Presentación de gramática: To be (5 /11)

Introduction
To be is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I am late.
Jane and Mike are at the movies.
We are going on a trip.

Form - The present simple tense

Affirmative Negative Questions
I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) Am I... ?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not or you aren't) Are you... ?
he/she/it is he/she/it is not (he's/she's/it's not or he/she/it Is he/she/it...
(he's/she's/it's) isn't) ?
we are (we're) we are not (we're not or we aren't) Are we... ?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not or you aren't) Are you... ?
they are (they're) they are not (they're not or they aren't) Are they... ?

 I am late.
 Jane is tall.
 Peter and Richard are early for the train.
 Lauren and I are in the same team at work.
 I'm not angry.
 She's not hungry.
 They aren't from New Zealand.

Short answers

I am.
Yes, he/she/it is.
we/you/they are.
I'm not.
No, he/she/it isn't.
we/you/they aren't.

 Are you from the United States?

Yes, I am.
 Are they teachers?
Yes, they are.
 Is John a doctor?
No, he isn't.
  Are Paul and Mary ready for their trip?
No, they aren't.

Use
Existence
 There is a man in the garden.
 There are four books on the shelf.

Sensation, a feeling or a state of mind

 I'm hot.
 She's thirsty.
 We're hungry.
 They're cold.

Talking about yourself and others

 I am Fred.
 You are 31 years old.
 Richard is a nice man.
 They are doctors.
 We are happy.

Auxiliary verb
'Be' is used as the auxiliary verb when forming the present continuous
and the expression 'be going to':

 I am going on vacation next week.

 Are you listening to me?
 Bill is taking the next train.
 Fred and Harry aren't working today.
 We are going to be late.

 
Presentación de gramática: There is/there are (5 /12)

Introduction
To have is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I have a new car.

Martha has a lot of things to do.

Form
Present Tense
Affirmative Negative Question
I have I do not have ( don't have) Do I have ... ?
you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ... ?
he/she/it has he/she/it does not have (doesn't have) Does he/she/it have ...?
we have we do not have (don't have) Do we have ...?
you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ...?
they have they do not have (don't have) Do they have ...?

 You have one apple and two oranges.

 She has three reports due on Friday.
 They have a new baby.
 She doesn't have a car.
 They don't have any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it does.
Yes,
I/we/you/they do.
he/she/it doesn't.
No,
I/we/you/they don't.

 Do you have a map?

Yes, I do.
 Does the department have a new director?
Yes, it does.
 Does he have time to meet with me today?
No, he doesn't.
 Do they have the tickets for the play tonight?
No, they don't.

Past tense
 I
you
Affirmative had
he/she/it
we
they
I
you
Negative did not have (didn't have)
he/she/it
we
they
I
you
Questions Did have...?
he/she/it
we
they

 You had a meeting last Friday.

 We had a great time at the event.
 She didn't have any pets when she was young.
 They didn't have enough time to talk about the next project.

Short answers

Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they did.

No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't.

 Did you have enough money to buy the tickets?

Yes, I did.
 Did they have dinner in a restaurant?
Yes, they did.
 Did the package have the right address?
No, it didn't.
 Did Jane and Harry go to the meeting?
No, they didn't.

Have got
British English often uses the form "have got" instead of "have". This is
not common in American English.

Present Tense

I
Affirmative have got ('ve got)
you
 we
they
he/she/it has got ('s got)
I
you
have not got (haven't got)
Negative we
they
he/she/it has not got (hasn't got)
I
you
Have/Haven't got...?
Questions we
they
Has/Hasn't he/she/it got...?

 You have got one apple and two oranges.

 She has got three reports due on Friday.
 They have got a new baby.
 She hasn't got a car.
 They haven't got any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it has.
Yes,
I/we/you/they have.
he/she/it hasn't.
No,
I/we/you/they haven't.

 Have you got a map.

Yes, I have.
 Has he got any time to meet with me today?
Yes, he has.
 Hasn't he got seven cousins?
No, he hasn't.
 Haven't they got a dog?
No, they haven't.

Use
Possession
 We have a dog.
 He has a house.
 I have three apples.
We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to describe possession.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

 I've got a new computer.

 I haven't got a DVD player.
 Has he got my letter?

Food and drink

 I have breakfast at 7:00 a.m.
 We have lunch at 12:00 p.m.
 He has salad at lunch.
 Do they often have dinner at a restaurant?
No, they don't.
 Have you got a drink?
 Do you have some water?
Yes, I do.

Appearance
 She has blue eyes.
 We have brown hair.
 You have long legs.
 I have big hands.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about
appearance.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o She's got blue eyes.

o We've got brown hair.

Family
 You have one brother and two sisters.
 She has got three brothers.
 They have seven cousins.
 We have got twelve grandchildren.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about family.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o I've got one brother and two sisters.

o I haven't got any cousins. My mother was an only child.

 
Introduction
To have is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I have a new car.

Martha has a lot of things to do.

Form
Present Tense
Affirmative Negative Question

I have I do not have ( don't have) Do I have ... ?

you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ... ?

he/she/it has he/she/it does not have (doesn't have) Does he/she/it have ...?

we have we do not have (don't have) Do we have ...?

you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ...?

they have they do not have (don't have) Do they have ...?

 You have one apple and two oranges.

 She has three reports due on Friday.
 They have a new baby.
 She doesn't have a car.
 They don't have any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it does.
Yes,
I/we/you/they do.

he/she/it doesn't.
No,
I/we/you/they don't.

 Do you have a map?

Yes, I do.
 Does the department have a new director?
Yes, it does.
  Does he have time to meet with me today?
No, he doesn't.
 Do they have the tickets for the play tonight?
No, they don't.

Past tense
I
you
Affirmative he/she/it had
we
they

I
you
Negative he/she/it did not have (didn't have)
we
they

I
you
Questions Did he/she/it have...?
we
they

 You had a meeting last Friday.

 We had a great time at the event.
 She didn't have any pets when she was young.
 They didn't have enough time to talk about the next project.

Short answers

Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they did.

No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't.

 Did you have enough money to buy the tickets?

Yes, I did.
 Did they have dinner in a restaurant?
Yes, they did.
 Did the package have the right address?
No, it didn't.
 Did Jane and Harry go to the meeting?
No, they didn't.
Have got
British English often uses the form "have got" instead of "have". This is
not common in American English.

Present Tense
I
you
have got ('ve got)
Affirmative we
they

he/she/it has got ('s got)

I
you
we have not got (haven't got)
Negative
they

he/she/it has not got (hasn't got)

I
you
Have/Haven't we got...?
Questions
they

Has/Hasn't he/she/it got...?

 You have got one apple and two oranges.

 She has got three reports due on Friday.
 They have got a new baby.
 She hasn't got a car.
 They haven't got any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it has.
Yes,
I/we/you/they have.

he/she/it hasn't.
No,
I/we/you/they haven't.

 Have you got a map.

Yes, I have.
 Has he got any time to meet with me today?
Yes, he has.
  Hasn't he got seven cousins?
No, he hasn't.
 Haven't they got a dog?
No, they haven't.

Use
Possession
 We have a dog.
 He has a house.
 I have three apples.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to describe possession.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

 I've got a new computer.

 I haven't got a DVD player.
 Has he got my letter?

Food and drink

 I have breakfast at 7:00 a.m.
 We have lunch at 12:00 p.m.
 He has salad at lunch.
 Do they often have dinner at a restaurant?
No, they don't.
 Have you got a drink?
 Do you have some water?
Yes, I do.

Appearance
 She has blue eyes.
 We have brown hair.
 You have long legs.
 I have big hands.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about appearance.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o She's got blue eyes.

o We've got brown hair.

Family
 You have one brother and two sisters.
  She has got three brothers.
 They have seven cousins.
 We have got twelve grandchildren.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about family.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o I've got one brother and two sisters.

o I haven't got any cousins. My mother was an only child.

 

Presentación de gramática: Las preposiciones de lugar y de

movimiento (2 /7)

Introduction
Use prepositions of place in, on, under to say where someone or something is:

The shoes are in the closet.

The money is on the table.
The cat is under the table.
I live in Los Angeles.

Use the preposition to to say where something moved:

The woman drove to the grocery store.

Uses
In
Use in to talk about a real or imaginary place or an enclosed space:

 She's in the swimming pool.

 The jam is in the jar.
 Emma is in the living room.
 I work in a school.
 The Queen lives in a palace.

Use in to talk about locations (towns, countries, areas etc.):

  I am in Paris.
 I live in the countryside.
 She is in Spain on vacation.
 We are in the city center.
 Are you in London?
 I live in the United States.

On
Use on to talk about a place, a surface, or when giving directions:

 The pizza is on the table.

 The keys are on the shelf.
 I live on the first floor.
 Her office is on the left.
 I'm sitting on the couch.
 We are on the bus.

Under
Use under to talk about something being physically below something else:

 Your shoes are under the table.

 We hide treasure under an X.
 The river flows under the bridge.
 I am reading under a tree.
 Under my sweater, I am wearing a shirt.

To
Use to with verbs which show movement to a place:

o I go to work by car.
o I need to go to the supermarket.
o I walk from my house to school everyday.
o Can I come to your house?
o I need a taxi to the airport.
o Can you tell me how to get to the hospital?
o I go to bed at 11:00 p.m.
o She is going to London for the holidays.
Presentación de gramática: Los demostrativos (5 /11)
Introduction
Demonstratives show how close or far people, places, or objects are from the
speaker.They can be singular or plural.
This, these = close to speaker
This book is next to me.
That, those = far from the speaker
That book is too far away. I can't reach it.
Formation
Demonstrative adjectives
this / these (close to the speaker)
 This - singular
This picture here is lovely.
 These - plural
These papers here on my desk are what I need.
that / those (far from the speaker)
 That- singular
That dog over there is very big.
 Those - plural
Those computers in the back of the room are broken.
Demonstrative pronouns
this one/ these ones(close to the speaker)
 This (one) - singular
This picture = This one is lovely. or This is lovely.
 These (ones) - plural
These papers = These ones here on my desk are what I need. or These here
on my desk are what I need.
that / those (far from the speaker)
 That (one) - singular
That TV = That one over there is very big. or That is very big.
 Those (ones) - plural
Those computers = Those ones in the back of the room are broken. or Those
in the back of the room are broken.
Use
Demonstrative adjectives
Use 'this' or 'these' as adjectives to talk about a person or an object near to the
speaker:
 This computer is new.
 These shoes are dirty.
Use 'that' or 'those' as adjectives to talk about a person or an object far from the
speaker:
 That restaurant across the street is expensive.
 Those birds in the sky are white.
Demonstrative pronouns
Use demonstrative pronouns to replace an object:
 This is heavy. (This box is heavy.)
 That is a good idea. (That idea is a good idea.)
 I like these. (I like these pictures.)
 Those are clean. (Those spoons are clean.)
Use demonstrative pronouns + one(s) to make a difference between one object and
other similar objects:
 I would like this one, not that one.
 I prefer these ones.
 I like those ones (oranges), not these ones (oranges).
 I will take that one (that apple, not the apples around it).
Use demonstrative pronouns in questions:
 What are these ones?
 What is that?
 Where is that one?
 Why are those ones black?
 Where are these?

Presentación de lenguaje: Cifras y números (3 /11)


Situation

observar

Elizabeth: texte

Richard: texte

Rules
Para presentar las cifras y los números
Números cardinales

1: one 11: eleven 21: twenty-one 200: two hundred

2: two 12: twelve 22: twenty-two 1000: one thousand
3: three 13: thirteen 30: thirty
4: four 14: fourteen 40: forty
5: five 15: fifteen 50: fifty
6: six 16: sixteen 60: sixty
7: seven 17: seventeen 70: seventy
8: eight 18: eighteen 80: eighty
9: nine 19: nineteen 90: ninety
10: ten 20: twenty 100: one hundred

¡Cuidado con el uso del guión!

El guión se utiliza para separar las decenas de las unidades para los números
comprendidos entre el 31 y el 99. Por lo tanto, con las centenas y los millares no se
emplea el guión.
Observa la ausencia del plural
 Two hundred (y no two hundreds)
Seven thousand (y no seven thousands)
El uso de "and:"
La conjunción "and" se utiliza para separar las centenas del resto del número.
También se utiliza para separar los millares de las decenas y unidades.
 Six hundred and twenty
 Nine thousand five hundred and seventy-two
 Five thousand and one
Números ordinales

1st: first 11th: eleventh 21st: twenty-first 1000th: one thousandth

2nd: second 12th: twelfth 22nd: twenty-second
3rd: third 13th: thirteenth 30th: thirtieth
4th: fourth 14th: fourteenth 40th: fortieth
5th: fifth 15th: fifteenth 50th: fiftieth
6th: sixth 16th: sixteenth 60th: sixtieth
7th: seventh 17th: seventeenth 70th: seventieth
8th: eighth 18th: eighteenth 80th: eightieth
9th: ninth 19th: nineteenth 90th: ninetieth
10th: tenth 20th: twentieth 100th: hundredth

Los términos matemáticos

Los cálculos
 Division: 4 ¸ 2 = 2 (four divided by two equals two)
 Multiplication: 4 x 2 = 8 (four multiplied by two equals eight / four times
two equals eight)
 Subtraction: 4 - 2 = 2 (four minus two equals two)
 Addition: 4 + 2 = 6 (four plus two equals six)

Presentación de gramática: How much/how many (5 /11)

Introduction
We use 'How much...?' and 'How many...?' to ask questions about quantities.

How much is that dress? It is $35.

How much is the ticket? It is $12.
How many cars do you have? I have two.
How many cookies did you eat? I ate four.

Use
How much...?
Use 'how much' with uncountable nouns:

 How much money do you have?

I have $10.
 How much cake is left?
There are two slices left.
 How much bread did you buy?
I bought two loaves of bread.
 How much are those shoes?
They are $40.

How many...?
Use 'how many' with countable nouns:

 How many books do you have in your bag?

I have three books.
 How many apples would you like?
I'd like four, please.
 How many blocks are there from your house to the supermarket?
There are ten blocks.
 How many brothers and sisters do you have?
I have two brothers and one sister.

 

Presentación de gramática: Los adverbios de frecuencia (5 /11)

Introduction
We use adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) to talk about
how frequently we do something.

I always walk to work.

We usually go to the supermarket on Maple Avenue every Thursday.
I often go to the pool at lunch.
Sometimes, we go to a museum on the weekend.
Clara and Lenny rarely talk on the telephone.
Paula never eats potato chips.

Form
Frequency adverbs that go before the verb
 always
We always go on vacation to Mexico.
 usually
I usually wake up at 7:00 a.m. in the morning, even on the weekend.
 often
We are often early for work.
 sometimes
I sometimes eat in restaurants.
 rarely
I rarely eat meat.
 never
I never miss the train, but today I woke up late.

Frequency adverbs with the verb 'to be'

When using the verb 'TO BE', the frequency adverb goes after the verb:

 I am usually happy.
 He is always in the office on Monday.
 They are often tired at the end of the day.

Sometimes
'Sometimes' can be at the beginning or the end of a sentence:

 Sometimes, we are late.

 It is sunny sometimes.

Use
Always
Use 'always' to talk about something that happens frequently or
something that happens 100% of the time:

 She is always late!

 Always lock the door when you leave.
 I always drink coffee for breakfast.

Usually
Use 'usually' to talk about something that normally happens quite
frequently or something that happens 80% of the time:

 Mary usually goes running after work, but today it's raining.
 The journey usually takes thirty minutes.
 Larry usually wears a suit to work.

Often
We use 'often' to talk about something that happens many times or
something that happens 60% of the time:

 I often eat lunch with my colleagues.

 Barney and I often go to the beach on the weekend.
 He often buys fresh bread from the bakery.

Sometimes
We use 'sometimes' to talk about something that does not always happen
or something that happens 40% of the time:

 Sometimes, the train is late.

 I sometimes like to eat lunch outside.
 I like to buy fresh fruit sometimes.

Rarely
We use 'rarely' to talk about something that does not always happen or
something that happens 20% of the time:

 I rarely take the bus.

 She is rarely sick.
 Jennifer rarely goes swimming.

Never
We use 'never' to talk about something that does not happen frequently
or something that happens 0% of the time:

 I never drive to work.

 The car never has any problems.
 Ron never read the newspaper.
Presentación de gramática: How much/how many (5 /11)

Introduction
We use 'How much...?' and 'How many...?' to ask questions about quantities.

How much is that dress? It is $35.

How much is the ticket? It is $12.
How many cars do you have? I have two.
How many cookies did you eat? I ate four.

Use
How much...?
Use 'how much' with uncountable nouns:

 How much money do you have?

I have $10.
 How much cake is left?
There are two slices left.
 How much bread did you buy?
I bought two loaves of bread.
 How much are those shoes?
They are $40.

How many...?
Use 'how many' with countable nouns:

 How many books do you have in your bag?

I have three books.
 How many apples would you like?
I'd like four, please.
 How many blocks are there from your house to the supermarket?
There are ten blocks.
 How many brothers and sisters do you have?
I have two brothers and one sister.
Presentación de gramática: El presente simpe en la forma afirmativa (5 /12)

Introduction
We use the present simple tense to talk about habits, facts and repeated actions.

The present simple: I read.

Form
Singular Plural
I read we read
you read you read
she/he/it reads they read

Remember: he/she/it = "s" at the end of the base form

he/she/it =works NOT he/she/it work
my brother works
Jane works

 I read books.
 You play soccer.
 Mary works very hard.
 We sing together.
 They listen to the radio.

Spelling changes in he/she/it form

-s/-sh/-ch + -s = -es

 I pass = Jane passes

 I finish = he finishes
 I search = he searches

-o + last sound is a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u) = -es

 I go = she goes
 I do = he does

-y + -s = -ies

 I study = she studies

 I try = she tries

Use
Use to talk about facts or things that are true in general:

 I like tomatoes.
 You live in New Jersey.
 They are brothers.

Use to talk about repeated actions and habits:

 I play tennis on Saturdays.

 You drink tea.
 We go to the movies every week.
 They walk to work everyday.

Presentación de gramática: El presente simple en la forma negativa (7 /12)

Introduction

In English we use the present simple tense to talk about habits, facts and repeated
actions.

present simple (positive): I work.

present simple (negative):I do not read = I don't work

Form

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I do not work/ don't work we do not work/ don't work
you do not work/ don't work you do not work/ don't work
he, she, it does not work / doesn't work they do not work/ don't work

I, you, we, they = do + not + base form:

 I do not work.
 You do not live in England.
 Harry and I do not eat meat.
 Mike, Joan, and Rick do not play tennis

he, she, it = does + not +base form:

 He does not like chocolate.

 Sandra does not have a cat.
 She does not take the bus.

To make negative sentences less formal, we use contractions:

do + not = don't

 I do not work. / I don't work.

 We do not eat meat. / We don't eat meat.
does + not = doesn't

 He does not like chocolate. / He doesn't like chocolate.

 Mary does not watch TV very often. Mary doesn't watch TV.

Use

Use to talk about facts or things that are true in general:

 Penguins don't fly.

 The supermarket does not open today.
 The dog doesn't talk.

Use to talk about repeated actions and habits:

 I don't go to the movies regularly.

 We don't swim on Tuesdays.
 They do not take the bus.
Presentación de gramática: Would/could (5 /11)

Introduction
We use 'would' and 'could' to make polite requests.

Could you please bring me a glass of water?

Would you prefer the window or the aisle seat?
Would you be able to call me tomorrow?

Form
The words 'would' and 'could' do not change.

Could
could + subject

 Could I...?
 Could you...?
 Could he/she/it...?
 Could we...?
 Could you...?
 Could they...?

Would
would + subject

 Would I...?
 Would you...?
 Would he/she/it...?
 Would we...?
 Would you...?
 Would they...?

Use
Polite requests
 Could you close the door?
 Could I use your pen?
 Could we go to the supermarket before the cinema?
 Could you tell me how to get to the train station?
  Would I be able to help?
 Would you bring me my book, please?
 Would John and Sarah like to come with me?
 Would we be able to come?

Offering and inviting

Use 'would' to offer someone something:

 Would you like a drink?

 Would you like to go shopping?

Use 'would' to invite someone somewhere:

 Would he like to go to the beach today?

 Would you be interested in coming to my house tonight?

Would like
Use 'would like' instead of 'want'. 'Would like' is more polite:

 I would like a table for four at 8:00 pm.

 I would like a cup of tea, please.

'Would' has a contracted form. We CANNOT say 'it'd'.

I'd...
You'd...
He'd/She'd/It would...
We'd...
You'd...
They'd...

 They'd like to go home now.

 I'd like some books about the moon, please.
 We'd like three sandwiches, please.
Presentación de gramática: To have (5 /11)

Introduction
To have is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I have a new car.

Martha has a lot of things to do.

Form - The present simple tense

Affirmative Negative Question
I have I do not have (don't have) Do I have ...?
you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ...?
he/she/it has he/she/it does not have (doesn't have) Does he/she/it have ...?
we have we do not have (don't have) Do we have ...?
you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ...?
they have they do not have (don't have) Do they have ...?

 You have one apple and two oranges.

 She has three reports to write.
 They have a new baby.
 She doesn't have a car.
 They don't have any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it does.
Yes,
I/we/you/they do.
he/she/it doesn't.
No,
I/we/you/they don't.

 Do you have a map?

Yes, I do.
 Does the department have a new director?
Yes, it does.
 Does he have time to meet with me today?
No, he doesn't.
 Do they have the tickets for the play tonight?
No, they don't.

Use
Possession
 We have a dog.
 He has a house.
 I have three apples.

Food and drink

 I have breakfast at 7:00 a.m.
 We have lunch at 12:00 p.m.
 He has salad at lunch.
 Do they often have dinner at a restaurant?
No, they don't.
 Do you have some water?
Yes, I do.

Appearance
 She has blue eyes.
 We have brown hair.
 You have long legs.
 I have big hands.

Family
 You have one brother and two sisters.
 She has three brothers.
 They have seven cousins.
 We have twelve grandchildren.
Presentación de gramática: How much/how many (5 /12)

Introduction
We use 'How much...?' and 'How many...?' to ask questions about quantities.

How much is that dress? It is $35.

How much is the ticket? It is $12.
How many cars do you have? I have two.
How many cookies did you eat? I ate four.

Use
How much...?
Use 'how much' with uncountable nouns:

 How much money do you have?

I have $10.
 How much cake is left?
There are two slices left.
 How much bread did you buy?
I bought two loaves of bread.
 How much are those shoes?
They are $40.

How many...?
Use 'how many' with countable nouns:

 How many books do you have in your bag?

I have three books.
 How many apples would you like?
I'd like four, please.
 How many blocks are there from your house to the supermarket?
There are ten blocks.
 How many brothers and sisters do you have?
I have two brothers and one sister.
resentación de gramática: Sustantivos contables: a lot of, many y (a) few (7 /12)

Introduction
A lot of, many and a few are used with countable nouns.

 A lot of means a large amount of something.

A lot of people are at the concert. (800 people)
 Many means a large number of things or people.
Many people take the subway to work in the city. (about 2 million people)
 A few means a small amount of something.
There are only a few cookies left. (3 or 4)

a lot of
Used with all types of nouns (countable and uncountable) in the positive,
negative and question forms:

 A lot of people speak English.

 Not a lot of people like the snow.
 Do you usually get a lot of presents for your birthday?

a lot of + plural countable noun:

 There are a lot of houses on this street.

 There are a lot of changes to make.
 I read a lot of books.
 Jane takes a lot of photographs.

"Lots of" can replace "a lot of" in positive sentences and questions:

 Do you usually get lots of presents for your birthday?

 I have lots of friends.

Many
Used with countable nouns in the positive, negative and question forms:

 Do you buy many clothes?

 No, I don't buy many CDs.
 There are many cars on the road.

"Too many" is used when there is an excess of something (often gives a

negative idea):

 There are too many cars on the roads.

a few
A few= some but not many
a few + plural countable noun

 There are a few women in the store. (2 or 3)

 There are a few books on the shelf.

Few
a Few (with no a) = almost no:

 There are few apples left. ( almost no apples, maybe 1)

 Few students like mathematics.

Don't confuse few = negative idea and a few = positive idea.

Mary has a few books. (She has some but not many)
Mary has few books. (She has almost none.)

We often use very and too to emphasise few:

 Very few people liked it.

 There are too few birds in the sky.
Presentación de gramática: El presente simple vs. el presente continuo (5 /11)

Introduction
There are two present tenses in English:

The simple present describes habits, facts and repeated actions.

I read every day.

The present continuous describes temporary situations or actions that take place at the
moment of speaking .

I am reading at the moment.

Form
The present simple
The present simple affirmative:

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I read we read
you read you read
he, she, it reads they read

The simple present negative:

 the verb " to do" in present simple + not + base form

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I do not work/ don't work we do not work/ don't work
you do not work/ don't work you do not work/ don't work
he, she, it does not work / doesn't work they do not work/ don't work

The present simple as a question:

 the verb " to do" in present simple + subject + base form

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

Do I work? Do we work?
Do you work? Do you work?
Does he/she/it work? Do they work?
The present continuous
The present continuous affirmative:

 verb "to be" in the present tense + base form of the verb '-ing':

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I am reading we are reading
you are reading you are reading
he, she, it is reading they are reading

The present continuous negative:

 verb "to be" in the present tense + not + base form of the verb '-ing'

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I am not reading we are not reading
you are not reading you are not reading
he, she, it is not reading they are not reading

The present continuous as a question:

 verb "to be" in the present tense + subject + verb '-ing'

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

Am I working? Are we working?
Are you working? Are you working?
Is he/she/it working? Are they working?

Use
The simple present vs. The present continuous
Simple present Present continuous
 facts, permanent truths  temporary activities, events
Tim works in the New York Tim is working in Los Angeles this
office. week.

 everyday activities, habits  activities happening now, at the

Karen gets up at 7 o’clock every moment
morning. It’s 7 o’clock. Karen is getting up
(now).
  ongoing, incomplete activities that
happen over time
Mr. Jones takes Chinese lessons. Mr. Jones is learning Chinese.

 planned/scheduled future  future (especially near future)

events activities
The Montreal train leaves at The Montreal train is leaving in 10
8:45. minutes.
Are you going to Montreal next
month?
Presentación de gramática: Los pronombres personales (5 /12)

Introduction
We use personal pronouns to talk about people or objects without using their name.

Anna spoke to Luke and Matthew.

She spoke to them.

Ben can't find his pen.

He can't find it.

Formation
Subject pronoun Object pronoun Reflexive pronoun
I me myself

you you yourself

he him himself

she her herself

it it itself

we us ourselves

you you yourselves

they them themselves

 I give him a pen.

 You sent me a letter.
 They wash themselves.
 He told her a secret.
 We like them.
 She dressed herself.

Use
Subject pronouns
I - you - he/she/it - we - you - they

Used as the person or thing doing the action in the sentence:

  I like Mary.
 We go to the beach.
 She has brown hair.

Object pronouns
me - you - him/her - us - you - them

Used as the object of the sentence (receiver of the action):

 I see her every day.

 He likes me a lot.
 Mary calls them every month.

Used after pronouns (for/to/with, etc.):

 I gave the book to her. I gave it to her.

 Kate went to the movies with us.
 We are going to lunch with them.

Reflexive pronouns
Use reflexive pronouns when we do an action to ourselves:

 He washes himself.
 I am teaching myself English.
 You dress yourself every morning.
 She fed herself a biscuit.
Presentación de gramática: Los adjetivos posesivos (7 /12)

Introduction
Possessive adjectives show who owns an object. They agree with the person or thing
that has an object. Possessive adjectives do NOT agree with the object.

I like my shoes.
Her house is very big.

Form
Subject pronoun Possessive adjective
I my
you your
he/she/it his/her/its
we our
you your
they their

Use
When the possessor is masculine:

his

 He broke his computer.

 Will likes his car.

When the possessor is feminine:

her

 Kate bought her apartment last year.

 The woman lost her glasses.

When the possessor is an object or an animal:

its

 The cat hurt its leg.

 A tree loses its leaves in the winter.

When the possessor is 'you':

your

 You lost your book yesterday.

When there are two or more possessors:

their

 Our boss and our colleagues gave us good advice. We took their advice.
 Cathy and Rick lost their map to the city.

The possessive adjective do NOT change if the object is singular or plural.

I like my shirt. - I like my shirts.
They read their book. - They read their books.
She sings her song. - She sings her songs.
Introduction
There are two present tenses in English:

The simple present describes habits, facts and repeated actions.

I read every day.

The present continuous describes temporary situations or actions that take place at the
moment of speaking .

I am reading at the moment.

Form
The present simple
The present simple affirmative:

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I read we read
you read you read
he, she, it reads they read

The simple present negative:

 the verb " to do" in present simple + not + base form

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I do not work/ don't work we do not work/ don't work
you do not work/ don't work you do not work/ don't work
he, she, it does not work / doesn't work they do not work/ don't work

The present simple as a question:

 the verb " to do" in present simple + subject + base form

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

Do I work? Do we work?
Do you work? Do you work?
Does he/she/it work? Do they work?
The present continuous
The present continuous affirmative:

 verb "to be" in the present tense + base form of the verb '-ing':

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I am reading we are reading
you are reading you are reading
he, she, it is reading they are reading

The present continuous negative:

 verb "to be" in the present tense + not + base form of the verb '-ing'

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

I am not reading we are not reading
you are not reading you are not reading
he, she, it is not reading they are not reading

The present continuous as a question:

 verb "to be" in the present tense + subject + verb '-ing'

SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)

Am I working? Are we working?
Are you working? Are you working?
Is he/she/it working? Are they working?

Use
The simple present vs. The present continuous
Simple present Present continuous
 facts, permanent truths  temporary activities, events
Tim works in the New York Tim is working in Los Angeles this
office. week.

 everyday activities, habits  activities happening now, at the

Karen gets up at 7 o’clock every moment
morning. It’s 7 o’clock. Karen is getting up
(now).
  ongoing, incomplete activities that
happen over time
Mr. Jones takes Chinese lessons. Mr. Jones is learning Chinese.

 planned/scheduled future  future (especially near future)

events activities
The Montreal train leaves at The Montreal train is leaving in 10
8:45. minutes.
Are you going to Montreal next
month?
Presentación de lenguaje: Preguntar y decir la hora (9 /12)

Situation

Rachel y Simon están hablando en el despacho de Richard.

Simon: "I have an appointment at noon."

Rachel: "What time is it now?"

Simon: "It is ten minutes to 12."

Rules
Para preguntar la hora
 Do you know what time it is?
 Do you have the time?
 What time does the post office open ?
 (At) what time do you usually eat lunch?
 Can you please tell me the time?

What time is it?

Para decir la hora

Hora Expresión
12:00 am Twelve A.M. or midnight.

9:00 am Nine A.M. or nine o'clock in the morning.

10:15 am Ten fifteen A.M. or quarter past ten in the morning.

11:30 am Eleven thirty A.M. or half past eleven in the morning.

12:00 pm Twelve P.M. or noon.

3:45 pm Three forty-five P.M. or quarter to four in the afternoon.

10:40 pm Ten forty P.M. or twenty to eleven at night.

En la mayoría de países anglófonos, se utilizan los relojes de 12 horas en lugar de 24

horas. Para saber diferenciar el momento del día se emplea AM y PM. "AM" , que viene
de la frase latina "ante meridiem", significa "antes del mediodía", y "PM", del latín
"post meridiem", quiere decir "despues del mediodía."

Para precisar el momento del día

 It is six o' clock in the morning; it is early.
 It's midnight; it is late.
 I have a meeting at 10:00 am. It is 10:00; I am on time.
 I have a meeting at 10:00 am. It is 9:50 am; I am early.
 I have a meeting at 10:00 am. It is 10:15 am; I am late!

I'm running late!

Presentación de gramática: El presente simple en preguntas cerradas (yes/no) (5
/11)

Introduction
In English, we can use the simple present tense to ask questions about habits, facts and
repeated activities.

Simple present: Do you read?

Form
SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)
Do I work? Do we work?
Do you work? Do you work?
Does he/she/it work? Do they work?

I, you, we, they = do + subject + base form:

 Do you work?
 Do they play basketball?
 Do Ines and Julio speak English?

he, she, it = does + subject +base form:

 Does she like cheese?

 Does it rain in the desert?
 Does Tom read the newspaper?

Use
Used to ask yes/ no questions about facts or things that are true in
general:

 Do penguins fly?
No, they don't.
 Does the earth go around the sun?
Yes, it does.
 Do Mary and Peter have a car?
Yes, they do.

Used to ask yes/ no questions about repeated actions and habits:

 Do you play handball?

Yes, I do.
 Does Katie read magazines?
Yes, she does.
 Do they like carrots?
No, they don't.
 Does he swim?
No, he doesn't.
Presentación de gramática: Los adjetivos posesivos (5 /11)

Introduction
Possessive adjectives show who owns an object. They agree with the person or thing
that has an object. Possessive adjectives do NOT agree with the object.

I like my shoes.
Her house is very big.

Form
Subject pronoun Possessive adjective
I my
you your
he/she/it his/her/its
we our
you your
they their

Use
When the possessor is masculine:

his

 He broke his computer.

 Will likes his car.

When the possessor is feminine:

her

 Kate bought her apartment last year.

 The woman lost her glasses.

When the possessor is an object or an animal:

its

 The cat hurt its leg.

 A tree loses its leaves in the winter.

When the possessor is 'you':

your

 You lost your book yesterday.

When there are two or more possessors:

their

 Our boss and our colleagues gave us good advice. We took their advice.
 Cathy and Rick lost their map to the city.

The possessive adjective do NOT change if the object is singular or plural.

I like my shirt. - I like my shirts.
They read their book. - They read their books.
She sings her song. - She sings her songs.
Presentación de gramática: El pasado simple (5 /12)

Introduction
The past simple is used to describe finished actions in the past.

I walked to school.
I climbed a mountain.
They tried a new restaurant for lunch.

Form
Regular verbs
To form the past simple, add '-ed' to the base form:

Singular Plural
I cooked we cooked
you cooked you cooked
she/he/itcooked they cooked

 We watched TV last night.

 The movie started late.
 It rained yesterday.
 Peter and Tom worked on the train.

If the verb ends in 'e', add 'd':

 arrive = They arrived late to the meeting.

 shave = Joe shaved this morning.

If the verb ends in 'y', remove the 'y'and add '-ied':

 study = The teenagers studied for the exam.

 carry = I carried my luggage to the hotel room.

If the verb ends in vowel + a consonant, the consonant at the end is

doubled:

 stop = The car stopped at the red light.

 plan = We planned a party.
 wrap = She wrapped the children's presents for Christmas.
Uses
We use the past simple to describe a finished action in the past:

 I baked a cake yesterday.

 They visited a museum in New York last week.
 Bill lived in London for three years.
 I started a new job last year.
 Mary and I played soccer on the weekend.
 The play finished at 11:00 p.m.
 I cried when I watched the movie last night.
Presentación de gramática: El pasado simple de los verbos irregulares (7 /12)

Introduction
To put regular verbs in the past simple, add '-ed' to the end. Irregular verbs do not end in
'-ed' in the past simple, but change in different ways.

I bit the apple.

She bought milk at the store.
They told us a story.

Form
To be
Singular Plural
I was we were
you were you were
she/he/it was they were

 I was late to work today.

 You were on vacation last month during the meeting.
 Lily was sick yesterday.
 Nancy and I were the first ones at work today.
 Marcus and Will were in Spain last week.

Other common irregular verbs

Base form past simple
eat ate

go went

see saw

buy bought

take took

begin began

have had

tell told
  eat = I ate my breakfast at home this morning.
 go = They went to the hospital to see the baby.
 see = I saw the movie last week.
 buy = She bought a new dress for the party.
 take = He took a slice of cake.
 begin = I began my new job last Monday.
 have = They had a great trip.
 tell = She told me a story.

Use
We use the past simple to talk about actions in the past:

 The movie began at 7:00 p.m.

 I took a large suitcase on vacation for my souvenirs.
 We ate dinner in a restaurant yesterday for my birthday.
 She went to the supermarket last week.
Presentación de gramática: El pasado simple en preguntas cerradas (yes/no) (5 /11)

Introduction
We can use the simple past to ask questions and give answers about the past:

Did you go?

No, I didn't go.

Did she travel by train?

Yes, she traveled by train.

Did he invent the airplane?

Yes, he invented the airplane.

The simple past

Form
Simple past - questions:

 did + subject +base form

Subject Base form

I play

you speak

he read

Did... she listen ?

it close

we marry

they work

 Did he go to the cinema?

 Did you talk to my parents?
 Did they reply to your email?
 Did she wait at the airport?

Specific simple past questions:

  What/How/Where/When/Why + did + subject + infinitive

Personal pronoun base form

I say

What you answer

How he walk

Where did she return ?

When it take

Why we bring

they talk

 What did you bring for the party?

 How did you walk 5 kilometres?
 Where did he put the parcel?
 When did you return from vacation?
 Why did you take a taxi?

Simple past responses:

Personal pronoun Positive Negative

I Yes, you did. No, you didn't.

you Yes, I did. No, I didn't.

he Yes, he did. No, he didn't.

she Yes, she did. No, she didn't.

it Yes, it did. No, it didn't.

we Yes, we did. No, we didn't.

they Yes, they did. No, they didn't.

 Did you buy a house?

Yes, we did.
 Did they live in New Jersey?
No, they didn't.
 Did you sleep well in the guest room?
Yes, I did.
  Did he stay in the Grand Hotel?
No, he didn't.

Use
Use the simple past to ask and reply to closed questions:

 Did you go to the park?

Yes, I did.
 Did he buy the newspaper?
No, I didn't.
 Did they celebrate Thanksgiving?
Yes, they did.
 Did you walk the dog?
Yes, I did.

Use a question word with the simple past to ask for more information:

 What did you buy at the store?

I bought eggs and milk.
 Where did you go on your vacation?
I went to California.
 When did get home?
I got home at 7 p.m.
Presentación de gramática: Las preguntas con Wh-: who, what, when, where y
why (5 /12)

Introduction
We use who, what, when, where, and why when we talk about people and things:

Who is your favorite actor?

Who is playing soccer tonight?
What are you reading?
When does the store close?
Where are they going tonight?
Why are you here?

Use
Who
Use 'who' for people:

 Who is the manager?

 Who is coming to the party?
 Who is taller, Sarah or Emily?

What
Use 'what' for objects and things:

 What is your name?

 What color is your car?
 What do you prefer?

When
Use 'when' to talk about time:

 When are you leaving?

 When is the train coming?
 When are you going on vacation?

Where
Use 'where' to talk about a place:

 Where is Tina going?

 Where do you live?
  Where is the bank?

Why
Use 'why' to talk about a reason for something:

 Why are you laughing? Because it's funny!

 Why are you selling your car?
 Why are you leaving early?
Presentación de lenguaje: Presentarse uno mismo (8 /12)

Situation

Elizabeth, Simon, Sandra y Richard se presentan.

Elizabeth: "Good morning! I'm Elizabeth Smith. What's your name?"

Simon: "Nice to meet you! I'm Simon Ricci."

Elizabeth: "Ricci? Where are you from, Italy ?"

Simon: "My family is Italian. I was born in Rome, but raised in Sydney."

Sandra: "Good morning Sir! I'm Sandra Martinez."

Richard: "Hi Sandra. Welcome! I am Richard Porter, the CEO."

Rules
Para dar y pedir información personal
Preguntas Respuestas
 What is your name?  I'm Kristen Murray / My name is
 Where are you from? Kristen Murray.
 Do you speak English?  I'm from New York.
 How old are you?  Yes, I do.
 What is your profession?  I'm 38 years old.
 Where do you live?  I'm an advertising executive.
 Are you married? or Single? or  I live in London.
Divorced?  I am married / single / divorced.
 Do you have children?  Yes, I have three children.

El estado civil
  I am married.
 I am single.
 I am divorced.
 I am widowed.

Para hablar del origen o procedencia: Las

nacionalidades
 I was born in Ireland. I'm Irish.
 I was born in Mexico. I'm Mexican.
 I was born in France. I'm French.
 I was born in Italy. I'm Italian.
 I was born in England. I'm English.
 I was born in Germany. I'm German.
 I was born in Spain. I'm Spanish.
 I was born in Canada. I'm Canadian.
 I was born in Portugal. I'm Portuguese.
 I was born in Japan. I'm Japanese.
 I was born in Holland. I'm Dutch.
 I was born in the USA. I'm American.

¡Cuidado!

En inglés, los adjetivos de nacionalidades se escriben siempre con mayúscula.

 I'm Chinese / I'm Scottish / I'm Russian.

Presentación de gramática: El presente simple en preguntas cerradas (yes/no) (5

/12)

Introduction
In English, we can use the simple present tense to ask questions about habits, facts and
repeated activities.

Simple present: Do you read?

Form
SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)
Do I work? Do we work?
Do you work? Do you work?
Does he/she/it work? Do they work?
I, you, we, they = do + subject + base form:

 Do you work?
 Do they play basketball?
 Do Ines and Julio speak English?

he, she, it = does + subject +base form:

 Does she like cheese?

 Does it rain in the desert?
 Does Tom read the newspaper?

Use
Used to ask yes/ no questions about facts or things that are true in
general:

 Do penguins fly?
No, they don't.
 Does the earth go around the sun?
Yes, it does.
 Do Mary and Peter have a car?
Yes, they do.

Used to ask yes/ no questions about repeated actions and habits:

 Do you play handball?

Yes, I do.
 Does Katie read magazines?
Yes, she does.
 Do they like carrots?
No, they don't.
 Does he swim?
No, he doesn't.
Presentación de gramática: Las preguntas con Wh-: who, what, when, where y
why (7 /12)

Introduction
We use who, what, when, where, and why when we talk about people and things:

Who is your favorite actor?

Who is playing soccer tonight?
What are you reading?
When does the store close?
Where are they going tonight?
Why are you here?

Use
Who
Use 'who' for people:

 Who is the manager?

 Who is coming to the party?
 Who is taller, Sarah or Emily?

What
Use 'what' for objects and things:

 What is your name?

 What color is your car?
 What do you prefer?

When
Use 'when' to talk about time:

 When are you leaving?

 When is the train coming?
 When are you going on vacation?

Where
Use 'where' to talk about a place:

 Where is Tina going?

 Where do you live?
  Where is the bank?

Why
Use 'why' to talk about a reason for something:

 Why are you laughing? Because it's funny!

 Why are you selling your car?
 Why are you leaving early?
Presentación de gramática: To be (5 /12)

Introduction
To be is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I am late.
Jane and Mike are at the movies.
We are going on a trip.

Form
The present simple tense
Affirmative Negative Questions
I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) Am I... ?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not or you aren't) Are you... ?
he/she/it is he/she/it is not (he's/she's/it's not or he/she/it Is he/she/it...
(he's/she's/it's) isn't) ?
we are (we're) we are not (we're not or we aren't) Are we... ?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not or you aren't) Are you... ?
they are (they're) they are not (they're not or they aren't) Are they... ?

 I am late.
 Jane is tall.
 Peter and Richard are early for the train.
 Lauren and I are in the same team at work.
 I'm not angry.
 She's not hungry.
 They aren't from New Zealand.

Short answers

I am.
Yes, he/she/it is.
we/you/they are.
I'm not
No, he/she/it isn't.
we/you/they aren't.

 Are you from the United States?

Yes, I am.
  Are they teachers?
Yes, they are.
 Is John a doctor?
No, he isn't.
 Are Paul and Mary ready for their trip?
No, they aren't.

The past tense

Affirmative Negative Questions
I was I was not (wasn't) Was I... ?
you were you are not (weren't) Were you... ?
he/she/it was he/she/it was not (wasn't) Was he/she/it... ?
we were we were not (weren't) Were we... ?
you were you were not (weren't) Were you... ?
they were they were not (weren't) Were they... ?

 I was late for my train yesterday.

 Anna was sick last week.
 They were tired after the long day.
 Joey and I were thirsty after swimming.
 I wasn't at the party last night.
 She wasn't on vacation las month..
 They weren't from New Zealand.

Short answers

I/he/she/it was.
Yes,
we/you/they were.
I/he/she/it wasn't.
No,
we/you/they weren't.

 Were you at the conference in June?

Yes, I was.
 Were they on the late flight?
Yes, they were.
 Was the hotel comfortable?
No, it wasn't.
 Were Rita and Julie at work yesterday?
No, they weren't.

Use
Existence
  There is a man in the garden.
 There will be a party tonight.
 There were four books on the shelf.

Sensation, a feeling or a state of mind

 I'm hot.
 She's thirsty.
 We're hungry.
 They're cold.

Talking about yourself and others

 I am Fred.
 You are 31 years old.
 Richard is a nice man.
 They are doctors.
 We are happy.

Auxiliary verb
Use as the auxiliary verb when forming the present continuous:

 I am going to go on vacation next week.

 You are going to plan the next office party.
 Bill is going to take the next train.
 We are going to be late.
 Fred and Harry aren't going to come to the conference next month.
Introduction
When we talk about one object, we use 'a' or 'an'. When we talk about more than one
object, we do not use 'a' or 'an'.

 a girl: girls
 a banana: bananas
 a cat: cats

Form
'A'
We use 'a' before a word beginning with a consonant or a consonant
sound and before y:

 a mountain
 a giraffe
 a watch
 a year

We use 'a' before a word with an aspirated h:

 a hero
 a house
 a hotel

We use 'a' before a word whose first syllable is pronounced [yu]:

 a uniform
 a university
 a European

'An'
We use 'an' before a word beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or a vowel
sound:

 an animal
 an orange
 an accident

We use 'an' before a mute h:

 an hour
 an honest man
  an heir

Uses
We use 'a' and 'an' to talk about 1 person or thing:

 I have a dog.
 I live in an apartment.
 There is a police car outside.

We use 'a' and 'an' to say what a thing or person is:

 Baseball is a sport.
 A cat is an animal.
 My boss is a nice person.

We use 'a' and 'an' in front of jobs:

 He is a doctor.
 I am an engineer.
 She is a secretary.
 He is an electrician.
Presentación de gramática: There is/there are (5 /11)

Introduction
To have is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I have a new car.

Martha has a lot of things to do.

Form
Present Tense
Affirmative Negative Question

I have I do not have ( don't have) Do I have ... ?

you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ... ?

he/she/it has he/she/it does not have (doesn't have) Does he/she/it have ...?

we have we do not have (don't have) Do we have ...?

you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ...?

they have they do not have (don't have) Do they have ...?

 You have one apple and two oranges.

 She has three reports due on Friday.
 They have a new baby.
 She doesn't have a car.
 They don't have any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it does.
Yes,
I/we/you/they do.

he/she/it doesn't.
No,
I/we/you/they don't.

 Do you have a map?

Yes, I do.
  Does the department have a new director?
Yes, it does.
 Does he have time to meet with me today?
No, he doesn't.
 Do they have the tickets for the play tonight?
No, they don't.

Past tense
I
you
Affirmative he/she/it had
we
they

I
you
Negative he/she/it did not have (didn't have)
we
they

I
you
Questions Did he/she/it have...?
we
they

 You had a meeting last Friday.

 We had a great time at the event.
 She didn't have any pets when she was young.
 They didn't have enough time to talk about the next project.

Short answers

Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they did.

No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't.

 Did you have enough money to buy the tickets?

Yes, I did.
 Did they have dinner in a restaurant?
Yes, they did.
 Did the package have the right address?
No, it didn't.
  Did Jane and Harry go to the meeting?
No, they didn't.

Have got
British English often uses the form "have got" instead of "have". This is
not common in American English.

Present Tense
I
you
have got ('ve got)
Affirmative we
they

he/she/it has got ('s got)

I
you
we have not got (haven't got)
Negative
they

he/she/it has not got (hasn't got)

I
you
Have/Haven't we got...?
Questions
they

Has/Hasn't he/she/it got...?

 You have got one apple and two oranges.

 She has got three reports due on Friday.
 They have got a new baby.
 She hasn't got a car.
 They haven't got any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it has.
Yes,
I/we/you/they have.

he/she/it hasn't.
No,
I/we/you/they haven't.
  Have you got a map.
Yes, I have.
 Has he got any time to meet with me today?
Yes, he has.
 Hasn't he got seven cousins?
No, he hasn't.
 Haven't they got a dog?
No, they haven't.

Use
Possession
 We have a dog.
 He has a house.
 I have three apples.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to describe possession.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

 I've got a new computer.

 I haven't got a DVD player.
 Has he got my letter?

Food and drink

 I have breakfast at 7:00 a.m.
 We have lunch at 12:00 p.m.
 He has salad at lunch.
 Do they often have dinner at a restaurant?
No, they don't.
 Have you got a drink?
 Do you have some water?
Yes, I do.

Appearance
 She has blue eyes.
 We have brown hair.
 You have long legs.
 I have big hands.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about appearance.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o She's got blue eyes.

o We've got brown hair.
Family
 You have one brother and two sisters.
 She has got three brothers.
 They have seven cousins.
 We have got twelve grandchildren.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about family.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o I've got one brother and two sisters.

o I haven't got any cousins. My mother was an only child.
Presentación de gramática: El presente simple en la forma afirmativa (5 /11)

Introducción
Utilizamos el presente simple para describir costumbres, hechos y acciones habituales.

I play. (Yo juego.)

Forma
Singular Plural
I play (yo juego) we play (nosotros/as jugamos)
you play (tú juegas - usted juega) you play (vosotras/as jugáis – ustedes juegan)
she/he/it plays (ella/él/ello juega) they play (ellos/as juegan)

Recuerda: he/she/it = "s" al final de la forma de base del verbo

he/she/it = works; NO he/she/it work
my brother works (mi hermano trabaja)
Jane works (Jane trabaja)

 I read books. (Yo leo libros.)

 You play soccer. (Tú juegas al fútbol.)
 Mary works very hard. (Mary trabaja muy duro.)
 We sing together. (Nosotros cantamos juntos.)
 They listen to the radio. (Ellos escuchan la radio.)

Cambios ortográficos en la forma de he/she/it

-o/-s/-sh/-ch/-x/-z = se añade -es

o I go - she goes (yo voy – ella va)

o I pass - Jane passes (yo apruebo - Jane aprueba)
o I finish - he finishes (yo termino - él termina)
o I search - he searches (yo busco - él busca)
o I mix – it mixes (yo mezco - mezcla)
o I quiz – she quizzes (yo examino - ella examina)
o I do - he does (yo hago – ella hace)

consonante + -y = se suprime la -y para añadir -ies

o I study - she studies (yo estudio – ella estudia)

o I try - she tries (yo intento – ella intenta)

vocal + -y = se añade -s

o I play - she plays (yo juego – ella juega)

 o I say - she says (yo digo – ella dice)

Usos
Se utiliza para describir hechos o cosas que generalmente son
verdaderas:

 I like tomatoes. (Me gustan los tomates.)

 You live in New Jersey. (Vives en Nueva Jersey.)
 They are brothers. (Son hermanos.)

Se utiliza para describir acciones habituales y costumbres:

 I play tennis on Saturdays. (Yo juego al tenis los sábados.)

 You drink tea. (Tú bebes té.)
 We go to the movies every week. (Nosotros vamos al cine cada semana.)
 They walk to work every day. (Ellos van andando al trabajo todos los días.)
Presentación de lenguaje: Cifras y números (3 /12)

Situation

observar

Elizabeth: texte

Richard: texte

Rules
Para presentar las cifras y los números
Números cardinales

1: one 11: eleven 21: twenty-one 200: two hundred

2: two 12: twelve 22: twenty-two 1000: one thousand

3: three 13: thirteen 30: thirty

4: four 14: fourteen 40: forty

5: five 15: fifteen 50: fifty

6: six 16: sixteen 60: sixty

7: seven 17: seventeen 70: seventy

8: eight 18: eighteen 80: eighty

9: nine 19: nineteen 90: ninety

10: ten 20: twenty 100: one hundred

¡Cuidado con el uso del guión!

El guión se utiliza para separar las decenas de las unidades para los números
comprendidos entre el 31 y el 99. Por lo tanto, con las centenas y los millares no se
emplea el guión.

Observa la ausencia del plural

 Two hundred (y no two hundreds)

Seven thousand (y no seven thousands)

El uso de "and:"

La conjunción "and" se utiliza para separar las centenas del resto del número. También
se utiliza para separar los millares de las decenas y unidades.

 Six hundred and twenty

 Nine thousand five hundred and seventy-two
 Five thousand and one

Números ordinales

1st: first 11th: eleventh 21st: twenty-first 1000th: one thousandth

2nd: second 12th: twelfth 22nd: twenty-second

3rd: third 13th: thirteenth 30th: thirtieth

4th: fourth 14th: fourteenth 40th: fortieth

5th: fifth 15th: fifteenth 50th: fiftieth

6th: sixth 16th: sixteenth 60th: sixtieth

7th: seventh 17th: seventeenth 70th: seventieth

8th: eighth 18th: eighteenth 80th: eightieth

9th: ninth 19th: nineteenth 90th: ninetieth

10th: tenth 20th: twentieth 100th: hundredth

Los términos matemáticos

Los cálculos

 Division: 4 ¸ 2 = 2 (four divided by two equals two)

 Multiplication: 4 x 2 = 8 (four multiplied by two equals eight / four times two
equals eight)
 Subtraction: 4 - 2 = 2 (four minus two equals two)
 Addition: 4 + 2 = 6 (four plus two equals six)

Presentación de gramática: Las preguntas con Wh-: who, what, when, where y
why (5 /12)

Introduction
We use who, what, when, where, and why when we talk about people and things:

Who is your favorite actor?

Who is playing soccer tonight?
What are you reading?
When does the store close?
Where are they going tonight?
Why are you here?

Use
Who
Use 'who' for people:

 Who is the manager?

 Who is coming to the party?
 Who is taller, Sarah or Emily?

What
Use 'what' for objects and things:

 What is your name?

 What color is your car?
 What do you prefer?

When
Use 'when' to talk about time:

 When are you leaving?

 When is the train coming?
  When are you going on vacation?

Where
Use 'where' to talk about a place:

 Where is Tina going?

 Where do you live?
 Where is the bank?

Why
Use 'why' to talk about a reason for something:

 Why are you laughing? Because it's funny!

 Why are you selling your car?
 Why are you leaving early?
Presentación de gramática: To be (7 /12)

Introduction
To be is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I am late.
Jane and Mike are at the movies.
We are going on a trip.

Form
The present simple tense
Affirmative Negative Questions
I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) Am I... ?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not or you aren't) Are you... ?
he/she/it is he/she/it is not (he's/she's/it's not or he/she/it Is he/she/it...
(he's/she's/it's) isn't) ?
we are (we're) we are not (we're not or we aren't) Are we... ?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not or you aren't) Are you... ?
they are (they're) they are not (they're not or they aren't) Are they... ?

 I am late.
 Jane is tall.
 Peter and Richard are early for the train.
 Lauren and I are in the same team at work.
 I'm not angry.
 She's not hungry.
 They aren't from New Zealand.

Short answers

I am.
Yes, he/she/it is.
we/you/they are.
I'm not
No, he/she/it isn't.
we/you/they aren't.

 Are you from the United States?

Yes, I am.
  Are they teachers?
Yes, they are.
 Is John a doctor?
No, he isn't.
 Are Paul and Mary ready for their trip?
No, they aren't.

The past tense

Affirmative Negative Questions
I was I was not (wasn't) Was I... ?
you were you are not (weren't) Were you... ?
he/she/it was he/she/it was not (wasn't) Was he/she/it... ?
we were we were not (weren't) Were we... ?
you were you were not (weren't) Were you... ?
they were they were not (weren't) Were they... ?

 I was late for my train yesterday.

 Anna was sick last week.
 They were tired after the long day.
 Joey and I were thirsty after swimming.
 I wasn't at the party last night.
 She wasn't on vacation las month..
 They weren't from New Zealand.

Short answers

I/he/she/it was.
Yes,
we/you/they were.
I/he/she/it wasn't.
No,
we/you/they weren't.

 Were you at the conference in June?

Yes, I was.
 Were they on the late flight?
Yes, they were.
 Was the hotel comfortable?
No, it wasn't.
 Were Rita and Julie at work yesterday?
No, they weren't.

Use
Existence
  There is a man in the garden.
 There will be a party tonight.
 There were four books on the shelf.

Sensation, a feeling or a state of mind

 I'm hot.
 She's thirsty.
 We're hungry.
 They're cold.

Talking about yourself and others

 I am Fred.
 You are 31 years old.
 Richard is a nice man.
 They are doctors.
 We are happy.

Auxiliary verb
Use as the auxiliary verb when forming the present continuous:

 I am going to go on vacation next week.

 You are going to plan the next office party.
 Bill is going to take the next train.
 We are going to be late.
 Fred and Harry aren't going to come to the conference next month.

Presentación de gramática: Las preposiciones de tiempo (5 /12)

Introduction
Use 'on' and 'in' to talk about moments in time:

I work on Wednesdays.
My birthday is in September.
I have an appointment on December1st.
I buy my Christmas presents in December.

Uses
In
Use 'in' to talk about long periods of time.
Use 'in' to talk about months:

 My birthday is in July.
 The new year starts in January.
 The baby is due in March.

Use 'in' to talk about seasons:

 I like to go skiing in winter.

 Trees loose their leaves in fall.
 In the summer, I live in my countryhouse.

Use 'in' to talk about years:

 She became manager in 2008.

 Elizabeth II became Queen in 1953.
 I am moving to France in 2014.

Use 'in' to talk about times of day:

 I start work in the morning.

 I see friends in the evening.
 The concert begins at 1:00 p.m. in the afternoon.

On
Use 'on' to talk about a day or date:

 I start work early on Monday.

 The party is on Sunday, June 1st.
 She has a doctor's appointment on Friday.
 We are moving on March 22nd.
 I have a meeting on Tuesday afternoon.
 On Saturday evenings, I go to the movies.
 We do not work on the weekend. (AmE)
We do not work at the weekend. (BrE)
Presentación de gramática: Can (7 /12)

Introduction
The verb 'can' describes someones capabilities or the things they are able to do.

Paul can play the piano.

Joan can't come to the meeting. She is busy.
Can I come late to work? I have a doctor's appointment.

Formation
Can
Affirmative Negative Questions
I can I cannot/can't can I...?

you can you cannot/can't can you...?

he/she/it can he/she/it cannot/can't can he/she/it...?

we can we cannot/can't can we...?

you can you cannot/can't can you...?

they can they cannot/can't can they...?

can + base form of the verb

 I can speak French.

 You can go on vacation in August.
 He can ride in the front seat.
 We can cook dinner together.
 Can you go to the store this afternoon?
 They can't find the file.

Could
The past tense form of can is could or could not/couldn't:

 When I was young, I could swim very fast.

 Las night, I couldn't find my cell phone.

Use
Ability

Use to explain something that a person or thing is able to do:

 I can swim.
 She can speak Portuguese.
 We can play the guitar.

 Can she use a computer?

 Can she cook?
 Can he play soccer?

 I can't fix the computer.

 He can't understand you.
 They can't ski.

Possibility
Use to explain that something is possible to do:

 We can take a vacation in May.

 It can be cold in the winter.
 Can we take a bus to the station?
 Can you open that window?

Permission
Use to ask for permission:

 Can we come to your party?

 Can I have a slice of cake?
 Can I go home?

Use to give permission:

 You can leave early.

 They can go home.
 He can have the day off.

Polite requests
Use could to ask for something politely:

 Could you please pass me the salt?

 Could I borrow your umbrella?
 Could I speak to Tony, please?
Presentación de gramática: Las preguntas con Wh-: who, what, when, where y
why (5 /12)

Introduction
We use who, what, when, where, and why when we talk about people and things:

Who is your favorite actor?

Who is playing soccer tonight?
What are you reading?
When does the store close?
Where are they going tonight?
Why are you here?

Use
Who
Use 'who' for people:

 Who is the manager?

 Who is coming to the party?
 Who is taller, Sarah or Emily?

What
Use 'what' for objects and things:

 What is your name?

 What color is your car?
 What do you prefer?

When
Use 'when' to talk about time:

 When are you leaving?

 When is the train coming?
 When are you going on vacation?

Where
Use 'where' to talk about a place:

 Where is Tina going?

 Where do you live?
  Where is the bank?

Why
Use 'why' to talk about a reason for something:

 Why are you laughing? Because it's funny!

 Why are you selling your car?
 Why are you leaving early?

Presentación de gramática: El presente simple en preguntas cerradas (yes/no) (7

/12)

Introduction
In English, we can use the simple present tense to ask questions about habits, facts and
repeated activities.

Simple present: Do you read?

Form
SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)
Do I work? Do we work?
Do you work? Do you work?
Does he/she/it work? Do they work?

I, you, we, they = do + subject + base form:

 Do you work?
 Do they play basketball?
 Do Ines and Julio speak English?

he, she, it = does + subject +base form:

 Does she like cheese?

 Does it rain in the desert?
 Does Tom read the newspaper?

Use
Used to ask yes/ no questions about facts or things that are true in
general:
  Do penguins fly?
No, they don't.
 Does the earth go around the sun?
Yes, it does.
 Do Mary and Peter have a car?
Yes, they do.

Used to ask yes/ no questions about repeated actions and habits:

 Do you play handball?

Yes, I do.
 Does Katie read magazines?
Yes, she does.
 Do they like carrots?
No, they don't.
 Does he swim?
No, he doesn't.

Presentación de gramática: Las preposiciones de tiempo (5 /13)

Introduction
Use 'on' and 'in' to talk about moments in time:

I work on Wednesdays.
My birthday is in September.
I have an appointment on December1st.
I buy my Christmas presents in December.

Uses
In
Use 'in' to talk about long periods of time.

Use 'in' to talk about months:

 My birthday is in July.
 The new year starts in January.
 The baby is due in March.

Use 'in' to talk about seasons:

 I like to go skiing in winter.

 Trees loose their leaves in fall.
 In the summer, I live in my countryhouse.
Use 'in' to talk about years:

 She became manager in 2008.

 Elizabeth II became Queen in 1953.
 I am moving to France in 2014.

Use 'in' to talk about times of day:

 I start work in the morning.

 I see friends in the evening.
 The concert begins at 1:00 p.m. in the afternoon.

On
Use 'on' to talk about a day or date:

 I start work early on Monday.

 The party is on Sunday, June 1st.
 She has a doctor's appointment on Friday.
 We are moving on March 22nd.
 I have a meeting on Tuesday afternoon.
 On Saturday evenings, I go to the movies.
 We do not work on the weekend. (AmE)
We do not work at the weekend. (BrE)

Presentación de gramática: Las preposiciones de lugar y de movimiento (7 /13)

Introduction
Use prepositions of place in, on, under to say where someone or something is:

The shoes are in the closet.

The money is on the table.
The cat is under the table.
I live in Los Angeles.

Use the preposition to to say where something moved:

The woman drove to the grocery store.

Uses
In
Use in to talk about a real or imaginary place or an enclosed space:

 She's in the swimming pool.

  The jam is in the jar.
 Emma is in the living room.
 I work in a school.
 The Queen lives in a palace.

Use in to talk about locations (towns, countries, areas etc.):

 I am in Paris.
 I live in the countryside.
 She is in Spain on vacation.
 We are in the city center.
 Are you in London?
 I live in the United States.

On
Use on to talk about a place, a surface, or when giving directions:

 The pizza is on the table.

 The keys are on the shelf.
 I live on the first floor.
 Her office is on the left.
 I'm sitting on the couch.
 We are on the bus.

Under
Use under to talk about something being physically below something else:

 Your shoes are under the table.

 We hide treasure under an X.
 The river flows under the bridge.
 I am reading under a tree.
 Under my sweater, I am wearing a shirt.

To
Use to with verbs which show movement to a place:

o I go to work by car.
o I need to go to the supermarket.
o I walk from my house to school everyday.
o Can I come to your house?
o I need a taxi to the airport.
o Can you tell me how to get to the hospital?
o I go to bed at 11:00 p.m.
o She is going to London for the holidays.
Presentación de lenguaje: Preguntar y decir la hora (10 /13)

Situation

Rachel y Simon están hablando en el despacho de Richard.

Simon: "I have an appointment at noon."

Rachel: "What time is it now?"

Simon: "It is ten minutes to 12."

Rules
Para preguntar la hora
 Do you know what time it is?
 Do you have the time?
 What time does the post office open ?
 (At) what time do you usually eat lunch?
 Can you please tell me the time?

What time is it?

Para decir la hora

Hora Expresión
12:00 am Twelve A.M. or midnight.

9:00 am Nine A.M. or nine o'clock in the morning.

10:15 am Ten fifteen A.M. or quarter past ten in the morning.

11:30 am Eleven thirty A.M. or half past eleven in the morning.

12:00 pm Twelve P.M. or noon.

3:45 pm Three forty-five P.M. or quarter to four in the afternoon.

10:40 pm Ten forty P.M. or twenty to eleven at night.

En la mayoría de países anglófonos, se utilizan los relojes de 12 horas en lugar de 24

horas. Para saber diferenciar el momento del día se emplea AM y PM. "AM" , que viene
de la frase latina "ante meridiem", significa "antes del mediodía", y "PM", del latín
"post meridiem", quiere decir "despues del mediodía."

Para precisar el momento del día

 It is six o' clock in the morning; it is early.
 It's midnight; it is late.
 I have a meeting at 10:00 am. It is 10:00; I am on time.
 I have a meeting at 10:00 am. It is 9:50 am; I am early.
 I have a meeting at 10:00 am. It is 10:15 am; I am late!

I'm running late!

Introduction
We use 'How much...?' and 'How many...?' to ask questions about quantities.

How much is that dress? It is $35.

How much is the ticket? It is $12.
How many cars do you have? I have two.
How many cookies did you eat? I ate four.

Use
How much...?
Use 'how much' with uncountable nouns:

 How much money do you have?

I have $10.
 How much cake is left?
There are two slices left.
 How much bread did you buy?
I bought two loaves of bread.
 How much are those shoes?
They are $40.

How many...?
Use 'how many' with countable nouns:

 How many books do you have in your bag?

I have three books.
 How many apples would you like?
I'd like four, please.
 How many blocks are there from your house to the supermarket?
There are ten blocks.
 How many brothers and sisters do you have?
I have two brothers and one sister.
Presentación de gramática: El presente simpe en la forma afirmativa (7 /13)

Introduction
We use the present simple tense to talk about habits, facts and repeated actions.

The present simple: I read.

Form
Singular Plural
I read we read
you read you read
she/he/it reads they read

Remember: he/she/it = "s" at the end of the base form

he/she/it =works NOT he/she/it work
my brother works
Jane works

 I read books.
 You play soccer.
 Mary works very hard.
 We sing together.
 They listen to the radio.

Spelling changes in he/she/it form

-s/-sh/-ch + -s = -es

 I pass = Jane passes

 I finish = he finishes
 I search = he searches

-o + last sound is a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u) = -es

 I go = she goes
 I do = he does

-y + -s = -ies

 I study = she studies

 I try = she tries

Use
Use to talk about facts or things that are true in general:

 I like tomatoes.
 You live in New Jersey.
 They are brothers.

Use to talk about repeated actions and habits:

 I play tennis on Saturdays.

 You drink tea.
 We go to the movies every week.
 They walk to work everyday.

Presentación de gramática: El presente simple en la forma negativa (8 /13)

Introduction
In English we use the present simple tense to talk about habits, facts and repeated
actions.

present simple (positive): I work.

present simple (negative):I do not read = I don't work

Form
SINGULAR ( 1 person) PLURAL (2 people)
I do not work/ don't work we do not work/ don't work
you do not work/ don't work you do not work/ don't work
he, she, it does not work / doesn't work they do not work/ don't work

I, you, we, they = do + not + base form:

 I do not work.
 You do not live in England.
 Harry and I do not eat meat.
 Mike, Joan, and Rick do not play tennis

he, she, it = does + not +base form:

 He does not like chocolate.

 Sandra does not have a cat.
 She does not take the bus.

To make negative sentences less formal, we use contractions:

do + not = don't
  I do not work. / I don't work.
 We do not eat meat. / We don't eat meat.

does + not = doesn't

 He does not like chocolate. / He doesn't like chocolate.

 Mary does not watch TV very often. Mary doesn't watch TV.

Use
Use to talk about facts or things that are true in general:

 Penguins don't fly.

 The supermarket does not open today.
 The dog doesn't talk.

Use to talk about repeated actions and habits:

 I don't go to the movies regularly.

 We don't swim on Tuesdays.
 They do not take the bus.
Presentación de gramática: Las preguntas con Wh-: who, what, when, where y
why (5 /12)

Introduction
We use who, what, when, where, and why when we talk about people and things:

Who is your favorite actor?

Who is playing soccer tonight?
What are you reading?
When does the store close?
Where are they going tonight?
Why are you here?

Use
Who
Use 'who' for people:

 Who is the manager?

 Who is coming to the party?
 Who is taller, Sarah or Emily?

What
Use 'what' for objects and things:

 What is your name?

 What color is your car?
 What do you prefer?

When
Use 'when' to talk about time:

 When are you leaving?

 When is the train coming?
 When are you going on vacation?

Where
Use 'where' to talk about a place:

 Where is Tina going?

  Where do you live?
 Where is the bank?

Why
Use 'why' to talk about a reason for something:

 Why are you laughing? Because it's funny!

 Why are you selling your car?
 Why are you leaving early?

Presentación de gramática: El presente simple en preguntas cerradas (yes/no) (7

/12)

Introducción
En inglés, podemos utilizar el presente simple para preguntar sobre costumbres, hechos
y acciones habituales.

Do you read? (¿Tú lees?)

Forma
SINGULAR PLURAL
Do I work? Do we work?
Do you work? Do you work?
Does he/she/it work? Do they work?

I, you, we, they: do + sujeto + forma de base:

 Do you work? (¿Trabajas?)

 Do they play basketball? (¿Juegan al baloncesto?)
 Do Ines and Julio speak English? (¿Inés y Julio hablan inglés?)

he, she, it: does + sujeto + forma de base:

 Does she like cheese? (¿A ella le gusta el queso?)

 Does it rain in the desert? (¿Llueve en el desierto?)
 Does Tom read the newspaper? (¿Lee Tom el periódico?)

Usos
Se utiliza para hacer preguntas cerradas (yes/no) sobre hechos o cosas
que generalmente son verdaderas:

 Do penguins fly? (¿Los pingüinos vuelan?)

No, they don't. (No, no vuelan.)
 Does the earth go around the sun? (¿La Tierra gira alrededor del sol?)
Yes, it does. (Sí, la Tierra gira alrededor del sol.)
 Do Mary and Peter have a car? (¿Tienen Mary y Peter un coche?)
Yes, they do. (Sí, tienen un coche.)

Se utiliza para hacer preguntas cerradas (yes/no) sobre acciones

habituales y hábitos o costumbres:

 Do you play handball? (¿Juegas al balonmano?)

Yes, I do. (Sí, juego al balonmano.)
 Does Katie read magazines? (¿Lee Katie revistas?)
Yes, she does. (Sí, lee revistas.)
 Do they like carrots? (¿A ellos les gustan las zanahorias?)
No, they don't. (No, no les gustan.)
 Does he swim? (¿él nada?)
No, he doesn't. (No, no nada.)

Presentación de gramática: Las preposiciones de tiempo (5 /11)

Introduction
Use 'on' and 'in' to talk about moments in time:

I work on Wednesdays.
My birthday is in September.
I have an appointment on December1st.
I buy my Christmas presents in December.

Uses
In
Use 'in' to talk about long periods of time.

Use 'in' to talk about months:

 My birthday is in July.
 The new year starts in January.
 The baby is due in March.

Use 'in' to talk about seasons:

  I like to go skiing in winter.
 Trees loose their leaves in fall.
 In the summer, I live in my countryhouse.

Use 'in' to talk about years:

 She became manager in 2008.

 Elizabeth II became Queen in 1953.
 I am moving to France in 2014.

Use 'in' to talk about times of day:

 I start work in the morning.

 I see friends in the evening.
 The concert begins at 1:00 p.m. in the afternoon.

On
Use 'on' to talk about a day or date:

 I start work early on Monday.

 The party is on Sunday, June 1st.
 She has a doctor's appointment on Friday.
 We are moving on March 22nd.
 I have a meeting on Tuesday afternoon.
 On Saturday evenings, I go to the movies.
 We do not work on the weekend. (AmE)
We do not work at the weekend. (BrE)

Presentación de gramática: El imperativo (5 /11)

Introduction
We use the imperative form to make a request or give an instruction.

Pass me my ticket.
Be on time.

Note: Use a question form to make a polite request, or add please.

 Can you pass me my ticket, please?

 Please be on time.

Form
The imperative is the infinitive form of a verb without 'to':
  Infinitive: to talk
Imperative: Talk to the the waitress about your meal.
 Infinitive: to go
Imperative: Go to work now!
 Infinitive: to be
Imperative: Be there at 9:00 a.m.
 Infinitive: to take
Imperative: Take a coat.
 Infinitive: to turn
Imperative: Turn the television off.

To use the imperative in the negative form, we add 'don't' before the
verb:

 Infinitive: to talk
Negative imperative: Don't talk during the show.
 Infinitive: to go
Negative imperative: Don't go outside, it's raining!
 Infinitive: to be
Negative imperative: Don't be late.
 Infinitive: to turn
Negative imperative: Don't turn the music up.

Use
We use the imperative to give instructions or directions:

 Infinitive: to turn
Imperative: Turn right at the end of the corridor.
 Infinitive: to go
Imperative: Go straight to the airport.
 Infinitive: to turn
Imperative: Turn off the lights before leaving.

We use the imperative to give an order:

 Infinitive: to run
Imperative: Don't run by the pool.
 Infinitive: to knock
Imperative: Knock before entering.
 Infinitive: to leave
Imperative: Leave the room quietly.

We use the imperative to make an informal offer:

 Infinitive: to have
Imperative: Have a slice of pizza.
  Infinitive: to take
Imperative: Take my pencil.

We use the imperative to make an exclamation:

 Infinitive: to look
Imperative: Look at the weather!
 Infinitive: to smell
Imperative: Smell the flowers!

Presentación de gramática: El presente simple en la forma afirmativa (5 /12)

Introducción
Utilizamos el presente simple para describir costumbres, hechos y acciones habituales.

I play. (Yo juego.)

Forma
Singular Plural
I play (yo juego) we play (nosotros/as jugamos)
you play (tú juegas - usted juega) you play (vosotras/as jugáis – ustedes juegan)
she/he/it plays (ella/él/ello juega) they play (ellos/as juegan)

Recuerda: he/she/it = "s" al final de la forma de base del verbo

he/she/it = works; NO he/she/it work
my brother works (mi hermano trabaja)
Jane works (Jane trabaja)

 I read books. (Yo leo libros.)

 You play soccer. (Tú juegas al fútbol.)
 Mary works very hard. (Mary trabaja muy duro.)
 We sing together. (Nosotros cantamos juntos.)
 They listen to the radio. (Ellos escuchan la radio.)

Cambios ortográficos en la forma de he/she/it

-o/-s/-sh/-ch/-x/-z = se añade -es

o I go - she goes (yo voy – ella va)

o I pass - Jane passes (yo apruebo - Jane aprueba)
o I finish - he finishes (yo termino - él termina)
o I search - he searches (yo busco - él busca)
o I mix – it mixes (yo mezco - mezcla)
o I quiz – she quizzes (yo examino - ella examina)
 o I do - he does (yo hago – ella hace)

consonante + -y = se suprime la -y para añadir -ies

o I study - she studies (yo estudio – ella estudia)

o I try - she tries (yo intento – ella intenta)

vocal + -y = se añade -s

o I play - she plays (yo juego – ella juega)

o I say - she says (yo digo – ella dice)

Usos
Se utiliza para describir hechos o cosas que generalmente son
verdaderas:

 I like tomatoes. (Me gustan los tomates.)

 You live in New Jersey. (Vives en Nueva Jersey.)
 They are brothers. (Son hermanos.)

Se utiliza para describir acciones habituales y costumbres:

 I play tennis on Saturdays. (Yo juego al tenis los sábados.)

 You drink tea. (Tú bebes té.)
 We go to the movies every week. (Nosotros vamos al cine cada semana.)
 They walk to work every day. (Ellos van andando al trabajo todos los días.)

Introduction
To like is a regular verb and is very common in English.

I like chocolate cake.

She likes to go swimming.

Form
The simple present tense
I
you
Affirmative like
we
they
 he/she/it likes
I
you don't
we like
Negative they
doesn't
he/she/it
like
I
you
Do like...?
Questions we
they
Does he/she/it like...?

The simple past tense

I
you
Affirmative liked
he/she/it
we
they
I
you did not
like
Negative
he/she/it (didn't
we like)
they
I
you
Questions Did like...?
he/she/it
we
they

Use
Like + noun
subject + 'to like' + object

 I like apples.
 She likes Russia.
 Harry likes soccer.
 They like black shoes.
 You like tea.
Like + infinitive
subject + 'to like' + infinitive

 She likes to run.

 I like to eat.
 We like to play basketball.
 William and Kate like to go to Paris.
 They like to cook.

Like + gerund
subject + 'to like' + gerund

 She likes running.

 I like eating.
 We like playing basketball.
 William and Kate like going to Paris.
 They like cooking.

We can use either the infinitive or gerund construction. They have the same meaning.
Presentación de gramática: Las preposiciones de lugar y de movimiento (5 /11)

Introduction
Use prepositions of place in, on, under to say where someone or something is:

The shoes are in the closet.

The money is on the table.
The cat is under the table.
I live in Los Angeles.

Use the preposition to to say where something moved:

The woman drove to the grocery store.

Uses
In
Use in to talk about a real or imaginary place or an enclosed space:

 She's in the swimming pool.

 The jam is in the jar.
 Emma is in the living room.
 I work in a school.
 The Queen lives in a palace.

Use in to talk about locations (towns, countries, areas etc.):

 I am in Paris.
 I live in the countryside.
 She is in Spain on vacation.
 We are in the city center.
 Are you in London?
 I live in the United States.

On
Use on to talk about a place, a surface, or when giving directions:

 The pizza is on the table.

 The keys are on the shelf.
 I live on the first floor.
 Her office is on the left.
 I'm sitting on the couch.
 We are on the bus.
Under
Use under to talk about something being physically below something else:

 Your shoes are under the table.

 We hide treasure under an X.
 The river flows under the bridge.
 I am reading under a tree.
 Under my sweater, I am wearing a shirt.

To
Use to with verbs which show movement to a place:

o I go to work by car.
o I need to go to the supermarket.
o I walk from my house to school everyday.
o Can I come to your house?
o I need a taxi to the airport.
o Can you tell me how to get to the hospital?
o I go to bed at 11:00 p.m.
o She is going to London for the holidays.

Presentación de gramática: How much/how many (5 /12)

Introduction
We use 'How much...?' and 'How many...?' to ask questions about quantities.

How much is that dress? It is $35.

How much is the ticket? It is $12.
How many cars do you have? I have two.
How many cookies did you eat? I ate four.

Use
How much...?
Use 'how much' with uncountable nouns:

 How much money do you have?

I have $10.
 How much cake is left?
There are two slices left.
 How much bread did you buy?
I bought two loaves of bread.
  How much are those shoes?
They are $40.

How many...?
Use 'how many' with countable nouns:

 How many books do you have in your bag?

I have three books.
 How many apples would you like?
I'd like four, please.
 How many blocks are there from your house to the supermarket?
There are ten blocks.
 How many brothers and sisters do you have?
I have two brothers and one sister.

Introduction
To have is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I have a new car.

Martha has a lot of things to do.

Form
Present Tense
Affirmative Negative Question
I have I do not have ( don't have) Do I have ... ?
you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ... ?
he/she/it has he/she/it does not have (doesn't have) Does he/she/it have ...?
we have we do not have (don't have) Do we have ...?
you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ...?
they have they do not have (don't have) Do they have ...?

 You have one apple and two oranges.

 She has three reports due on Friday.
 They have a new baby.
 She doesn't have a car.
 They don't have any shoes in my size.

Short answers
 he/she/it does.
Yes,
I/we/you/they do.
he/she/it doesn't.
No,
I/we/you/they don't.

 Do you have a map?

Yes, I do.
 Does the department have a new director?
Yes, it does.
 Does he have time to meet with me today?
No, he doesn't.
 Do they have the tickets for the play tonight?
No, they don't.

Past tense
I
you
Affirmative had
he/she/it
we
they
I
you
Negative did not have (didn't have)
he/she/it
we
they
I
you
Questions Did have...?
he/she/it
we
they

 You had a meeting last Friday.

 We had a great time at the event.
 She didn't have any pets when she was young.
 They didn't have enough time to talk about the next project.

Short answers

Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they did.

No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't.
  Did you have enough money to buy the tickets?
Yes, I did.
 Did they have dinner in a restaurant?
Yes, they did.
 Did the package have the right address?
No, it didn't.
 Did Jane and Harry go to the meeting?
No, they didn't.

Have got
British English often uses the form "have got" instead of "have". This is
not common in American English.

Present Tense

I
you
have got ('ve got)
Affirmative we
they
he/she/it has got ('s got)
I
you
have not got (haven't got)
Negative we
they
he/she/it has not got (hasn't got)
I
you
Have/Haven't got...?
Questions we
they
Has/Hasn't he/she/it got...?

 You have got one apple and two oranges.

 She has got three reports due on Friday.
 They have got a new baby.
 She hasn't got a car.
 They haven't got any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it has.
Yes,
I/we/you/they have.
he/she/it hasn't.
No,
I/we/you/they haven't.
  Have you got a map.
Yes, I have.
 Has he got any time to meet with me today?
Yes, he has.
 Hasn't he got seven cousins?
No, he hasn't.
 Haven't they got a dog?
No, they haven't.

Use
Possession
 We have a dog.
 He has a house.
 I have three apples.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to describe possession.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

 I've got a new computer.

 I haven't got a DVD player.
 Has he got my letter?

Food and drink

 I have breakfast at 7:00 a.m.
 We have lunch at 12:00 p.m.
 He has salad at lunch.
 Do they often have dinner at a restaurant?
No, they don't.
 Have you got a drink?
 Do you have some water?
Yes, I do.

Appearance
 She has blue eyes.
 We have brown hair.
 You have long legs.
 I have big hands.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about
appearance.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o She's got blue eyes.

o We've got brown hair.
Family
 You have one brother and two sisters.
 She has got three brothers.
 They have seven cousins.
 We have got twelve grandchildren.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about family.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o I've got one brother and two sisters.

o I haven't got any cousins. My mother was an only child.
Presentación de lenguaje: Indicar la fecha (3 /13)

Situation

Samuel y Elizabeth están hablando en el despacho de Elizabeth.

Samuel: "When are you leaving on your business trip with Mr. Porter? March
27th?"
Elizabeth: "Exactly. We leave on the 27th of March at eleven o' clock."

Rules
Para preguntar e indicar el día de la semana
Para preguntar en qué día de la semana estamos Para indicar el día de la semana
 What day is it?  It is Monday.
 Which day is it today?  Today is Thursday.

I go to the pool on Mondays = Every Monday I go to the pool! (todos los lunes)
Monday, I'm going to the pool = This (coming) Monday I am going to the pool! (el
lunes que viene)

Para preguntar e indicar la fecha

Para preguntar la fecha Para indicar la fecha
 What is the date today?  Today is the 15th of January.
 What is the date of your exam?  August 2nd.
¡Cuidado!

En inglés, se utilizan los números ordinales (first, second, third, etc.) para indicar la
fecha.

Ex. "Today is January 1st (first)" [y no Today is January 1 (one)].

Para precisar una fecha

 In + year: In 1978, I got married.
 In + month: In January, it is cold.
 In the + season: In the summer, it is hot. In the autumn, it rains and in the
winter, it is cold.
 In the + century: The Internet was invented in the twentieth century.

Para indicar el momento del día

 Morning (In the morning I like to read my newspaper.)
 Afternoon (In the afternoon I like to read my favorite magazines.)
 Evening (In the evening I like to read my book.)
 Night (At night, I read before I go to sleep.)

Los meses del año

January, July,

February, August,

March, September,

April, October,

May, November,

June, December.

Los días de la semana

1. Monday,
2. Tuesday,
3. Wednesday,
4. Thursday,
5. Friday,
6. Saturday,
7. Sunday.

Cross Cultural
Los días festivos en E.E.U.U. y en el Reino Unido
La gran diferencia entre los días festivos del calendario inglés y americano es que
ninguno de los días festivos oficiales en E.E.U.U. es religioso. Por otro lado, el único
día festivo que tienen en común los Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña es el día de Año
Nuevo.

El día de San Esteban o "Boxing Day" (que se celebra en Inglaterra)

El día de San Esteban (26 de diciembre): Es el día en que tradicionalmente se

regalaban cajas de regalos (Christmas boxes) a los empleados del servicio doméstico.
Esta tradición remonta a muchos años atrás, cuando la gente más acomodada
acostumbraba a regalar a sus empleados algo de ropa y dinero para sus familias el día
después de Navidad. Como los empleados del servicio doméstico tenían que trabajar el
25 de diciembre, "Boxing Day" pasó a ser el día en que las clases más bajas celebraban
la Navidad.

El día de Acción de Gracias o "Thanksgiving" (que se celebra en Estados

Unidos)

El día de Acción de Gracias (que se celebra siempre el cuarto jueves de

noviembre): Originariamente, en el día de Acción de Gracias se celebraba la llegada de
los Peregrinos al Nuevo Mundo. Más tarde, la gente empezó a celebrar este día en señal
de agradecimiento por una abundante cosecha. Hoy en día, en el Día de Acción de
Gracias, las familias se reúnen para comer el tradicional pavo relleno y postres como el
pastel de nueces y de calabaza.

Example text: The roots of the American Thanksgiving date back from 1621 when the
Plymouth settlers gave thanks for a successful first Harvest. The settlers and natives
celebrated together with a meal of turkey, cranberries and other food from the north-
eastern region of America. Today it is a national celebration and often part of a four day
long weekend. Families gather to share the traditional meal, which of course includes
turkey, cranberry sauce, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie. The Thanksgiving holiday is
one of the heaviest travel periods during the year in the U.S.
Presentación de gramática: There is/there are (5 /12)

Introduction
To have is one of the most common and important verbs in English.

I have a new car.

Martha has a lot of things to do.

Form
Present Tense
Affirmative Negative Question
I have I do not have ( don't have) Do I have ... ?
you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ... ?
he/she/it has he/she/it does not have (doesn't have) Does he/she/it have ...?
we have we do not have (don't have) Do we have ...?
you have you do not have (don't have) Do you have ...?
they have they do not have (don't have) Do they have ...?

 You have one apple and two oranges.

 She has three reports due on Friday.
 They have a new baby.
 She doesn't have a car.
 They don't have any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it does.
Yes,
I/we/you/they do.
he/she/it doesn't.
No,
I/we/you/they don't.

 Do you have a map?

Yes, I do.
 Does the department have a new director?
Yes, it does.
 Does he have time to meet with me today?
No, he doesn't.
 Do they have the tickets for the play tonight?
No, they don't.

Past tense
 I
you
Affirmative had
he/she/it
we
they
I
you
Negative did not have (didn't have)
he/she/it
we
they
I
you
Questions Did have...?
he/she/it
we
they

 You had a meeting last Friday.

 We had a great time at the event.
 She didn't have any pets when she was young.
 They didn't have enough time to talk about the next project.

Short answers

Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they did.

No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't.

 Did you have enough money to buy the tickets?

Yes, I did.
 Did they have dinner in a restaurant?
Yes, they did.
 Did the package have the right address?
No, it didn't.
 Did Jane and Harry go to the meeting?
No, they didn't.

Have got
British English often uses the form "have got" instead of "have". This is
not common in American English.

Present Tense

I
Affirmative have got ('ve got)
you
 we
they
he/she/it has got ('s got)
I
you
have not got (haven't got)
Negative we
they
he/she/it has not got (hasn't got)
I
you
Have/Haven't got...?
Questions we
they
Has/Hasn't he/she/it got...?

 You have got one apple and two oranges.

 She has got three reports due on Friday.
 They have got a new baby.
 She hasn't got a car.
 They haven't got any shoes in my size.

Short answers

he/she/it has.
Yes,
I/we/you/they have.
he/she/it hasn't.
No,
I/we/you/they haven't.

 Have you got a map.

Yes, I have.
 Has he got any time to meet with me today?
Yes, he has.
 Hasn't he got seven cousins?
No, he hasn't.
 Haven't they got a dog?
No, they haven't.

Use
Possession
 We have a dog.
 He has a house.
 I have three apples.
We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to describe possession.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

 I've got a new computer.

 I haven't got a DVD player.
 Has he got my letter?

Food and drink

 I have breakfast at 7:00 a.m.
 We have lunch at 12:00 p.m.
 He has salad at lunch.
 Do they often have dinner at a restaurant?
No, they don't.
 Have you got a drink?
 Do you have some water?
Yes, I do.

Appearance
 She has blue eyes.
 We have brown hair.
 You have long legs.
 I have big hands.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about
appearance.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o She's got blue eyes.

o We've got brown hair.

Family
 You have one brother and two sisters.
 She has got three brothers.
 They have seven cousins.
 We have got twelve grandchildren.

We can use 'have got' instead of 'have' in the present tense to talk about family.
We normally use 'have got' in the contracted form:

o I've got one brother and two sisters.

o I haven't got any cousins. My mother was an only child.

 
Presentación de lenguaje: Indicar la fecha (3 /13)

Situation

Samuel y Elizabeth están hablando en el despacho de Elizabeth.

Samuel: "When are you leaving on your business trip with Mr. Porter? March
27th?"
Elizabeth: "Exactly. We leave on the 27th of March at eleven o' clock."

Rules
Para preguntar e indicar el día de la semana
Para preguntar en qué día de la semana estamos Para indicar el día de la semana
 What day is it?  It is Monday.
 Which day is it today?  Today is Thursday.

I go to the pool on Mondays = Every Monday I go to the pool! (todos los lunes)
Monday, I'm going to the pool = This (coming) Monday I am going to the pool! (el
lunes que viene)

Para preguntar e indicar la fecha

Para preguntar la fecha Para indicar la fecha
 What is the date today?  Today is the 15th of January.
 What is the date of your exam?  August 2nd.
¡Cuidado!

En inglés, se utilizan los números ordinales (first, second, third, etc.) para indicar la
fecha.

Ex. "Today is January 1st (first)" [y no Today is January 1 (one)].

Para precisar una fecha

 In + year: In 1978, I got married.
 In + month: In January, it is cold.
 In the + season: In the summer, it is hot. In the autumn, it rains and in the
winter, it is cold.
 In the + century: The Internet was invented in the twentieth century.

Para indicar el momento del día

 Morning (In the morning I like to read my newspaper.)
 Afternoon (In the afternoon I like to read my favorite magazines.)
 Evening (In the evening I like to read my book.)
 Night (At night, I read before I go to sleep.)

Los meses del año

January, July,

February, August,

March, September,

April, October,

May, November,

June, December.

Los días de la semana

1. Monday,
2. Tuesday,
3. Wednesday,
4. Thursday,
5. Friday,
6. Saturday,
7. Sunday.

Cross Cultural
Los días festivos en E.E.U.U. y en el Reino Unido
La gran diferencia entre los días festivos del calendario inglés y americano es que
ninguno de los días festivos oficiales en E.E.U.U. es religioso. Por otro lado, el único
día festivo que tienen en común los Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña es el día de Año
Nuevo.

El día de San Esteban o "Boxing Day" (que se celebra en Inglaterra)

El día de San Esteban (26 de diciembre): Es el día en que tradicionalmente se

regalaban cajas de regalos (Christmas boxes) a los empleados del servicio doméstico.
Esta tradición remonta a muchos años atrás, cuando la gente más acomodada
acostumbraba a regalar a sus empleados algo de ropa y dinero para sus familias el día
después de Navidad. Como los empleados del servicio doméstico tenían que trabajar el
25 de diciembre, "Boxing Day" pasó a ser el día en que las clases más bajas celebraban
la Navidad.

El día de Acción de Gracias o "Thanksgiving" (que se celebra en Estados

Unidos)

El día de Acción de Gracias (que se celebra siempre el cuarto jueves de

noviembre): Originariamente, en el día de Acción de Gracias se celebraba la llegada de
los Peregrinos al Nuevo Mundo. Más tarde, la gente empezó a celebrar este día en señal
de agradecimiento por una abundante cosecha. Hoy en día, en el Día de Acción de
Gracias, las familias se reúnen para comer el tradicional pavo relleno y postres como el
pastel de nueces y de calabaza.

Example text: The roots of the American Thanksgiving date back from 1621 when the
Plymouth settlers gave thanks for a successful first Harvest. The settlers and natives
celebrated together with a meal of turkey, cranberries and other food from the north-
eastern region of America. Today it is a national celebration and often part of a four day
long weekend. Families gather to share the traditional meal, which of course includes
turkey, cranberry sauce, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie. The Thanksgiving holiday is
one of the heaviest travel periods during the year in the U.S.

Presentación de gramática: Las preposiciones de lugar y de movimiento (5 /13)

Introduction
Use prepositions of place in, on, under to say where someone or something is:

The shoes are in the closet.

The money is on the table.
The cat is under the table.
I live in Los Angeles.

Use the preposition to to say where something moved:

The woman drove to the grocery store.

Uses
In
Use in to talk about a real or imaginary place or an enclosed space:

 She's in the swimming pool.

 The jam is in the jar.
 Emma is in the living room.
 I work in a school.
 The Queen lives in a palace.

Use in to talk about locations (towns, countries, areas etc.):

 I am in Paris.
 I live in the countryside.
 She is in Spain on vacation.
 We are in the city center.
 Are you in London?
 I live in the United States.

On
Use on to talk about a place, a surface, or when giving directions:

 The pizza is on the table.

 The keys are on the shelf.
 I live on the first floor.
 Her office is on the left.
 I'm sitting on the couch.
 We are on the bus.

Under
Use under to talk about something being physically below something else:

 Your shoes are under the table.

 We hide treasure under an X.
 The river flows under the bridge.
 I am reading under a tree.
 Under my sweater, I am wearing a shirt.

To
Use to with verbs which show movement to a place:

o I go to work by car.
o I need to go to the supermarket.
o I walk from my house to school everyday.
o Can I come to your house?
o I need a taxi to the airport.
o Can you tell me how to get to the hospital?
o I go to bed at 11:00 p.m.
o She is going to London for the holidays.

 