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Introduction to Robotics, class notes (UG level)

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

(CETB)
College of Electronic Technology / Bani Walid
Control System Department

Subject Name: Introduction to Robotics

Class Notes (Part One)

BY: Yousef Moh. Abueejela

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Course Info
Lecture Hours: 14 weeks x 2.5 hours = 35 hours/semester

Tutorial Hours: 10 weeks x 2 hour = 20 hours/semester

Self-Readings: 14 weeks x 4 hours = 56 hours/semester

Attendance: > 75 % “it means you must attend at least 10 weeks “

Grading
Exam 1

Midterm Exam ………………………….……….…….. 25 %

Exam 2

Quiz “total “…………………………………..…………5 %

Assignments & H.ws……………………………..……. 10 %

Final Exam ………………………………………..…… 60 %

Text Books and References

 Introduction to Robotics: analysis, systems, applications, by Saeed B. Niku (available in

college library CNT 291).
 Introduction to Robotics: mechanics and control 2nd edition, by John J. Craig (available
in college library CNT 254/4).
 Fundamentals of robotics by Ming xie (Copies will be given).
 This Class Notes and hard copy materials
Contacts

Email: [email protected]

Phone:

Office: College administration building & Plc Lab

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Schedule of Lectures for Spring 2014/2015

week Lecture Topic Date

Introduction to Robot and Robotics, Three laws of robotics,
1 History, Issues of industrial robot usage, Robot Types, limitations,
1 Architecture ,Videos Media
Robot Applications ,Robot Configuration, Classification, Robot
2 Repeatability and Accuracy, Videos Media
Robot Applications, Robot component, Degree of freedom, Drive
3 Technologies,Videos Media
2 2D Vectors ,Point Representation in 3D, Vectors in Space 3D,
4 Unit Vector, 2,3D Vectors Rotations and Translation.
5 Rules to finding H.T.M, 3D Rotation and Translation in Space,
3 6
Examples 3D vectors, Issues, Relative Frames, Homogeneous
Transformation H.T.M,
Coordinate Systems, three related frames, Rotational about fixed
7
4 frames ( x,y,z). Transformation of Coordinate Frame
8 Rotational , Translation about fixed frames ( θ,α,γ).
9 Forward Kinematics Basics, Orientations, Translation of rigid body
5 10
3D System “ Camera, Robot and an Object” designing and
solution.
11 Forward Kinematics Examples for Camera object Robot Systems.
6 12 Mid Term Examination ( postponed by the student 2 times )
Denavit-Hertanberg representation, D-H algorithm of tow axis
13
7 robot
14 Forward Kinematics Solutions For 2 Dof Robots, Examples.
15 Forward Kinematics Solution For 3 Dof Robot, Examples.
8 16 Forward Kinematics Solution For 4 Dof Robots, Examples.
17 Forward Kinematics Solutions For 5 Dof Robots, Examples.
9 18 Forward Kinematics Solution For 6 Dof Robots, Mitsubishi
19 problem of inverse kinematics , Inverse Kinematics solutions
10 20 Inverse Kinematics Examples and review
21 Wheeled mobile robot, structure, types, modelling
11 22 Wheeled mobile robot speed and position calculation
23 Paper exam revision and solutions
12 24 Last exams Solutions

Quiz’s ( 4/5 )………………..…….. Homework’s ( 3/10) ……………………………... Mid term(1/25)

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

What Is a Robot?

Robots today are being utilized in a wide variety of industrial application. The most
majority of industrial robots are mechanical arms attached to a fixed base, with some
form of programmable control for automatic execution of motion.

There are a variety of definitions of an industrial robot, two of which are as follows:

A robot is a re programmable multi-function manipulator designed to move

material parts, tools or specialised devices, through variable programmed motions for
the performance of a variety of tasks. (Robotic Institute of America, 1979)

An industrial robot is a re-programmable device designed to both manipulate and

transport parts, tools or specialised manufacturing implements through variable
programmed motions for the performance of specific manufacturing tasks.

(British Robots Association)

Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, and their design,
manufacture, application, and structural disposition. It requires a working knowledge
of electronics, mechanics, and software.

The word 'robot' first appeared in 1921 but was not a technical term. It was used by a
Czech playwright called Karel Capek in a satirical play called 'Rossums Universal
Robots' to describe slave labourers who had their souls removed to make them work
harder. In, 1942 Isaac Asimov wrote a short science fiction story in which the word
'robotics' was first used and presented 3 laws of robotics.

1. Robots must not injure humans

2. Robots must obey orders
3. Robots must protect their own existence

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Issues of industrial robot usage!

How to tackle the issues of industrial relation?!!!

RIA (Robotics Industries Association) has put up the following promise for the
Opponents of robot usage in the industry:

 Not to replace workers, only replace equipment.

 Use only for (hazardous, boring, demoralizing, and repetitive tasks).

 Only if it can result in shorter work week, higher pay, and better working
conditions for human.

Classes of Robot

Most of physical robots fall into one of the three categories:

• Manipulators/robotic arms which are anchored to their workplace and built

usually from sets of rigid links connected by joints.

• Mobile robots which can move in their environment using wheels, legs, etc.

• Hybrid robots which include humanoid robots are mobile robots equipped with
manipulators.

To qualify as a robot, a machine must be able to:

1) Sensing and perception: get information from its surroundings.

2) Carry out different tasks: Locomotion or manipulation, do something
Physical–such as move or manipulate objects
3) Re-programmable: can do different things
4) Function autonomously and/or interact with human beings

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Why Use Robots?!!!

There are many different reasons for using a robot but the central reasons are:

 Application 4D environments  4A tasks

 Dangerous (exploring inside a volcano)  Automation

 Dirty  Augmentation

 Dull (such as domestic cleaning)  Assistance

 Difficult (cleaning the inside of a  Autonomous

long pipe and space missions)

Most robots today are used to do repetitive (boring

and dull) actions or jobs considered too dangerous and
difficult for humans. They are also used in factories to
build things like cars and electronics. Some robots are
even designed to explore underwater and on other
planets!

Another reason we use robot is because it is cheaper, easier and sometimes the only
way we can get things done! Robots can explore inside gas tanks, volcanoes, Mars and
other places too dangerous for humans to go! Robots also can do one thing over and
over again without getting bored – is that something you could do? Think about it –
standing in one place doing the same thing all day and night would get pretty boring!
Another reason to use robots is because they never get sick; don’t need to take a
day off, and best of all they don’t ever complain!

There are four major reasons why Nissan Corporation uses automation and in
particular industrial robots.
 Quality improvement.  Better cost effectiveness.

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 Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

 Flexibility to change.  Improvement of working environment

Limitations of Robotics

 Are not creative or innovative  Can not think independently

 Can not make complicated decisions  Can not learn from mistakes

 Can not adapt quickly to changes in their surroundings

History of Automation/Robotics
Date Development
mid- 1
J. de Vaucanson built several human-sized mechanical dolls that played music.
700s
J. Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom, a programmable machine for weaving threads or
1801
yarn into cloth.
1830 Christopher Spencer (American) designs a cam operated lathe
Seward Babbit (American) designs a motorized crane with gripper to remove ingots from a
1892
furnace.
The first reference to the word robot appears in a play opening in London. The play,
1921 written by Czechoslovakian Karel Capek, introduces the word robot from the Czech
robota, which means a serf or one in subservient labor.
1938 Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund (Americans) design a programmable paint-spraying
mechanism for the DeVilbiss Company.
1946 J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly build the first large electronic computer called the
Eniac at M.I.T.
1948 Norbert Wiener ( professor at M.I.T.) publishes Cybernetics, a book which describes the
concept of communications and control in electronic, mechanical, and biological systems.
1954 The first programmable robot is designed by George Devol, who coins the term
1954 Universal Automation. He
later shortens this to Unimation, which becomes the name of the first robot company.
1960 Unimation is purchased by Condec Corporation and development of Unimate Robot
Systems begins.
1964 Artificial intelligence research laboratories are opened at M.I.T., Stanford Research
Institute (SRI), Stanford University, and the University of Edinburgh.
1970 At Standford University a robot arm is developed which becomes a standard for research
projects. The arm is electrically powered and becomes known as the Stanford Arm.
1973 The first commercially available mini computer controlled industrial robot is developed by
Richard Hohn for Cincinnati Milacron.
1978 The Puma (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly) robot is developed by
Unimation from Vicarm techniques and with support from General Motors.
1980 The robot industry starts its rapid growth, with a new robot or company entering the market
every month.

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Types of Robots (some examples)

 Robot Manipulators  Mobile Manipulators

 Aerial Robots  Humanoid  Legged

robots

 Underwater robots

 Wheeled mobile robots

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Hilare Sojourner
II Rover

NASA and JPL, Mars

Mobile robot examples

VECTOR-Versatile Endoscopic Capsule

2001: Capsule endoscopy for gastrointestinal TumOr Recognition

Tele-operated Endoscopic
Capsule with Active
Locomotion Scuola Superiore
Sant’Anna, Italy (research
project)

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Industrial Robot Applications

Historically, there have been two main streams for the development of robotics. One
application area is the traditional industrial robot, employed for assembly line tasks such as
welding, painting, and materials handling. The other application area is teleportation for
hazardous environments, such as handling nuclear materials. More recently, the domain of
application for robotics has expanded. Here are the most 10 industrial robot applications:

1) Material Handling (see slide 12).

2) Polishing (see slide 12).
3) Punching (see slide 13).
4) Welding (see slide 13).
5) Palletizing. See “industrial robot
6) Assembly. Videos” slide 14
7) Laser Cutting.
8) Spray Painting.
9) Inspection.
10) Deburring.

Percentages of industrial robot uses in worldwide are (60% welding and painting ,20%
pick and place and 20% others).

Advantages &Benefits of Industrial Robots

1. Increased output rates. 2. Improved product quality

3. Reduced material wastage. 4. Accident reduction.
5. Reduced labor turnover. 6. Greater flexibilityandre-programmability.

Dis-advantages of Industrial Robot

1) Replacement of human labor.
2) Robots are an expensive initial cost.
3) Can only do what it is instructed to do; nothing more, nothing les
4) Greater unemployment

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Architecture of Robotic Systems

An industrial robot contains several electrical and mechanical components acting

together as a system. The controller contains an operating system and software that
dictates how the system operates and communicates. Sensors work together for
gathering information (Localization and positioning).

External
Sensors
Environment

Internal
Sensors

Programming Control
Unit
Actuators
Mechanical
Structure

Industrial Robot
USER

 Actuators:  Sensors:
Electrical, Hydraulic, Camera, Encoder, Photo Electronic, GPS,
Pneumatic, Artificial Muscle Compass, Gyroscope, Inertial navigation,
Laser Range Scanners, Pressure

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Configuration of Industrial Robot

Over the years robot manufacturers have developed many types of robots of differing
configurations and mechanical design, to give a variety of spatial arrangements and working
volumes. The majority of these manipulators fall into one of these six configurations:
Cartesian (PPP), Cylindrical (RPP), Spherical (RRP), SCARA (RRP),
Articulate/Revolute (RRR) and robot. The work envelope or work volume is defined as the
space within which the robot cans manipulator the end of its wrist. The shape of work volume
is determined by the type of robot configuration.

1- Cartesian Type Configuration (PPP),( X Y Z )

It is form by 3 prismatic joints, whose axes are coincident with the X, Y and Z planes.
These robots move in three directions, in translation, at right angles to each other.
Cartesian manipulator is useful for table-top assembly applications and, as gantry robots
for transfer of material and cargo.

Advantages: Work space

 3 linear axes
 Easy to visualize
 Rigid structure
 Easy to program off-line

Disadvantage:

 Can only reach in front of itself

 Requires large floor space for size of work envelop
 Axes hard to seal

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

2- Cylindrical Type Configuration (RPP), ( θ, r, z )

For cylindrical type manipulator, its first joint is revolute which produces a rotation
about the based, while its second and third joints are prismatic. The robot arm is
attached to the slide so that it can be moved radially with respect to the column.

Advantages:

 2 linear axes, 1 rotating axis

 Can reach all around itself
 Reach and height axes rigid

Disadvantage:

 Cannot reach above itself

 Base rotation axis is less rigid than a linear axis
 Will not reach around obstacles

3- Spherical Type Configuration (RRP), ( θ, β, z )

The first two joints of this type of manipulators are revolute, while its third Joint is
prismatic. It used for a small number of vertical actions and is adequate for loading and
unloading of a punch.

Advantages:

 1 linear axis, 2 rotating axes

 Long horizontal reach

Disadvantage:

 Cannot reach around obstacles

 Generally has short vertical reach

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

4- Scara Type Configuration (RRP or PRR), ( θ, φ, z )

The word SCARA stands for Selective Compliant Articulated Robot for Assembly.
There are two type of SCARA robot configuration: either the first two joints are
revolute with the third joint as prismatic, or the first joint is revolute with the second and
third Joints as prismatic. Although some of the SCARA robots have the RRP structure.

Advantages:

 1 linear axis, 2 rotating axes

 Height axis is rigid
 Large work area floor space
 Can reach around obstacles
 Two ways to reach a point

Disadvantage:

 Difficult to program off-line

 Highly complex arm

5- Revolute Type Configuration (RRR), ( θ, β, α )

Also called articulated manipulator that looks like an arm with at least three rotary
joints. They are used in welding and painting; gantry and conveyor systems move parts
in factories.

Advantages:

 3 rotating, axes
 Can reach above or below obstacles
 Largest work area for least work space
 Two or four ways to reach a point

Disadvantage:

 Difficult to program off-line

 The most complex manipulator

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

6- Parallel Type Configuration (RRR), ( θ, β, α )

It is a complex mechanism which is constituted by two or more kinematics chains
between, the base and the platform where the end-effectors are located.

Advantages:

 Motors can be proximal:

 higher bandwidth,
 easier to control

Disadvantage:

 Generally less motion

 kinematics can be challenging

Workspace : is the volume of space reachable by the end-effector, Everywhere a

robot reaches must be within this space.Tool orientation and size also important.

Repeatability and Accuracy of an Industrial Robot

Accuracy: Accuracy refers to a robot's ability to position its wrist end at a desired target point
within the work volume.
Repeatability: Repeatability describes how a points are repeated at the same place or target.

Bad Accuracy Good Accuracy Bad Accuracy Good Accuracy

Bad Repeatability Bad Repeatability Good Repeatability Good Repeatability

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Robot Classification

 Arm Configuration:  Drive System:  Drive Gear System:

o Cartesian Coordinate. o Electrical. o Direct Drive Robots.
o Cylindrical Coordinate. o Hydraulic. o Geared Robots.
o Spherical Coordinate. o Pneumatic.
o Scara Coordinate.
o Revolute Coordinate.

 Level of Technology:
o Low Technology: (material handling, using simple assemble 2-4 axes of
movement, stop at extremes).

o Medium Technology: (pick & place, material handling, 4-6 axes).

o High Technology: ( material handling, pick and place, loading, painting and
welding, 6-9 axes).

 Field of Applications:  Tooling Applications:

o Industrial Robot. o Painting robot.
o Medical Robot. o Welding robot.
o Space Robot. o Gluing robot.
o Military Robot. o Deburring robot.
o Aerial Robot. o Etcetra ………..
o Etcetra ……….. o .
o .

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Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Motors and Actuators Technologies

Actuators and Motors are devices that make robot move “robot muscle “. For most
industrial robots, the actuators are coupled to the respective robot link through a, gear train.
The effect of the gear reduction is largely to decoupled the system by reducing the coupling
among the joints. However, the present of gears introduces friction, backlash and drive train
compliance. The commonly used actuators are:

Pneumatic: Electric: Hydraulic:

 Energy efficient  clean  can deliver large forces
 Hard for feedback  choice of today  bulky, leakage problems
control

Electrical Drive

Small and medium size robots are usually powered by electric drives via gear trains
using servomotors and stepper motors. Most commonly used are dc motors, although
for larger robots, ac motors may be utilised. A new design based on direct drives
(without gear trains) is being developed.

Advantages:

 Better accuracy & repeatability

 Require less floor space
 More towards precise work such as assembly applications

Disadvantage:

 Generally not as speedy and powerful as hydraulic robots

 Expensive for large and powerful robots, can become fire hazard

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 Introduction to Robotics CNT 4202 Class Notes

Hydraulic Drive

Larger robots are usually powered by hydraulic drives . Hydraulic drive system can
provide rotational motion (rotary vane actuators) and linear motion (hydraulic pistons).

Advantages:

 More strength-to-weight ratio

 Can also actuate at a higher speed

Disadvantage:

 Require large floor space

 Tendency to oil leakage

Pneumatic Drive

Generally used For smaller robots that possess fewer degrees of freedom (2- 4 joint motions).
They are limited to pick-and-place tasks with fast cycles. Pneumatic drive system can be
applied to the actuation of piston devices to provide linear motions. Rotational motions can be
achieved by rotary actuators
Advantages:

 Cheaper & lower technology options for control of speed.

 Safe to use and Light in weight

Disadvantage:

 Require large floor space

 Tendency to oil leakage

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