i)1U~UITW. umr4~ ~{DlTm8i, L6lJmw{Jj~{DlTm8i, ru/mQr fiT8:lFW ~$)IU6lJ!Du5I~ ~1f}U.fw. L-W:-
~UIT!DcDmw, 8i!DcDmw, ~uITGMQrGMmw, 8iGMQrGMmw
WL~mw, (!pL~mw, wmr~GMmw, (!pmr~GMmw
~ru6lJlTQ)J ~1f}~fPI 6lJ~{DQr(}6lJ.
fiTGMUQr6lJ W, fiTGMUQr6lJU
{ 8i1T~ + 8iL9-fPI = 8i1T~8iL9-fPI
w[Jrfil8im + 8iL9-IUQr = w[Jrfil8im 8iL9-IUQr
{ {
{ { {
{
uWlil~
1. UlmQJ<!§QJQrQJcbm/D{Jj jI<!§{Jj~ fiT~fPllT..
{i)rutff/Q)tD, Qi8.u'lmtD, UITQJ6;IT.LQ" UlT!D6;8.LQ" "",11iI®GlIFm/DlTm, QJ[J®ujltT, m{DjirriI8.flir
2.I!.LtDU@ GlWW8.flir WlTimQJ? fiTwGlQJwGlQJ~{JjfPI8.filflm C!Jlm fiTwGlQJru6lfLtDU@Glww QJ<!§tD?
3. UlmQJ<!§QJQrQJ!Dtii5'J/DU 4fiWtTj,~ fiT~~8..
~@ + ~L_L9-; afljm- + ~LtD; aQJQJ + um.L; 8.Q, + !5m!J)l.
4. Ill, IT,!p FI'!J)I8.flir umr4j, GlfljlTmIT. I!.QJmwj, GlfljlTmIT.uJlQ, fiTIOiIQJIT!J)I C!JlL9-Uf tD? I!.fljlT[JfiWtD {D<!§8..
5. ~!DGl/D~j,a{DlT@ alF[JlTflj 1iIJ8i[J m-8.[JI1iIIT.flir QJQ,GlQ)~j,~m C!Jlm fiTW QJ IT!J)I 4 fiWtT~~ C!Jl L9- Uf tD?
6.tDIT.[J FI'!D!J)I8: GlIFlTcb8.flir FI'!J)IGlIT.L_@ {iJwQ,UITW tflcbuB fiTuGlUIT~Glfljm-!J)ItD, FI'!J)IGl8.L_@ QJQ,GlQ)~j, aflj~tD GlwQ,GlQ)~j,aflj~tD UiJ~f!jQJ fiTIOiIQSlLJiGlf!jAr!J)ltD 8ft!J)l8..
8i1T~ + md§ = d§1T~md§
~ulT<!§m+ 4d§,p = ~ulT<!§m4d§,p
(}:$ITGM/D~ + 8iA/DlTrU = a{DlTm/D~ 8iA/DIT,u W.$d§lTflir + ~lFlT~.DtT = w.$d§lTm ~lFlT~.DtT
Lmru~ + filu51(}lUm = Lmru~ filu51(}lUm (}d§m + lFlT{Jj{D1T = (}d§m lFlT~~1T
6lJlTm + umL = 6lJITLUmL
~d§(;l)lTfPI ~~8ilTfPI ft,u.$d§IT,u6lJlTtT (}UIT(;l) ~8iIP6lJlTm[J{Jj {DlTrfil®w [§I(;l)WaUIT(;l) ~.$$)m'lu5)!DUL_L ~W~®aUIT(;l) ~rfild§~{JjfPI!iir L.$8i ~LEI,p{DWaUIT(;l) ~afil~(;l)1T 6lJmrL9-(}ulT(;l)
~@{Jj{DfPI d§ITC@W uG'lilrfil®aUIT(;l) ~L9-lUfjJtp w[JwaUIT(;l)
~L9-6lJu5J!Du5I~ ~!Jj(!!jumu.$ ~d§ITLL9-QrIT!DaUIT(;l) ~mLd§IT.$®w a8iITy5!(}UIT(;l)
~{Jj~ 1:!fo{D1T!D(}UIT(;l)
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100
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102
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