Muhammad.H.

Rashid Power Electronics Circuits, Devices & Applications

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1-1 ~~~11~(1110115 01 ~0~~( 81~~1(0111~5, 1
1-2 ~0~~( 5~1111~01100~10( 1)~~1~~5, 3
1-3 ~0111(01 ~113((1~1~(1511~5 01 ~0~~( 1)~~1~~5, 8
1-4 1~~~5 01 ~0~~( 81~~1(0111~ 0(~0115, 8
1-5 1)~51~11 01 ~0~~( 81~~1(0111~5 8().01~111~111, 12
1-6 ~~(1~11~(31 811~~15, 13
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 2-1 101(0011~1100, 15
2-2 0100~5 ~1111~~ (100 ~1., 1.0(105, 15
2-3 0100~5 ~11111.,~ (100 ~1.,~ 1.0(105, 18
2-4 ~(~~~11~~110~ 0100~5, 23
2-5 ~~~0~~()1 011((11111~0 ~0~(~)1 ~1111(1 0100~, 25
2-6 510~1~-.,11(15~ 1-1(111-~(1~~ ~~~1111~(5, 29
2-7 .,~(10((0(10~~ .,(1((1(0~1~(5, 29
2-8 510~1~-.,11(15~ ~1111-~(1~~ ~~~1111~(5, 33
2-9 ~111111111(15~51(1( ~~~1111~(5, 38
2-10 111(~~-.,11(15~ 13(10~~ ~~~1111~(5, 41
2-11 ~~~1111~( 0(~1111 0~51~0, 44
2-12 ~11~~15 01 5011(~~ (100 1.0(10 10011~1(10~~5, 49
511(0(0(1()1, 50
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~~~1~~ 011~511005, 51
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~~~~,..~~ 3 56
3-1 101(0011~1100, 56
3-2 ~(1111((11 ~0(0(0111(11100, 57
3-3 ~0(~~0 ~0(0(0111(11100, 57
3-3.1 5~11-~0(0(0111(11100, 58
3-3.2 1(0111115~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 60
3-3.3 ~~500(101 .,1115~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 64
3-3.4 ~0(0111~(0~01(1()1 ~0(0(0111(11100, 67
3-3.5 ~)(1~(0(11 .,1115~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 69
3-3.6 1.0(10-510~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 69
3-3.7 1.10~-510~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 69
3-4 ~0(0(0111(11100 0(~1111 0~51~0, 71
3-5 ~0(0(0111(11100 ~(111(1~110(5, 74
511(0(0(1()1, 74
~~1~(~0~~5, 74
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.,(001~(05, 75

4-1 101(0011~1100, 77
/4-2 .,(10~1111~ 01 .,11(15~-~001(011~0 ~00~~(1~( 011~((11100, 78
~4-3 510~1~- .,11(15~ 5~(01~00~~(1~(5, 80
~-4 510~1~-.,11(15~ ~1111 ~00~~(1~(5, 84
4-5 510~1~- .,11(15~ 011(11 ~00~~(1~(5, 87

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 4-6 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 5~(1~5 ~0(1~~(1~(5, 90
4-7 111..~~-~11(15~ 1-1(11~-~(1~~ ~0(1~~..1~(5, 95
4-8 111(~~-~11(15~ 5~1111~0(1~~..1~(5, 99
4-9 111..~~-~11(15~ ~011 ~0(1~~..1~..5, 101
4-10 111..~~-~11(15~ 00(11 ~0(1~~..1~(5, 105
4-11 ~0~~( ~(1~10( 1111~..0~~111~(115, 107
4-11.1 8)(11(1~110(1 ~(1~1~ ~0(11..01, 108
4-11.2 5)1111111~1..1~(11
~11~1~ ~0(11..01, 110
4-11.3 ~015~- ~10111- ~0001(1110(1 ~0(11..01, 112
4-11.4 51(105010(11 ~015~- ~10111 ~0001(1110(1, 114
4-12 0~51~(1 0~ ~0(1~~..1~( 0..~0115, 115
4-13 8~~~~15 0~ 1.0(10 (1(10 500..~~ 1(100~1(1(1~~5, 117
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51101111(1()1,
119
~~~~..~(1~~5, 119
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/5-1 1(11(000~110(1, 124

5-2 51(1~1~-~11(15~ ~~ 5~11~11~5, 125
5-3 111..~~-~11(15~ ~~ 5~11~11~5, 127
5-4 111..~~-~11(15~ ~~~~..51(1~ 5~11~11~5, 127
5-5 ~~ 5~11~11~5 ~0.. 1305 1((1(15~~(, 130
/5-6 0~ 5~11~11~5, 130
5-7 50110-51(11~ ~~1(1)15, 132
5-8 0~51~(1 0~ 51(111~ 5~11~11~5, 133
50111111(1..)1, 134
~~~~(~11~~5, 134
~~~1~~ 00~5110(15, 134
~..0~1~1115, 135

6-1 1111..000~110(1, 137

6-2 ~..111~1~1~ 0~ 0(1-0~~ ~0(11..01, 138
6-3 ~..1(1~1~1~ 0~ ~11(15~ ~0(11..01, 140
6-4 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 13101(~~11011(11 ~0(11(011~..5 ~1111 ~~51511~~ 1.0(105, 142
,/6-5 51(1~1~-~11(15~ ~0(11(011~..5 ~11111(100~11~~ 1.0(105, 145
6-6 111..~~ ~11(15~ 1-1(11~-~(1~~ ~0(11(011~(5, 148
6-7 111..~~-~11(15~ ~011-~(1~~ ~0(11..011~..5, 154
6-8 111..~~-~11(15~ 13101(~~110(1(11 0~11(1-~0(111~~1~0 ~0(11..011~..5, 157
6-9 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 1((1(15~0(111~.. 1(1~ ~11(1(1~~..5, 161
6-10 ~)1~10~0(1~~..1~..5, 166

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 6-10.1 510~1~-~1138~ ~)1~10~00~~(1~(8, 166
6-10. 2 111(~~- ~1138~ ~)1~10~00~~(1~(8, 168
6-10.3 ~~011~1100 01 0111~1111-13((0001~8, 169
6-11 1)~81~0 01 ~~ ~ 0113~~-~001(011~( ~1(~11118,172
6-12 ~11~~18 01 5011(~~ 300 1-030 10011~130~~8, 175
511(0(03()1, 176
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7-1 101(0011~1100, 180

7-2 ~(10~1~1~ 01 51~~-1)0~0 0~~(31100, 180
7-3 51~~-1)0~0 ~110~~~(8 ~1111~1. 1-030, 183
7-4 ~(10~1~1~ 01 51~~-1)~ 0~~(31100, 186
7-5 ~~(10((030~~ ~3(3(0~1~(8, 189
7-6 5~11~1110~-~00~ ~~~111310(8, 189
7-6.1 1311~~~~~111310(8, 190
7-6.2 130081 ~~~111310(8, 193
7-6.3 1311~~-130081 ~~~111310(8, 196
7-6.4 ~11~ ~~~111310(8, 199
7-6.5 1-1(01131100801 510~1~-513~~ ~00~~(8100, 204
7-7 111)1(1810( ~110~~~( 0(~11118, 204
7-7.1 1(0~1118~-~0(0(011131~0 ~110~~~(8, 205
7-7.2 ~11~~18_015011(~~ 300 1-030 10011~130~~, 210
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7-7.4 ~~800301 ~1118~~110~~~(8, 212
7-8 ~110~~~( ~1(~11111)~81~0, 215
7-9 ~3~0~11~ ~00810~(311008, 221
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8-1 101(0011~1100, 226

8-2 ~(10~1~1~ 01 0~~(31100, 227
8-3 ~~(10((030~~ ~3(3(0~1~(8, 228
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8-5 111(~~-~1138~ 10~~(1~(8, 233
8-6 ~0113~~ ~001(01 01 510~1~-~1138~ 10~~(1~(8, 239
8-6.1 510~1~-~1118~-~10111 ~0011131100, 240

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 8-6.2 ~11111~1~-111115~-~10111 ~00111(11100, 241
8-6.3 510115010(11111115~-~10111 ~00111(11100, 243
8-6.4 ~00111~0 510115010(11111115~-~10111 ~00111(11100, 245
8-6.5 1111(15~-015~1(1~~111~01 ~001(01, 246
8-7 ~011(1~~ ~001(01 01111(~~-1111(15~ 10~~(1~(5, 247
8-8 1-1(1(111001~~~011~11005, 248
8-9 5~(1~5 ~~500(10110~~(1~(5, 251
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8-14 ~(1~0~11~ ~00510~((111005, 279
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~~1~(~11~~5, 279
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9-1 1111(0011~11011,284
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9-5 ~(1~0~11~ ~011510~((1110115,293
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~~1~(~0~~5, 294
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~ 4~~~~ 10 ()~ ()~~~~5 296

10-1 1111(0011~1100,296
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01 0~ ~010(5, 297
10-3 5111~1~-1111(15~
0(1~~5, 300
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 10-3.2 $111~1~-~1138~ $~1111~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 302
10-3.3 $111~1~-~1138~ ~1.111-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 303
10-3.4 $111~1~-~1138~ 01.131-~00~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 304
10-4 111(~~-~1138~ 0(1~~8, 307
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10-4.2 111(~~-~1138~ $~1111~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 308
10-4.3 111(~~-~1138~ ~1.111-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 308
10-4.4 111(~~-~1138~ 01.131-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 309
10-5 ~110~~~( 0(1~~8, 313
10-5.1 ~(111~1~1~ 01 ~0~~( ~0111(01, 313
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10-5.3 ~(111~1~1~ 01 ~11~081311~ )3(3~~ ~0111(01, 317
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10-6 008~0-1.,00~ ~0111(01 01 0~ 0(1~~8, 323
10-6.1 0~~11-1.,00~ 1(31181~( ~1.111~11011,324
10-6.2 008~0-1.,00~ 1(31181~( ~1.111~11011,328
10-6.3 ~1138~-1.,0~~~0-1.,00~ ~0111(01, 330
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~~1~(~11~~8, 333
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~...~~,.~~ 11 ~~ ()~~~~5 339

11-1 1111(001.1~11011, 339
11-2 11101.1~11011~010( 0(1~~8, 340
11-2.1 ~~(10(111311~~ ~113(3~1~(1811~8, 341
11-2.2 $1310( ~0113~~ ~0111(01, 347
11-2.3 ~010( ~0113~~ ~0111(01, 349
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11-2.5 ~0113~~ 3110 ~(~()1.1~11~)1 ~0111(01, 358
11-2.6 ~1.1((~111 ~0111(01, 361
11-2.7 ~0113~~, ~1.1((~111, 3110 ~(~()1.1~11~)1 ~0111(01, 364
11-2.8 008~0-1.,00~ ~0111(01 0111101.1~11011 ~010(8, 365
11-3 $)111~11(01101.18~010( 0(1~~8, 369
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11-3.2 $311~111-~01~ ~010(8, 373
11-3.3 ~~11.1~1311~~ ~010(8, 374
11-3.4 ~~(111311~111-~3~11~1 ~010(8, 375
11-3.5 008~0-1.,00~ ~0111(01 01 $)111~11(01101.18~010(8, 376

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 51.1111111(1()1, 377

~~1~(~0~~5, 378
~~..,1~~ 01.1~511005, 379
~(001~1115, 380

12-1 1111(001.1~11011,
383
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12-3.2 ~(151-~~~0..,~1-)10100~5, 387
12-3.3 5~0.011~)1 0100~5, 387
12-4 ~~(10(111(111~~~(1((1111~1~(5,388
12-5 811~~15 01 ~0(~(1(0 (1110~~..,~(5~ ~~~0..,~()111111~, 402
12-6 5~(1~5-~0011~~1~0 0100~5, 406
12-7 ~(1((111~1-~0110~~1~00100~5, 408
51.1111111(1()1, 409
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13-1 1111(001.1~11011, 412

13-2 131~01(1( 11.111~110111((11151510(5, 413
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13-7 1501(111011 01 0(11~ (1110 13(15~ 0(1..,~5, 461

13-7.1 ~1.115~ 1((111510(111~(5, 462
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~~1~(~0~~5, 464
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~(001~1115, 466

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 14-1 1111(001.1~11011, 468
14-2 111)1(1510( ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5, 468
14-3 1~0-1((11151510( ~00~1 01111)1(1510(, 470
14-4 111)1(1510( 11.1(11-011, 472
14-5 (/// (/( ~(01~~11011, 474
14-6 (/1)/(/( ~(01~~11011, 476
14-7 111)1(1510( 11.1(11-011, 478
14-8 111)1(1510( 1)1~~5, 479
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14-8.2 ~(151-5~11~11111~ 111)1(1510(5, 480
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14-8.4 )3101(~~11011(111(100~ 111)1(1510(5, 482
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14-8.6 51(111~ 11101.1~11011111)1(1510(5, 483
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15-1 1111(001.1~11011, 514

15-2 ~001111~ (1110 1-1~(115111./(5, 514
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~~()-=)( 580

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13

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~00..,~(5100 01 ~1~~1(1~ ~0~~(. 10~ 0100~ ~1(~11115 1011111(~ ~0111111001)1115~0 10 ~0~~(
~1~~1(001~5 10( 51~0111 ~(0~~5510~ 11(~ (~..,1~~~0 10 1015 ~011~1~(. 10~ 11~~11~1111005 01
0100~5 10( ~00..,~(5100 01 ~0~~( 1(011111~-0~ 11(~ 101(0011~~0. 111~ 11~-0~ ~00..,~(1~(5
11(~ ~0111111001)1 /(00~0 115 ,.~~(///~,.5 1100 111~ 0100~ (~~1111~(5 ~(0..,10~ 1111)(~0 0~ 0111~111
..,01111~~. ~0( 111~ 511/(~ 01 51111~11~11)1 111~ 0100~5 11(~ ~00510~(~0 10 /)~ 10~111. 13)1
10~111, ~~ 111~110 10111 111~ (~..,~(5~ (~~0..,~()111111~ 1100 111~ 10(~11(0 ..,01111~~ 0(0~ 11(~
0~~11~1/)1~ .

~1~11(~ 2-111 5110~5 11 0100~ ~1(~1111 ~1111110 ~~ 10110. ~11~0 111~ 5~11~11 5) 15 ~105~0
111 ( = 0, 111~ ~011(~10~ ~11((~01 111111110~5 111(011~11111~ ~11~11~110( 15 101100 1(0111

~5 = 1)8. + 1)0 = 1)8. +

~ )/ ()(
+ 1)0
((
= 0) (2-1)

(2-2)

15

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 0.368
*0
~. ------
0.632~.

-.

~1111111~ 10111(11 ~00011100 11~ (( = 0) = 0, 111~501111100018().. (2-1) (~111~11150~.-1~~0

10 ~~~~001)( 0.1) ~1~~5 111~ ~11(1.-~10~ ~11 ~01 (15

~5 ~~(/8.~
1(/) = (2-3)
~

(2-4)

~11~.-~ ~~ = ,. 15 111~ 11(0~ ~0051(101 01 (10 ~~ 10(10. 111~ .-(11~ 01 ~11(10~~ 01111~
~(1~(1~110.- ~011(1~~ 15

(2-5)

(100 111~ 10111(11 .-(11~ 01 ~11(10~~ 01 ~(1~(1~110.- ~011(1~~ ((11 ( = 0) 15 001(110~0 1.-0(0 8()..
(2-5) ~

011~~ ~5
= (2-6)
0( ~(~0 ~~
~ 0100~ ~1.-~1111~1111 (10 ~/..., 10(10 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-2(1. ~11~0 5~11~11 51 15
(
~105~0 (11 = 0, 111~ ~11 ~01111.-011~11111~ 10011~10.- 10~.-~(15~5 (100 15 ~)(~.-~55~0 (15

01 .
~5 = 111- + 118. = /...,0( + ~1 (2-7)

~1111111~ 10111(11~00011100 1(( = 0) = 0, 111~50111110001 8().. (2-7) (~111~11150~.-1~~0

10 ~~~~001)( 0 .2) )11~105

(2-8)

16

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 0.368 ~5

0 (

-
~5 -~ ~---
8
~
0.632,5. - - -
( ~=
~
(
~

111~ (31~ 01 ~1130~~ 0111115 ~11((~01 ~30 0~ 001310~0 1(001 ~~. (2-8) 35

0-/ 115~-(~/~
(2-9)
0-( 1--

300 111~ 1011131 (31~ 01 (15~ 01111~ ~11((~01 (31 ( =

0-/ ~

(2-10)
0-(~(~0

0-/
1)~(() = 1-- = 115~-(~/~ (2-11 )
0-(

~11~(~ 1--/~ = ,. 15 111~1101~ ~0051301 01 30 ~1-- 1030.

111~ ~3~~10(015 10( 111~~0113~~ 300 ~11((~01 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-20. 11 ( //
~,
1--/ 111~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 111~ 10011~10( 1~005 10 0~ 2~(0 300 115 ~11((~01 (~3~11~5 3
51~30~-5131~ ~3111~0115 = 11/~. 1130 311~01~115 111~00130~ 10 0~~0 5~11~1151, 111~
~0~(~~ 510(~0 10 111~10011~10( (= 0.51--(2) ~111 0~ 1(30510(01~0 1010 3 111~11(~~~(5~
~0113~~ 3~(055 111~5~11~11300 0100~. 11115~0~(~~ ~111 0~ 01551~31~0 10 111~10(01 01
5~3(~5 3~(055 111~5~11~11~300 111~0100~ 1)1 15 11~~1~ 10 0~ 03013~~0 10 11115~(0~~55.
10 0~~(~001~ 511~113 5111131100,3 0100~ ~00101001~ ~00~0 35 3 /,~~)1//2~~//11150-/00-~
15 ~000~~1~0 3~(055 30 10011~11~~1030 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-83-.
~)(3111()1~2-1
~ 0100~ ~1(~111115 5110~11111 ~1~.2-33 ~11118. = 440 3110~ = 0.1 /1-~. 111~~3~3~110(
11353111111631~0113~~, 110 = 220~. 11111~ 5~11~1151 15 ~105~0 31 ( = 0, 0~1~1111111~111~
(3) ~~3/( 0100~ ~1111~111~(0) ~11~1~)101551~31~0 111111~ 1~515101, 8.~ 3110 (~) ~3))3~1101
(
~0113~~ 31 = 2 /1-5.
801111100 111~ ~3~~1011115 3(~ 5110~11111~1~. 2-30.
(3) ~~1136011 (2-3) ~311 0~ 115~0 ~1111115 = 1103110 111~))~3/( 0100~ ~1111~11115

220
/ ,, =-=5~
44

58~. 2-2 17

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 (/)) 111~ ~11~1~)1 01551~31~0 15

)( )( 10~6 )( 2202
= 0.5~115 = 0.5
~ 0.1 = 0.00242 1
(() ~01 ~~ = 0.1 )( 44 (
= 4.4 ).1-53110 = (1 = 2 ).1-5,111~(3~3(1101 .,,0113~~ 15
1)0(( = 2 ).1-5)= 220 )( ~-2/44 = 139.64 ~

~ 0100~ ~1(~1.111~1111 ~0 /..,~ 10~0 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-4~. ~11~0 5~11~11 51 15 ~105~0
( 0, 111~ ~11~(~10~ ~1.1((~01 0( 111~ ~~1=/~~110(
~1 = 15 ~)(1=/(~55~0 35

()1 1 . ()(
11. = /..,
()( +
~1 1 + 1)~
((
= 0) (2-12)

~111110111~1 ~000111005 1(( = 0) = 0 300 1)~(( = 0) = 0, ~(). (2-12) ~~0 0~ 501~~0

(0( 111~ ~~1=/~~110( ~1.1((~01 ~5 (10 ~1=/1=/~0(1)( 0.3)

1(() = 11 .~ ~. - 510
/..,
0)( (2-13)

0)( (2-14)
= /,, 510

1/~ ~00 111~ 1=/~~~ ~1.1((~01,

1, = ~.)~ (2-15)

111~ (~1~ 0( (15~ 0( 111~ ~1.1((~0115 001~10~0 ((001 ~(). (2-13) ~5

()1 11.
-()( = - ~05
0)( (2-16)
/..,

18

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 0
- . ~4

300 ~(). (2-16) ~1~~5 111~ 1011131 (31~ 01 (15~ 01111~ ~1.1((~01 (31 ( 0) 35

= ~- (2-17)
~~~ (~0

((
1 (/( 0)()
1)0(() = ~ )0 / = ~5(1 - ~05 (2-18)

~1 3 11111~ ( = (1 10 ~, 111~ 0100~ ~1.1((~01, / 13115 10 2~(0 300 111~ ~3~3~110( 15

~113(~~0 10 2~5. 111~ ~3~~10(1115 10( 111~ ~0113~~ 300 ~1.1((~01 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-
40.
~,.3(11))1~ 2-2

~ 0100~ ~1(~1.111~1111 311 /...,~ 1030 18 5110~11 111~18. 2-53 ~1111 111~ ~3~3~110( 113~1118 311
11111131~01138~, 170 = 220 ~, ~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 20 ~~, 3110 11101.1~1311~~, /...,
= 80 ~1-1.
11111~ 5~11~11 51 15 ~105~0 31 ( = 0, 0~1~(111111~111~(3) ~~3/( ~1.1~~~111111~01.1811111~
0100~~
(0) ~01101.1~1101111111~01111~ 0100~ ~ 3110 (~) 51~(0)1-5131~ ~3~3~110~ ..01138~.

8011.11100 (3) 051118 /(/,.~/1/10/15 ~0/((18~ /(1 , (1(~1.,), ~~ ~311 ~~11~ 111~ ~()1.131101110~ 111~
~1.1~~~11135
(// 1 . (/(
/...,
~ ~1 / + + 11~(( = 0) = 0
((
3110 111~ ~1.1~~~111~111111111131~01101110115 01/(( = 0) = 0 311011~ = 0) = - 17015 501~~0
35

/(() ())(
= 1(0)~ 5111

())
= 106(~20
)(
~11~~~ = 1/~ 80 = 25,000 ~30/5. 111~ ~~3/( ~1.1~(~111,

/20
1,, = 170 /0/..., = 220 = 110 ~
80
~

58~. 2-3 19

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 5,

0,

(0)~1, = ,1 = ,,. ~, 111~ 0100~ ~11~~~1110~~0111~5 2~~0 (1110 111~ ~011011~11011 11111~0(
0100~ 15

,1 = ,,.~ = ,,. -/20 )(

80 = 125.66 ~5

~0~ , = ,1 = 125.66 ~5, 1)~ (, = ,,) = 220 ~.

~ 0100~ ~1..~011~1111 311~1-~ 1030 15 5110~11111~1~. 2-6. 11111~ 5~11~1151 15

~105~0 31 1 = 0, ~~ ~31105~ 111~1(~1- 10 ~..11~ 111~~().036011 10.. 111~1030 ~0 ~11135
(// 1 (
1-(/1 + ~/ + (3) / (/1 + 1)~ (1 = 0) = ~5 (2-19)

~01101110115/ (1 = 0) 3110 1)~(1 = 0) = ~0.

~111111111131 0111~..~1163611~ ~().. (2-19)
3110 01 10111~ 00111 510~5 0~ 1- ~1 ~5

(2-20)

0110~.. 51~30~-5131~ ~01101110115, 111~ ~3))3~110.. 15 ~113..~~0 10 111~ 500..~~ 0113~~ ~5

3110 111~ 51~30~-5131~ ~0 ~111 ~111 0~ 2~..0. 111~ 10..~~0 ~0(11))011~111 01111~ ~0 ~111
111 ~().. (2-20) 15 3150 2~..0. 111~ ~0 ~11115 00~ 10 111~ 11310..31 ~0(11))011~111.

5,
+-- 0,

..)~11..~ 2-6 010~~ ~1~~111( ~1(/1 8.1.-~

-. 103~.

20

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 (2-21)

300 111.~(0015 01 ()1.130(311~ ~(). (2-21) 3(~ ~1~~0 0~

/~ 2
1
~( )
~
51.2 = - =1= - (2-22)
21., 21., 1.,~

1-~1 1.150~110~ 1~0 1(0~0(1301 ~(0~~(11~5 01 3 5~~000-0(0~( ~1(~1.111~

/(1~(0, ,
~
~ =- (2-23)
21.,

1
0)0 = (2-24)
~
51.1051111.1110~ 111.~5~ 1010 ~(). (2-22) ~1~105

51,2 = -~ =1= ~~2 - 0)5 (2-25)

111.~ 5011.11100 10( 111.~ ~1.1((~01, ~11.1~11. ~111 0~~~00 00 111.~ ~311.1~5 01 ~ 300 0)0, ~01.110
10110~ 00~ 01111.~ 111.(~~ ~055101~ ~35~5.

~859 1. 11 ~ = 0)0 , 111.~ (0015 3(~ ~()1.131, 51 = 52, 300 111.~ ~1(~1.11115 ~311~0
~,/(/~(1//)1 0.(1111~~0.. 111.~ 5011.11100 ~111 0~ 01111.~ 10((0

(2-26)

~859 2. 11 ~ ~ 0)0, 111.~(0015 3(~ (~31300 111.~~1(~1.11115 5310 10 0~ 01)~,0.(1111~~0..

111.~ 5011.11100 13~~5 111.~ 10((0

(2-27)

~859 3. 11 ~ ~ 0)0, 111.~ (0015 3(~ ~0(0~1~)( 300 111.~ ~1(~1.111 15 5310 10 0~
/1110.~,0.(1111~~0.. 111.~ (0015 3(~

(2-28)

~11.~(~ 0)~ 15 ~311~0 111.~ ,/118/118 /,~()/1~119 (0( 03(0~~0 (~500301 1(~()1.1~0~~) 300
0)~ = ~ 0)5 - ~2. 111.~ 5011.11100 13~~5 111.~ 10((0

/(0 = ~-,.((~1 ~05 0)~( + ~2 510 0)~() (2-29)

300 111.~ ~1.1((~01 ~0051515 01 3 0.(1111~~0. 0, 0.~~(1)1/118 5/11/150/0.(1/.

1-/0(~. 111.~ ~00513015 ~1 300 ~2 ~30 0~ 0~1~((010~0 1(0(0 111.~ 1011131 ~000111005
01111.~ ~1(~1.111. 111.~ (3110 01 ~/0)0 15 ~0(0(0001~ ~00~0 35 0.(1111~/118 ,(1(/0, 8.

58~. 2-3 21

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~)(301()1~ 2-3

10 10~ 5~~000-0~0~~ ~1-~ ~1~~1111 0~ ~1~. 2-6, 10~ 5011~~~,,,0113~~, ~, = 220 ~, 10011~1-
30~~, 1- = 2 ~1-1, ~3~3~1130~~, ~ = 0.05 ~~, 300 ~~515130~~, ~ = 160 0. 10~ 1011131
,,,3111~0~ 10~ ~3~3~110~ ,,,0113~~ 15 ~0 = 0. 1~ 10~ 5~11~015 ~105~0 31 ( = 0, 0~1~~~10~
(3) 30 ~)(~~~55100 ~0~ 10~ ~11~~~01, /((), 300 (0) 10~ ~00011~1100 11~~ 0~ 0100~. (~)
1)~3~ 3 5/(~1~0 0~ /( ().

80111~)0)) (3) ~~0~ ~~. (2-23), ~ = 160 )( 103/(2 )( 2) = 40,000 ~30/5 300 ~~0~ ~~.
(2-24), (00 = 1/~ = 105 ~30/5.
(0~ = ~1010 )( 10~
- 16 = 91,652 ~30/5
510~~ ~ ~ (00, 1115 30 1100~~03~~~0 ~1~~1111300 10~ 501111100 15 0~ 10~ ~0~~

/(() = ~-~/(..41 ~05 (0~( + ..42 510 (0~()

(
~1 = 0, /(( = 0) = 0 300 1015 ~1,,,~5..41 = 0. 10~ 501111100 0~~0~~5

/(()
= ~-~/..42 510 (0~(

10~ 0~~1,,,311,,,~ 0~ /(() ~1,,,~5

0/ .
-0( = (0
~ ~05
(0
~
(..4
2
~-~/
- ~ 510 (0
~
(..4
2
~-~/

( 0, 10~ ~3~3~110~ 0~~~~5 3 10~ 1~~~030~~ 300 10~

~0~0 10~ 5~11~0 15 ~105~0 31 =
10011~10~ 0~~~~5 3 01~0 1~~~030~~. 10~ 1011131 ~31~ 0~ ~15~ 0~ 10~ ~11~~~01 15 11~11~0
(
001~ 0~ 10~ 10011~10~ 1-. 10115 31 = 0, 10~ ~1~~1111
0//0( 15

)(
220 1000
~ 2
~
=~
(0~1- = 91,652)( 2 =
1.2

10~ ~1031 ~)(~~~55100 ~0~ 10~ ~11~~~01 /(() 15

/(()
= 1.2 510 (91,652()~-40.000/ ..4

111~11..~ 2-7 ~11((~(1( ~3,,,~~0(111 ~0( ~)(-

3111111~2-3.

22

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 ,.
(1
= 91 ,652 = 34.27 ~8

11111~ $~11~11.51 10 ~1~. 2-23 18 ~10$~0 10( 11(0~ (1, 3 ~0((~011$ ~$13011$11~0 111(00~11
111~ 1030~ 300 111~0 11111~ $~11~111$ 0~~0~0, 3 ~3111 (00$1 0~ ~(0~10~0 16( 111~ ~0((~01
10 111~ 1000~11~~ 1030. 1111$ 1$ 00((0311)1 000~ 0)1 ~000~~110~ 3 0100~ /),,, 3$ $110~0
10 ~1~. 2-83, 300 1111$0100~ 1$ 0$0311)1 ~311~0 3 /,.~~111/1~~//~/5 (//0(/~. 111~ ~1(~011
0~~(31100 ~30 0~ 01~10~01010 1~0 (000~$. ~00~ 1 0~~10$ ~11~0 111~$~11~111$ ~10$~0
31 ( = 0, 300 (000~ 2 0~~10$ ~11~0 111~$~11~111$ 111~0 0~~0~0. 111~ ~()01~31~01
~1(~011$ 10( 111~ (000~$ 3(~ $110~0 10 ~1~. 2-80. /1 300 /2 3(~ 0~110~0 3$ 111~ 10$130-
130~00$ ~0((~01$ 10( (000~ 1 300 (000~ 2, (~$~~~11~~1)1. (1 300 (2 3(~ 111~ ~0((~-
$~00010~ 00(31100$ 01111~$~ (000~$.

~0~~ 1. 00(10~ 1111$ (000~, 111~ 0100~ ~0((~01, ~111~11 1$ $1(0113( 10

~(). (2-8), 1$

(2-30)

0,
+- ...

1...

,
~

~
~
~, _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ~ ~2

0
(~) ~8~910~,,,5

..1~ ~ 2-8 ~1~~..11 ~11/11~~~~/1~~11(1~ 0100~.

58~. 2-4 23

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~11~0 111~ 8~11~1118 0~~0~0 31 1 = 11 (31 111~ ~00 0111118 0100~), 111~ ~1.1((~01 31 11131
1101~ 0~~001~8

(2-31)

11111~ 1101~ 11 18 81.1111~1~011)1 100~, 111~ ~1.1((~01 (~3~11~8 3 81~(0)1-8131~ ~311.1~ 300 3
81~(0)1-8131~ ~1.1((~01 0115 = ~5/~ 110~8 111(01.1~11111~1030.

~0~~ 2. 11118 0100~ 0~~108 ~11~0 111~ 8~11~1118 0~~0~0 300 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01
813(18 10 110~ 111(01.1~11111~ 1(~~~11~~110~ 0100~ 1),,,. ~~0~11010~ 111~ 1101~ 0(1~10 31
111~ 0~~10010~ 0111118 0100~, 111~ ~1.1((~01 111(01.1~11111~ 1(~~~11~~110~ 0100~ 18 101.100
1(001

0.12
0 = 1.~ + ~12 (2-32)

~11111011131~00011100 12 (1 = 0) = 11. 111~ 8011.1110001 8().. (2-32) ~1~~8 111~1(~~-

~11~~110~ ~1.1((~01 38

12(1) = 11~-(~/1- (2-33)

300 11118~1.1((~01 0~~3)18 ~)(~00~011311)110 2~(0 31 1 12 ~(0~10~0 11131 12 ~ ~ 1./ ~.

111~ ~3~~10(018 10( 111~ ~1.1((~018 3(~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 2-8~.
~,.301())~ 2-4
111~1~. 2-83, 111~(~8181311~~18 11~~11~101~(~ = 0), 8011(~~ __0113~~, ~5 = 220 ~, 3110
1030 111011~1311~~,1- = 220 ~1-1. (3) 0(3~ 111~~3__~10(01 10( 111~1030 ~11((~11111111~
8~11~1118 ~108~0 10( 3 11(11~ (1 = 100~8 3110 18111~11011~11~0. (0) 0~1~((11111~111~~11~(~)1
810(~0 111111~1030 111011~10(.

+-

0.,,

24

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 /(() ~5(
= 1,

(1110 (11 ( = (1, /0 = ~5(/1, = 220

)(
100/220 = 100~.
(0) ~0~11 10~ 5~11~0 51 15 0~~11~0 (11 (1 11111~ (
= (1, 10~ 10(10 ~11((~111 51(1(15 10
110~ 10(011~0 10~ 0100~ 1),,,. 5111~~ 10~(~ 15 110 01551~(111,,,~ ((~51511,,,~) ~1~111~111111 10~
~1(~1111, 10~ 10(10 ~11((~111 (~111(11115~01151(1111(11 /0 = 100 ~ (111010~ ~11~(~)1510(~0 11110~
111011~10( 15 0.51,/6 = 1.11. 10~ ~11((~111 ~(1,,,~~0(1115 (1(~ 500~11111 ~1~. 2-90.

10 10~ 10~(1110551~55 ~1(~1111 01 ~1~. 2-9(1, 10~ ~0~(~)1 510(~0 10 10~ 10011~10( 15 1((1~~~0
10~(~, 0~~(1115~ 10~(~ 15 00 (~5151(10~~ 10 10~ ~1(~1111. 10 (1 ~((1~11~(11 ~1(~1111 11 15
0~51((101~ 10 1(0~(0~~ 10~ ~///(/~11()1 0)1 (~111(010~ 10~ 510(~0 ~0~(~)11010 10~ 511~~1)1
5011(~~. 10/5 ~(10 0~ (1~01~~~0 0)1 (10010~ (1 5~~000 ~10010~ 10 10~ 10011~10( (100
~000~~1111~ (1 0100~ 1)1 (15 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-10(1. 10~ 10011~10( 0~0(1~~5 (15 (1 1((105-
10((0~(. 10~ 1((10510((0~( 5~~000(1()115 ~000~~1~0 511~0 10(11 111)1 15 ~05111,,,~, 10~0
1)2 15 0~~(111~~, (100 ~1~~ ~~(5(1, 10~ 5~~000(1()1 ~10010~ 10(111(1~11111(11~5 (~111(010~ 10~
510(~0 ~0~(~)11010~ 5011(~~ ~1(10100~ 1)1/5 ~00~0 (15 (1/~~0-0(1(/( 11//110-/1115. ~5511(010~
(1 1((10510((0~( ~110 (1 (0(1~0~11210~ 10011~1(10~~ 01 1.,~, 10~ ~().111~(11~01 ~1(~1111 15 (15
500~0 10 ~1~. 2-100.
1110~ 0100~ (100 5~~000(1()1 ~011(1~~ (5011(~~ ~011(1~~) (1(~ (~1~((~0 10 10~ ~(1(0(1()1
510~ 0110~ 1((10510((0~(, 10~ ~().111~(11~01 ~1(~111115 10(11 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-10~. /1 (100
/2 0~110~ 10~ ~(1(0(1()1 (100 5~~000(1()1 ~11((~015 0110~ 1((10510((0~(, (~5~~~11~~1)1.
10~ (/1,115 ,(1(/0 01 (10 10~(11 1((10510((0~( 15 0~110~0 (15

/+-/2
(1
= /+-/1
(2-34 )

10~ ~1(~1111 0~~((11100 ~(10 0~ 01~10~0 1010 1~0 (000~5. ~00~ 1 0~~105 ~0~0 10~
5~11~0 51 15 ~105~0 (11 ( = 0 (100 (000~ 2 0~~105 ~0~0 10~ 5~11~0 15 0~~0~0. 10~
~().111~(11~01~1(~1111510( 10~ (000~5 (1(~ 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-11(1. (1 (100 (2 (1(~ 011((111005
01 (000~ 1 (100 (000~ 2, (~5~~~11~~1)1.

~0~9 1. 011(10~ 10/5 (1100~ 10~ 5~11~015 ~105~0 (11 ( = 0. 10~ 0100~ 1)1 15
(~~~(5~ 01(15~0 (100 10~ ~11((~0110(011~010~ 0100~ (5~~000(1()1 ~11((~01) 15 (1 /2 = 0
0( /2 = 0. 0510~ 10~ 1(~1- 10 ~1~. 2-11(1, 115 = (1)0 - 1(5)/(1 (100 1015 ~1~~5 10~
(~~~(5~ 0100~ ~011(1~~ (15

1)0 = 11,(1 + (1) (2-35)

~5511(010~ 10(11 10~(~ 15 00 10111(11 ~11((~01 10 10~ ~1(~1111, 10~ ~(1(0(1()1 ~11((~01 15 10~
5(1(0~ (15 10~ 5~11~0 ~11((~01 /5 (100 15 ~)(~(~55~0 (15

(2-36)

58~. 2-5 25

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 01 ~2
+
5, ~1
.
+
~2
~~~, .+
~.

+
+
.
~,
.
+
,098~
1~8~510~,,,9~
(0) (0~~1~8~9~1 ~~~~~11

..)~0~~ 2-10 ~1(~01( ~1(/1 ~0~(~~ (~~0~-

~(~ 0100~_

(2-37)

( ~ (
1015 11100~ 15 .,,3110 10( 0 ~ (1 3110 ~1105 ~0~11 10~ 5~11~0 15 0~~11~0 31 = (1-

~1 10~ ~110 011015 11100~ 10~ ~(11113()1 ~11((~111 0~~0111~5

~5
10 = -(1 (2-38)
1-,,,

~0~8 2. 011(1118 1015 11100~ 10~ 5~11~0 15 0~~11~0, 10~ .,,01138~ 3~(055 10~
111011~10( 15 (~.,,~(5~0 3110 10~ 0100~ /)1 15 10(~3(0 0135~0. ~ ~11((~111110~5 10(01180
10~ 1(311510(111~( 5~~01103()1 3110 10~ ~11~(8)1 510(~0 11110~ 111011~10( 15 (~111(11~0 10 10~

26

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 8~2 =0
+
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~5 - - - - - - - - - -
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27
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 500(~~. 1)510~ 111~ 1(~1- (100 (~0~11010~ 111~ 11(0~ 0(1~10 (11 111~ 0~~10010~ 0111115
(000~, 111~ ~(1(0(1()1 ~0((~0115 ~)(~(~55~0 (15

~11 ~5
1--~ ~( + (1 = 0 (2-39)

~111110111(11 ~00011100 11 (( = 0) = 10, (100 ~~ ~(10 501~~ 111~ ~0((~01 (15

~5
11(() = - (+ 10 (2-40)
(11.~

111~ ~0000~1100 11(0~ 01 0100~ 1)1 15 10000 1(0(0 111~ ~00011100 11 (( (2) = 001
~(). (2-40) (100 15

(2 = -(11.~10 = (1(1 (2-41 )

~5
~00~ 2 15 ~(1110 10( 0 ~ ( ~ (2. ~1111~ ~00 0111115 (000~ (11 (
= (2, (111111~ ~0~(~)1
510(~0 10 111~ 1000~10( 1.~ 15 (~10(0~0 10 111~ 500(~~. 111~ ~(1(1005 ~(1~~10((05 10(
111~ ~0((~015 (100 ~011(1~~ (1(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-110 10( (1 = 10/6.

~~301))1~ 2-5

~0( 10~ ~11~(~~ (~~0,,,~(~ ~1(~1111 01 ~1~. 2-10~, 10~ 111~~11~112111~111011~1~11~~ 01 10~
1(~11810(111~( 181.,,,
= 250 /1-1-1,1-/1 = 10, ~110 1-/2 = 100. 10~ 1~~)(~~~ 111011~1~11~~8~110
(~8181~11~~8 0110~ 1(~11810(111~( ~(~ 11~~11~101~. 10~ 8011(~~ ,,,011~~~ 18 ~5 = 220 ~ ~110
10~(~ 18 110 111111~1~11((~111111 10~ ~1(~1111. 1110~ 8~11~0 18 ~108~0 10( ~ 11111~(1
= 50 /1-8
~110 18 10~11 0~~11~0~ (~) 0~1~(111111~ 10~ (~,,,~(8~ ,,,011~~~ 01 0100~ 1)1 (0) ~~1~111~1~ 10~
~
~~~)( ,,,~111~ 01 ~(1111~(~ ~11((~111~ (~) ~~1~111~1~ 10~ ~~~)( ,,,~111~ 018~~0110~(~ ~11((~111~ (0)
0~1~(111111~ 10~ ~011011~11011 11111~01 0100~ 1)1 ~ ~110 (~) 0~1~(111111~ 10~ ~11~(~~ 811~~11~0
0~ 10~ 8011(~~.

80101)00 10~ 1111118(~110 18 (1

= 1-/2/1-/1 = 100/10 = 10.
(~) ~(0111 ~(),. (2-35) 10~ (~,,,~(8~ ,,,011~~~ 0110~ 0100~,

1)0 = 220 )( (1 + 10) = 2420 ~

(0) ~(0111 ~(),. (2-38) 10~ ~~~)( ,,,~111~0110~ ~(1111~(~ ~11((~111,

)( 50
10 = 220 44 ~
250 =
(~) 10~ ~~~)( ,,,~111~ 0110~ 8~~0110~(~ ~11((~111, 16
= 1()/(1 = 44/10 = 4.4 ~.
(0) ~(0111 ~(),. (2-41) 10~ ~011011~11011 11111~0110~ 0100~,

10
(2 = 250 )( 44 )( = 500 /1-8
220
(~) 10~ ~11~(~~ 811~~11~00~ 10~ 8011(~~,

08111~ ~(),. (2-38) ~1~108

~ )( )( 10-6 )( 442
= 0.51.,,,15 = 0.5 250 = 0.2421

28

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1~~~ (100 15 001 00((0(111~ 115~0 10 1001151(1(11 (1~~11~(111005. 110~~~~(, 11 15 115~111110

(1
1100~(51(10010~ 111~ ~(10~1~1~ 01 (~~1111~( 0~~((11100. 111~ ~1(~1111 01(1~((1(0 ~1111
(~51511~~ 10(10 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-12(1. 011(10~ 111~ ~05111~~ 11(111-~~~1~ 01111~ 10~111
~011(1~~, 0100~ 1)1 ~00011~15 (100 111~ 10~111 ~011(1~~ (1~~~(1(5 (1~(055 111~ 10(10. 011(10~
(1 6/0(/(111(5 (0110-1(1011
111~ 0~~(111~~ 11(111-~~~1~ 01111~ 10~111 ~011(1~~, 111~ 0100~ 15 10
(100 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 15 2~(0. 111~ ~(1~~10((05 10( 111~ 10~111 (100 0111~111 ~011(1~~5
(1(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-120.

~1111011~11 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-120 15 0~, 11 15 015~0060110115 (100
~001(1105 11(1((0001~5. 111~(~ (1(~ 0111~(~01 1~~~5 01 (~~611~( ~1(~11115 (100 111~ ~~(-
10((0(10~~5 01 (1 (~~1111~( (1(~ 00((0(111~ ~~(1111(11~010 1~((05 01111~ 10110~10~ ~(1((1(0~1~(5~

111~ (11)€,(1(5€ ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 (10(10) ~011(1~~, 1100

111~ (1~~((1~~ ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 (10(10) ~11((~01, 100
111~ 0111~111 0-( /10~€,,

~ 00 = 110-100
(2-42)

111~ ,1115 ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, 11~,,..5

111~ ,1115 ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 ~11((~01, 1~,,..5

58~. 2-7 29

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 (2-43)
111~ €111(1€11()1 (0( 7€((111((1(1011 7(1(10) 01 (1 (~~1111~(, ~111~1115 (1 11~1.1(~ 01 01~(11
(100 ~~(01115 1.15 10 ~001~(1(~ 111~ ~11~~11.,,~0~88, 18 0~110~0 (18

~00
11 =- (2-44)
~30

111~ 01.11~1.11 .,,011(1~~ ~(10 0~ ~00810~(~0 (18 0~10~ ~001~08~0 011~0 ~001~00~018~
(1) 111~ 0~ .,,(111.1~, (100 (2) 111~ (1~ ~001~00~01 0( (1~~1~.
111~ €11€((1))€ ((015) .,,(111.1~01111~ (1~ ~001~00~01 01 01.11~1.11 .,,011(1~~ 18

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(2-46)

111~ 7//1/1/€ 1(1((07, ~111~1118 (1 01~(181.1(~ 01111~ (1~~1~ ~001~01, 18 0~110~0 (18

1130
~~ = (2-47)
1100
51.1081111.1110~ 8().. (2-45) 10 8().. (2-47), 111~ (1~~1~ 1(1~10( ~(10 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 (15

~~ = ) (~=.), - 1= ,,~ - 1 (2-48)

111~ (7(1115107111€7 1-/(1111.(1(10111(1((07 18 0~110~0 (18

~00
10~ = (2-49)
11/5

~11~(~ 115 (100 /5 (1(~ 111~ (018 .,,011(1~~ (100 (018 ~1.1((~01 01111~ 1((10810(01~( 8~~000(1(~,
(~5~~~11.,,~1~ .
11 ~ 15 111~ (10~1~ 0~1~~~0 111~ 11.100(101~01(11 ~001~00~015 01111~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01
(100 .,,011(1~~, ~
15 ~(111~0 111~ 0-15/1/(1(€111€11((111/5/€. 111~ 0-15/1/(1(€111€11(1(1((07 15 0~110~0
(15

0 ~ = ~05 ~ (2-50)
111~ /1(17111011/( 1(1((07 01111~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01 15 0~110~0 (15

2 _ /21
1/2
/
2 1/2

1-1~ = ( /5
/1 ) = ( ()
.2.
/1
- 1) (2-51)

~11~(~ /1 15 111~ 11.100(101~01(11 (015 ~001~00~01 01111~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01. 111~ 10~1.11/10~€7
1(1((07 15 0~110~0 (15

(2-52)

30

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 ,..,01~. 1110~ 111~01 (0((~11115 ~0(~1~ 51110501031, 11 = 1, 3110 10~ ~0~~( 13(10(,
~~, ~().0315 10~ 015~13(~(/1~111 13(10(, 0~. ~11 10~31 (~(1111~( 500010 03~~~ 11 =
100%, ~30 = 0, ~~ = 0, ~~ = 0, 10~ = 1, 1-1~ = 0, 3110~~ = 1.
~)(301()1~ 2-6

111~ (~~1111~( 111 ~1~. 2-123 1135 3 ~11(~1~ (~51511,,,~ 103~ 011(. 0~1~.01111~ 111~ (3) ~16-
~1~11~~~ (1-1) 10.111 13~10.~ (~) .1~~1~ 13~10.~ (~) 1.311510.111~. 111111231101113~10.~ 311~ (~)
~~3/( 111,,,~.5~ ,,,0113~~ (~1~) 01 ~10~~ ()1.

801111100 111~ 3,,,~(3~~ 0111~111 ,,,01138~ ~~0 15 ~~1111~~ 35

(2-53)

~~ ~31111011~~ 1(0111 ~1~. 2-121-1 111(11)~(() = 010( 7/2 ~ ( ~ 7. 1-1~11~~ ~~ 113,,,~

),),/2 ~,,, 5111 (1)( (/( - ~,,, (1)27

~~0 = = (~05 - 1)
~

~,,,
~~0 = ,. = 0.318~,,,
(2-54)

(2-55)

~0. 3 511111501~31 ,,,0113~~ 011) /.(() = ~,,, 5111 (1)( 10. 0 ~ ( ~ 7/2, 111~ .1115 ,,,3111~ 01111~
0111~111 ,,,0113~~ 15

(= (~,,, 5111(1)1)2(/(
~
~~,,
~,,,,, =
( ~)0 ) = = 0.5~,,,
(2-56)
_ ~,0,, _ 0.5~,,,
/,,,,, - -
~ ~

~.0111 ~().. (2-42), ~~0 = (0.318~,,,)2/~, 311~ 1.0111 ~().. (2-43), ~00 = (0.5~,,,)2/~.
(3) ~.0111 ~().. (2-44), 111~~111~1~11~~,11 = (0.318~,,,)2/(0.5~,,,)2 = 40.5%.
(1-1)~.0111 ~().. (2-46), 111~10.11113~10., ~~ = 0.5~,,,/0.318~,,, = 1.570.157%.
(~) ~.0111 ~().. (2-48), 111~.1~~1~ 13~10., 1(~ = --/1.572 - 1 = 1.210.121%.
(~) 111~ .1115 ,,,0113~~ 01111~ 1.311510.111~. 5~~011~3.~ 15

(2-57)

0.5~,,,
/=-
5
~

58~. 2-7 31

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 )(
111~ 1)0/(-(1111~~,~(3611~ (~~) 011(311510(111~(, ~ ~ = ~5/5 = 0.707~~, 0.5~~/~.
~(0111 ~().. (2-49) 10~ = 0.3182/(0.707 )( 0.5) = 0.286.
(~) 111~ ~~3~ (~..,~(5~ (0( 111..,~(5~)010~~111~..,0113~~, 101~ = ~,,,.

~0(~. 1/10~ = 1/0.286 = 3.496 51~11111~5 1113110~ 1(3115~0(111~( 11111510~ 3.496

11111~513(~~( 10311 1031 ~0~111115 0~111~ 115~0 10 0~11..,~( ~0~~( ~(0111 3 ~11(~ 3~ ..,0113~~.
1015 (~~11~1~( 035 301~0 (1~~1~ ~3~10(, 121 %~ 310~ ~~~1~1~11~~, 40.5%~ 3110 3 ~00(
10~, 0.286. 111300111011, 10~ 1(3115~0(111~( 035 10 ~3((~ 3 0~ ~11((~111, 3110 1015 (~511115
1113 0~ 53111(311011 ~(001~111 0~ 10~ 1(3115~0(111~( ~0(~.

~~1115 ~011510~( 10~ ~1(~11110~ ~1~. 2-123 ~110 311 8.1. 1030 35 500~11 111~1~. 2-
133. 011~ 10 111011~11..,~1030, 10~ ~011011~11011 ~~(100 0~ 10~ 0100~ 1)1 ~111 ~~1~110
0~~0110 1800 111111110~ ~11((~111 0~~0111~5 2~(0. 10~ ~3..,~~0(1115 ~0( 10~ ~11((~111 3110

32

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 (2-58)
17/11
(1 - ~05(10 + 8))
210
~/1~(~ 8 = 130-1 ((1)0~) 300 (1)
= 210/. 1/1~ 3..,~(3~~ 1030 ~1.1((~0115 /00 = 1700/~.
11 ~30 0~ 001~0 1(001 ~~. (2-58) 1/131 1/1~ 3..,~(3~~ ..,0113~~ (300 ~1.1((~01) ~30
0~ 10~(~35~0 0)1 013/(10~ 8 = 0, ~/11~/115 11055101~0)1 30010~ 3 1(~~~/1~~110~ 0100~
(),,, 35 500~010 ~1~. 2-133 ~110 0350~0110~5. 10~ ~11~~1011015 0100~ 15 1011(~..,~01
3 0~~311..,~ ..,0113~~ 31111~3(10~ 3~(055 10~ 1030~ 300 35 3 (~51.111, 1/1~ 013~0~11~ 510(~0
~0~(~)115 10~(~35~0. ~1 ( = (1 = 10/(1),1/1~ ~1.1((~011(001 ()1 15 1(3051~((~0 10 (),,,
300 1015 11(0~~55 15 ~311~0 ~0,11111/1((1(/01101 0100~5 300 10~ ~3..,~10(015 3(~ 500~0 10
~1~. 2-13~. 0~11~0010~ 00 1/1~ 1030 1101~ ~0051301, 10~ 1030 ~1.1((~01 013)1 0~ 015-
~001101.101.15.

~ 11.111-~3..,~ (~~1111~( ~1(~1.111~11/1 3 ~~01~(-131111~0 1(30510(01~( 15 5/10~0 10 ~1~.

2-143. ~3~/1 /1311 0110~ 1(30510(01~( ~11/1115 3550~131~0 0100~ 3~15 35 3 /1311-~3..,~
(~~1111~( 300 1/1~ 01.11111.11
01311.111-~3..,~ (~~1111~( 15 5/10~010 ~1~. 2-140. 510~~ 10~(~
15 00 0~ ~1.1((~01110~10~ 1/1(01.1~010~ 1(30510(01~(, 1/1~(~ 15 00 0~ 5311.1(31100 11(001~01
011(30510(01~( ~0(~. 1/1~ 3..,~(3~~ 01.11111.11
..,0113~~ 15

2 (//2 217/11
1700 = 7)0 17/11510
(1)( 0(
= = 0.636617/11 (2-59)
10

1051~30 011.1510~ 3 ~~01~(-131111~0 1(30510(01~(, ~~ ~01.110 1.15~ 101.1( 0100~5, 35

500~0 10 ~1~. 2-153. 01.1(10~
10~ 1105111..,~ /1311-~)1~1~ 011/1~ /0111.11 ..,0113~~, 1/1~ ~1.1((~01
110~5 10 10~ 1030 1/1(01.1~/1 0100~5 ()1 300 ()2. 01.1(10~ 1/1~ 0~~311..,~ ~)1~1~, 0100~5
()3 300 ()4 ~0001.1~1. 10~ ~3..,~10(0110( 10~ 01.11111.11..,0113~~ 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-150
300 15 5101113( 10 1031 01 ~1~. 2-140. 10~ 11~3/(-10..,~(5~ ..,0113~~ 01 3 0100~ 15 001)1
17/11. 1015 ~1(~1.11115 /(00~0 35 3 6,/08€ ,€~(///€,.

~)(301~1~ 2-7

1110~ (~(1111~( 111~1~. 2-143035 3 ~1.1(~1~ (~51511..,~ 1030 01 ~, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ (3) ~111(1~11(~ ~
(0) 10(111 13(10(~ (() (1~~1~ 13(10(~ (0) 1(311510(111~( 1.11111~31101113(10(~ 3110 (~) ~~3/(
111..,~(5~ ..,0113~~ (~1~) 01 0100~ /)1.

80/01100 ~(0111 8().. (2-59), 10~ 3..,~(3~~ 01.11~1.11..,0113~~ 15

217,,,
17
~ ~0 = - ,,. = 0.636617,,,

17~0 0.636617,,,
/ ~0 = = (2-60)
8. 8.

58~. 2-8 33

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 (2-61)

~10111 6().. (2-42), ,,00 = (0.6366~,,,)2/~ 31101101116().. (2-43), ,,0_ = (0.707~,,,)2/~.

~ = (0.6366~,,,)2/(0.707~,,,)2
(3) ~10111 6().. (2-44), 10.~ ~111~1~11~)1, = 81 %.
(0) ~10111 6().. (2-46), 10.~ 10111113~101, ~~ = 0.707~,,,/0.6366~,,, = 1.11.
(~) ~10111 6().. (2-48), 10.~ 11~~1~ 13~101, 1(~ = ~1.112 - 1 = 0.4820148.2%.
(0) 10.~ 11115~0113~~ 0110.~ 113115101111~1 5~~0110(1)1, ~, = ~,,,/0 = 0.707~,,,.
10.~ 11115~3111~ 01113115101111~15~~0110(1)1 ~1111~111,/, = 0.5~,,/~. 10.~ ~011-3111~~1~
)( 0.707~,,, )( 0.5~,,/~.
131111~(~~) 0110.~ 113115101111~1,~ ~ = 2~,/, = 2 ~10111 6()..
(2-49) ,

0.63662
10~ = 0.5732 = 57.32%
2 )(
0.707 )(
0.5 =
(~) 10.~ ~~3/( 1~~~15~ 010~/(111~ ~0113~~, ~1~ = 2~,,,.

~0(€. 10~ ()~1101111311~~ 01 3 11111-~3~~ 1~~1111~115 51811111~(1111)11111()10~~0 ~0111-

()31~0 10 1031 01 3 0311-~3~~ 1~~1111~1,

~
+
0

34

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+
+
- +
01 03
-
~.
~---1
04 02
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~,.301()1~ 2-8

10.~ (~~611~( 111~1~. 2-1430.38311 8./..., 1030. (3) 08~ 10.~ 111~10.00 01 ~011(1~( 8~(1~8 10
0013111 ~)(~(~8810118 10( 0111~111 ~0113~~ 1)1.(1) 3110 1030 ~11((~111 /1.(/). (0) 11 ~,,, = 170
~, / = 60 1-1~, 3110 8. = 500 0, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ ~3111~ 018~(1~8 111011~1311~~ /..., 10 1111111
(1~~1~ ~11((~11110 5% 01/00.

8011111011 (3) 10.~ (~~611~( 0111~111 ~0113~~ (113)10~ 0~8~(10~0 0)13 ~011(1~( 8~(1~8 (~0.1~0.
18 (~~1~~~0 111~~~~11(1)( ~) 38
~

1)1.(/) = ~00 + ~
11=1,2,...
(/7~ ~08 ,,(,)/ + 0~ 8111 ,,(,)/) (2-62)

1 (2.. 2 (.. 2~,,,

~00 = 1)1.(/) (/((,)/) = ~~, 8111 (,)/ (/((,)/) =
270)0 270)0 70

(2.. (..
/7~ = ~ 1)1. ~08 ,,(,)/ (/( (,)/)
= ~ )0 ~,,, 8111(,)/ ~08 ,,(,)/ (/( (,)/)
70 )0 70

4~,,, 1
= ~ (,, - 1)(,, + 1)
70 ~~2.4

58~. 2-8 35

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 (2-63)

(2-64)

/70)~
8 0
= 1(111-1- (2-65)
8.

(2-66)

(0) 8().11(111011 (2-66) ~1~~8 10.~ 11118~(1111~ 0110.~ 11~~1~ ~1111~111 (18
2 2

2
/30
_ (411,,,)2
() ~ +
(411,,,)2 ~
() +
- 2,,-2(8.2 + (20)~ )2) 3 2,,-2(8.2 + (40)~ )2) 15

~011810~1111~ 0111)110.~ 10~~81-010~1 = 2), ~~

0.(111110111~ (/7 0.(1~~

411,,, )(
0.34
/ 30 =
0,,-~8.2 + (20)~)2

/30 0.481
1(~ = = = 0.05
/~0 ~1 + (20)08.)2
~01 8. = 500 0 (1110/ = 60 1-12, 10.~ 111011~1(111~~~(1111~ 18 001(1111~0 (18 0.4812 = 0.052
(1 + (4 )( 60 )( ,,-0500)2) (111010.18~1~~8 ~ = 6.341-1.
1-/0(~. 111.~ 01111101 0~ (1 ~011-~(1,,,~ 1~~11~1~1 ~001(1108 001)1 ~,,,~0 11.(1101001~8 (100

111.~ 8~~000 11.(1101001~ 18 111.~ 01081 000110(101 00~ (100 118 ~1~()0~0~)118 2/ (= 1201(12).
111.~ 0011101 ,,,011(1~~ 10 8(). (2-63) ~(10 0~ 0~11,,,~0 0)1 811~~11001 0101111111~(11100 0~
8~11~11.10~ ~00~1100, (100 111.1818 ~)(111(110~0 10 ~1111~001)( ~.

~ ~ ~(10 0011~~ ~1001 8(). (2-66) 111.(11(10 1000~1(10~~ 10 111.~ 10(10 0~~~18 (1 11.1~11.

10111~0(10~~ ~01111.~ 11.(1101001~ ~011~018 (100 (1~1811~~ (11111~110 1~00~10~ 111.~11.(1101001~8.

1-10~~,,,~1, 111.181000~1(10~~ 1011000~~8 (1 1101~ 0~1(1)1 01111.~ 10(10 ~011~01 ~1111. 1~811~~1

10 111.~ 101101 ,,,011(1~~~ (100 10 111.~ ~(18~ 01111.~ 810~1~-1111.(18~ 11.(111-~3,,,~ 1~~1111~1, 3
11~~~11.~~110~ 0100~ 18 1~()011~0 10 1110,,,10~ 311(1111. 101111.18 1000~11,,,~ ~011~01.

~)(301()1~ 2.9

/1-..8111~1~-~0.38~ 0110~~ 1~~1111~1 10.31 811~~11~8 (1 0~ 1110101 18 80.0~11 111~1~. 2-16(1. 10.~
11111181(1110 0110.~ 11(1118101111~118 111111)1. 10.~ 10(1018 811~0. 10.(1110.~ 1110101 01(1~8 (111~~1~-

36

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 0

+
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~1 __ - / ~0,.,,~0119111
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1(~~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~11101 /~. 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 0.3(1110111~ 13~10( 01111()111 ~11((~111, (-1~~
3110 (0) 111()111()0~~( 13~10( 0110.~ (~~116~(, ~~.

80)01100 ~0(111311~, 3 0~ 111010( 15 0.1~0.1~ 111011~11~~ 3110 3~15 11/(~ 3 1111~( 111 (~011~111~
10.~ (1()()1~ ~11((~111 0110.~ 1030.
(3) 10.~ ~3~~10(1115 10( 10.~ 111()111~11((~111 3110 111()01 ~0113~~ 0110.~ (~~116~( 3(~
50.0~11111 ~1~. 2-160. 10.~ 111()111~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(()(~55~0 1113 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5 35

/1(1) = /~0 + ~
11=1
(00 ~05 /1(0)( + 00 5111 /1(0)1) (2-67)

12,-, 12,-,
1~0 = /1(() (/((0)() = /~ (/((0)() = 0
2~ 2~
(2,-, (,-,
30 =
~ /1
(() ~05 /1(0)( (/( (0)()
=
~ 1~ ~05 /1(0)( (/( (0)()
= 0
~)0 ~)0

(2-68)

2 2 2 2 1/2

15 =
4
~~
1~ 1
1 1 1 1
( + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9() () () ()
+...
)

58~.2-8 37

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 ~(0111 ~(). (2-51),
2
11/2 48.43%
11~ =
((0.~0) - = 0.4843 0(

(/)) 111~ 0151113~~111~111311~1~, ~ = 0 3110 0151113~~111~11113~10~, ))~ = ~05 ~ = 1.

~(0111 ~(). (2-52), 111~ 110~~( 13~10(, ~~ = 0.90 (13~~111~).

~~ 03~~ 8~~11111 ~~. (2-59) 103110~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ ~01~0 ~01.110 0~ 0013111~0
~(0111 8111~1~-~038~ ~1.111-~3~~ (~~1111~(8 18 0.6366~,,, 3110 10~8~ (~~11~1~(8 3(~ 1.18~0 111
3~~11~3110118 1.1~ 10 10~ 15-/(~ ~0~~( 1~~~1. ~0( 13(~~( ~0~~( 01.11~1.11, (/1,.~~-~/1(15~
3110 111/1/(/~/1(15~ (~~11~1~(8 3(~ 1.18~0. 10~ ~01.1(1~( 8~(1~8 0~ 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~1~~11
0)1 ~~. (2-63) 11101~31~8 1031 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~011131118 03(1110111~8 3110 10~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 0~
10~ 1/1110-(1111~11((1/ ~0111~011~11( 18 1~0 11111~8 10~ 801.1(~~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 (21). 111 ~(3~11~~,
3 ~111~( 18 110(111311)11.18~0 10 (~01.1~~ 10~ 1~~~1 0~ 03(1110111~8 111 10~ 1030~ 3110 10~ 812~
0~ 10~ 1111~( 0~~(~38~8 ~110 10~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 0~ 10~ 03(1110111~8. 111 300111011 10 10~
13(~~( ~0~~( 01.11~1.11 0~ 1111.1111~038~ (~~1111~(8, 10~ ~1.11103111~11131 ~(~~1.1~11~)1 0~ 10~
03(1110111~8 18 3180 111~(~38~0 3110 18 () 11111~8 10~ 801.1(~~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 (()1).
10~ (~~1111~( ~1(~1.111 0~ ~1~. 2-14(3) ~311 0~ ~)(1~110~0 10 1111.1111~1~ ~038~8 0)1
03~111~ 1111.1111~038~ ~1110111~8 011 10~ 1(3118~0(111~( 8~~01103()1 38 800~11 111 ~1~. 2-173.
1018 ~1(~1.111 1113)1 0~ ~011810~(~0 38 () 8111~1~-~038~ 031~-~3~~ (~~1111~(8 3110 ~311 0~
~011810~(~0 38 3 031~-~3~~ 1)1~~. 10~ /(10 0100~ ~111 ~01101.1~1 01.1(111~ 10~ ~~(100
~0~11 10~ ~0113~~ 0~ /(10 ~038~ 18 01~0~( 10311 1031 0~ 010~( ~038~8. 10~ ~3~~~0(1118
~0( 10~ ~0113~~8 3110 ~1.1((~1118 3(~ 800~11 111 ~1~. 2-170. 10~ ~01101.1~11011 ~~(100 0~
~3~0 0100~ 18 270/().
11 ~311 0~ 11011~~0 ~(0111 ~1~. 2-170 1031 10~ ~1.1((~111 50~111~ 10(01.1~0 10~ 8~~-
01103()1 ~1110111~ 18 1.111101(~~11011313110 ~011131118 3 0~ ~0111~011~111. 0111)1011~ 8~~01103()1
~1110111~ ~3((1~8 ~1.1((~111 31 3 ~3(11~1.113( 11111~, 3110 38 3 (~81.111 10~ ~(11113()1 1111.1810~
~01111~~1~0 111 0~113 111 0(0~( 10 ~1111111131~ 10~ 0~ ~0111~011~111111 10~ 111~1.11810~ 0~ 10~
1(3118~0(111~( .
10~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~0( 3 ()-~038~ (~~11~1~( 18 ~1~~11 0)1

(2-69)

1/2
()
~,,,
( 270 (~ +
70 1.

2 ~ 8111
270

)) (2-70)

1~ 10~ 1030 18 ~1.1(~1)1 (~81811~~, 10~ ~~3/( ~1.1((~11110(01.1~0 3 0100~ 18 1,,, = ~ ,,,/~ 3110
~~ ~311 ~1110 10~ (1118 ~311.1~ 0~ 3 0100~ ~1.1((~111 (0( 1(3118~0(111~( 8~~01103()1 ~1.1((~111)

38

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 +

/
~
*-

(2-71)
1/2
1
1,,,
( 210 (~ + 2
10 1.
510
~ ))
210

~~3(1))1~ 2-10

~ 10(~~-~035~ 513( (~~611~( 035 3 ~11(~1~ (~5156~~ 1030 ~110 ~ 00015. 0~1~(01111~ 10~
(3) ~111~1~11~~~ (0) 10(01 13~10(~ (~) (1~~1~ 13~10(~ (0) 1(311510(01~( 116112.31101113~10(~ (~)
~~3/( 111~~(5~ ~0113~~ (~1~) 01 ~3~0 0100~~ 3110 (1) ~~3/( ~11((~11110(011~0 3 0100~ 1110~
(~~611~( 0~11~~(5 /~0 = 30 ~ 31 3 0111~111 ~0113~~ 01 ~~0 = 140~.

58~. 2-9 39

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 8010~)0() ~0( 3 111(~~-~1135~ (~~1111~( (). = 3 111~().5. (2-69), (2-70), 3110 (2-71).
(3) ~(0(11 ~().. (2-69), ~00 = 0.827~,,, 3110100 = 0.827~,,,/~. ~(0(11 ~().. (2-70),
~,,,,, = 0.84068~,,, 3110 1,,,,, = 0.84068~,,,/~. ~(0(11 ~().. (2-42), ~00 = (0.827~~,)2/~,
1(0(11 5().. (2-43), ~30 = (0.8406811,,,)2/~, 31101(0(11 5().. (2-44), 111~ ~111~1~11~)1,

(0.827~ ,,,)2
11 =
(0.84068~,,,)2 = 96.77%
(0) ~(0(115().. (2-46), 111~10((1113~10(,~~ = 0.84068/0.827 = 1.0165 0( 101.65%.
(~) ~(0(11 5().. (2-48), 111~ (1~~1~ 13~10(, ~~ = ~1.01652 - 1 = 0.1824 =
18.24%.
(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (2-57), 111~((115 ~0113/1,~ 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 5~~01103()1, ~, = 0. 707~,,,.
~(0(11 ~().. (2-71), 111~ ((115 ~11((~111 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 5~~01103()1,

)( )( 0.4854~,,,
~~ = 3~/5 = 3 0.707~,,,
~
~(0(11 5().. (2-49),
0.8272
0 664
0.4854 - . 3
10~ -- )( )(
3 0.707
(~) 111~ ~~3/( 111~~(5~ ~0113/1,~ 01 ~3~11 0100~ 15 ~().1131 10 111~ ~~3/( ~3111~ 01111~
5~~01103()1 1111~-10-1111~ ~0113/1,~. 111(~~-~1135~ ~1(~11115 3(~ (~~1~~~0
111 ~~~~11(1)( ~.
111~ 1111~-10-1111~~0113/1,~ 15 -0 11(11~5 111~ ~1135~ ~0113/1,~ 3110 111115.,1~ = -0~,,,.
(1) 111~ 3~~(3/1,~ ~11((~111111(011/1,11 ~3~11 0100~ 15

_ -./4 1 70
1,)= 2 1,,, ~05 (1)( (/((1)()
= 1,,, - 5111- (2-72)
27001 70 ().

~0( (). = 3, 1,) = 0.27571,,,. 111~ 3~~(3/1,~ ~11((~111111(011/1,11

~3~11 0100~ 15 1,) = 30/3 =
10 ~ 3110 11115/1,1~~5 111~ ~~3/( ~11((~111 35 1,,, = 10/0.2757 = 36.27 ~.

~)(301()1~ 2-11

(3) 5)(~(~55 111~ 0111~111 ~0113/1,~ 01 3 ().-~1135~ (~~1111~( 111 ~1/1,. 2-173 111~011(1~( 5~(1~5.
(0) 11 (). = 6, ~,,, = 170 ~ 3110 111~ 511~~1)11(~().11~11~)115 / = 60 1-12, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((115
~3111~ 01111~ 00(111113111113((110111~ 3110 115 1(~().11~11~)1.

8010~)0() (3) 111~ ~3~~10((115 10( ().-~1115~5 3(~ 5110~11 111~1/1,. 2-170 3110 111~ 1(~().11~11~)1
01111~ 0111~111 15 (). 11(11~5 111~ 1111103(11~11131~0(11~011~111 (()./). 10 1/110 111~ ~0115131115 01
111~ ~011(1~( 5~(1~5, ~~ 1111~/1,(31~ 1(0(11 -70/(). 10 70/(). 3110 111~ ~0115131115 3(~

0~ = 0
1 -./4
(1~ = - ~,,, ~05 (1)( ~05 (/(1)( (/( (1)()
70/ (). 1 --./.

().~~, ) 5111 (((/ - 1)70/().) 5111 (((/ + 1)70/().)1

= (/-1 + (/+1
70 1 5
().~,,, ((/ + 1) 5111(((/ - 1)70/().) + ((/
- 1) 5111 (((/ + 1)70/().)
= (/2 -
70 1

40

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 ~11~. 81111~)111((111011 (1110 111~11 118111~ 1.1~0110111~1.1( .~)(1110118111~8

8111(..4 + 8) = 8111..4(08 8 + (08..4 81118

2(/~,,,
00 =
70(112
_ 1) ( .
11 8111
1170
-
(/
(08
70
-(/ - (08
(/
. 70
-1170 8111 -
(/ ) (2-73)

~0. (1 .~(1111~. ~1111 (/ ~11)8~8 ~~. (~()~, 111~ 11(1.1110111(801111~ 0111~111 ,,,0)1(1~~ (1.~~ (/111,
2(/111,3(/111,4(/111 (1110 ~~. (2-73) 18 ,,,(1)10 10.11 = 0,1(/,2(/, 3(/. 111~ 1~.111 8111 (1170/(/)
811170 = 0 (1110~~. (2-73) 0~(0111~8

00 = 700~(/~ ((08 11(/708111

~) ~)

(2-74)

~111(,31118111~ 8(1111~(18 ~~. (2-69). 111~ ~011.1~. 8~.1~8 01111~ 0111~111 ,,,0)1(1~~ 18 ~)(~.~88~0
(18

1)1-(()
00
+
~
= 2 0~~~.
00 (08 11().)(

51108111111111~111~ ,,,(1)11~ 01 00, ~~ 001(1111

1)1-=~,,,18111~
70 (/ ( 1- ~
0~~.2~...
~
.11-1
2
(08
1170
-
(/
(08 11().)(
) (2-75)

. . .) (2-76)

111~ 81)(111 11(1.1110111( 18 111~ 00111111(1111 011~. 111~ .1118 ,,,(1)11~ 01 (1 8111118010(1) ,,,0)1(1~~ 18
1/~ 11111~8118 ~~(1)( 111(1~1111110~,(1110 111~ .1118 01111~ 81)(11111(1.1110111( 18 ~6 = ~~, )(
2
)( )(
0.9549/(35 ~) = 6.56 ~ (11101181.~~11~11(~18/6 = 6/ = 360 1-12.

10~ 10.~~-~0(18~ 0.10~~ .~(1111~. 18 ~~1)1 ~0111111011 111 01~0-~0~~1 (1~~)1~(1110118 (1110 18
800~11 111 ~1~. 2-18. 101818 (1 //4//-)1/(1~~ ,~~1///~,. 11 ~(111 0~~.(11~ ~110 01 ~1100111
(1 1.(1118101111~1 (1110 ~1~~8 81)(-~1118~ 11~~1~8 011 10~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~. 10~ 0100~8 (11~
11111110~1~0 111 0.0~1 01 ~011011~11011 8~()11~11~~8 (1110 ~(1~0 011~ ~011011~18 101 1200. 10~
~011011~11011
8~~11~11~~101 0100~8 18 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, (111061. 10~ ~(11101 0100~8
~01~0 (11~ ~01111~~1~0 0~1~~~11 10(11 ~(111 01 811~~1)11111~8 0(1~111~ 10~ 01~0~81 (1111011111
0111181(1111(111~0118 1111~-10-1111~ ~011(1~~ ~111 ~011011~1. 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~011(1~~ 18 0
58~. 2-10 41

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 ~01 1~
+
10
03 05

~1. 8

06 02
1~

~-~

1101~5 111~ ~1135~ ~01138~ 013 111(~~-~1135~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 5011(~~.

~011011~11011 1101~5 01 0100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111~18. 2-19.
111~ 3~~(38~ 0111~111 ~01138~ 15 1011110 1(001

2 (70/6
~00 = 2,,,/6)0 0 ~,,, ~05
())( (/( ())/)
(2-77)
30
= -~,,,
,,, = 1.6542~,,,

(2-78)

(2-79)

(2-78)

42

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 0~0(195
/-56-~-61-~-12-~-23--~_34_~_45_~
0~
~~~ ~8~ ~3~ ~~ ~08 ~~8

- -.(3~,,.,

-.(3~,,.,

0 ,, 2,, ,, 4,, 5,,

3 3 3 3
~~~8
/
~-.(3~,,.,
~~8 /

0
~ ~
,, %
3 3 ~ 3
0
~
- - - ,..- - - -/-~ - - - -+- - - - --
~

~01 ~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
,
~

0 ,,
3

~)(301().~ 2-12

~ 111(~~-))113$~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~( 113$ 3 ))11(~1)1 (~$1$11~~ 1030 0( ~. ))~1~(01111~ 111~ (3)
~((1~1~11~)1~ (0) (0(01 (3~10(~ (~) (1))))1~ (3~10(~ (0) 1(311$(0(01~( 1111/12311011 (3~10(~ (~)
))~3/( 111~~($~ (0( (~~~($~) ~0113~~ (~1~) 0( ~3~11 0100~ ~ 3110 (() ))~3/( ~11((~111 111(011~11
3 0100~. 111~ (~~11(1~( 0~11~~($ /00 = 60 ~ 31 311 0111))111 ~0113~~ 0( 1/00 = 280.7 ~ 3110
111~ ((~()11~11~)1 0( 111~ $011(~~ 1$ 60 1-12.

80.01100 (3) ~(001 ~(). (2-77), 1/00 = 1.65421/~. 3110 /00 = 1.65421/,,/~. ~(001 ~().
(2-78),1/,,,-,, = 1.65541/,,, 3110/,,,-,, = 1.65541/,,,/~. ~(001~(). (2-42), ~00 = (1.65421/,,,)2/
~, ((001 ~(). (2-43), ~.0 = (1.65541/,,,)2/~, 3110 ((001 ~(). (2-44) 111~ ~((1~1~11~)1,

(1.65421/,,,)2
11 =
(1.65541/,,,)2 = 99.86%

(0) ~(001 ~(). (2-46), 111~(0(01 (3~10(, ~~

= 1.6554/1.6542 = 1.0007 = 100.07%.
(~) ~(001 ~(). (2-48), 111~ 0))))1~ (3~10(, ~~
= ~1.00072 - 1 = 0.0374 =
3.74%.
(0) ~(001 ~(). (2-57), 111~(01$ ~0113~~ 0(111~ 1(311$(0(01~( $~~01103()1, 1/,
= 0. 7071/,~.

58~. 2-10 43

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 /5 = 0.7804/,,, = 0.7804
)(
~ ~
111~ ,,,011-3111~~1~ 131111~ 01111~ 113115110111~1,

)( 0.707~,,, )( 0.7804 )(
~~ = 3~/)5 = 3 ~ ~~

~10111 5().. (2-49),

1.65422
10~ = .95
3 )(
~ )(
0.707 )(
0.7804 = 0 45
(~) ~10111 5().. (2-77), 111~ ~~3)( 1111~-11~111131,,,0113~~ 15 ~... = 280.7/1.6542 =
169. 7 ~. 111~ ~~3)( 111,,,~15~ ,,,0113~~ 01 ~3~11 0100~ 15 ~().113110 111~ ~~3)( ,,,3111~ 01111~
)(
5~~011031~ 1111~-10-1111~
,,,0113~~, ~1~ = ~ ~,,, = ~ 169.7 = 293.9~.
(1) 111~ 3,,,~13~~ ~1111~1111111011~11 ~3~11 0100~ 15

4 (~/6 2 71
= /,,, ~05 ().)( ~(().)() = /,,, 0.3184/,,,
/~
271)0 ~ 5111
6=
111~ 3,,,~13~~ ~1111~1111111011~11 ~3~11 0100~ 15 /~ = 60/3 = 20 ~ 3110 111~ ~~3/( ~1111~11115
/,,, = 20/0.3184 = 62.81 ~.

1-/0(~. 11115 1~~1111~1 11115 1111~10,,,~() ~~1101111110~~5 ~0051()~11101)1 ~0111~111~() 10

51)( ~015~5.
11111101111~ 1110111~11115~ 1~~1111~1 10 ~1~. 2-17 ~1111

111~ ()~51~0 01111~~1111~110,,,01,,,~5 ()~1~11111010~ 111~ 111110~5 015~1111~00()0~101 ()10()~5.

111~ 111110~5 01 ()10()~5 111~ 00(1111111)1 5~~~111~() 10 1~11115 01111~ 11,,,~111~~ ~011~01, 11115
~011~01, ~~11/( ~011~01, 110() ~~11/( 10,,,~15~ ,,,01111~~. 111~1~ 111~ 00 51110()111() ~10~~()01~5
()10()~ ~011~015 110()
101111~ ()~51~0, 001/115 1~().011~() 10 ()~1~111110~ 111~ 51111~~5 01111~
,,,01111~~5.
~~ 1111,,,~ 0011~~() 10 ~().5. (2-63), (2-66), 110() (2-76) 111111 111~ 001~01 01111~
1~~1111~15 ~0011110 11111111001~5. 10 11()()11100, ~().. (2-66) 10()1~111~5 111111 111~ 11~~1~
~011~01 ~110 0~ 1~()0~~() 0)1 ~000~~110~ 110 10()0~101 10 5~11~5 ~1111111~ 1011(). ~111~15
()~ 001~01 ,,,01111~~ 01 111~ 1~~1111~1 110() 111~5~ 111~
~110 0~ 05~() 10 511100111 001 111~
/(00~0 115 0.~ ///(~,.5. 111~ ()~ 1111~15 111~ 0501111)1 01 1.., ~, 110() 1.. ~ 1)1~~, 115 5110~0 10
~1~. 2-20. 011~ 10 111~ 1~~1111~111100 11~1100, 111~ 10~01 ~011~01 01111~ 1~~1111~1 11150

+
~.
- 4

8.=~
).0 ~1~
8.=·
~1~
1~ 1~ 1~
~(8)
(~) (~)

~1~11..~2-20 1)( (11(~15.

44 01008 (1~~0115 8/10 88~111(8~5 ((,8~. 2

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~011131115 113(1110111~5 3110 311 (1~ /1/(€7 15 1.15~0 10 ~111~( 01.11 50111~ 01111~ 113(1110111~5 1(0111
111~ 51.111111~5~51~111. 111~ 3~ 1111~( 15 110(111311~ 011..~ 1~11~, 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 2-21.
~0(111311~, 111~ 1111~( 0~51~11 (~()1.11(~5 0~1~(111111111~ 111~ 1113~11111.10~5 3110 ~(~()1.1~11~1~5
01111~ 113(1110111~5. 111~ 51~115111~01~~0111 0~51~11111~ (~~1111~(5 31101111~(5 3(~ ~)(1113111~0
0~ ~)(3111111~5.
~)(301())~ 2-13

~ 111(~~-~1135~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~( 511~~11~5 3 111~111~111011~11,,,~1030 511~1111131 111~ 3,,,~(3~~

1030 ~11((~11115 /00 = 60 ~ 3110 111~ (1~~1~ ~0111~11115 11~~11~101~. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (31111~5
01111~ 0100~5 11111~ 1111~-10-11~111(31 ,,,0113~~ 01111~ 511~~1~ 15 120 ~ 31 60 (-(2.

80)01100 111~ ~11((~1115 111(011~11 111~ 0100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 2-22. 111~ 3,,,~(3~~
~11((~111 01 3 0100~, /,) = 60/3
= 20~. 111~ (015 ~11((~11115
1/2
5-./6 /
/~ =
(2~ 1-./6 )
/~0 ()(())() = -0 = 46.19 ~
111~ ~~3)( 111,,,~(5~,,,0113~~, ()1~ = ~ 1/,,,= ~ )(
-0 )(
120 = 294 ~.
~0(€. 111~ 13~10( 01 ~ 15 1.15~0 10 ~011~~(1 (1115 10 11~3~ ~311.1~.

~8 ---

0 ,.,1
. 11

.
211 ~411
~02 3 511 211
3 3 3
~---~- ~
0 ,.,1
~
,03__
,. 1_
~
~
0
,04 ~ ~
__1-
~
~-----
~
0
~05
~8

0
106
~8

58~. 2-11 45

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~,.301~1~ 2-14
10~ ~11((~11110(011~0 3 0100~ 15 500~11 111~1~. 2-23. 1)~1~((11111~10~ (3) ((115 ~11((~111,
3110 (0) 3,,,~(3~~ 0100~ ~11((~11111(1 = 100 ~5, (2 = 350 ~5, (3 = 500 ~5, / = 25011~,
~ = 5 /(11~, 1,,, = 450 ~, 311010 = 150~.
801111100 (3) 10~ ((115 ,,,3111~ 15 0~1111~0 35
1/2
1 = 1~) (1,,, 5111(05()2 (/( + 1~3 1~ (/() (2-81 )
~~ ~
(2-82)
~0~(~ (05
= 270/5= 31,415.93 (30/5, (1 = 70/(05 = 100 ~5, 31101 = 1//.

(/()1/2
1~1 = 1~1 (1,,, 5111 (05()2 = 1,,, ~/~1 (2-83 )
~~

= 50.31 ~

(3 2

1~2 =
(7 1
1(2 10
(/(
) = 10 //((3 - (2) (2-84 )

= 29.05 ..4
51105111111111~ ~().5. (2-83) 3110 (2-84) 111 ~().. (2-82), 10~ ((115 ,,,3111~ 15

1/2
/~(1 _
1 = + /~/((3 (2))
~ (2-85)
= (50.312 + 29.052)1/2 = 58.09 ~
(0) 10~ 3,,,~(3~~ ~11((~11115 1011110 1(0(11

(1 13
1 1 (/(
/~0 = - (/,,, 5111(05() (/( + - /0 (2-86)
~1 10 1 1,(2 )
(2-87)

(2-88)

(2-89)

46

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 12.79 ~

~,.801()1~ 2-15

~ 1-~ ~111~~ 88 8110~11 111~1~. 2-20~ 18 118~0 10 ~~011~~ 111~ ~1~~1~ ~0111~111 0~ 111~ 0111~111
~0118~~ ~0~ 8 8111~1~-~1188~ ~1111-~8~~ ~~~611~~. 111~ 1080 ~~8181811~~, 8.
= 40 0, 1080
111011~1811~~, 1- = 10 11111, 8110 8011~~~ ~~~()11~11~~ 18 60 112 (0~ 377 ~80/8). 0~1~~111111~
111~ ~8111~8 0~ 1-_ 8110 ~_ 80 11181111~ ~1~~1~ ~8~10~ 0~ 111~ 0111~111 ~0118~~ 18 10%.

801111100 111~ ~()111~81~111 ~1~~1111~0~ 111~ 118~1110111~818 8110~11 111~1~. 2-24. 10 1118/(~
11 ~881~~ ~0~ 111~ 11111118~1110111~~1~~1~ ~11~~~11110 ~888 111~011~11111~ ~111~~ ~8~8~110~, 111~
1080 1111~~0811~~ 11111810~ ~~~81~~ 11181111181 0~ 111~ ~8~8~110~~

(2-90)

8110 11110~~ 11118~011016011, 111~ ~~~~~1 0~ 111~ 1080 ~111 0~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ ~1118~8111~ 0~
111~ 11111118~1110111~~0111~011~111 8~~~8~111~ 011 111~ 0111~111 ~811 0~ ~011110 0~ 118111~ 111~
~0118~~-01~10~~ ~111~ 8110 18 ~)(~~~88~0 88

(2-91 )

(2-92)

~0~ 8 8~~~1~1~0 ~8111~ 0~ ~30 8110 ~1111111~ ~8111~ 0~ ~_ ~~0111 ~(). (2-90), 111~ ~8111~ 0~ 1-_
~811 0~ ~0111~111~0. ~~ ~811 81111~11~~111~ ~0111~11186011 0~ ~011810~~111~ 0111~ 111~ 001111118111
118~1110111~. ~~0111 ~(). (2-63) ~~ ~1110 11181 111~ 8~~0110 118~1110111~18 111~ 001111118111011~
8110118 ~1118~8111~ 18 ~2 = 4~,,,/(3 070) 8110 111~0~ ~8111~, ~00 = 2~,~/70.
~0~ 11 = 2 ~()8. (2-91) 8110 (2-92) ~1~~

..)~0..~ 2-24 ~()01~31~(11 (1~(011 (0~ 113~-

~0(11(5.

88~. 2-11 47

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 10
~. = 470)-/~2 + (470/~)2 = 326 ~~

~~0111 ~().. (2-47) 10~ ~111111~ ~3~10~ 18 0~~111~0 38

~.0 ~02 ~2 1 0 1
= 0 .1
~~ = = = = 3 ((470/)2~.~. - 1)
~00 ~00 ~00 (470/)2~.~. - 1

0~ (470/)2~.~. - 1 = 4.714 3110~. = 30.831111-1.

~,.3111()1~ 2-16

~11 ~~ 11111111~111~~ 38 800~11 111 ~18. 2-2118 118~0 10 ~~011~~ 10~ 11111111~11~~~111 03~1110111~8
111 3 811181~-11038~ ~1111-~3~~ ~~~1111~~ 0~ ~18. 2-163. 10~ 1030 ~11~~~111 18 ~1111~ ~~~~ 3110
118 3~~~38~ ~3111~ 18 /.. 1~ 10~ 81111111~ ~~~().11~11~~ 18/ = 60 1-12 (0~ 377 ~30/8), 0~1~~111111~
10~ ~~80113111 ~~~().11~11~~ 0~ 10~ ~111~~ 80 103110~ 1013111111111 03~1110111~ ~11~~~11118 ~~011~~0
10 1 % 0~ 10~ ~111103111~11131 ~011111011~111.

801111100 10~ ~().111~31~111 ~1~~1111 ~0~ 10~ /110 03~1110111~ ~011111011~111 18 800~11 111 ~18.
2-25. 10~ ~1118 ~3111~ 0~ 10~ /110 03~1110111~ ~11~~~111 31111~3~1118111 10~ 81111111~ 18 0013111~0

0~ 1181118 10~ ~11~~~111-01~10~~ ~111~,

(2-93 )

~0~~~ /~ 18 10~ ~1118~3111~ 0~ 10~ /110 030110111~ ~11~~~111. 10~ 10131 31110111110~ 03~1110111~
~11~~~111 18

~
1/2

/~ =
(~~~.
/~~
) (2-94)

(2-95)

~~0111 ~().. (2-68), /1 = 4/)0 70 3110 /~ = 4/)(0 /170) ~0~ /1 3,5,7, ~~0111
~().8. (2-93) 3110 (2-95) ~~ 8~1

,2
=
~~3~7.
(~~)2 =
~~3~7. /12((/1()))2~/(/
_ 1)2

..1~11..~ 2-25 ~~1.11.,,31~(1( ~1(~1.11( 10( 03(-

((10(11~ ~1.1((~(1(.

48

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 11115~3110~ 501~~0 ~0~ 111~~3111~0~ ~/~/. 10 51111~11~,,
111~~31~1113110115,
1~~~ ~011510~~
3((3 )( 2 )( 10 )( 60)2~/~, - 1)
0111,,111~1111~0113~1110111~,
= 1/0.01= 100 0~ ~/~/ =
26.84 )( 10~6 3110 111~~111~~~~~().11~11~,,
15 1/~ = 193.02 ~30/5.

1-/0(~. 10~ 3~ 1111~~ 15 ~~11~~311~ 11111~0 10 10~ 03~1110111~1~~((11~11~~ 111~01~~0,

011111 ~~((111(~5 3 ~3(~1111 0~51~11 10 3~010 10~ 11055101111~01 (~5011311~~ ~110 10~ 110~~(
5~51~111. 10~ (~501131111(~((11~11~~ 0110~ 10/(0 03(1110111~ ~11((~11115 377 )( 3 = 1131
(30/5.

111 10~ 0~(1~3110115 0110~ 011111111 ~0113~~5 3110 10~ 11~(10(111311~~ ~(11~(13 01 (~~1111~(5,
11 ~35 35511111~0 103110~ 5011(~~ 035110111011~1311~~5 3110 (~5151311~~5. 8111111 311(3~11~31
1(311510(111~( 3110 51111111~, 10~5~ 3(~ 31~3~5 11(~5~111 3110 10~ 11~(10(111311~~5 01 (~~1111~(5
3~~ 511~011~ ~0311~~0. 10~ ~11~~1 0110~ 5011(~~ 111011~1311~~, ~01~015 1110(~ 51~11111~3111
10311 1031 01 (~5151311~~, ~311 0~ ~)(1113111~0 ~110 (~1~(~11~~ 10 ~1~. 2-263.
10~ 0100~ ~110 10~ 111051 1105111~~ ~0113~~ ~111 ~011011~1. 1.,~1 115 ~011510~( 10~
())(
1101111 = 10 ~0~(~ ~0113~~5 1)(1~ 3110 1)0~ 3(~ ~((1131 35 500~11 111 ~1~. 2-260. 10~
~11((~111 100 15 51111 60~111~ 10(011~0 10~ 0100~ /)1. 011~ 10 10~ 111011~1311~~ ~1, 10~
~11((~01 ~3111101 1311 10 2~(0 1111111~0131~1~ 300 10~ 1(3051~( 01 ~11((~111 ~311001 0~ 00
30 11151311130~0115 03515. 10~ ~11((~1111(/1 0~~(~35~5, (~5111110~ 111 30 111011~~0 ~0113~~
3~(055 ~1 01 + 1) 1..1 3110 10~ 011111111 ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5 1)1.. 1)
(1~ +
1)
1..1. ~1 10~ 53111~ =
11111~ 10~ ~11((~01 10(011~0 /)3, 1(/3 111~(~35~5 1(0111 2~(0, 111011~111~ 30 ~((1131 ~0113~~
3~(055 ~2 01 -1)1..2 3110 10~ 011111111 ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5 1)1.. = 1)0~ -1)1..2. 10~ (~5111115
1031 10~ 31100~ ~0113~~5 01 0100~5 /)1 3110 /)3 3(~ ~((1131~ 300 0010 0100~5 ~00011~1
10( 3 ~~(131011~(100 ~01~015 ~311~0 ~0111111/).((1(1011
(0, 01)~,/(1/1) (1118/~, (1. 10151(31151~(
01 ~11((~011(0111 00~ 0100~ 10 30010~( 15 ~311~0 ~0111111/).((1(1011. 10~ (~3~130~~ ~0(-
(~51100010~ 10 10~ 111011~1311~~15 /(110~11 35 ~0111111/).((1(1118
,~(1~((111~~.
10~ ~11~~1 011015 0~~(131115 10 (~011~~ 10~ 3~~(3~~ 011111111~0113~~ 01 ~011~~(1~(5.
10~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 ~2 15

(2-96)

~5511111111~ 3 110~3( (15~ 0110~ ~11((~1111(0111 0 10 100 (0( 3 ~00513111 ()1/()(), ~~ ~30
~(11~ 8((. (2-96) 35
1)
1..2 6.( = ~2 6.1 (2-97)
31101015 15 (~11~31~0 51)( 11111~510( 3 10(~~-11035~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~(. 0510~ 8((. (2-97),
10~ 3~~(3~~ ~0113~~ (~011~1100 011~ 10 10~ ~011111111131111~ 10011~1311~~5 15

1
~.. = 72(1)1..1 + 1)1..2 + 1)/..3) 6.( = 2/(~1 + ~2 + ~3) 6.1
(2-98)
= 2/(~1 + ~2 + ~3)100
11 31110~ 111011~1311~~5 3(~ ~((1131 3110 ~~ = ~1 = ~2 ~3, 8((. (2-98) 0~~0111~5

~.. = 6/~~100 (2-99)

$8~. 2-12 49

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 ~3
~-..,~3+ ~01
03 05

~1
~03 ~05
8 -..,~1+
06 02
~2
~-..,~+
(8) ~1~~(,)~(
0~89~8~

.., ..,~

~,.301()1~ 2-17

~ (0.~~~-~0.~5~ 0~10~~ ~~~1111~~ 15 511~~11~0 1~0111 ~ ~-~01111~~(~0 208-~ 60-1.1.~ 511~~1~.

10.~ ~.,,~~~~~ 0111~11( .,,011~~~ 15 170~. 10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~11( 15 60 ~ ~110 0.~5 11~~11~101~
~1~~1~. ~~1~111~(~ 10.~ ~~~~~111~~~ ~~011~11011 01 011(~11( .,,011~~~ 011~ 10 ~011111111(~1101111
(0.~ 1111~111011~(~11~~ ~~~ ~0.~5~ 15 0.5 11111.

8010(100 1-0 = 0.5 11111,1/, = 208/0 = 120 ~, / = 60 112, 100 = 60 ~, ~1101/,,, =

-0)( 120 = 169.7~. ~~0111~~.(2-77), 1/00= 1.6542)( 169.7 = 280.7~. ~~11~11011
(2-99) ~1.,,~5 (0.~ 011(~11( .,,01(~~~ ~~011~11011,

)( )( )( 10-3 )( _ 100
1/~ = 6 60 0.5 = 10.8 ~ 0~ 10.8
28 0.7 = 3.85%

111 (1115 ~113()1~( ~~ 113.,,~ 5~~11 111~ 3()()11~3110115 01 ()0~~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0100~5 111
1(~~~11~~1111~ 3~11011, (~~0.,,~(111~ ~11~(~)11(0111 111011~11.,,~ 10305 3110 111 ~011.,,~(51011 01
51~1131 1(0111 3~ 10 0~. 111~(~ 3(~ 0111~(~111 1)1()~5 01 (~~1111~(5 0~()~110111~ 011 111~

50

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(01111~(60115 01 0100~5 (1110 111~01 1((111510(111~(. 111~ ~~(10(111(111(~ ~(1((1111~1~(5 01
(~(611~(5 (1(~ 0~1111~0 (1110 1111(15 0~~11 5110~11 111(11111~ ~~(10(111(111(~5 01 (~(611~(5 .,,(1(~
~1111 111~1( 1~~~5. 111~ (~(611~(5 ~~11~((11~ 11(1(1110111(5 11110 111~ 10(10 (1110 111~ 50~~1~
1111~~ (1110 111~5~ 11(1(1110111(5 ((111 0~ (~00(~0 0~ 1111~(5. 111~ ~~(10(111(111(~5 01 111~
(~(611~(5 (1(~ (1150 111110~11(~0 0~ 111~ 500((~ (1110 10(10 11100(1(111(~5.

1. 1. 5(03~1~., ~~~(/1/~,. 0,.~/1/(.~-1/1~0,.)/ (1/10. 1)~5/15/1, ~~~ ~0.)(~ 10011 ~11~~ 8.. 5011$, 111(.,
1975.
2. ~.~. 1,~~, ~0~~,. ~0/1,,,~,.(~,.1/(1/10.000/(-1/1~0,.)/ 1)~5/15/1 (1/10./11111//~(1(/0/1, ~~1~.00.011~0,
0111. ~ ~311301311 0~11~.31 81~(1.1(, 1979.

2-1. ~031 15 10~ 11111~(011513111 01 311 ~~ (1.(11117

2-2. ~031 15 10~ 11111~(011513111 01 311 ~~ (1.(11117
2-3. ~031 15 10~ .~$0113111 1.~()11~11(~ 01 311 ~~ (1.(11117
2-4. ~031 15 10~ 03111()111~ 13(10. 01 311 ~~~ (1.(11117
2-5. ~031 15 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 10~ .~50113111 1.~()11~11(~ 3110 10~ .111~111~ 1.~()11~11(~ 01
311 ~~~ (1.(11117
2-6. ~03115 3 1.~~~0~~1111~ 0100~, 3110 ~03115 115 ()11.()05~7
2-7. ~031 15 10~ 1.3()()~0 ~11~.~~ 01 311 111011(10.7
2-8. 110~ 15 10~ 1.3()()~0 ~11~.~~ .~(0,,,~.~0 0~ 3 0100~7
2-9. ~031 15 10~ 111.115 .3110 01 3 1.311510.111~.7
2-10. ~031 15 3 .~(1111~.7 ~031 15 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 3 .~(1111~. 3110 3 (011,,,~.1~.7
2-11. ~03115 10~ 010()(111~ (0110111011 01 3 0100~7
2-12. ~031 3.~ 10~ ()~.10.111311(~ ()3.3111~1~.5 01 3 .~(1111~.7
2-13. ~031 15 10~ 51~11111(311(~ 0110~ 10.111 13(10. 01 3 .~(1111~.7
2-14. ~031 15 10~ 51~11111(311(~ 0110~ .1()()1~ 13(10. 01 3 .~(1111~.7
2-15. ~031 15 10~ ~111(1~11(~ 01.~(1111(3110117
2-16. ~031 15 10~ 51~11111(311(~ 0110~ 1.311510.111~. 111111231101113(10.7
2-17. ~031 15 10~ 015()13(~111~111 13(10.7
2-18. ~031 15 10~ 111()111()0~~. 13(10.7
2-19. ~031 15 10~ 03.1110111( 13(10.7
2-20. ~031 1$ 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 3 0311-~3,,,~ 3110 3 11111-~3,,,~ .~(1111~.7
2-21. ~031 1$ 10~ 0( 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-()035~ 0311-~3,,,~ .~(1111~.-)

2-22. ~031 15 10~ 0( 0111()111,,,0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-()035~ 11111-~3,,,~ .~(1111~.7

2-23. ~031 15 10~ 1111103111~111311.~()11~11(~ 0110~ 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-()03$~ 1.1111-~3,,,~
.~(1111~.7

51

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 (1 ~11(~~-~11(15~ (~~1111~( 0~~( (1 5111~1~-~11(15~ (~~~111~(7
2-24. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ (10~(111~(1~~5 01

2-25. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ 015(10~(111~(1~~5 01 (1 (1111111~11(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (~~1111~(7

2-26. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ (10~(111~(1~~5 01 (1 ~11(~~-~11(15~ 0(10~~ (~~~111~( 0~~( (1 51)(-~11(15~ 5~(1( (~~~111~(7

2-27. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ ~11(~05~5 01111~~(5 111 (~~~111~( ~1(~111~57

2-28. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~~~~~11 (1~ (1110 0~ 111~~(57

(1 (~~1111~(7
2-29. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ ~11~~~5 01 5011(~~ 111011~~(111~~5 011 ~11~ 011~~11~ ~01~(1~~ 01

2-30. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ ~11~~~5 0110(10 111011~~(111~~5 011 ~11~ (~~~111~( 011~~11~7

2-31. ~11(1~ 15 (1 ~0(11(1111~(1110117

2-32. ~11(1~ 15 ~11~ ~0(11(1111~(111011 (111~1~ 01 (1 (~~~111~(7

(1~(1~(1~1~0( (1(~ 5110~11111 ~1~. ~2-1. 0~~~((11111~ ~11~ 3~~((1~~,

2-1. 111~ ~11((~11~ ~(1~~10((115 01
(1115, (1110 ~~(1/( ~11((~11~ ((11111~5 01 ~11~ ~(1~(1~1~0(.

11 = 100,..5 / = 250~2
12 = 300,..5
13 = 500,..5
1, 12

-200 - - - -

(1 (1(~ 5110~11 111~1~. ~2-2. 0~-

2-2. 111~ ~(1~~10((115 01 ~11~ ~11((~11~ 110~111~ ~11(011~11 0100~
~~((11111~ ~11~ (1~~((1~~, ((115, (1110 ~~(1/( ~11((~111 ((11111~5 01 ~11~ 0100~.

~,,4.
300---- 11 = 100,..5, 12 200,..5,
=
13 = 400,..5, 14 800,..5, 15 = 1 (115
=
/ = 200~2
150
100

0 1
1= 1

2-3. ~ 0100~ ~1(~111115 5110~11 111~1~. ~2-3 (1110 ~ = 22 0 3110 ~ = 10 /-1~. 11111~ 5~11~11
(
51 15 ~105~0 (1~ = 0, 0~1~(111111~ ~11~ ~)(~(~551011 10( ~11~ ~011(1~~ (1~(055 111~ ~(1~(1~1~0(
3110 111~ ~11~(~~ 105~ 111~11~ ~1(~1111.

52

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2-4. ~ 0100~ ~1(~1.11115 ~1~. ~2-4 ~1111~ = 10 0, ~ = 5 (111-1,3110 ~5 = 220 ~.
5110~11111
113 1030 ~1.1((~111 0110 ~ 15110~111~ 111(01.1~11111~ 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 1),,. 3110 111~ 5~11~11
51 15 ~105~0 31 / = 0, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ~)(()(~551011 10( 111~ ~1.1((~111111(01.1~11111~ 5~11~11.

+ 81
~0,,,

1..
(.. ~10~
~~..2-4

2-5. 11111~ 11101.1~10(01111~ ~1(~1.111111~1~. 2-4 1135 311 1111631~1.1((~11101 10, 0~1~((11111~ 111~
~)(()(~551011 10( 111~.,,0113~~ 3~(055 111~~3()3~110(.

2-6. 11111~ 5~11~1151 01 ~1~. ~2-615 ~105~0 31 / = 0, 0~1~((11111~111~~)(()(~55101110( (3) ~1.1((~111

())) 111~ (31~ 01 (15~ 01111~ ~1.1((~111, (///(//. (~)
110~111~ 111(01.1~11111~5~11~11, /(/)~ 3110
()(3~ 5/(~1~11~5 01/(1) 3110 (///(//. ((1) ~113115 111~.,,311.1~01/111631 (///(//7 ~0( ~1~. ~2-
60, 11110111~1111631(///(// 0111~.

8, 8,
+
~0----0 0---0
(.. ~+ (..
1.. 1. 0(. 1.
0
(0) (~),.....
(9.)

~ = 0.52

(6)

2-7. 111111~ 5~~0110-0(0~( ~1(~1.11101 ~1~. 2-6, 111~501.1(~~ .,,0113~~, ~5 = 220 ~, 11101.1~1311~~,
~ = 5 (111-1,~3()3~11311~~, ~ = 10 (.1.~, 3110 (~5151311~~, ~ = 22 0. 111~ 1111631.,,0113~~
01111~ ~3()3~110( 15 ~0 = 50~. 11111~ 5~11~11 15 ~105~0 31 / = 0, 0~1~((11111~ (3) 311
~)(()(~551011 10( 111~ ~1.1((~111~3110 ())) 111~ ~01101.1~11011
11(11~01111~ 0100~. (~) ()(3~ 3
5/(~1~11 01 /(/).
2-8. ~0( 111~ ~11~(~~ (~~0.,,~(~ ~1(~1.11101 ~1~. 2-103, 111~ (113~11~62111~11101.1~1311~~ 01 111~
1(311510((11~( 15~,,. = 150 (.1.1-1,/0/1 = 10, 3110/0/2 = 200. 111~ 1~3/(3~~ 11101.1~1311~~5 3110
(~5151311~~5 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 501.1(~~ .,,0113~~ 15 ~5 = 200 ~ 3110
111~(~ 15 110 1111631~1.1((~111111111~~1(~1.111. 11 5~11~11 51 15 ~105~0 10( 3 11(11~/1 = 100 (.1.5
())) ~31~1.1131~111~
3110 15 111~110()~11~0, (3) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ 01 0100~ 1)1 ~
()~3/( .,,311.1~01111~ ()(1(113(~ ~1.1((~111~(~) ~31~1.1131~111~()~3/( .,,311.1~015~~01103(~ ~1.1((~111~

53

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 ((1) 0~1~~111111~ 111~ 11111~(0~ ~111~11 0100~ 1)1 ~011011~15~ (1110 (~) 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~11~~~~
511~~11~0 0~ 111~ 5011~~~.
2-9. ~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 11(15(1 ~11~~1~ ~~51511~~ 10(10, ~ = 10 0, 111~ ~~(1(( ~(1111~
0( 111~ 51111111~ ~0113~~, ~,,, = 170 ~, 3110 111~ 51111111~ 1~~~11~11~~, 1= 60 1-1~. 0~1~~~111~
111~ (1~~~(1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 0( 111~ ~~~11(1~~ 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~15 11~~11~101~.
2-10. ~~~~(11 ~~00. 2-9 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~~~~ ~11(15~ (111~1110111~1~(1115(0~111~~ 1~(1(((1~~
111011~1(111~~)15 1-0 = 0.5 1111-1.
2-11. ~ 51)(-~11(15~ 51(1~ ~~~11(1~~ 11(15(1 ~11~~1~ ~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~ = 10 0, 111~ ~~(1(( ~(1111~ 0(
111~ 511~~1~ ~011(1~~, ~,,, = 170 ~, (1110 111~ 51111~1~ (~~((11~11~~ / = 60 1-12. 1)~1~~111111~
111~ (1~~~(1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 0( 111~ ~~~11(1~~ 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~15 11~~)1011~.
2-12. ~~~~(11 ~~00. 2-11 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~~~~ ~11(15~ (111~1110111~111~ 1~(1115(0~111~~
1~(1(((1~~ 111011~1(111~~)15 1-0 = 0.51111-1.

2-13. ~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 11(15(1 ~11~~1~ ~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~ = 1000 (111015511~~11~0
(~0111 (1 280-~ 60-1-12 511~~1~. 111~ ~~1111(1~~(1110 5~~0110(1~~ 0( 111~ 111~1111~(1115(0~111~~(1~~
~01111~~1~0111 ~~~. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ (1~~~(1~~ 0111~111 ~0)1(1~~ 0( 111~ ~~~11(1~~ 1( 111~ 5011~~~
111011~1(111~~5(1~~ 11~~11~101~.
2-14. ~~~~(11 .,~00. 2-13 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~~~~ ~11(15~ (111~)110111~1~(1115(0~111~~1~(1(((1~~
111011~1(111~~)15 1-0 = 0.5 1111-1.
2-15. 111~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-15 15 ~~((111~~0 10 511~~)~ (111(1~~~(1~~ ~0)1(1~~
0( ~00 = 400 ~ 10 (1 ~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~
= 10 0. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~11~~~111
~(11111~50( 0100~5 (1110 1~(1115(0~111~~.
2-16. ~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 15 ~~((111~~0 10 511~~)~ (111(1~~~(1~~ ~011(1~~ 0( ~00 = 750
~ (11 (1 ~1~~1~-(~~~ ~11~~~111 0( 9000~. 111~ ~~1111(1~~ (1110 5~~0110(1~~ 0( 111~
100 =
1~(1115(0~111~~ (1~~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~~~. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~11~~~111 ~(11111~5 0(
0100~5 (1110 1~(1115(0~111~~.
2-17. 111~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-14(111(15 (111~1- 10(10. 1( 111~ ~~(1(( ~(1)11~ 0( 111~ 111~111
~011(1~~ 15 ~,,, = 170~, 111~ 511~~)~ (~~((11~11~~, /
= 60 1-12, (1110 111~ 10(10 ~~5151(111~~,
~ = 15 0, 0~1~~111111~111~~(1111~0( 10(10111011~1(111~~, 1-, 101111111111~)0(10 ~11~~~11111(1~1110111~
10 4% 0( 111~ (1~~~(1~~ ~(1)11~, 100.
2-18. 111~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 51(1~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-17(111(15 (111~1- )0(10. 1( 111~ 5~~0110(1~~ ~~(1((
~011(1~~ ~~~ ~11(15~ 15 ~,,, = 170 ~ (11 60 1-12, (1110 111~ )0(10 ~~5151(111~~ 15 ~ = 15 0.
0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~(1111~ 0( )0(10 111011~1(111~~,1-, 10 1111111111~10(10 ~11~~~11111(1~1110111~510 2%
0( 111~ (1~~~(1~~ ~(1111~, 100.

2-19. 111~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-14(111(15 (1 ~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~, (1110 (1 ~(1~(1~110~ ~ 15
~01111~~1~0 (1~~055 111~ )0(10. 111~ (1~~~(1~~ ~(1)11~ 0( 111~ )0(10 ~11~~~11115 100. ~5511111111~
111(11111~~11(1~~111~11111~0( 111~ ~(1~(1~110~ 15 11~~11~10)~ ~0111~(1~~0 10 111~ 015~11(1~~111~11111~,
0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~1115~(1111~ 0( 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 11(1~1110111~5,~~0.
2-20. 111~ 1-~ 1111~~ 5110~11 111~1~. 2-20~ 15 115~0 10 ~~011~~ 111~ ~1~~)~ ~0111~111 0( 111~ 0111~111
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(1110 (111 11101.1~10( 1-1 (1~(088 111~ (11(1111111~(1810( (18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 3-~~ (1110
11118 18 1111.181((11~0 111 ~)((1(11111~ 3-3.

58~. 3-3 61

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 (..1 0,

+ 1,,,
11
13 ~0
+ ~1,0
12
~5
(.. 0,,,
...~0..~ 3-8 111111()15~-~0111111()(3.(~0 ~1~~()1(
~1(11 3.~~~1~~3.(~0 ~~~113.~~10~.

~)(3111()1~ 3-2

~111111~015~-~01111110131~01/1~~1510~ ~1~~01115 5/10~11111 ~1~. 3-9. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ 3,,,311301~

10~11-0116111~
011/1~ ~1~~011111/, = 200 ~, ~ = 10 0, ~ = 5 ~~, 31101/()= 1/,.
8010(100 1/1~ ~().1.11,,,31~111~1~~1.11101.1~111~1/1~ ~01111110136011 ~~~100 15 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 3-
10. 1/1~ ,,,0113~~ 3~~055 1/1~ ~01111111.1136011~3~3~110~ 15 ~1,,,~11 0~

7)~ = / (/( + 7)~(( = 0)

~1

1/1~ 5011.111011011/1~5~ ~().1.1360115 ~11/11111631 ,,,0113~~ 7)~ (( 0) -1/()

1/1~ ~3~3~110~ ,,,0113~~ 35
2~-(',,~)
7)~(1) = 1/,(1 -

1/1~ 11.1~11-01111111~,(4, ~/11~/1 ~311 0~ 101.1110 111/1~ ~011016011 7), (( = (4) = 0 15 536511~0,
15 501,,,~0 35

(4
= ~~ 111(2)
100 3110~ = 5 ~~, (4 = 34.7 ~5.

...~0..~ 3-9 111111()15~-~0111111()(3.(~0 ~1~~()1(

~1111 ~~515(1,,,~ )03.0.

+
~0 = ~5-
+

...~0..~ 3-10 ~()()1,,,3.1~0( ~1~~()1( (0~ ~)(-

3.111111~3-2.

62

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 ~,.301))1~ 3-3

111~ ~0011111.1136011 ~1~~1.111111 ~1~. 3-8 1135 3 ~3~3~11311~~ ~ = 20 /1.~ 3110 ~~~113~~111~
11101.1~10~1-1 = 25 /1.1-1. 111~ 1111631 ~3~3~110~ ~0113~~ 15 ~()1.13110 111~ 111~1.11~0113~~, ~0
= ~5 = 200~. 11111~ 1030 ~1.1~~~111,/,,,, ~3~~1~5 0~1~~~11 50 3110 200 ~, 0~1~~111111~
111~ ~3~1360115 01111~ ~1~~1.11111.1~11-0116111~, (4.

8011.11100 111~ ~()1.11~31~111 ~1~~1.11101.1~111~ 111~ ~01111111.11311011~~~100 15 5110~11 111 ~1~.

3-11. 111~ 0~1111111~ ~()1.1360115 3~~

111~ 1111631~011016011510 (( = 0) = /,,, (1101)0 (( = 0) = - ~0 = - ~5. 111~ 5011.160115

01111~5~ ~()1.1360115)11~10111~~3~3~110~ ~1.1~~~111(1~0111~~~~1101)( 1)) 35

~/
~
10(0 = ~0 5111(01( + /,,, ~05 (01(
1-1

111~ ~0113~~ 3~~055 111~ ~3~3~110~ 15 ~)(~~~55~0 35

1)0(0 = /,,,
)~ 5111(01( - ~0 ~05 (01(

~11~~~ (01 = 1(-../1-1~. 111~ 3~311301~ 11.1~11-0116111~ 0~ ~1~~1.11111.1~11-01111111~

15 0013111~0
1~0111 111~ ~0110111011 1)0 (( = (4) = 0 3110 15 501~~0 35

(3-9)

~0~ ~ = 20 /1.~, 1-1 = 25 /1.1-1,~0 = 200 ~, 3110/,,, = 50 ~, (4 = 29.0 /1.5. ~0~ ~ =

20 /1.~, 1-1 = 25 /1.1-1,~0 = 200~, 3110/,,, = 100~, (4 = 23.7. /1.5. ~0~ ~ = 20 /1.~,
1-1 = 25 /1.11,~0 = 200~, 3110/,,, = 200 ~, (4 = 16.3 /1.5.

01

.,1~ ~ 3-11 ~()01~3)~11( ~1(~01( ~0( ~)(-

~1 3((1111~ 3-3.

58~. 3-3 63

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 /-/01~. ~8 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01 10~(~38~8 1(000 50 ~ 10 200 ~, 111~ 11.1(0-0111100~
0~~(~38~8 1(000 29 /-1-810 16.3 /-1-8. 111~ 1.18~01 30 ~)(1(3 0100~ 003~~8 111~ 11.1(0-011
1100~ 1~88 0~~~00~01 00 111~ 1030.

111~ (~800301 ~1.118~~000001.1131100 ~30 0~ ~)(~1310~0 ~1111 ~1~. 3-123. ~1~1.1(~ 3-120
8110~8 111~ ~3..,~10(008 10( 111~ ~3~3~110( ~1.1((~01 300 ..,0113~~. 111~ ~3~3~110( 18
10111(11)1~113(~~0 ~1111 111~ ~013(11)1 38 8110~0 300 111)1(1810( 11 18 10 111~ ~0001.1~1100
0000~ ~3(()110~ 3 1030 ~1.1((~01 011,,,.
~11~0 ~000001.1131100 111)1(1810( 12 18 11(~0, 3 (~800301 ~1(~1.11118 10(00~0 0)11.,
~, 11 300 12. 111~ (~800301 ~1.1((~01 ~30 0~ 0~(1..,~0 38

.(() ~ ~0
~
= 1,, 810 0) ,,,1
.,0 .,~(
(3-10)

(3-12)
~11~(~ 1,, 18 111~ ~~3~ ~~(00188101~ ..,311.1~ 01 (~800301 ~1.1((~01.
01.1~ 10 111~ (~800301 ~1.1((~01, 111~ 10(~3(0 ~1.1((~01 01111)1(1810( 11 18 (~01.1~~0
10 2~(0 311 = 11, ~11~0 111~ (~800301 ~1.1((~01 ~().1.1318111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01, 1,,,. 111~ 1100~
11 001.181 8(1181)1111~ ~00011100 / (1 = (1)
= 1,,, 300 18 101.100 38

(, ~ ~8.0-,
(~~) (3-13)

111~ ~0((~8~00010~ ..,311.1~ 01111~ ~3~3~110( ..,0113~~ 18

1)0 (1 = (1)
= - ~1 = - ~0 ~08 0),,,11 (3-14 )

0,,,

64

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 111~ (1.1((~111 111(01.1~11 111)1(1810( 1) ~111 (~(18~ 10 110~ (1110 111~ ((1~(1(110( ~111
(~(11(1(~~ (11 (1 ((11~ 0~1~(111111~0 0)1111~ 10(10 (1.1((~111 /,,,. 111~ ((1~(1(110( ~111 018(11(1(~~
1(0111 ~~) 10 2~(0 (1110 118 ~011(1~~ ~111 111~11 (18~ 10 111~ 0( 801.1((~ ~011(1~~ ~5, 111
~111(11 ((18~ 0100~ /),,, 81(1(18 (01101.1(1111~ (1110 (1 8111.1(1110118111111(1( 10 111~ (1((1.111 111 ~1~.
3-4 ~)(1818 ~1111 (1 11111~ 01.1((111011 01 (0. 11118 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 3-120. 111~ ~11~(~)1
810(~0 111 11101.1(10(
1- 01.1~ 10 111~ 10(10 (1.1((~111 /,,, 18 1((11181~((~0 10 111~ ((1~(1(110(,
((11.18111~ 11 10 0~ 0~~((11(1(~~0, (1110 111~ ((1~(1(110( ~011(1~~ ~() ((111 0~ ((11(1.11(11~0 1(0111
~~. (3-7). 111~ ((1~(1(110( ~011(1~~ 18 (~~~(8~0 1(0111 ~~ (= ~0) 10 - ~0 0)111(111~ 13.
13 18 8~11-(01111111.11(11~0 8111111(1( 10 111~ 6((1.111111 ~1~. 3-3.
111~ ~~1.11~(11~111 (1((1.111 10( 111~ (11(1(~111~ ~~(100 18 8111111(1( 10 111~ 011~ 111 ~1~. 3-
7(1. ~(0111 ~~. (3-8), 111~ (1((1.11111.1(11-01111111~ 18

(,,
~~)
= - /,,, (3-15)

1-~1 1.18 0~1111~ (1 ~(1((1111~1~( ~ ~111(1118 111~ ((1110 01111~ ~~(1~ (~8011(1111 (1.1((~111 10 111~
10(10 (1.1((~111. 111~11

(3-16)
~~~~~~~
10 (~01.1(~ 111~ 10(~(1(0 (1.1((~111 011) 10 2~(0, 111~ ~(111.1~ 01 ~ 1111.1810~ ~(~(11~( 111(111
1.0. 111 ~((1(11(~, 111~ ~(111.1~ 011- (1110 ~ (1(~ (1108~11 81.1(11111(11 ~ = 1.5. 111~ ~(111.1~
01 () 111 ~~. (3-13) 18 110(111(111)1 8111(111(1110 ~) = ~0. 111~ ~(111.1~ 01 (,, 001(1111~0 1(0111
~~. (3-15) 81101.110 0~ (1~~(0)(1111(11~1)1 ~~1.1(11 10 111(11 001(1111~0 1(0111 ~~. (3-8).
01.1~ 10 111~ 1(1(1111(11 (1 (~8011(1111 ~1.118~ 01 (1.1((~11118 1.18~0 10 (~01.1(~ 111~ 10(~(1(0
(1.1((~111 01111)1(1810( 1) 10 2~(0, 11118 1)1~~ 01 (01111111.11(111011 18 (1180 ~110~11 (18 ~11,,~11(
~0/11/1111((1(/011. 11 ((111 0~ 11011(~0 1(0111 ~~. (3-15) 111(11 111~ (1((1.111 11.1(11-01111111~ 18
(1180 0~~~110~111 011 111~ 10(10 (1.1((~111. 111~ 018(11(1(~111~ 01111~ ((1~(1(110( ~011(1~~ ((111
0~ (1((~1~((11~0 0)1 (01111~(1111~ (1 0100~ /)2 (18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 3-13(1. 1-10~~~~(, 011(~
111~ (1.1((~111 01111)1(1810( 1) 18 (~01.1(~0 10 2~(0, 111~ (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~ (1~~~(1(111~ (1((088
1) 18 111~ 10(~(1(0 ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 01 0100~ /)2, ~111(11 18 8111(111. 11118 ~111 111(1~~ 111~

~0
02

.1

+ ~~., -,,0

+ ~0
-,,0
-,,.
0., 0
.3
-,,1
-,,0
(8) ~~~~~~/ (0) ~8~810~015

58~. 3-3 65

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111)1(1510(,5 (~~0~~()1 ~(0~~55 510~ (10011 ~01110 0~ 0~~~55(1()110 ~(0~10~ 100~~( (~~~(5~
01(15 11(0~ 111(10 111(1111111~ 0100~ /)2 ~~(~ 001 ~(~5~01. 111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~11((~01, /0((),
(100 111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~011(1~~, 1)0((), (1(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 3-130.

~~301))1~ 3-4

1/1~ (~50113111111115~ ~0111111111311011~1(~1111111~1~. 3-123 /135 ~3113~11311~~, ~ = 30 ~~ 3110

111011~1311~~, 1. = 4 ~1-1. 1/1~ 11111131~3113~110( ~0113~~ 15 1/0 = 200~. 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~
~1(~1111111(11-01111111~, (~, 111/1~ 1030 ~11((~111, /~, 15 (3) 250~, 3110 (0) 50~.

801111100 (3) /~ = 250~. ~(0111 ~-=1. (3-13),

(1
= ~ 5111-1
( ~/~)
250
200 30
= 5.192 ~5

1
(0~ = = 91,287.1 (30/5 3110 (0~(1 = 0.474 (30
~
~(0111 ~-=1. (3-14), 1/1 = 200 ~05 (0.474) = 177.95 ~ 3110 1(0111 ~-=1. (3-15),

)( 30
(~
= 177.95 250 = 21.35 ~5
(0)/~ = 50~.

(1
= ~ 5111-1
(~ ~/ )
200
4
30 = 1.0095 ~5

1
(0~ = = 91,287.1 (30/5 (0~(1 = 0.0914 (30
~
1/1 = 200 ~05 (0.0914) = 199.16 ~

)( 30
(~ = 199.16 - = 119.5 ~5
250

~~3111))1~ 3-5

~~11~31 ~)(3111111~ 3-4 11 311 31111113(311~1 0100~ /)2 15 ~01111~~1~0 3~(055 1/1~(1510( 11 35
5/10~11 111~1~. 3-133.

801111100 (3) /~ = 250~. ~/1~11 1/1~(1510( 12 15 11(~0, 3 (~50113111 111115~01 ~11((~111

110~5 1/1(011~/11/1~ ~3113~110( 3110 1/1~ 10(~3(0 ~11((~111 011/1~(1510( 11 15 (~011~~0 10 2~(0
(
3111111~ = (1 = 5.192 ~5. 1/1~ ~3113~110( ~11((~111 /~(1) 311/115 11111~15 ~-=1113110 1/1~ 1030
~11((~111 /~ = 250~. ~11~( 1/1~ ~11((~1110111 15 (~011~~0 10 2~(0, 1/1~ (~5011311105~111311011
~011111111~51/1(011~/1 0100~ /)2 11111111/1~ (~50113111 ~11((~111 13115 03~/( 10 1/1~ 1030 (11((~111
1~~~1 31 11111~(2. 1/115 15 5/10~11 111~1~. 3-130.

(2
=
,,.
~ - (1
=
,,.
~ - 5.192 = 29.22 ~5

(
~(0111 ~-=1. (3-14) 1/1~ (3113~110( ~0113~~ 31 = (215

1/2 = -200 (05 (2.667) = -177.9 ~

66

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 (~ = (2 - (1 = 29.22 - 5.192 = 24.03 ~5
(0)1,,, = 50,6..
(1
= 1.0095~5
(2 = 10 ~ - (1
= 10 ~ - 1.0095 = 33.41 ~5
(0,,, = 91,287.1 ~30/5

172= 200 ~05 (3.05) = -199.1 ~

(4 = (2 - (1
= 33.41 - 1.0095 = 32.41 ~5

1-/0(~. 11 ~311 0~ 11011~~~ 0)1 ~0111~3(111~ 111~ (~~~(5~ 0135 11111~5 ~1111 11105~ 01
~)(3111~1~ 3-4 11131 111~ 3~~111011 01 3 ~10~~ 1113/(~5 /,, 1~55 ~~~~11~~111 011 111~ 103~
~1.1((~111 ~3(13110115. 110~~~~(, 10( 3 111~11~( 103~ ~1.1((~111 (~.~., 1171 = 250 ~), (,, 111
~)(3111~1~ 3-4 15 1~55 11131 01 ~)(3111~1~ 3-5.

~ ~0111~1~111~1113()1 ~01111111.11311011 15 1.15~~ 10 1(31151~( ~1.1((~111 0~1~~~11 1~0 103~5 311~

51.1~11311 3((311~~111~11115 5110~11111 ~1~. 3-14. 111~ 11(111~ 01011~ 111)1(1510( ~01111111.1131~5
111~ 0111~( 011~.
~11~11111)1(1510( 11 1511(~~, 111~ 103~ ~1111 ~115 ~01111~~1~~ 10 111~ 51.1~~1)1 ~0113~~,
175, 311~ 31 111~ 53111~ 11111~ 111~ ~3~3~110( ~ 15 ~113(~~~ 10 175 111(01.1~11111~ 0111~( 103~
~1111 ~2. 111~ ~013(11)101 ~3~3~110( ~ 15 35 5110~11111 ~1~. 3-14. ~11~11111)1(1510(
12
15 11(~~, 111~ ~3~3~110( 15 111~11 ~13~~~ 3~(055 111)1(1510( 11 311~ 111~ 103~ ~1111 ~2 15
~01111~~1~~ 10 111~ 51.1~~1)1 ~0113~~, 175. 11 15 (~~~(5~ 0135~~ 311~ 15 11.1(11~~ 011 0)1
1111~1.115~ ~01111111.11311011. 011~~ 111)1(1510(
11 15 5~11~11~~ 011, 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 15
(~~~(5~~ 10 -175 111(01.1~11 ~1, 12, 311~ 111~ 51.1~~1)1. 11111)1(1510(
11 15 11(~~ 3~3111,
111)1(1510( 12 15 11.1(11~~ 011 311~ 111~ ~)1~1~ 15 (~~~31~~. ~0(111311)1, 111~ 1~0 111()1(1510(5
~011~1.1~1 ~1111 ~().1.13111111~ 1111~(~315. 111~ ~3~~10(1115 10( ~0113~~5 311~ ~1.1((~1115 3(~
5110~11 111 ~1~. 3-15 10( ~1 = ~2 = ~. 5111~~ ~3~11111)1(1510( 15 5~11~11~~ 011 ~1.1~ 10
1111~1.115~ ~01111111.11311011, 11115 1)1~~ 01 ~01111111.11311011 15 50111~11111~5 /(110~11 35 (0111))/~-
111~11((1,)) /(11))~/5~ (0111111~((1(/011.

8,
~5
~5 - + ~0
8
~1,
-..,0
..)~0..~ 3-14 ~0(1))1~01~1113~)/ ~00101013-
.). ),
11011 ~1~~011.

58~. 3-3 67

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~,.301))1~ 3-6

10.~ ~11~1111111 ~1~. 3-14, 0.(15 10(10 1~5151(111~~5 01 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 5 0, ~(1~(1~11(111~~,

~ = 10 /-1~, (1110511~~1~ ,,,011(1~~, 11$ = 100 ,. ))~1~1111111~ 10.~ ~11~1111111111-011 6111~,

(..
801111100 ~5511111111~10.(1110.~ ~(1~(1~110115 ~0.(11~~0 10 511~~1~ ,,,011(1~~ 11, 11110.~ ~1~,,,10115
~0111111111(1601101 (1 ~0111~1~111~111(11~10.~115101, 10.~ ~()111,,,(11~111~11~1111 0111111~ 10.~ ~0111-
111111(16011~~1100 15 5111111(1110 ~1~. 3-10. 10.~ ~1111~111 10.1011~0. 10.~ ~(1~(1~1101 15 ~1,,,~11
0~

()(
11, =
~1
/ + 1)0
((
= 0) + ~/

~110. 1)0(( = 0) = - 110 = 11$, 10.~ 501116011 0110.15 ~()11(16011 ~1,,,~5 10.~ ~(1~(1~1101 ~1111~111
(15

1)0(/) = 11$(1 - 2~-(/~~~)

10.~ 111111-0116111~ (. ~(1110~ 10111101110.~ ~011016011 1), (( = (.)

501,,,~0 (15

(. = ~~ 111(2)

~01 ~ = 50 (1110~ = 10 /-1~,(. = 34.7/-15.

68

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~ ~1.118~ 01 ~1.1((~01 18 001(110~0 1(0111 (10 ~)(1~(0(11 ~011(1~~ 10 11.1(0 011 (1 ~0001.1~110~
111)1(1810(. ~1~1.1(~ 3-16 8110~8 (1111)1(1810( ~1(~1.1111.1810~ (10 ~)(1~(0(11 ~1.118~ ~01111111.11(11100
(100 1~0 81.1~~1)1 801.1(~~8. 17$ 18 111~ ~011(1~~ 01111~ 111(110 81.1~~1)1 (100 1718 111~ ~011(1~~
01111~ (11.1)(111(1()1801.1(~~.
11111)1(1810( 13 18 11(~0, 111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~111 ~11(1(~~ 1(0111 111~ (11.1)(111(1()1801.1(~~.
~881.111110~ 111(11111~ ~(1~(1~110( 18 10111(111)11.10~11(1(~~0, (1 (~800(101 ~1.1((~01 ~1.118~ 01 ~~(1/(
17~, ~111~1118 8111111(1( 10 111~ ~1(~1.111 10 ~1~. 3-2, ~111110~ 111(01.1~11 13 (100 111~
~(1~(1~110( 18 ~11(1(~~0 10 2~. 11111)1(1810( 11 18 ~0001.1~110~ (100 (1 10(10 ~1.1((~01 18
81.1~~11~0 1(0111 111~ 111(110 801.1(~~ 17$, 11(10~ 01111)1(1810( 12 ~111 (1~~1)1 (1 (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~
01 17$ - 2~ (1~(088 111)1(1810( 11 (100 11 ~111 0~ 11.1(0~0 011. 00~~ 111)1(1810( 11 18
11.1(0~0 011, 111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~111 018~11(1(~~ 111(01.1~11 111~ 10(10 (11 (1 ((11~ 0~1~(11110~0 0)1
111~ 111(1~0111.10~ 01111~ 10(10 ~1.1((~01.

+
2~ 8

1~

10 10(10-810~ ~01111111.11(11100, 111~ 10(10 10(1118 (1 8~(1~8 ~1(~1.111 ~1111111~ ~(1~(1~110(~ (100
111~ 018~11(1(~10~ (100 (~~11(1(~10~ 01111~ ~(1~(1~110( (1(~ 000~ 111(01.1~11111~ 10(10. 111~
~~(10(111(10~~ 0110(10-810~ ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.1118 0~~~008 00 111~ 10(10 (100 10 (10011100
111~ ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.1118 ~(10001 0~ 1~81~0 ~111101.11 ~000~~110~ 111~ 10(10. ~1~1.1(~8
3-6, 3-8, 3-12, (100 3-13 (1(~ ~)((1111~1~8 0110(10-810~ ~01111111.11(11100.

10 11118 1)1~~ 01 ~01111111.11(11100, 111~ 018~11(1(~10~ (100 (~~11(1(~10~ 01111~ ~(1~(1~110( (1(~
001 (1~~0111~11811~0 111(01.1~11 111~ 10(10 (100
111~ ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.111 ~(10 0~ 1~81~0
~111101.11 ~000~~110~ 111~ 10(10. ~1~1.1(~ 3-17(1 8110~8 81.1~11 (1 ~1(~1.111.
~11~0 111)1(1810( 12 18 11(~0, ~(1~(1~110( ~ 18 ~11(1(~~0 10 217$ (100 12 18 8~11-
~01111111.11(11~0 8111111(1( 10 111~ ~1(~1.111 10 ~1~. 3-2. 111)1(1810( 13 18 11(~0 10 (~~~(8~ 111~
~011(1~~ 01 ~(1~(1~110( 10 - 217$ (100 13 18 (1180 8~11-~01111111.11(11~0. ~881.111110~ 111(11
111)1(1810( 11 18 ~0001.1~110~ (100 ~(1((1~8 (1 10(10 ~1.1((~01 01 /,,,, 111)1(1810( 12 18 11(~0 10
11.1(0 011 11. 111~ 11(10~ 01111)1(1810( 12 ~111 10(~(1(0 01(18 111~ 0100~ /),,, (100 (1~~1)1
(1 (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~ 01 217$ (1~(088 11 ~ (100 11 ~111 0~ 11.1(0~0 011. 111~ 018~11(1(~10~ (100
(~~11(1(~10~ 01111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~111 0~ 000~ 111(01.1~11 111~ 81.1~~1)1. 111~ ~000~~1100 01
111~ 10(10 18 001 (~~1.11(~0 10 1~81111~ ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.111.

58~. 3-3 69

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 + (.. ~,,,

1/. 0,,,

(8)

+ . ~,,,
. +01
~~~(1)
1/. 01 0,,,

..)~0..~ 3-17 1.-1(1~-510~ ~01111111.1131~0 ~1(-

~011.

111~ 11100~10( ~ ~3((1~5 111~ 1030 ~0((~111 1,,, 3110 111~ ~()01.,,,31~111 ~1(~011 01.1(111~
111~ ~011111101311011~~(100 15 5110~11111 ~1~. 3-18. 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0((~11115 ~)(~(~55~0
(1(0111 ~~~~1101)( 0) 35

~/ 1 ( .
115 = ~
~( + ~) / ~( + 1)0
((
= 0) (3-17)

~01101110115/ (( = 0) = 1,,, 3110 1)0 (( = 0) = - 2115. 111~ 5011.111011

~111111111131 01
~(). (3-17) ~1.,,,~5 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0((~111 3110 .,,,0113~~ 35

.(,) = 1~ 005 ..~, + 3~.

~ 5.0 ..~, (3-18)

(3-19)

...~11..~ 3-18 ~()01~31~(1( ~1(~01( 00(1(1~

~01111110(3(10(1~~(100.

70

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 0),,, = 1/~
10.~ ~1(~01110(0-01111(0~, (,,, 15 001310~0 1(0(0 10.~ ~00011100 11(.(( = (,,) = 0 01 8().
(3-19) 300 501~~0 311~( 51(0~1111~31100 35

(,, = ~ (130-1 3~ - 510-1 ~+ (3-20)

9~2 1)

(3-21 )

10.~ ~0000~1100 11(0~ 0110.)1(1510( 12, ~0.1~0. ~30 0~ 10000 1(0(0 10.~ ~00011100 1 ((
= (1)
= 0 018(). (3-18),
-1
(1 = ~ 130-1 - (3-22)
3~

000~( 00-1030 ~0001110115, 1,,, = 0 300 ~ 15 1011011~. (,, 0~~0(0~5

(,, = ~ (70 - 510-11) = 1.231 ~

(3-23)
(1 = 70 ~
1-/0(~. 111,,, = 03110 (1 = 70~, 10.~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 10 8(). (3-19) 0~~0(0~5
,/)( ((
= (1)
= 110 = 411, 300 111~(~ ~111 0~ ~001100005 001100~ 0110.~ ~3~3~110(
~0113~~. 10 11(011 10.~ 0~~(~0.3(~10~ 0110.~ ~3~3~110(, 10.~ 1000~10( 1-- 15 00((0311)1
(~~13~~0 0)1 3 ~0~(~)1 (~~0~~()11(30510((0~( 300 0100~ 35 50.0~0 10 ~1~. 3-170.

10.~ 0~51~0 01 ~0(0(00131100 ~1(~0115 (~()01(~5 0~1~((01010~ 111~ ~310~5 01 ~3~3~110( ~

300 1000~10( 1--. ~0( 10.~ 1(0~015~ ~0(0(00131100 ~1(~011 10 ~1~. 3-6, 10.~ ~310~ 01
~3~3~110( ~ 15 ~31~0131~0 1(0(0 8(). (3-8) 300 10.~ (~~~(53111100~10( 1--~15 0~1~((010~0
1(0(0 10.~ ~~3/( ~~((0155101~ (~~~(531 ~0((~111 01 8(). (3-5). ~0( 10.~ ~1(~011 10 ~1~.
3-8, 10.~ 10(0-011-11(0~ (~()01(~(0~01 (,, 018(). (3-9) ~311 0~ 5311511~0 0)1 ~0.00510~ ~110.~(
~0(1--1.
~0( 10.~ (~500301 ~015~ ~0(0(00131100 ~1(~01110 ~1~. 3-12, 10.~ ~310~5 011-- 300
~ ~30 0~ ~31~0131~01(0(0 8()5. (3-15) 300 (3-16). 10 8()5. (3-14) 3110 (3-15) 110300
111 3150 0~~~00 00 1-- 300 ~ 35 10 8(). (3-17).

58~. 3-4 71

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~)(301())~ 3-7
~0( 111~~1(~1111111 ~1~. 3-6, 0~1~(01111~111~~3111~801 ~3))3~110( ~ 3110 (~~~(8111~ 111011~10(
1-, 11111~ 811))))1~~0113~~, ~5 = 200 ~, 1030 ~11((~111,/,,, = 100 ~, 111~111(11-0111101~,
(~ = 20 ~8, 3110 111~))~3/( (~~~(831 ~11((~11118110111~010 140% 01 /~,.
)( 20/200
50)111100 ~0 = ~5 = 200~. ~(001 8(). (3-8), ~ = 100 = 10 ~~. ~(001
)(
8(). (3-5), 111~ ))~3/( (~80113111 ~11((~11118 1.4 100 = 140 = 200 -/10/1-, 31101-, =
20.4 ~1-1.

~)(301())~ 3-8
~0( 111~ (~80113111 ~00101111311011 ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 3-13, 0~1~(01111~ 111~ 0))11011101 ~3111~8 01
~ 3110 1- 80 11131 111~ 011111011101 ~11~(~~ 1088~8 ~01110 0~~11( 011(111~ 111~ ~00101111311011
))~(100 11/,,, = 350~, ~0 = 200~, 3110 /~ = 20 ~8.

50)111100 51108111111111~8(). (3-16) 11110 8(). (3-13), 111~ 1101~ (~()111(~0 10( 111~ ~3))3~110(
~11((~111 10 (18~ 10 111~ 1~~~1 01 ))~3/( 1030 ~11((~111 /,,, 18 ~1~~11 0~

(1 = ~ 8111~1 ~
~

~11~(~ ~ = /,//,,, = (~0//,,,) -/01-. ~(001 ~1~. 3-130, 111~3~311301~(~~~(8~ 0138 1101~
0( 111(11-0111101~ 18

(~ = (2 - (1
= 70 ~ - 2(1 = ~ (70 - 2 8111- 1
~)
(3-25)

/~ = ~0)~ (3-26)

1..~1 118 0~1111~ 3 11111~11011 ~1 (~) 811~1111131

(3-27)

~ = 0.5~~6 = 0.51-/~ (3-28)

51108111111111~111~ ~3111~ 01 /~ 1(001 8(). (3-26), ~1~~8 118

~ = 0.5 ~ ~0/~

51108111111111~111~ ~3111~ 01 ~ 1(001 8(). (3-27), ~~ 113~~

(3-29)

(3-30)

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 11 (0111 0~ 50.0~11 1110110.~1110111(0111~ 0( 0~ ~1011111~ ~2(~) 01~0111151 ~ 10.011 ~2(~) 15 11111111111.1111
~0.~11 ~ = 1.5. 10101~ 3-1 50.0~5 10.~ ~0111.1~501 ~2(~) 01~0111151~. ~0( ~ = 1.5, 10101~
3-1 ~1~~5 ~1(~) = 1.68214 01110~2(~) = 0.44586.

~~8~~ 3-, 102()()

~()~~~5~ )(

~~2(~)
1.2 0.5122202
1.3 0.4688672
1.4 0.4515002
1.5 0.4458613
1.6 0.4465956
1.7 0.4512053
1.8 0.4583579

51.1051111.11111~ ~ = 1.5 111~().5. (3-25) 01110 (3-16), ~~ 00101111

(~ = 1.682 ~

1.5 =
~0 0.
/,,, ~~
501~111~ 10.~5~, 10.~ 0~111111.1111
~0111.1~501 1- 01110 ~ 01(~
( 1/
~ (3-31)
1- = 0 . 398 /,,,

( /
~ = 0.8917 (3-32)
~~
~0( /,,, = 350~, ~0 = 200~, 01110(4 = 20 ~5,

)( 20 )( 200
1- = 0.398
350 = 4.6 ~1-1

~ = 0.8917 )(
20 )( _350
200 = 31.2 ~~
1-/0(~. 01.1~ 10 10~ ~(~~~0~~1111~ 0100~ 3~(055 10~ 1030 35 500~11111 ~1~5. 3-123
3110 3.133, 10~ ~3~3~110( ~111 ~~1 0~~(~03(~~0 0~ 10~ ~11~(~~ 510(~0 11111101.1~10( 1...
10~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ ~0 (= ~~), ~01~0 ~111 0~~~110 011 10~ ~311.1~50~ 1.. 3110 ~, ~311
0~ 0~1~((11111~0 ~(0(11 ~(). (3-7). 111 1015 ~35~, ~()5. (3-31) 3110 (3-32) 5001.110 0~
501~~0 ~0( 10~ ~311.1~5 0~ 1.. 3110 ~.

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~)(301()1~ 3-9

~ 0100~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 3~(055 111~ 0011101 35 5110~11 111~1~. 3-123 3110 111~ ~3113~110( ~~15
0~~(~113(~~0 00~ 10 111~ ~11~(~~ 510(~0 11111100~10( 1-. 1)~1~((11111~ 111~ ~310~5 011- 3110
~. 3(~~ 11, = 200 ,, 1,,, = 350 ~, (~ = 20 ~5, 3110~ = 1.5.
111~113(11~013(5
501(1~100 500511~01111~ ~(). (3-7) 111~0~(). (3-16), ~ = (11)1,,,) --.,,/01- + 1. 500511101111~
~()5. (3-7), (3-13), 3110 (3-14), 11110 ~(). (3-15),

(~
= (~,,,~ + ~ ~05 (5111-1~)
~

111~ ~310~5 01 ~ 3110 1- ~311 0~ 100110 1(0(11 111~5~ 1~0 ~()03110115. 111~ (~50115 3(~
1- = 20.4 ~1-1 3110 ~ = 15.65 ~~.
~)(301()1~ 3-10

~~11~31 ~)(3(11111~ 3-9 10( 111~ ~1(~011111 ~1~. 3-13.

501(1~100 ~(0(11 ~(). (3-25), (~ = ~ (70- 2 5111-1(1/~)). ~(0(11~()5. (3-7) 3110(3-

16), ~ = (11)1,,,) --.,,/01- + 1. 111~ ~310~5 011- 3110 ~ 3(~ 100110 35 ~ = 10.4 ~~ 3110
1- = 13.59 ~1-1.

1110~ 8~11~010~ 1..~~0~0~1~8 3..~ 0~10~ 1 ~1-12, 10~ 10)1..1810.. ~01111110131100 11111~ ~30
0~ ~00810~..~0 800..1 ~0111.,3..~0 ~110 10~ 8~11~010~ .,~..100. ~11001.1~0 10~ .,~3~
~0 ~0110..00~010~ ~3.,3~110.. 18 01~0, 10~ 3~~..3~~ ~0 ~01 ~0010 0~ ..~1311~~1)110~.
1110~ 8~11~010~ 1..~~0~0~1~8 3..~ 300~~ 5 ~1-12, 10~ ~3.,3~110.. ~3 1~8 10.. 3 81~0111~301
.,3..1 01 10~ 8~11~010~ .,~..100 300 10~ ~3.,3~110.. 111081 10~..~10..~ 0~ ~008~0 10.. 3
~001100008 ~0 ~01 ..3110~.
10 8~1~~110~ 3 ~01111110131100 ~3.,3~110.., 10~ 8.,~~111~311008 01 .,~3~, ..1118, 300
3~~..3~~ ~0 ~01 300 .,~3~-10-.,~3~ ~0113~~ 111081 0~ 8311811~0.

~~ 03~~ 8~~0 10 1018 ~03.,1~.. 1031 3 ~0000~110~ 10)1..1810.. ~30 0~ 10..0~0 011 0)1 3
0310..31 0..10..~~0 ~01111110131100. 10 10~ 0310..31 ~01111110131100, 10~ 10)1..1810.. ~0 ~01
18 ..~00~~0 10 2~..0 00~ 10 10~ 0310..31 ~03..3~1~..1811~8 0110~ 10.,01 ~0113~~. 10 10~
10..~~0 ~01111110131100, 10~ 10)1..1810.. ~0 ~01 18 ..~00~~0 10 2~..0 0)1 30 3001110031
~1..~011..)1~311~0 3 ~01111110131100 ~1..~011, 300 10~ 10..0-011.,..0~~88 0~.,~008 00 10~ 1030
~0 ~01. 10 ~03..301~~ 10~ 10..0-011 01 3 10)1..1810.., 10~ ~1..~011 (0.. 3~311301~) 10..0-
011111081 0~ ~..~31~.. 1030 10~ 10..0-01111111~ 013 10)1..1810.., ~01~018 00..111311)18.,~~111~0
0)110~ 10)1..1810.. 11130013~10..~...

1. ~. 1-1. ~351110, ..~0(11(110131101111(11115 010~ ~1101111~(0110011101 ~0113~~ ~0111(01.,, ~/~~(,.0/11~

~/181/1~~,.1/18, ,01. 51, ~0. 620 (~11..11) 1979, 1111. 103-105.

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 ..
2. ~. 1-1. ~1150.10, ~ 10.~(1510( ~0.0))))~( ~110. 11111111111111111111115
011 ..,01111~~ ~0111(01010~ 0(1..,~5.,,
111(~,11(1(1011(1/10/)111(1/ 0/ ~/~~(,0111~5, ~01. 53, ~0. 1 (1111~) 1982, )))).71-89.
3. ~. ~~~11((~, ..10.~(1510( ~01111111111111011
111 0~ ~0.0))))~(-11 ~0111))11(1111..,~51110~.,, 1~~~
111()/-/5(,)1.4()()/1~(1(10115 50(/~1)1 ~011/~,~11~~ ~~~0,(), 0~100~( 2-6, 1977, )))). 385-397.

3-1. ~0.111 11(~ 10.~ 1~0 ~~11~(1111~))~5 01 ~011111111111110117

3-2. ~0.11111(~ 10.~ 1~))~5 0110(~~0 ~011111111111110117

3-3. ~0.11115 10.~ 0111~(~11~~ 0~1~~~11 5~11- 11110 1111111(111~011111111111110117

3-4. ~0.11115 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 015~11-~011111111111110117

3-5. ~0.11115 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 011111))1115~ ~011111111111110117

3-6. ~0.111 15 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 (~501111111 ))1115~ ~011111111111110117

3-7. ~0.11115 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 ~0111))1~111~11111(~ ~011111111111110117

3-8. ~0.111 15 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 ~)(1~(11111 ))1115~ ~011111111111110117

3-9. ~0.11111(~ 10.~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~1~~~11 10110-510~ 11110 1111~-510~ ~011111111111110117

3-10. ~0.11111(~ 10.~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~1~~~11 ..,01111~~ 11110 ~11((~111 ~011111111111110117

3-11. ~0.111 11(~ 10.~ ))11())05~5 0111 ~01111111111111011 ~1(~11117

3-12. ~0.~ 80.01110 10.~ 11..,11111101~ (~..,~(8~ 01118 11111~ 0~ ~(~111~( 10.1111 10.~ 111(11-01111111~ 0111
10.~(1810(7

3-13. ~0.11118 10.~ ))11())08~ 01 ~01111~~1111~ 1111111111))11(1111~1 0100~ 11~(088 10.~ 1111111110.~(1810( ~110.
0( ~110.0111 11 5~(1~8 111011~10(7

3-14. ~0.111 18 10.~ (11110 01 ))~11/( (~801111111 10 10110 ~11((~111 10( (~501111111 ))1115~ ~01111111111111011
10.111 ~01110 111111111112~ 10.~ ~01111111111111011 1088~87

3-15. ~0.11111(~ 10.~ ~)())(~581011510( 10.~ 0))1111111111 ..,11111~ 01 ~01111111111111011 ~11))11~110( 11110111011~10(
111 11 (~801111111 ))1118~ ~011111111111110117

3-16. ~0.~ 00~5 10.~ ~01111111111111011 ~11))11~110( 111 11 (~801111111 ))1115~ ~01111111111111011 ~~1 0..,~(-
~0.11(~~0 7

3-17. 1-10~ 15 10.~ ..,01111~~ 0110.~ ~01111111111111011 ~11))11~110( (~..,~(8~0 111 11 ~01111111111111011 ~1(~11117

3-18. ~0.111 1~))~ 01 ~11))11~110( 18 110(1111111~ 118~0 111 0.1~0. 5~11~0.111~ 1(~~11~11~1~87

3-1. 111 ~1~. 3-311, 10.~ 111111111~11))11~110( ..,01111~~, ~0 = 600 ~, ~11))11~111111~~, ~ = 40 , ~, 11110
111011~11111~~,1- = 10 , 1-1. 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ ))~11/( ..,11111~ 01 (~801111111 ~11((~111 11110 10.~
~011011~11011 11111~ 0110.~(1510( 11.

3-2. ~~))~111 ~(00. 3-1 1110.~ 111011~10( 111 10.~ (~801111111 (~..,~(8111 ~1(~1111 0.118 11 (~81511111~~, ~

= 0.015 0. (11111(.. 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (0018 0111 8~~0110-0(0~( 8~81~111 11110 10.~11 1/110 10.~
5011111011. )
3-3. 10.~ ~1(~1111111
~1~. 3-4 0.118~, 600 ~, ~0 = 0 ~, 1- = 20 ,1-1,~ = 50 ,~, 111101,,,
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 = 350~. 0~1~(11110.~ (8) 111~ ~~3~ ~3~3~110( ~01138~ 30.0 ~11((~0.1~ 30.0 (~) 111~ ~00.-
011~1100. 11111~0(111)1(1510( 11.
3-4. 10. 111~ ~011111111131100.~1(~111110. ~18. 3-6, ~3~3~1130.~~, ~ = 20 ,..,..~, 10.~111 ~01138~, ~5,
~3(1~5 ~~1~~~0. 180 30.0 220 ,,, 30.0 1030 ~11((~111, 1,,,, ~3(1~5 ~~1~~~11 50 3110 200 ~.
0~1~(11110.~ 111~ 11110.111111111
30.0 1113)(111111111
~3111~5 01 3~3113~1~ 111(11-01111111~, (~.
3-5. ~0( 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-6, 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ ~3111~5 01 ~3~3~110( ~ 30.0 (~~~(510.8 10.011~10(
,,, 1030 ~11((~0.1, /,,,
1., 11 111~ 811~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 220 = 150 ~, 111(0.-011 11111~,
(~ = 15 ,..,..5,30.0 111~ (~~~(531
~11((~0.118 1111111~010 150% 01/,,,.
,,, ~
3-6. 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3.8 1135 ~5 = 220 = 20 ,..,..~, 30.0/,,, = 150~. 0~1~(11110.~
111~ ~3111~ 01 (~~113(810.8 10.011~130.~~, 1.1, ~111~11 ~111 ~(0~10~ 111(0.-01111111~, (~ = 15 ,..,..5.
3-7. ~0( 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-8, 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ ~3111~5 011.1 30.0~. 111~ 511~~1)1 ~01138~,
~5 = 200 ,,, 1030 ~11((~0.1, /,,, 350~, 111(0.-01111111~, (~ = 20,..,..5, 30.0 111~ ~~3~ ~11((~0.1
=
111(011811 0100~ 1)1 15 1111111~010 2.5 11111~5/,,,.
,,,
3-8. ~0( 111~ 1111~1115~~011111111131100.~1(~1111 10. ~18. 3-9, 111~ 511~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 220
~3~3~1130.~~, ~ = 20 ,..,..~, 30.0 1030 ~11((~0.1, ~ = 10 0. 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ 111(0.-01111111~,
(~.
3-9. 10. 111~ (~500.30.1 ~1115~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-123, 511~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 200 ,,, 1030 ~11((~0.1,
/,,, = 150~, ~011111111131100.10.011~130.~~, 1. = 4 ,..,..11,30.0 ~011111111131100.~3~3~1130.~~, ~
= 20 ,..,..~. 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ ~~3~ (~500.30.1 (~~~(510.8 ~11((~0.101111)1(1510( 13, /~, 30.0 111~
111(0.-01111111~, (~.
3-10. ~~~~31 ~(0~. 3-9 11 30. 30.11~3(311~1 0100~ 15 ~00.0.~~1~0 3~(055 111)1(1510( 11 35 5110~0. 10.
~18. 3-133.
3-11. 11 3 0100~ 15 ~00.0.~~1~0 3~(055 111)1(1510( 11 10. ~18. 3-123 30.0 111~ ~3~3~110( 8~15 0~~(-
~113(8~0, 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ ~3111~5 011. 30.0~. 111~ 511~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 200 ,,, 1030
~11((~0.1, /,,, = 350 ~, 111(0.-01111111~, (~ = 20 ,..,..5,30.0 111~ (3110 01 ~~3~ (~500.30.1 10
1030 ~11((~0.1, ~ = 1.5.
3-12. ~~~~31 ~(0~. 3-1110( 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-133.
3-13. 10. 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-133, 1030 ~11((~0.1, /,,, = 200 ~, ~3~3~110( ~01138~, ~() = 220
,,, 30.0 111(0.-01111111~, (~
= 15 ,..,..8. 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ 0~1111111111~3111~5 01 ~ 30.01. 80 11131
111~ 11110.111111111
~0.~(8)11055~5 ~01110 0~~11( 011(10.8 111~ ~011111111131100.~~(100.
3-14. 10. 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-18, 111~ 511~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 220 ,,, ~3~3~1130.~~. ~ = 30 ,..,..~,
~011111111131100.10.011~130.~~, 1. = 10 ,..,..11, 30.0 1030 ~11((~0.1. /,,, = 100~. 0~1~(11110.~
111~ 111(0.-01111111~, (~, 01111~ ~1(~1111.
3-15. ~)(~1310. 111~ 0~~(31100. 01111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-173 30.0 10~0.111)1111~ 1)1~~8 01 ~011111111131100.
10.~01~~0 10. 11115~1(~1111.

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 4

~~ 113~~ 5~~0 10 ~113))1~( 2 11131 0100~ (~~1111~(5 ))(0~10~ 3 11)(~0 0111))111 ~0113~~
001)1. 10 001310 ~001(011~0 0111))111 ~0113~~5, ))1135~ ~001(01 111)1(1510(5 3(~ 115~0
1051~30 01 0100~5. 111~ 0111))111 ~0113~~ 01111)1(1510( (~~1111~(5 15 ~3(1~0 0)1 ~001(01110~
111~ 0~13)1 0( 11(10~ 30~1~ 01111)1(1510(5. ~ ))1135~-~001(01111)1(1510( 15 111(0~0 00 0)1
3))))1)110~ 3 5110(1 ))1115~ 10 115 ~31~ 300 111(0~0 011 011~ 10 11(1(/17(1/ 07 //11~ ~0111111/1((1(/011 ~
300 10 ~35~ 01 3 111~111)110011~11~~ 1030, 11 15 111(0~0 011 0)111(10~ 300111~( 111)1(1510(
01111~ (~~1111~( 011(10~ 111~ 0~~311~~ 11311-~)1~1~ 0110))111 ~0113~~.
111~5~ ))1135~-~001(011~0 (~~1111~(5 3(~ 51(0))1~ 300 1~55 ~)())~051~~~ 300 111~ ~1-
11~1~0~)1 01111~5~ (~~1111~(5 3(~, 10 ~~0~(31, 300~~ 95 % . 510~~ 111~5~ (~~1111~(5 ~00~~(1
1(0(0 3~ 10 0~, 111~5~ ~001(011~0 (~~1111~(5 3(~ 3150 ~311~0 (1~-()~ ~0111)~7(~75 300 3(~
115~0 ~)(1~051~~1)1101001151(131 3))))11~311005, ~5))~~1311)110 ~3(1301~-5))~~0 0(1~~5, (30~-
10~ 1(0(0 1(3~110031110(5~))0~~( 10 (0~~3~311 ))0~~( 1~~~1.
111~ ))1135~-~001(01 ~00~~(1~(5 ~30 0~ ~1355111~0 1010 1~0 1)1))~5 0~))~0010~ 00
111~ 10))111511))))1)1~ (1) 510~1~-))1135~ ~00~~(1~(5, 300 (2) 111(~~-))1135~ ~00~~(1~(5. 83~11
1)1))~ ~30 0~ 511001~10~0 1010 (3) 5~(01~00~~(1~(, (0) 11111 ~00~~(1~(, 300 (~) 01131
~00~~(1~(. ~ 5~111/~0111)~7(~7 15 3 00~-~1130(301 ~00~~(1~( 300 11 1135 00~ ))013(11)1
01 0111))111 ~0113~~ 300 ~11((~01. ~ //1// ~0111)~7(~7 15 3 1~0-~1130(301 ~00~~(1~( 300
111~ ))013(11)1 01115 0111))111 ~0113~~ ~30 0~ ~1111~( ))05111~~ 0( 0~~311~~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~

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 001~01 ~0((~01 011011 ~00~~(1~( 11(1800~ ~01(1(11~ 001~. ~ (/(1(1/ ~0/111~,(~, ~(10 0~~((11~
10 100( ().0(10((1018~ (100 00111111~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ (100 ~0((~01 ~(10 0~ ~1111~( ~08111~~
0( 0~~(111~~. 10 80(0~ (1~~11~(111008, ~00~~(1~(8 (1(~ ~000~~1~0 10 8~(1~8 10 0~~((11~
(11 111~11~( ~011(1~~8 (100 10 1(0~(0~~ 111~ 111~01 ~0~~( 1(1~10(.
111~ (0~11100 01 ~00(1~( 8~(1~8 81(011(1( 10 111(11 01 0100~ (~~1111~(8 ~(111 0~ (1~~11~0
10 (111(11~2~ 111~ ~~(10((0(111~~8 01 ~11(18~-~0111(011~0 ~011~~(1~(8 ~1111 ~1. 10(108. 1-10~-
~~~(, 10 81(0~111~ 111~ (111(11~818, 1118 (1880(0~0 111 11118 ~11(1~1~( 111(11111~ 10(10 11100~1(10~~
18 80111~1~1111~ 111~11~ (1110 111~ 10(10 ~0((~111 18 ~01111110008 (1110 11(18 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~.

1.~1 08 ~011810~( 111~ ~1(~011 111 ~1~. 4-1(1 ~1111 (1 (~81811~~ 10(10. 00(10~ 111~ ~08111~~
11(111-~~~1~ 01111~01 ~011(1~~, 111~ 111~(1810( (11100~ 18 ~08111~~ ~1111 (~8~~~110 118 ~(111100~
(1110 111~ 111~(1810( 18 8(110 10 0~ /0,~(1,(/ 0/(15~(/. ~11~11 111~(1810( 11 18 11(~0 (11 0)( =
(1, 111~(1810( 11 ~01100~18 (100 111~ 10~01 ~011(1~~ (1~~~(1(8 (1~(088 111~ 10(10. ~11~0 111~
10~01 ~011(1~~ 81(1(18 10 0~ 11~~(111~~ (11 0)( = 10, 111~ 111~(1810( (1000~ 18 0~~(111~~ ~1111
(~8~~~110 118 ~(111100~ (100 111~(1810( 11 18 8(110 10 0~ ,~11~,5~ 0/(15~(/~ (100 1118 10(0~0

. ,,,.,
,,
~+ -~ ~,,,
., ~,
~0
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~1- ~..,.., 1=/ ..

)~ 1~0 ~~,,0
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,,,(
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~/

~0
0 ~00
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 011. 10~ 11111~ (111~( 10~ 111()1.11~011(1~~ 51(1(15 10 ~0 ()05111~~ 1.11111110~ 10)1(1510( 15 11(~0
(11 0)(
= ~ 15 ~(111~0 10~ (/€/0)1 0,. 1/,./118 0118/€, ~.
~1~1.1(~ 4-10 500~5 10~ (~~1011 01 ~011~~(1~( 0()~((111011, ~0~(~ 10~ 01.11()1.11~011(1~~
(1110 ~1.1((~111 0(1~~ 011~ ()01(1(11)1. ~1~1.1(~ 4-1~ 500~5 10~ ~(1~~10(1115 10( 111()1.11~011(1~~,
01.11()1.11~011(1~~, 10(10 ~1.1((~111, (1110 ~011(1~~
11. (1~(055 10/5 ~011~~(1~( 15 1101110(111(111)1
1.15~0 111 11101.151(1(11 (1()()11~(1110115 0~~(11.15~ 11 0(15 01~0 (1()()1~ ~0111~111 (1110 10~ (1()()1~
1(~()1.1~11~)1. 11/5 15 10~ 1(~()1.1~11~)1 01111()1.11 51.1()()1)1, 10~ 10~~511(~()1.1~11~)1 01 01.11()1.11
(1()()1~ ~011(1~~ 1515.
11 ~ ,,, 15 10~ ()~(1~ 111()1.11~011(1~~, 10~ (1~~((1~~ 01.11()1.11~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ 101.1110 1(0111

~00 = 1,,,70
~,,, 51110)( (/(0)()
= ~~ (-~05 0)()~
2~ (4-1)

= ~~ (1 + ~08 ~)

(1110 ~00 ~(111 0~ ~(1(1~0 1(0111 ~ ,,,/10 10 0 0)1 ~(1()1111~ ~ 1(0111 0 10 10. 10~ (1~~((1~~
01.11()1.11 ~011(1~~ 0~~01118 111(1)(11111.1111
~0~11 ~ = 0 (111010~ 111(1)(11111.1111
~011(1~~, ~,,,,,, ~8

17
_ ~,,,
.-,,,,, - (4-2)
10
~0(111(1112111~ 10~ 01.11()1.11~011(1~~ ~110 (~8()~~110 ~,,,,,, 10~ 110(111(1112~0 ~011(1~~,

~,, = -~00 = 0.5 ( 1 + ~08 ~) (4-3)

~,,,,,
10~ (1118 01.11()1.11 ~011(1~~ 18 ~1~~11 0)1

1/2 1/2

~~1115 = ( 2~1,,,70 ~~811120)((/(0)/) ) = 1,,,70

_
(1 ~0520)()(/(0)()
( ~~ ) (4-4)
1/2
_
= ~,,,(~( 10 ~ + 51~2~) )
~,.3(1)))~ 4-1

1110~ ~011~~(1~( 01 ~1~0(~ 4-1(1 0(15 (1 ~1.1(~1)1 (~51511~~ 10(10 01 ~ (1110 10~ 0~1(1)1 (111~1~ 15
~ = -../2, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ ((1) (~~1111~(111011 ~111~1~11~)1~(0) 10(111 1(1~10(, ~~~ (~) (1~~1~
1(1~10(, ~~~ (0) 1((111510(111~( 011112(111011 1(1~10(, 10~~ (1110 (~) ~~(1)( 111.,,~(5~ .,,011(1~~,
~1~, 0110)1(1510( 11.

80)01100 10~ 0~1(1)1 (111~1~, ~

= -../2. ~(0111 ~().. (4-1), ~00 = 0.1592~,,, (1110 /00 =
0.1592~,,,/~. ~(0111 ~().. (4-3),
~~ = 0.5 ~1.1. ~(0111 ~().. (4-4), ~,111, = 0.3536~,,, (1110
1,111, = 0.3536~,,,/~. ~(0111 ~().. (2-42),1100
= ~00/00 = (0.1592~,,,)2/~ (1110 1(0111 ~()..
(2-43),1130 = ~,1115/,1115= (0.3536~,,,)2/~.
((1) ~(0111 ~().. (2-44) 10~ (~~1111~(111011 ~111~1~11~)1,

(0.1592~,,,)2
11 = .
= 2027% 0
(0.3536~,,,)2
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (2-46), 10~ 10(1111(1~10(

0.3536~,,,
~~ =
0.1592~,,, = 2.221 0( 222.1 %

79

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 (~) ~~0111~().. (2-48), 10~ ~1~~1~13~10~, ~~ = (2.2212 - 1)1/2 = 1.983 0~ 198.3%.
(0) 10~ ~1115~0113~~ 011~311510~111~~5~~01103~~, ~$ = ~ ~/0 = 0.707~,~. 10~
~1115~3111~ 0110~ 1~311510~111~~ 5~~01103~~ ~11~~~1111510~ 53111~35 1031 0110~ 1030, 1$ =
0.3536~ ~/~. 10~ ~011-3111~~~~~3611~ (~~) 0110~ 1~311510~111~~, ~ ~ = ~), = 0.707~ ~
)( 0.3536~~/~. ~~0111 ~().. (2-49),
0.15922 1
10~ = 0.1014 = 9.86
0.707
)(
0.3536 = 10~

(~) 10~ ~~3/( 111~~~5~~0113~~, .,1~ = ~~.

~0(~. 111~ .,~~10(111311~~ 01111~ ~011~~~1~~ 15 0~~~30~0 31 111~ 10~~~ ~311~~ 01

0~13)1 311~1~, ~.

111~ ~1~~1.111 3((311~~~~111 01 3 8111~1~-.,1138~ 8~~1~011~~(1~( 18 8110~11111 ~1~. 4-23 ~1111

3 111~111)1 11101.1~11~~ 1030. 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~111 18 3881.1~~0 ~01111111.101.18. 01.1(111~ 111~
())(
.,08111~~ 11311-~)1~1~, 111)1(1810( 11 18 10(~3(0 0138~0. ~11~11 111)1(1810( 11 18 11(~0 31
= ~, 111~ 1030 18 ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 111.,1.11 81.1.,.,1)1111(01.1~1111
())( ~
3110 /)2 01.1(111~ 111~ .,~(100
())( ~ 10. 01.1(111~ 111~ .,~(100 1(0~ 10 ~ (10 + ~), 111~ 111.,1.11 ~0113~~ 18
~ ~
11~~311~~ 3110 111~ 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ /),,, 1810(~3(0 0138~0. /),,, ~01101.1~1810 .,(0~10~
111~ ~01111111.111)101 ~1.1((~111 111 111~ 11101.1~11~~ 1030. 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~111 18 1(31181~((~0
1(0~ 11 3110 /)2 10 /),,,~ 3110 111)1(1810( 1) 3110 0100~ /)2 3(~ 11.1(11~0 011. 01.1(111~ 111~
11~~311~~ 11311-~)1~1~ 01111.,1.11 ~0113~~, 111)1(1810( 12 18 10(~3(0 0138~0, 3110 11(111~ 01
())( 10 + ~ ~111 (~~~(8~ 0138 /),,,.
111)1(1810( 1231 = 111~ 0100~ /),,, 18 11.1(11~0011 3110
111~ 1030 18 ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 81.1.,.,1)1111(01.1~11 12 3110 /)1.
~1~1.1(~ 4-20 8110~8 111~ (~~1011 01 ~011~~(1~( 0.,~(311011, ~11~(~ 111~ 01.11.,1.11 ~0113~~
3110 ~1.1((~111113~~ .,08111~~ .,013(11)1. ~1~1.1(~ 4-2~ 8110~8 111~ ~3~~10(~8 10( 111~ 111.,1.11
~0113~~, 01.11.,1.11 ~0113~~, 111.,1.11 ~1.1((~111, 3110 ~1.1((~1118 111(01.1~11 1), 12, /)1, 3110 /)2.
11118 ~011~~(1~( 1138 3 0~11~( .,0~~( 13~10( 01.1~ 10 111~ 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 3110 18
~0~~0(11)1 1.18~0 111 3.,.,11~3110118 1.1., 10 15 /(~, ~11~(~ 011~-~1.130(3111 0.,~(311011 18
3~~~.,1301~.
111~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11.,1.11 ~0113~~ ~311 0~ 101.1110 1(0~

2 (70 2~,,,
~00 = ~,,, 8111 ())( (/(())() (- ~08
())( )~
210)0. 210 (4-5)
~,,,
= (1 + ~08 ~)
10

3110 ~00 ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 1(0~ 2~ ,,,/10 10 0 0)1 ~3()1111~ ~ 1(0~ 0 10 10. 111~ ~3)(1~1.1~
3~~(3~~ 01.11.,1.11~0113~~ 18 ~11,,, = 2~ ,,,/10 3110 111~110(~3112~0 3~~(3~~ 01.11.,1.11
~0113~~
18

0.5(1 + ~08 ~) (4-6)

80

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 ,,
~0= (.
+)
8
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,.,(
(.. 2,,
0,,,

~0,,,

0
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0 ,.,(
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0
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0
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0
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~0
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~)(301()1~ 4-2

111~ 8~1111~0(1~~(1~( 1(1 ~1~. 4-23. 18 ~0(1(1~~1~0 10 3. 120- ~ 60-1-1~ 8~~~1~. 111~ 103.0
~~((~(11, 1~, ~3.(1 0~ 3.88~111~0 10 0~ ~0(16(1~0~8 3.(10 118 (1~~1~ ~0(11~(1118 (1~~11~101~. 111~
1~((18 (3.60 01111~ 1(3.(1810(111~( 18 ~(111~. (3.) )3,)(~(~88 111~ 1(1~~1 ~~((~(11 1(1 3. ~011(1~(
8~(1~8~ 0~1~(1111(1~ 111~ 113.(1110(11~13.~10( 011(1~~1 ~~((~(11, 1-1~ ~ 018~13.~~111~(1113.~10(, 0~ ~
3.(10 1(1~~1 ~0~~( 13.~10(, ~~. (0) 11 0~13.~ 3.(1~1~ 18 ~ = -../2, ~3.1~1113.1~ ~00 ~0, ~,,,..,,
1-1~, 0~, 3.(10 ~~.

80101100 (3.) 111~ ~3.~~10(111 10( 1(1~111 ~11((~(11 18 8110~(1 1(1 ~1~. 4- 2~ 3.(10 111~ /(1813.(1-
13.(1~0~8 1(1~~1 ~~((~(11 ~3.(1 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 1(1 3. ~0~(1~( 8~(1~8 3.8
~

/(() = /00 + ~
11=1.2....
(00 ~08 /1(1)( + 00 81(1 /1(1)() (4-8)

= 0

2/~ .
= - -/1-.. 81(1 /1~ 10( /1 = 1, 3, 5, ...

= 0 10( /1 = 2, 4, 6, . . .

2/~ ( ...
= /1-..
- 1 + ~08 /1~) 10( /1 = 1, 3, 5,

= 0 10( /1 = 2, 4, 6, . . .
81(1~~ /00 = 0, )3,~. (4-8) ~3.(1 0~ ~(111~(1 3.8
~

81(1(/1(1)(
/(() ~
11=1,2....
0/0 + ~0) (4-9)

/1~
(4-10)
2

111~ (1118~3.1~~ 01111~ /1111113.(1110(11~

~0111~0(1~(1101111~ 1(1~~1 ~~((~(11 18 0~(1~~0 3.8

1 20 /~ /1~
10 = ...,~2 (0~
,-,,, + 02)1/2
0 =- ~08 -2 (4-11)
/1-..

82

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 (4-12)

1/2 1/2

1, = ~

~ 2~
1,,
/~ (/( (,)()
) = /~ ( )
1 -
~
(4-13)

(4-14 )

~~0111 ~~5. (2-50) ~110 (4-10),

~
0~ = (05 ~1 = (05 - 2 (4-15)

/1 ~ 0 (1 + (05 ~)
~~ = _ (4-16)
2=
(05
(,,.(,,.
~ ~))1/2

(0) ~ = ,,./2 ~11011,,,= )(

120 = 169.83~.0 ~~0111~~. (4-5), 11~0=
(11,~/,,.)(1 + (05~) = 51.57~, 1~0111~~. (4-6), 11~ = 0.5 ..,1.1,~1101~0111~~. (4-7),
1/2

11,,,,, =
11,,, ~
0~,,.
~
( ,,. _ ~ +
51112~
2 )) = 81 ~

20/0 ,,.
/1 = (05
~ 4= 0.6366/0
1/2
/, = /0( 1
_
~) = 0.7071/0
2 1/2

1-.(~
= ~ /
~
(~) - 1
) = 0.4835 0~ 48.35%

0~ = (05 ~
~1 =
4 -
4 = 0 .7071

/1 ~ .
~~ = - (05 - = 0.6366 (1~~~111~)
/, 2

1-/0(~. 10~ 11~(10(111(111~~ 11(1((1111~1~(5 01 10~ ~011~~(1~( 0~11~110 011 10~ 0~1(1~
(111~1~, ~.

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10~ ~1(~11113((30~~01~01 01 3 510~1~-~035~ 11111~00~~(1~( 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 4-33 ~110
3 01~01)110011~11~~ 1030. 011(10~ 10~ ~05111~~ 0311-~)1~1~, 10)1(1510(5 1) 300 12 3(~
10(~3(0 0135~0~ 300 ~0~0 10~5~ 1~0 10)1(1510(5 3(~ 11(~0 5101111130~01151)131 0)( = ~,
10~ 1030 15 ~000~~1~0 10 10~ 10~111 511~~1)110(011~0 1) 300 12. 011~ 10 10~ 10011~11~~
1030, 10)1(1510(5 1) 300 12 ~111 ~0011011~ 10 ~00011~1 0~)1000 0)( = 10, ~~~0 10011~0
10~ 10~111 ~0113~~ 15 31(~30)1 0~~311~~. 011(10~ 10~ 0~~311~~ 0311-~)1~1~ 0110~ 10~111
~0113~~, 10)1(1510(5 13 300 14 3(~ 10(~3(0 0135~0~ 300 11(10~ 0110)1(1510(5 13 300 14
~1113~~1)110~ 511~~1)1~0113~~ 3~(055 10)1(1510(5 1) 300 12 35 (~~~(5~ 010~/(10~ ~0113~~.
1) 300 12 ~111 0~ 111(0~0 011 011~ 10 //11€ 0( 11(1(/11(1/~0111111((((1(/011300 10~ 1030 ~11 ~01
~111 0~ 1(3051~((~0 1(001 1) 300 12 10 13 300 14. ~1~11(~ 4-30 500~5 10~ (~~1005
01 ~00~~(1~( 0~~(31100 300 ~1~. 4-3~ 500~5 10~ ~3~~10..01510( 10~111 ~0113~~, 0111~111
~0113~~, 300 10~111 300 0111~111 ~11((~015.
011(10~ 10~ ~~(100 1(001 ~ 10 10, 10~ 10~111 ~0113~~, 1), 300 10~111 ~11((~01, /, 3(~
~05111~~~ 300 10~ ~0~~( 110~5 1(001 10~ 511~~1)110 10~ 1030. 10~ ~00~~(1~( 15 5310
10 0~ 0~~(31~0 10 ,.€~(///~(1(/011 0100~. 011(10~ 10~ ~~(100 1(001 10 10 10 + ~, 10~

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111~1.11 ~011(1~~, 11, 15 11~~(111~~ (1110 111~ 111~1.11 ~1.1((~111 15 ~05111~~~ (1110 111~(~ ~111 0~
(~~~(5~ ~0~~( 110~ ~(0(11 111~ 10(10 10 111~ 51.1~~1)1. 111~ ~011~~(1~( 15 0~~((11~0 111
/11~~,.5/011 11100,~. 11115 ~011~~(1~( 15 ~)(1~1151~~1)11.15~0 111 11101.151(1(11 (1~~11~(1110115 1.1~ 10
15 /(~. 0~~~110111~ 011 111~ ~(111.1~ 0~ ~, 111~ (1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~01.110 0~ ~1111~(
~05111~~ 0( 11~~(111~~ (1110 11 ~(0~10~5 1~0-()1.1(10((1111 0~~((111011.
111~ (1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ ~01.1110 ~(0(11

+
2 (10 0

~00 = ~,,,5111().)(0,(().)()
210)0 (4-17)
2~,,,
- ~05 ~
10

(1110 ~00 ~(111 0~ ~(16~0 ~(0(11 2~ ,,,/10 10 - 2~ ,,,/10 0)1 ~(1()1111~ ~ ~(0(11 0 10 10. 111~
(11(1)(1(111.1(11
(1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ 15 ~.1,,, = 2~ ,,,/10 (1110 111~ 110((11(1112~0 (1~~((1~~
01.11~1.11~011(1~~ 15

(4-18)

(4-19)

~)(301().~ 4-3

~0( 3 0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~

= 71/3, (~~~31 8)(3111~1~ 4-2 10( 01~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011~~(1~(
111~1~. 4-33.

8010~100 (3) 111~ ~3~~10(111 10( 111~111~11((~11115 5110~11 111 ~1~. 4-3~ 3110 111~ 11151311-
1311~0115 111~111~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 1113 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5 35
~

/(1) = /00 + ~
11=1.2....
(~~ ~05 /1001 + 0~ 5111/1(01) (4-20)

4/. .
= - -/171 5111/1~ 10( /1 = 1, 3, 5, . . .

= 0 10( /1 = 2, 4, . . .

58~. 4-4 85

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 (4-22)
41~
= - ~05 /1~
/170
10~ /1 =
1, 3, 5, . . .

0 10~ /1 = 2, 4, . . .
=

5111~~ 100 = 0, ~()..(4-20) ~(1110~ ~~111~11 (15

=
~
=
~ 1,2,...
0 1~
5111(0)(+ ~~) (4-23)

(1~
1(111-1 -/1~ (
4- 24
)
~~ = =
/)~

(1110~~ 15 ,,,(1111~01111~
111~ 015~1(1~~111~111 (111~1~ 01111~ /111111(1~1110111~ ~11~~~111. 111~ ~1115

/111111(1~1110111~ 111~111 ~11~~~111 15

1 41 20 1~
(4-25)
1 = - ((12
+ /)2)1/2
= ~0 = -
~
0 ~ ~
/170 /170

(4-26)

(4-27)

(4-28)

~~0111 ~~. (2-51) 111~ 11(1~1110111~ 1(1~10~ 15 1011110 (15

2 1/2
_
= = 0.4834 0~ 48.24%
1-1~
((1,) 1)

~~0111 ~().5. (2-50) (1110 (4-24), 111~ 015~1(1~~111~1111(1~10~,

0~ = ~05~1 = ~05-~ (4-29)

~~0111 ~()..(2-52) 111~ ~0~~~ 1(1~10~ 15 1011110 (15

11 20
~~ = - ~05 - ~ = - (4-30)
1, 70 ~05 ~

86

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 (0) ()- = 71/3.

2~~
~00 = ~05 ()- = 54.02 ~ ~~ = 0.5 ~11
71

~,015 = ~ = ~5 = 120 ~

/1 = (2 0 ~) = 0.90032/. ~110 /, = /.
2 1/2
/
11~ =
(( ~ ) - 1) = 0.4834 0( 48.34%

-71
~1 = -()- 0~ = ~05 - ()-
= ~05 = 0.5
3
11~ = ~ - ()- . )
(1~~~111~
1,
~05 = 0.45

1-/0(~. 10.~ 1000(1111~01(11 ~0111~00~01 0110~01 ~0((~01 15 (11~(1~5 90.03% 0110

(100 10.~ 0.(1(111001~ 1(1~10( (~111(1105 ~0051(101 (11 48.34%.

~~ 0.(1~~ 5~~0 10 5~~600 4-4 10.(11 510~1~-~0.(15~ 1011 ~00~~(1~(5 (1110~ 001~ 1~0-
()0(10((101 0~~((1600. 111~0 0110.~5~ 1011 ~00~~(1~(5 (1(~ ~000~~1~0 0(1~/( 10 0(1~/(
(15 50.0~0 10 ~1~. 4-4(1, 0010. 10.~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ (100 10.~ 10(10 ~0((~01 ~(10 0~ (~~~(5~0.
10.~ 5~51~111 ~111 ~(0~10~ 100(-()0(10((101 0~~((1600 (100 15 ~(111~0 (1 0./1(1/ ~0,,1)~,.(~,..
00(11 ~00~~(1~(5 (1(~ 00(111(111~ 05~0 10 0.1~0.-~0~~( ~(1(1(101~-5~~~0 0(1~~5. 11 ~1 (100
~2 (1(~
10.~ 0~1(1~ (10~1~5 01 ~00~~(1~(5 1 (100 2, (~5~~~11~~1~, 10.~ ~0((~5~00010~
(1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~5 (1(~ ~001 (100 11002. 10.~ 0~1(1~ (10~1~5 (1(~ ~001(011~0 50~0.
10.(11 00~ ~00~~(1~( 0~~((11~5 (15 (1 (~~1111~( (100 10.~ 010.~( ~00~~(1~( 0~~((11~5 (15 (10
10~~(1~(~ 001 0010. ~00~~(1~(5 ~(000~~ 10.~ 5(1111~ (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~. ~1~0(~
4-40 50.0~5 10.~ 001~01 ~(1~~10(111510( 1~0 ~00~~(1~(5, ~0.~(~ 10.~ 1~0 001~01 ~011(1~~5
(1(~ 10.~ 5(1111~. ~1~0(~ 4-4~ 50.0~5 10.~ 1)-/ ~0.(1((1~1~(156~5 01 (1 00(11 ~00~~(1~(.
~(0111 ~(). (4-17) 10.~ (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~5 (1(~

211,,,
11001 = - ~05 ~1 (4-31 )
11

(4-32)

58~.4-5 87

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 ~~2 2
+ +
~0
.3 -+ .2. .4.
8. 8.

1/01 ~08.~ 1/02

~11/
1~
0 0
1/
.2 .3. .,.

(8.) ()~,~~~1
1/

,.,1
2,,
10
- ~~0

~~1/01

(~) 0~8.~,8.~1

,.,1

88

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 ~2 = 10 - ~1 (4-33)
5111~~ 111~ 11151111111111~01150111~111 ~01111~~5 01111~ 1~0 ~011~~(1~(5 11(~ 0111 01 ~11115~,
111~(~ ~111 0~ 111111151111111111~0115~01111~~ 0111~(~11~~ 11110 11115 ~111 (~51111 111 ~1(~111111111~
~11((~111 0~1~~~11 111~ 1~0 ~011~~(1~(5. 11115 ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111 ~1111101110~ 111(011~11
111~ 10110 11110 15 110((111111~ 11(1111~0 0~ 11 ~/,~/1/(1(/~~ ~/1,,~~( ,~(1~(0, 1-~ 115 5110~11 111 ~1~.
4-411.
111)01 11110 1)02 11(~ 111~ 11151111111111~01150111~111 ~01111~~5 01 ~011~~(1~(5 1 11110 2,
(~5~~~11~~1~, 111~ ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111 ~1111 0~ 1011110 0~ 1111~~(111111~ 111~ 11151111111111~0115
())(
~01111~~ 0111~(~11~~ 5111(1111~ 1(0(11 = 210 - ~1. 5111~~ 111~ 1~0 0111~111 ~01111~~5
())(
011(111~ 111~ 1111~(~111 10 + ~1 10 210 - ~1 11(~ ~~11111, 111~1( ~0111(1011110115 10 111~
=
11151111111111~0115~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111 /~ 15 2~(0.

(4-34 )

111~ ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111 0~~~1105 011 111~ 0~111~ 1111~1~ 11110 0~~0(11~5 (1111)(1(1111(11~11~11
~1 = 10,
())(
= ~10, ~ = 0,2,4, . . .,11110 (111111(1111(11111
~1 = 0, ())(
= ~10, ~ = 1,
3, . . .. 11111~ ~~11~ 10110 ~11((~111 15 1,,, 011~ 01111~ ~011~~(1~(5 111111 ~0111(015 111~
~0~~( 110~ (1111~ ~11((~ 11 ~~11~ ~11((~111 01 (1,, + 4 ~ 111/())1-~).
111~ 011111 ~011~~(1~(5 ~1111 0~ 0~~(111~0 ~1111 0( ~11110111 11 ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111.
111 ~115~ 01 0~~(1111011 ~11110111 ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111, 0111~ 011~ ~011~~(1~( 0~~(111~5 111 11
11(11~ 11110 ~11((1~5 111~ 10110 ~11((~111~ 11110 111~ 0111~( ~011~~(1~( 15 ~0(11~1~1~1~ 010~~~0
0~ 111111011~0 ~111~ ~1115~5. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ 0~~(1111011 ~1111 ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~11111115 111~
10110~111~ 110~1111111~~5~

1. 111~ ~1(~111111111~~11((~111 (11111111111115

~0111111110115 ~011011~110110100111 ~011~~(1~(5
0~~( 111~ ~1101~ ~0111(01 (1111~~, 1110~~~110~111 01111~ 10110.
2. 5111~~ 011~ ~011~~(1~( 111~11~5 0~~(111~5 115 11 (~~1111~( 11110 111~ 0111~( ~011~~(1~(
0~~(111~5 115 1111111~~(1~(, 111~ ~0~~( 110~ 111 ~1111~( 01(~~11011 1111111~ 11(11~ 15 ~055101~.
3. 5111~~ 00111 ~011~~(1~(5 11(~ 111 ~0111111110115 ~011011~11011, 111~ 11(11~ (~5~0115~ 10(
~111111~111~ 1(0(11 011~ ~11110(11111 0~~(1111011 10 11110111~( 15 11151~(.

~)(3111())~ 4-4

111~ 51111))~-111135~01131 (011~~(1~, 111~18. 4-43 15 011~,31~0 1,0111 3 120- ~ 60-1-12 51111111)1
3110 111~ 1030 ,~5151311(~ 15 ~ = 10 0. 111~ (1,(111311118111011(1311(~15 ~0 = 40 1111-1~
0~13)1 31181~5 3,~ ~1 = 600 3110 ~2 = 1200. ~31(11131~ 111~11~3)((1,(111311118(11,,~111 3110
111~ 11~3)( (11,,~111 01 (011~~,1~, 1.
)(
80)011011 (1)
= 21/ 60 = 377 ,30/5, ~1 = 600, ~,,, = 0
)(
120 = 169.7~, / =
60 1-12, 3110 ~, = 40 1111-1. ~0, (1)( = 21/ 3110 ~1 = 1//3, ~(). (4-34) 81~~5 111~ 11~3)(

58~. 4-5 89

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 2~,,, 169.7
/~(111(1)()= ( 1 - ~05 ~1) = )( = 11.25/1..
(1)~~ 377 0.04

111~ ~~(1/( 10(10 ~11((~111,/,, = 169.71/10 = 16.97 /1... 111~ ~~(1/( ~11((~11101 ~011~~(1~( 1
15(16.97 + 11.25) = 28.22/1...

~0( 111.~11-~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115, 1~0 0( (110(~ ~011~~(1~(5 ~311 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5
10 5113(~ 111~ ~0113~~ 3110 3150 10 1(11~(0~~ 111~ ~0~~( ~3~10(. ~1~0(~ 4-53 5110~5 1~0
5~(111~011~~(1~(5 11131 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 1115~(1~5. )33~11 5~~01103()11135 111~ 53(11~ 110(110~(
0~ 10(115, 3110 111~ 10(115 (3110 0~1~~~11 111~ ~(1(113()1 3110 5~~01103()115 ~(,/~, = 2. 1~
~1 3110 ~2 3(~ 111~ 0~13)1 311~1~5 0~ ~011~~(1~( 1 3110 ~011~~(1~( 2, (~5~~~11~~1)1, 111~
(113)(1(110(11 001~01 ~0113~~ 1-7.111115 0013111~0 ~11~11 ~1 = ~2 = 0.
111 1~0-~011~~(1~( 5)151~(115, 011~ ~011~~(1~( 15 0~~(31~0 10 0013111 001~01 ~0113~~
1(0(11 010 1-7.1111/23110 111~ 0111~( ~011~~(1~( 15 0)1~355~0 111(00~111151(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~.
10 0013111 001~01 ~0113~~ 1(0(11 1-7.1111/210 1-7.1111,
011~ ~011~~(1~( 1511111)110(11~0 011 (0~13)1
30~1~, ~1 = 0) 3110 111~ 0~13)1 30~1~ 010111~( ~011~~(1~(, ~2, 15 ~3(1~0. ~1~0(~ 4-50
5110~5 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~, 111~01 ~0((~015 10 ~011~~(1~(5, 3110 111~ 111~01 ~0((~011(0(11
111~ 50~~1)1 ~11~11 00111 111~ ~011~~(1~(5 3(~ 0~~(31111~.
~(0(11 )3~. (4-5), 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~5 011~0 5~(111~011~~(1~(5 3(~

1-7111
1-7001 = (1 + ~05 ~1)
10

(4-35)

111~ (113)(1(110(11 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 10( ~1 = ~2 = 0 15 1-7.1111

~011~~(1~( 1 15 0~~(31111~~0 ~ ~1 ~ 10 3110 ~2 = 10, 111~11

(4-36)

3110 111~ 110((113112~0 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 15

1-700
1-7~/= = 0.25 ( 1 + ) (4-37)
~ 0111
~05 ~1

11 00111 ~011~~(1~(5 3(~ 0~~(31111~~ ~1 = 0 3110 0 ~ ~2 ~ 10, 111~11

1-7/1/
1-700 = 1-7001 + 1-7002 = (3 + ~05 ~2) (4-38)
10

90

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(1110 111~ 1101111(1112~0 (1~~1(1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 15

11()0
11,, = + ( 4-39)
= 0.25(3 ~05 ~2)
11(/111

~1~111~ 4-6(1 5110~5 1~0 1111/ ~011~~11~15 111(11 (11~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~11~5 (1110 111~ 1111115
1(1110 0~1~~~11 111~ ~11111(11~ (1110 5~~0110(11~ 15 1--/,,/1--/5 = 2. 011~ 10 111~ 1(1~1111(11111~1~
(11~ 110 11~~~11~~1111~ 0100~5, 011~ 01111~ ~011~~11~15 ~(1111101 0~ 0~~(155~0 (1110 00111
~011~~11~15 1111151 0~~1(11~ (11 111~ 5(1111~ 11111~.
111 1~~1111~(111011 11100~, 011~ ~011~~11~115 11111~ (10~(111~~0 (~1 = 0) (1110111~ 0~1(1~
(111~1~ 01 111~ 0111~1 ~011~~11~1, ~2, 15 ~(111~0 110111 0 10 11 10 ~0111101 111~ 0~ 0111~111

58~. 4-6
91

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 +
~+
,.,(

+ ~0= 1.

~0
,.,(

~.
~~~,.,(

12 - - - - - -
/
0

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.,,011(1~~. ~1~1.1(~ 4-60 5110~5 111~ 111()1.11.,,011(1~~, 01.11()1.11 .,,011(1~~5, 111()1.11~1.1((~1115 10
111~ ~011.,,~(1~(5, (1110 111()1.1151.1()()1)1 ~1.1((~111. ~0111()(1(111~ ~1~. 4-60 ~1111 ~1~. 4-20, ~~
~(11111011~~ 111(11111~ 111()1.11~1.1((~1111(0111 111~ 51.1()()1)115 5111111(1(10 111(11015~1111~011.,,~(1~(,
(1110 (15 (1 (~51.111111~ ()0~~( 1(1~10( 0111115 ~011.,,~(1~( 15 1111()(0.,,~0, 01.11111~ ()0~~( 1(1~10(
15 1~55 111(111111(11 01 5~(1~5 5~1111~011.,,~(1~(5.
111 111.,,~(51011 11100~, 011~ ~011.,,~(1~( 15 11.111)1(~1(1(0~0, ~2 = 70, (1110 111~ 0~1(1)1
(111~1~ 01111~ 0111~( ~011.,,~(1~(, ~1, 15 .,,(1(1~0 1(0111 0 10 70 10 ~0111(01111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 01.11()1.11
.,,011(1~~. ~1~1.1(~ 4-60 5110~5 111~ 1)-1 ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 01 5~(1~5 11.111~011.,,~(1~(5.
~(0111 ~(). (4-17), 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 01.11()1.11 .,,011(1~~5 011~0 11.111~011.,,~(1~(5 (1(~

(4-40)

(1.,,~((1~~ 01.11()1.11.,,011(1~~ 10( ~1 = ~2 = 0 15 ~,/,,, = 4~ ,,,/70.

111~ 111(1)(11111.1111 111 111~
(~~1111~(11101111100~, ~1 = 0 (11100 ~ ~2 ~ 70~111~11

(4-41 )

~,, = -~00 = 0.5 ( 1 + ~05 ~2 ) (4-42)

~,/,,,

(4-43)

~00 (4-44 )
~,, = ~ = 0.5 ( ~05 ~1 - 1)
,/,,,

~,.301()1~ 4-5

10~ 10~0 ~1.1 ~111 (~110 ~11 ~..~..~~~ ..~11.1~ 01 1.) 018~..1~8 11.111~011..~..1~..8 111~1~. 4-6~ 18
~0116111.101.18~110 10~ ..1~~1~ ~0111~111 18 11~~11~101~. 10~ 11.1..118..~60 0110~ 1..~11810..(11~..
18,..,,,/,..,5 = 2. 10~ ~011..~..1~..8 0~~..~1~ 111..~~611~~11011 (1100~ 81.1~0 10~1 ~1 = 0 ~110~2
..~..1~81..0(11 0 10,,.. (~) ~)(~..~88 10~ 111~1.1181.1~~1)1~1.1 ~111111 ~01.1..1~.. 8~..1~8, 0~1~..(11111~
10~ 0~..(110111~ 1~~10.. 01111~1.11 ~1.1 ~111, 11~~ 018~1~~~(11~1111~~10.., 1)~~ ~110 111~1.11~0~~..
1~~10.., ~~. (0) 1110~ 0~1~)1 ~11~1~ 18 ~2 =
,,./2 ~110 10~ ~~~/( 111~1.11..011~~~ 18 ~,,,
162 ~, ~~1~1.11~1~ ~00 ~~, ~,,,,0, 11~, 1)~, ~110 ~~.

58~. 4-6 93

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 80)01100 (3) 111~ ~3.,,~~0~111 ~0~ 111~111~11~~~11118 8110~11 111 ~1~. 4-60 311() 111~ 11181311-
1311~0118 111~111811~~1~ ~11~~~111~311 0~ ~)(~~~88~() 1113 ~011~1~~ 8~~1~8 38
%

1(() = ~ 0 1~ 8111 (11(.0( + ~~)

/1= 1,2....

~11~~~ ~~ = -11~2/2. 8()11311011 (4.11) ~1.,,~8 111~ ~1118.,,3111~ 0~ 111~ 11111113~1110111~111~111

~11~~~111

(4-45)

(4-46)

111~ ~1118 111~111 ~11~~~111 18 ~01111() 38

1/2
_ 0.2 (4-47)
1$ = 1~ (1
11)
~~0111 8(). (2-51),
1/2
11(11 - ~2) _
1-1~= 1 (4-48)
~ 4(1 + ~08 ~2) )
~~0111 8()8. (2-50),

~0
1)~ = ~08 ~1 = ~08 - --= (4-49)
2
~~0111 8(). (2-52),

11 ~ 0 (1 + ~08 ~2)
~~ = - ~08 - = (4-50)
1$ 2 (11(11 - ~2))1/2
(0) ~1 = 0311()~2
= 11/2. ~~01118(). (4-41),

~00 = (2 ~ 1~2) (1 + ~08~) 103.13 ~

~~0111 8(). (4-42), ~~ = 0.5 ~11 311()

2 ~
~~,,,, = (2~ ,,,)2 8111 (.0( ((((.01)
2 11 102

20 11
11 = /~~ ~08 = 0.6366/~ 311() 1~ = 0.7071/~
4

1-1~=
2
_ 1) 1/2

= 0.4835 0~ 48.35%
~ (~)

94

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 1)~ = (05 -
~ = 0.7071
4

11 .
~~ = ~(05 ( - ~1) = 0.6366 ( 1(1~~111~)

1-10(€. 111~ ~~(10(111(111(~ 01 5~(1~5 1011 (011~~(1~(5 15 51(1111(1(10 111(1101 5111~1~-

~0(15~ 5~(111(011~~(1~(5.

10(~~-~11(15~ (011~~(1~(5 ~(0~10~ 01~0~( (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~, (1110 111 (10011101110~
1(~()0~11(~ 0110~ (1~~1~5
011 10~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ 15 01~0~( (0(11~(1(~0 10 10(11 01 5111~1~-
(1 (~5011, 10~ 1111~611~ (~()01(~(11~1115 10( 5(110010111~ 001 10~
~11(15~ (011~~(1~(5. ~5
~)(-
10(10 (0((~111 15 51(11~1~(. ~0( 111~5~ (~(150115, 10(~~-~0(15~ (011~~(1~(5 (1(~ 05~0
1~1151~~1~ 111 01~0-~0~~( ~(1(1(101~-5~~~0 0(1~~5. 10(~~ 5111~1~-~0(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (011-
~~(1~(5 111 ~1~. 4-1(1 ((111 0~ (01111~(1~0 10 10((11 (1 10(~~-~0(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (011~~(1~(,
(15 500~11 111 ~1~. 4-7(1.
~0~11 10~(1510( 11 15 11(~0 (11 0)( = -../6 + ~, 10~ ~11(15~ ~011(1~~ 1)011 (1~~~(1(5
(1((055 111~ 10(10 0116110~(1510( 12 15 11(~0 (11 0)( = 5-../6 +~. ~0~11 10~(1510( 12 15
11(~0, 10~(1510( 11 15 (~~~(5~ 01(15~0, 0~((105~ 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~011(1~~, 1),,6 (= 1)011 -
1)611), 15 11~~(16~~ (1110 11 15 10(11~0 011. 10~ ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 1)611 (1~~~(1(5 (1((055 10~
10(10 01161 10~(1510( 13 15 11(~0 (11 0)( = 3-../2 +~. ~0~11 111~(1510( 13 15 11(~0, 12
15 10(11~0 011 (1110 1)011(1~~~(1(5 (1((055 10~ 10(10 01111111 1511(~0 (1~(1111 (1110~ 0~~11111111~
(0(1((1(1~(1511(5 0110~ 10(10 (1110 1015 15
0111~)(1 (~(1~. ~1~0(~ 4-70 500~5 10~ 1) - 1
(1 011~-()0(10((1111 (011~~(1~(. ~1~0(~ 4-7( 500~5 10~ 111~01 ~011(1~~5, 001~01 ~011(1~~,
(1110 10~ (0((~111 10(00~0 10~(1510( 11 10( (1 01~01~ 11100(6~~ 10(10. ~0( (1 (~51511~~
10(10 (1110 ~ ~ -../6, 10~ 10(10 (0((~111 ~0010 0~ 015(0116110005 (1110 ~(1(0 10~(1510( 15
5~11-(0(11(1101(11~0 ~0~11 10~ ~01(1(11~ 01115 ~11(15~ ~011(1~~ 15 (~~~(5~0. 10~ 1(~()0~11(~
~((1(6((11
01 001~01 (1~~1~ ~011(1~~ 15 3/5. 1015 (011~~(1~( 15 1101 110((11(111~ 05~0 111
5~51~(115, 0~((105~ 10~ 50~~1~ (0((~1115 (0111(1111 0( (0(11~011~1115.
0)(, 111~ (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ 10( (1
1110~ ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 15 1),,11 = ~ 1/1 5111
(0116110005 10(10 (0((~111 15

(4-51 )

(11(1)(1(110(11 (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ 10(11

~0~(~ 1/1/1 15 10~ ~~(1/( ~0(15~ ~011(1~~. 10~
0((0(5 (11 0~1(1~ (111~1~, ~ = 0 15

(4-52)

95
58~. 4-7

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 9.

~. = ~,.1 ,..,

0
,, ,..2 ~~1/0
10 +
~.

10
~~1/0
(0
,..3 0
....1

1/0

~+..
6
~0
~~.
~~0

~,.1
~~.. ~2..
~.
~1

0
6 ~+.. 6
~+.. 2..
(~) ~0, ,,,0~01,1/9 ~09.0
~)~11..~ 4-7 111(~~-()113.5~ 113.)(-~3.1/~ ~011.,,~((~(.

(4-53)

96

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 ,,.
_3 311,,,
1100 =
210 1,,./6+()(
.
11,,/51110)( (/ (0)( ) = -210 (1+ ~05 ( ) 10
-6 + ~
(4-51(1)

(4-52(1)

(4-53(1)

~)(301~1~ 4-6
(1 1/1~~~-11/1(15~ ~-
~ 1/1~~~-11/1(15~ /1(111-~3.,~ ~011.,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-7(1 15 011~~(11~0 1~0111
~01111~~1~0 208-~ 60-1-12 51111111~(1110 1/1~ 10(10 1~5151(111~~ 15 ~ = 1011. /11115 1~~111~~0
10 001(1111 (111(1.,~~(1~~ 011111111.,011(1~~ 01 50% 011/1~ 111(1)(111111111
11055101~ 011111111.,011(1~~,
~(11~111(11~1/1~ ((1) 0~1(1~ (111~1~~~ (0) ~1115(1110 (1.,~~(1~~ 011111111~11~~~1115~(~) (1.,~~(1~~ (1110
~1115 1/1~~1510~ ~11~~~1115~ (0) ~~~1111~(111011~111~1~11~~~ (~) 1~(111510~111~~1111112(1110111(1~10~,
10~~ (1110 (1) 11111111110~~~ 1(1~10~, ~~.

120.1 ~, 11,,, = 0 11_ = 169 .83 ~,

801011011 1/1~ 11/1(15~ .,011(1~~ 15 11, = 208/~ =
11~ = 0.5, (1110 ~ = 10 11. 1/1~ 111(1)(111111111011111111 .,011(1~~ 15

3 ~ 11,,,
)(
169.83
11,,,,, = = 3 ~ - = 140.45 ~
276 276
)(
1/1~ (1.,~~(1~~ 011111111.,011(1~~, 1100 = 0.5 140.45 = 70.23 ~.
((1) ~0~ (1 ~~51511.,~ 10(10, 1/1~ 10(10 ~11~~~11115 ~0111111110115/1 ~ ~ 76/6 (1110 6~. (4-
52) ~1.,~5 11~ ~ ~05 (76/6) = 86.6%. ~11/1 (1 ~~51511.,~ 10(10 (1110 50% 011111111,1/1~ 10(10
~11~~~11115 015~0111111110115. ~~0111 6~. (4-52(1),0.5 = (1/~) (1 + ~05 (76/6 + ~)) (1110
1/1~ 0~1(1~ (111~1~ 15 ~ = 67.70.
110)~ = 70.23/10
(0) 1/1~ (1.,~~(1~~ 011111111~111~~111, 100 = = 7.02~. ~~0111 6~.
(4-53(1), ~,,,.,, = 94.74 ~ (1110 1/1~ ~111510(10 ~11~~~111, 1,,,.,, = 94.74/10 = 9.47 ~.
(~) 1/1~ 3.,~~(1~~ ~11~~~11101 (1 1/1~~1510~, 1/), = 10)3 = 7.02/3 = 2.34 ~ (1110 1/1~
~1115~11~~~11101 (1 1/1~~1510~, 18., = 1,,,.,/~ = 9.47/~ = 5.47 ~.
)( )(
(0) ~~0111 6~. (2-44) 1/1~ ~~~1111~(111011
~111~1~11~~15 = 70.23 7.02/(94.74
9.47) = 54.95%.
(~) 1/1~ ~1115 111111111111~ ~11~~~11115 1/1~ 5(1111~ (15 1/1~ 1/1~~1510~ ~1115 ~11~~~111, (1110 1/1~
~1 = 311), = 3)(
11111111.,011-(111111~~~~(11111~, 120.1)( 5.47
= 1970.84~. ~~01116~.
)( 7.02/1970.84 = 0.25 0~ 25%.
(2-49), 10~ = 70.23
110~~~, ~0 = 1~,,.,,~ =
(1) 1/1~ 011111111 9.472 )( 10 = 896.81~. 1/1~ 11111111
110~~~ 1(1~10~, ~~ = 896.81/1970.84 = 0.455 (1(1~~111~).

~0(~. 01.1~ 10 111~ 0~1(1)1 (11181~, ~, 111~ 11.1110(1~~111(11~0~()011~111 01111()1.11 1111~

~1.111~11115(1150 0~1(1)1~0 ~11111~5()~~110 111~ 111()1.11
()11(15~ .,,011(18~.

97
58~. 4-7

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 1,.1

~1 ~2
= ~.
~0
8 ~. ~3

~,.2 1,.3
~~1/.0 (0
0 0,,, ~~90,~
~0~~~1(1/6 1/0
~11/00 ~08~
(0

1(),,,
02 03 01
~()2 ~()3 ~()
1

(8) 8~~~~~1

00

1/
~3.03 ~1.01 ~2.02
. ~~~. ~3,03

0 001

__ ~__ 1/.0 - --
1/00 1/00
.......- ~....--..,.-- .... ------ ,.-
....
--
/
0 001
/ /
-- .-
......
......

~1/0 1/80 - 1/00 = 1/.0

~/

~~7..

0 6
001
~,..1,~01

0 001
..
6+(1
~,..2,~02

0 001
~+(1
6
~,.3. ~()3
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~(),,, + ,. ~+(1
2
6

0 001
18 = ~1

0
00/
~+(1 11..

~(~) (1
~81/610~01510~
= 900
..1~~..~ 4-8 1/1(~~-()/135~ 5~1111(011..,~(/~(.

98 ~0,,1~0//80 88~1~~~8~5 ~~0~.4

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10..~~-~035~ 5~1111~011~~..1~..5 3..~ 1.15~0 111 11101.151..131 3~~11~3110115 1.1~ 10 10~ 120-/(~
1~~~1, ~0~..~ 011~-~1.130..3111 0~~..311011 15 ..~~1.11..~0. 10~ ~0~~.. 13~10.. 011015 ~011-
~~..1~.. 0~~..~35~5 35 10~ 0~13)1 31181~ 111~..~35~5, 01.11 11 15 0~11~.. 10311 1031 0110..~~-
~035~ 0311-~3~~ ~011~~..1~... ~181.1..~ 4-83 500~5 3 10..~~-~035~ 5~1111~011~~..1~.. ~110
3 01801)111101.1~11~~ 1030 3110 10~ 1030 ~1.1 ~111 035 3 11~8118101~ .-1~~1~ ~0111~111.
~181.1..~ 4-80 500~5 10~ ~3~~10..1115 10.. 111~1.11 ~01138~5, 01.11~1.11 ~01138~, 111~1.11
~1.1 ~111, 3110 10~ ~1.1 ~11110..01.18010)1..1510..5 3110 0100~5. 10~ 1..~~1.1~11~)1 01 01.11~1.11
~01138~ 15 3/5. 10~ 0~13)1 31181~, (1, ~311 0~ ~3..1~0 1..0111 0 10 01.1..1118 10~ ~~..100
())( ~ 7.../6, ())( (.../6 + (1),
.../6 ~ 10)1..1510.. 11 15 10..~3..0 0135~0. 1111 15 11..~0 31 =
11 3110 1)1 ~01101.1~1 3110 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~01138~ 1130 3~~~3..5 3~..055 10~ 1030. ~1
())(
= 7.../6,1130513..15 10 0~ 11~8311~~ 3110 10~ 1..~~~0~~11118 0100~ 1)/11~01101.1~15. 10~
1030 ~1.1 ~111 ~01111111.1~5 10 110~ 10..01.1801)/11~ 3110 11 3110 1)1 3..~ 11.1..11~0 011.
1110~..~ ~35
110 1..~~~0~~11118 0100~, 11 ~01.110 ~01111111.1~ 10 ~01101.1~11.11111110)1-
())( + (1 3110 10~ 1..~~~0~~11118 3~11011 ~01.110 0~ 3~~0111-
..1510.. 12 15 11..~0 31 = 5.../6
(1 ~ .../3, ~3~010)1..1510.. ~01101.1~15 10.. 2.../3 3110 10~
~1150~0 10..01.180 11 3110 1)2. 11
1..~~~0~~11118 0100~ 1)/11 00~5 1101 ~01101.1~1.
11 ~~ 0~1111~ 10~ 10..~~ 1111~-11~1.11..31 ~01138~5 35 10110~5~

110~ ~ /115111 (())( _ 2~)

110~ = ~/115111(())( + 2~),

10~ ~0 ~5~01101118 1111~-10-1111~~01138~5 3..~

1100 = 110~ - 110~ = 0 ~ /11 5111 ( ())(

-
~)

1100 = 110~ - 110~ =0 ~ /11 5111 ( ())( _ 5~)

1100 = 110~ - 110~ =0 ~ /11 5111 ( ())(

+
~)
~0~..~ ~ /11 15 10~ ~~3/( ~035~ ~01138~ 01 3 ~)1~-~01111~~1~0 501.1..~~.
~0.. (1 ~ .../3, 3110 015~01111111.101.15 01.11~1.11 ~01138~~ 10~ 3~~..38~ 01.11~1.11 ~01138~
15 101.1110 1..0111

(4-54)

5€~. 4-8
99

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 111~ 111(1)(111111111
(1~~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 111(11 0~~11(8 (11 (1 0~1(1)1 (10~1~ 01 ~ = 0 18~(/,,1
30 ~ ,,/10 (100 111~ 00(111(1112~0 (1~~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 18

~0(
~ ,, = (4-55)
~(/,,, = 0.5(1 + ~08 ~)

(4-56)

(4-54(1)

~,, = ~~00 = 0.5 ( 1 + ~08 ~) (4-55(1)

.. (/,,,

1/2
~(~5 1~/~/~~~ 3~~ 8102 (0)(
_ (/(0)())
(2~ ~)
))
1/2

0 ~,,,
(4~ ( 10 - ~ +
~
810 2~

~~301()1~ 4-7

~~~~31 ~)(3111~1~ 4-6 10( 111~ 111~~~-~1135~ 5~1111~01101.1~10~111~1~. 4-83.

80111.100 111~ ~1135~ ~0113~~ 15 ~, = 208/~ 169.83,

= 120.1 ~, 11,,, = 0 11,
11~ = 0.5, 3110 ~ = 10 0. 111~ 1113)(111111111
0111~1.11~0113~~ 15

3 ~ 11,,, )( 169 83
11,/,,,= = 3 ~ ~
= 280.9 ~
10 10

111~ 3~~~3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~, 1/~0 = 0.5 )(

280.9 = 140.45 ~.
(3) ~0~ 0. ~ 10/3 3110 ~~. (4-55) ~1~~5 11~ ~ (1 + ~05 10/3)/2
= 75%. ~1111 3
~~51511~~ 1030 3110 50% 01.11~1.11, 111~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ 15 015~01111111.101.15. ~~0111 ~~.
(4-55), 0.5 = 0.5(1 + ~05 0.), ~111~11 ~1~~5 111~ 0~13)1 311~1~, 0. = 900.
(/)) 111~ 3~~~3~~ 01.11~1.11~1.1~~~111,/~0 = 1/~0/~ 140.45/10
= = 14.05~. ~~0111
~~. (4-56),

11,1115
= ~ )( 169.83 )( )1/2
(10 - + 0.55111 2 900) = 180.13 ~
(4~ ~
3110 111~~11151030 ~1.1~~~111,
/,1115= 180.13/10
= 18.01 ~.
(~) 111~ 3~~~3~~ ~1.1~~~111 013 111)1~1510~,
/0, = /~0/3 = 14.05/3
= 4.68 ~ 3110 111~
~1115~1.1~(~111
01 3 111)1~1510~,
/8., = /,111,/~ = 18.01 ~ = 10.4~.

100

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 (0) ~(0111 5().. (2-44) 111~(~~611~311011~111~1~11~~18
)( 14.05
140.45 0( 68.8% 0.688
18.01 =
0)
= 180.13 )(

~1.1((~11118/, = /,,.,,, ~(2/3)

(~) 111~ (1118111~1.111111~ = 14.71~. 111~ 111~1.11.-011-
)( 120.1 )( 14.71 = 5300. ~(0111 5().. (2-49),
3111~~(~ (3611~, ~1 = 3~,/, = 3
10~ = 140.45
)(
14.05/5300= 0.372. )(
~0~~(, ~0 = /~,.,,,~ = 18.012
(1) 111~ 01.11~1.11 10 = 3243.6~. 111~ ~0~~(
13~10( 18 ~~ = 3243.6/5300 = 0.612 (13~~111~).

1-/0(~. 10.~ ~0~~( 13~10( 18 0~11~( 10.311 10.31 01 10.(~~-~0.38~ 0.311-~3..~ ~011-
..~(1~(8 .

10.(~~-~0.38~ ~011..~(1~(8 3(~ ~)(1~1181..~1)1 118~0 111 11101181(131 3~~11~3110118 11~ 10 10.~
(~~111(~0. ~1~11(~ 4-% 80.0~8 311111-
120-~~ 1~..~1, ~0.~(~ 1~0-~1130(31110~~(31101118
~011..~(1~( ~1(~1111 ~110.30.1~0.1)1111011~11..~ 1030. 10.~ 10.)1(1810(8 3(~ 11(~0 31 3111111~(..31
3110 10.~ 1111~(111~ (~~111(~(11~111
01 ~/3. 10.~ 1(~~11~11~)1 01 0111~111 (1~~1~ ..0113~~ 18 6./5 0)(
18 1~88 10.311 10.31 0110.(~~-~0.38~ 8~(111- 3110 0.311-~3..~ ~011..~(1~(8. ~1
= ~/6 +
~, 10.)1(1810( 1618 31(~30)1 ~011011~1111~ 3110 10.)1(1810( 11 18 111(11~0 011. 011(111~ 1111~(..31
(~/6 + ~) ~ 0)( ~ (~/2 + ~), 10.)1(1810(8 11 3110 16 ~011011~1 300 10.~ 1111~-10-1111~
0)(
..0113~~, 1)~/) (= 1)~,, - 1)/),,) 3~~~3(8 3~(088 10.~ 1030. ~1 = ~/2 + ~, 10.)1(1810(
12 18 11(~0 3110 10.)1(1810( 16 18 (~..~(8~0 0138~0 1(11(11~0131~1)1. 16 18 111(11~0 011 011~
~) ~ 0)( ~ (5~/6 + ~), 10.)1(1810(8
10 113111(31 ~0(11(11111311011. 011(111~ 1111~(..31 (~/2 +
11 3110 12 ~011011~1 3110 10.~ 1111~-10-1111~ ..0113~~, 1)3.0 3~~~3(8 3~(088 10.~ 1030. 1110.~
10.)1(1810(8 3(~ 1111(110~(~0 38 80.0~11 111 ~1~. 4-93, 10.~ 11(111~ 8~~11~11~~ 18 12, 23, 34,
45,56,3110 61. ~1~11(~ 4-90 80.0~810.~ ~3..~10((11810( 111~111..0113~~,0111~111..0113~~,
111~111 ~11((~111, 3110 ~11((~1118 10.(011~0.10.)1(1810(8.
1110.~ 1111~-11~111(31 ..0113~~8 3(~ 0~1111~0 38

1)/),, ~111 8111 (0)(

_ 2~)

1)0,, = ~1118111 (0)( + 2~),

10.~ ~0((~8~0110111~ 1111~-10-1111~..0113~~8 3(~

1) ~/) = 1)~,, - 1)/),, = 0 ~ 111 8111(0)( + ~)

1)/)~ = 1)/),, - 1)~,, = 0 ~ 111

8111 (0)( -
~)

0 8111 0)(+
1)
~~ = 1)~,, - 1)~,, = ~ 111
( ~)

101
58~.4-9

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 +

15
= ~.
~0

8 ~. = ~,

,, ~~~~9/1~~
~,,0()01~1/9
~1/0 ~0010
0

10
12

+0
~,.1
+ ~.

0
..,1
1,.4 ~+0 ~+0
6 + ~.

0
..,1
~.= ~,

0
1( ..,1
+0
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10 6
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 1(0((1
111~ 3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15 1011110

,,,-12+0. ,,,-12+0.

1100 =~
,,. 1,,,-16+0.
1)(10 0(0)0 =
~,,.
1,,,-16+0.
011111 5111
(0)( + ~ 0(0)0
6) (4-57)

111~ ((13)(1((111((13~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 10( 0~13~ 311~1~, ~ 0 15

11,)111
= 3 0 ~ 111/,,..

3110 111~ 110(((13112~0 3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15

(4-58)

(4-59)

~)(301()1~ 4-8
~~~~31 ~)(3111~1~ 4-6 10( 10.~ 10.(~~-~0.35~ 11111~011.,,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-93.

80/11110010.~ ~0.35~.,,0113~~,~5 = 208/~ = 120.1 ~, ~,,, = ~ ~, = 169.83, ~0

.,,0113~~,~0,,, = )(3 ~
~,,,/,,. = 3 ~
= 0.5,31108. = 10 0. 111~ 1113)(1111111110111~111
280.9 = 140.45~.
)( 169.83/,,. 0.5
= 280.9~. 111~3.,,~(3~~ 0111~111.,,0113~~,
~00 =
600.
(3) ~(0111 ~~. (4-58), 0.5 = ~05 0., 3110 111~0~13~ 311~1~, 0. =
(0) 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 0111~111~11((~111,/00 = ~0)8. = 140.45/10 = 14.05~. ~(0111
~~. (4-59),
1/2
3 ~
~,,,,, = ~ )(
169.83 (~
+
~ ~05 (2 )( 600)
) = 159.29~,

3110 111~(1115~11((~111,/,,,,, = 159.29/10 = 15.93 ~.

(~) 10.~ 3.,,~(3~~ ~11((~11101 3 111~(1510(, /0, = /00/3 = 14.05/3 = 4.68 ~, 3110
111~ (1115 ~11((~111 01 3 111~(1510(, /~, =
/,,,,, /216 = 15.93 /216 = 9.2 ~.
(0) ~(0111 ~~. (2-44) 111~ (~~1111~311011 ~111~1~11~~ 15

)(
140.45 14.05
0( 77.8%
11 = 159.29 )(
15.93 = 0.778
(~) 111~ (1115111~1111111~~11(1~111, /, = /,,,,, ~ = 13 ~ 3110 111~ 111~111.,,011-3111~~(~
)( 120.1 )( 13 = 4683.9~. ~(0111 ~~. (2-49), 10~ = 140.45
(31111~,~1 = 3~,/, = 3
)(
14.05/4683.9 = 0.421. )( 10 = 2537.6~.
(1) 111~ 0111~111~0~~(, ~0 = /~,,,,8. = 15.932 111~ ~0~~(
13~10(, ~~ = 2537.6/4683.9 = 0.542 (13~~111~).
5~((11~011~~(1~(5, 0111
1-10(€. 111~ ~0~~( 13~10( 15 1~55 111311 11131 01111(~~-~1135~
111~11~( 111311 11131 01111(~~-~1135~ 11311-~3~~ ~011~~(1~(5.

103
58~. 4-9

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 ~~301..)~ 4-9

1/1~ 1030 ~11~~~111 01 3 1/1~~~-~/138~ 11111~011~~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-93 18 ~0111111110118~11/1 3

11~~11~101~ ~1~~1~ ~0111~111. (3) ~)(~~~88 1/1~ 111~111~11~~~111111~011~1~~ 8~~1~8, 3110 0~1~~-
111111~1/1~ /13~1110111~ 13~10~ 01111~111 ~11~~~111, 1-1~~ 018~13~~111~111 13~10~, 0~~ 3110 1/1~
111~111~0~~~ 13~10~, ~~. (0) 111/1~ 0~13~ 311~1~, ~
= 71/3 3110 1/1~ ~~3/( 111~111~/138~
~0113~~, ~,,, = 169.83~, ~31~11131~ ~~, 1-1~, 0~, 3110 ~~.

80)0~)00 (3) 1/1~ ~3~~10~111 10~ 111~111~11~~~11118 8/10~11 111 ~1~. 4-90 3110 1/1~ 11181311-
1311~0118 111~111~11~~~11101 3 ~/138~ ~311 0~ ~)(~~~88~0 1113 ~011~1~~ 8~~1~8 38

11(() = 1~0 + ~
11=1,2,..
((1~ ~08 /10)( + /)~ 8111 /10)() (4-60)

41. . /171 .
- -
/171
8111 -3 8111 /1~ 10~ /1 = 1,3,5, ...

= 0 10~ /1 = 2, 4, 6, ...

/)~ = ~ )0(2~ 11(() 8111/10)( (/( 0)()

71

41. . /171
=
/171
8111 ~08 /1~ 1,3,5, ...
3

= 0 10~ /1 = 2, 4, 6, ...

11(() ~ 0
11=1,2,..
1~ 8111 (/10)( + ~~)

(1 .
~
~~ = 1311 - 1 = - /1~ (4-61)
/)
~

(4-62)

104

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 ~
11 = -1.
71
= 0.77971.
111~ 0115 111~111 ~11,,~111,
1/2
(5,,/6+~

1, =
(
2-
271 ),,/6+~
1~ 0(())()
) = 1. ~/~3 = 0.81651.
_ 1)1/2 _ 1)1/2
11~ = ((~)2 = ((~)2 = 0.3108 0, 31.08%

0~ = ~05 ~1 = ~05 -0.

11 3 = 0.95490~
~~ = -~05 -0. = -~050.
1, 71
~05 600 =
(0) ~0, 0. = 71/3, 1/~ = ~05 (71/3) = 0.5 ~11,11~ = 31.08%, 0~ =
0.5, (1110~~ = 0.478 (1(1~~111~).

,..,0(~. 11..,.,~ ~001()3(~ 10~ ()0..,.,~( 13~10( ..,.,1101031 01 ~~301()1~ 4-8, ..,.,0~(~ 10~

1030 15 ()0(~1)1 (~51511~~, ..,.,~ ~311 11011~~ 1031 10~ 111()01 ()0..,.,~( 13~10( 0~()~1105 011 10~
()0..,.,~( 13~10( 0110~ 1030.

(~()01(~0 3110 10(~~-

111 013(1)1 ~3(1301~-5()~~0 0(1~~5, 10~ 100(-()030(3111 0()~(311011 15
()035~ 0031 ~011~~(1~(5 3(~ ~~1~1151~~1)105~0 111 3()()11~3110115 0() 10 10~ 2000-~~ 1~~~1.
~1~0(~ 4-103 500..,.,5 10(~~-()035~ 0031 ~011~~(1~(5 ..,.,0~(~ 1..,.,0 10(~~-()035~ ~011~~(1~(5
3(~ ~01111~~1~0 03~~ 10 03~~. ~~ 03~~ 5~~11 111 5~~11011 4-5 1031 00~ 10 10~ 11151311-
1311~005 ~0113~~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~1..,.,~~1110~ 001()01 ~0113~~5 01 ~011~~(1~(5, 3 ~1(~0131111~
~0((~111110..,.,5 10(00~010~ ~011~~(1~(5. 10~ ~1(~0131111~ ~0((~11115 110(01311)1110111~0
1..,.,0 ~011~~(1~(5 3(~ ~0111(011~0
0)1 ~1(~0131111~ (~3~10(, 1.~ 35 500..,.,11111 ~1~. 4-103. 10~

11150~0 3..,.,3)11031110.1 15 10~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~011~~(1~( 1, 10~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~011~~(1~(
2 15 0.2 = 71 - 0.1. ~1~0(~ 4-100 500..,.,5 10~ ..,.,3~~10(015 10( 111()01 ~0113~~5, 001()01
~0113~~5, 3110 10~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 11100~10( 1.~. 10~ 0()~(311011 01 ~3~0 ~011~~(1~( 15
~)(3~11)1 5101113( 10 1031 0110(~~-()035~ 1011 ~011~~(1~(. 00(111~ 10~ 1111~(~31 (71/6 +
1)(1/) 3()()~3(5 3~(055 10~ 001()01 01
0.1) ~ 0)( ~ (71/2 + 0.1), 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~0113~~
~011~~(1~( 1 3110 1)/)0 3()()~3(5 3~(055 ~011~~(1~( 2.
3(~ 0~1111~0 35
1110~ 1111~-11~01(31 ~0113~~5

_
1)/)(/ ~,,, 5111 (0)( 2~)

1)0(/ ~,,, 5111 (0)( + 2~)

105
58~. 4-10

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 ~~~0 2 2

+ +
-~-
.., - + .., - +
..-3 ..-5
2 -~-
(. ~0 ..-2. .6. ..-4.
8 ~8,
8
0 ..,01 ~~~0,
..,02
(0 0
~~,
~..,0
~..-6 .2

(0) ~8..,810~,,,5

..1~11..~ 4-10 1/1(~~-~/135~ 01131 ~011..,~((~(.

106

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 .,,01138~5 3(~
111~ ~0((~5()000108 110~-10-110~

1),,/1 = 1),,11 - 1)/111 = 0 ~ 111

510 (0)( +
~)

1)/10 1)
/111 - 1)011 0 ~ 111 510 (0)( - ~)

1) 0,, = 1)011- 1),,11= 0 ~ 111

510 ( 0)( +
~)
1(1)01 300 1)02 3(~ 111~ 0111()111 .,,01138~5 01 ~00.,,~(1~(5 1 300 2, 111~ 105130130~0115
0)( =5 (,,./2 + ~1) 15
.,,01138~ 3~(055 111~ 10011~10( 011(108 101~(.,,31 (,,./6 + ~1) =5

(4-63)

(4-64)

111~ ~1(~11131108 ~11((~010~()~005 00 0~13~ 3081~ 300 0010011~130~~, 1._. 11115 ~11((~01
0~~0((1~5 ((13)(1((111((1 ~11~0 0)(
= 2,,./3 300 ~1 = 0. ~.,,~0 ~11110111 30~ ~)(1~(0311030,
111~ ~00.,,~(1~(5 ~01110 0~ ~001101101151~ (1100108 011~ 10 111~ ~1(~11131108 ~11((~01 35 3
(~51111 01 (1()()1~ .,,01138~ 3~(055 111~ 10011~10(. 11115 3110~5 5((100111 (~.,,~(531 011030
~11((~01 011(108 111~ ~11308~ 0.,,~( 1(0((1 00~ ().1130(301 0()~(31100 10 300111~( 300 ()(0-
((1010( 0(1.,,~5.
.,,10~5 1351 0~03((11~ (~5()005~5, ~5()~~1311~ 10( ~1~~1(1~31

~00.,,~(1~(5 0~()~005 00 0~13~ 3081~ ~, 30015

111~ ()0~~( 13~10( 01 ()1135~-~001(011~0
~00.,,~(1~(5
10 8~0~(31 10~, ~5()~~1311~ 31 111~ 10~ 0111()111 .,,01138~ (308~. 111~5~
1((1()(0.,,~ 111~ 10()111
8~0~(31~ 113(((1001~5 1010 111~ 511()()1~. )=10(~~0 ~0((1((1111311005 ~30
()0~~( 13~10( 300 (~011~~ 111~ 113(((1001~5 1~.,,~15. 111~5~ 10(~~0-~0((1((111131100 1~~11-
~00.,,~(5100. ~1111 111~ 30.,,30~~((1~01 01
01().11~5 3(~ 0~~0((1108 311(3~11.,,~ 10 3~-0~
()0~~( 5~((11~00011~10( 0~.,,1~~5 (~.8., 831~-111(0-011111~(1510(5), 111~ 10(~~0 ~0((1((111-
131100 ~30 0~ 1((1()1~((1~01~010 ()(3~11~315~51~((15. 10 11115 5~~1100 111~ 0351~ 1~~1101().11~5
0110(~~0 ~0((1((111131100 10( 3~-0~ ~00.,,~(1~(5 3(~ 015~1155~0 300 ~30 0~ ~1355111~0 35

10110~5~

1. ~)(110~1100 3081~ ~001(01

107
56~. 4-11

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 2. 5~111111~1(1~(1) (11181~ ~0111(01

3. ~1115~-~10101110(11)(111011
4. 5111115010(11))1115~-~101011100111(111011

~1811(~ 4-11(1 500~5 (1 511181~-))0(15~ 5~1111~011~~(1~(, ~0~(~ 10~(1510(5

/1 (1110 /2 (1(~
(~))1(1~~0 0~ 5~11~0~5 51 (1110 52. 10~ 5~11~01118 (1~110115 0~ 51 (1110
52 ~(111 0~ ))~(~0(111~0
0~ 8(11~-111(11-0~~ 10~(1510(5 (0105). 10~ ~0(1((1~1~(1511~5 0~ 0105 (1(~ 511~0 10(11
0105 ~(111 0~ 111(11~0 011 0~ (1))))1~1118 (1 500(1 ))05111~~ ))11)5~ 10 115 8(11~ (15 111 10~ ~(15~
0~ 110(111(1) 10~(1510(5 (1110 111(11~0 0~~ 0~ (1))))1~1118 (1 500(1 11~8(111~~ ))11)5~ 10 115 8(11~.
111 (111 ~)(1111~11011 (11181~ ~0111(01, 10~ 5~11~0 51 15 111(11~0 011 (11 0)(
= 0 (111015
111(11~0 0~~ 0~ ~0(~~0 ~0111111111(111011
(11 0)(
0)(
= 10 - (3. 10~ 5~11~0 52 15 111(11~0 011 (11
= 10 (1110 15 111(11~0 0~~ (11 0)(
= (210 - (3). 10~ 0111))111~011(18~ 15 ~0111(011~0 0~
~(1(~1118 10~ ~)(1111~11011 (11181~, (3. ~1811(~ 4-110 500~5 10~ ~(1~~~0(1115 ~0( 111))111
~011(18~, 0111))111 ~011(18~, 111))111 ~11((~111, (1110 10~ ~11((~11110(0118010~(1510( 5~11(0~5.
10~ ~11110(1111~111(11 ~0111))011~111 0~ 111))111 (11((~111 1~(105 10~ 111))111 ~011(18~, (1110 10~
(15))1(1~~111~111 ~(1~10( ((1110 ))0~~( ~(1(10() 15 )~(101118. 111 50111~ (1))))11~(1110115, 1015
~~(1111(~ 111(1~ 0~ 0~51((10)~ 10 51111111(11~(1 ~(1))(1~111~~ 10(10 (1110 10 (0111))~115(11~ ~0( )111~
~0)1(18~ 0(0))5.

,.,1

~51
~.

0 ,.,1
1(-(3
~52 ~.
~51
~~,.,1
0 1(
~0,,, ~.
~0 = ~.
..,0 ,.,1
0

~52
0,,,

108

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 ,.,1

211
~51

,.,1
0
~53

,.,1
0
~.
~54
~51
0 ,.,1
~52
=
~0 1.
~.

(. ,.,1
0
11-/3 211- /3
/
~1~ ~0

,.,1
-1 0
~~82
)0
-)
~.
~54 ~52
,.,1
0
(8) 0~~~~~1 (0) ,,,.,,8~810~~5

(4-65)

(100 ~00 ~(10 0~ ~(1(1~0 1(0111 2~ /,/,,. 10 0 0)1 ~(1()110~ ~ 1(0111 0 10 ,,.. 10~ (1115 001~01
~011(1~~ 15 ~1~~0 0)1

(4-66)

~1~0(~ 4-12(1 500~5 (1 510~1~-~0(15~ 101/ ~00~~(1~(, ~0~(~ 10)1(1510(511, 12, 13,
(100 14 (1(~ (~~1(1~~0 0)110(~~0-~011111101(11~0 5~11~0~5 51,52,53, (100 54. 10~ 5~11~0~5
())( ())( ,,.
51 (100 52 (1(~ 10(0~0 00 51111011(10~0051)1 (11 = 0 (100 (1(~ 10(0~0 011 (11 - =
(1(~ 10(0~0 00 (11())( ,,. (100 (1(~ 10(0~0 011 (11 ())(
~. 10~ 5~11~0~5 53 (100 54 = =
2,,. -~. ~0( (101000~11~~ 10(10, 10~ 1(~~~0~~110~ ~(1101110510~~(0~10~0 0)15~11~0~5
5154 0( 5352. 10~ 11(10~ 5~().0~0~~ ~0010 0~ 12, 14, 43, (100 32. ~1~0(~ 4-120

58~. 4-11 109

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 8110~8 111~ ~3~~10(1118 10( 1111=/1.11
~0113~~, 01.111=/1.11~0113~~, 1111=/1.11~1.1((~111, 3110 111~
~1.1((~111 111(01.1~11 8~11~11~8. 83~11 8~11~11 ~01101.1~18 10( 1800 3110 11118 ~011~~(1~( 18
01=/~(31~0 38 3 8~1111~011~~(1~(. 111~ 1(~~~11~~1111~ 3~6011 18 3~~01111=/11811~0 111(01.1~11
1~0 8~11~11~8 01111~ 83111~ 3(111. 111~ 3~~(32~ 3110 (1118 01.111=/1.11
~01132~ 3(~ ~)(~(~88~0
0~ 8(). (4-65) 3110 8(). (4-66), (~81=/~~6~~1~.
111~ 1=/~(10(111311~~ 01 8~1111- 3110 11.111~011~~(1~(8 ~1111 ~)(611~6011 311~1~ ~0111(01
3(~ 81111113( 10 11131 ~1111 1=/1138~-31121~ ~0111(01, ~)(~~1=/1 111~ 1=/0~~( 13~10( 18 1~30111~.
~11111=/1138~-311~1~ ~0111(01, 111~ 1=/0~~( 13~10( 18 13~~111~.

111~ 8~111111~1(1~31 311~1~ ~0111(01 3110~8 011~-()1.130(3111 01=/~(311011 3110 ~1~. 4-113 8110~8
3 8111~1~-1=/1138~ 8~1111~011~~(1~( ~1111 10(~~0-~01111111.1131~0 8~11~11~8 51 3110 52. 111~
())( ())( + ~)/2.
8~11~11 51 18 11.1(11~0 011 31 = (10 = ~)/2 3110 18 11.1(11~0 011 31 = (10
111~ 8~11~11 52 18 11.1(11~0 011 31 ())( = (310 - ~)/2 3110 01131
())(
= (310 + ~)/2. 111~
01.111=/1.11~0113~~ 18 ~0111(011~0 0~ ~3(~111~ ~01101.1~11011 311~1~,~. ~1~1.1(~ 4-13 8110~8
111~ ~3~~10(1118 10( 1111=/1.11
~01132~, 01.111=/1.11~0113~~, 1111=/1.11
~1.1((~111, 3110 111~ ~1.1((~111
111(01.1~11 8~11~11~8. 111~ 11.11103111~11131 ~01111=/011~111 011111=/1.11 ~1.1((~111 18 )11 1=/1138~ ~1111
111~ 1111=/1.11
~0113~~ 3110 111~ 0181=/13~~111~11113~10( 18 1.11111~. 111~(~10(~, 111~ 1=/0~~( 13~10(
18 11111=/(0~~0.

,.,(
2.. ~3..

~2..
,.,(

,.,(

110

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 2~,,, . ~
- 10 8111 -
2
(4-67)

3110 ~00 ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 1(0111 2~ ,,,/10 10 0 0~ ~3(~111~ ~ 1(0111 0 10 10. 111~ (1118 001~01

~0113~~ 18 ~1~~11 0~

(4-68)

~)(301())~ 4-10

111~ 5111151~-~1135~11111~011~~(1~( 111~115. 4-12315 0~~(31~0 ~11115~(11(11~1(1~31311151~ ~0111(01.

111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~1111 311 3~~(315~ ~3111~ 01/0, 15 ~011611110115, ~11~(~ 111~ (1~~1~ ~0111~111
15 11~151115101~. (3) ~)(~(~55 111~ 111~111~11((~111 01 ~011~~(1~( 111~011(1~( 5~(1~5, 0~1~((11111~
111~ 113((110111~ 13~10( 01111~111 ~11((~111, 11~~ 015~13~~(11~11113~10(, ))~~ 3110 111~111~0~~(
13~10(, ~~. (0) 11111~ ~011011~11011 311151~ 15 (3 = -../3 3110 111~ ~~3)( 111~111 ~011315~ 15 ~,,,
169.83...,, ~31~11131~ ~~0 ~(,,.,,, 11~, ))~, 3110 ~~.
=

80)01100 (3) 111~ ~3~~10((11 10( 111~01 ~11((~11115 5110~11 111 ~115. 4-13 3110 111~ /1151311-
1311~005 111~111~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 111~011(1~( 5~(1~5 35
~

1(() = /~0 + 2
11=1,2,..
((./~ ~05 11())(
+ /)~ 5111 11())() (4-69)

= 0

2-,, 4/0. 11(3

.. 1 ( . 11())(..-1( ())() = 1, 3, . . .
1( ) 5111
10( 11
~ = - 1 = - 5111-
-.. 0 11-.. 2

= 0 10( 11 = 2, 4, . . .
5111~~ /~0 = 0, ~(). (4-69) ~311 0~ ~(111~11 35
~

(4-70)
1(() 2
,.,= 1,2,..
-0 /~ 5111
(11())( + ~~)

(4-71 )

111~ ((115 ~3111~ 01111~ 11111113((110111~ 111~01 ~11((~111 15 151~~11 35

/ =
_1
( (./2 + /)2 ) 1/2 =
2
-5111-
-0 /0 11(3
(4-72 )
~
-0 ~ ~
11-.. 2

111
5€~. 4-11

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 (4-73)

. .~~
1=1
10
(4-74)
2 1/2 1/2

((~)
11~ --
12
- 1
) --
( 4(1
10~

- ~08 ~)
- 1
) (4-75)

0~ = ~08 ~1 = 1 (4-76)

2 -0
~~ =
(~)
1$
0~ =
~ 8111~
2
(4-77)

(0) ~= 10/3 (11100~ = 1.0. ~(0111 ~~. (4-67),

)( 16~83)
~00 = (2 8111
~ = 54.06 ~
~(0111 ~~. (4-68),

1. = 1.
~_ 2
= 0.57741.
1/2

11~ =
((~) 1) = 0.803 0( 80.3%

~~ = ~= 0.7797 (1(1~~111~)
1.

1-101~. 111~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( 18 1111~(0~~0 81~11111~(1111)1, ~~~11 111~11~( 111311 11131 01
111~ 8111~1~-~1138~ 8~(1~8 11.111~011~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 4-63. 1-(0~~~~(, 111~ 113(1110111~ 13~10(
18 111~(~38~0.

11111~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ 018111~1~-~1138~ 8~1111- 0( 11.111~011~~(1~(818 ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~3()1111~

111~ 0~13)1 311~1~, ~)(1111~11011 311~1~, 0( 8)1111111~1(1~31 311~1~, 111~(~ 18 0111)1 011~ ~1.118~ ~~(
11311-~)1~1~ 111 111~ 111~1.11 ~1.1((~111 01111~ ~011~~(1~(, 3110 38 3 (~81.111 111~ 10~~81-0(0~(
113(1110111~ 18 111~ 1111(0. 11 18 01111~1.111 10 1111~( 01.11 111~ 10~~(-0(0~( 113(1110111~8. 111
~1.118~-~10111-111001.11311011 (~~~) ~0111(01, 111~ ~011~~(1~( 8~11~11~8 3(~ 11.1(11~0 011 3110
0118~~~(3111111~8 01.1(111~ 3 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 18 ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~(1()1111~

112

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 ..,1
3..

..,1
3..

..,1
3..

..,1 ..1~11..~ 4-14 .,1115~-~101/1-111001113.11011

0 ~0111(01.

111~ ~10111 01 ~1118~8. ~1~11(~ 4-14 8110~8 111~ 111~111 ~0113~~, 0111~111 ~0113~~, 3110
0( (~011~~0 0~ 8~-
111~111 ~11((~111. 111~ 10~~(-0(0~( 113((110111~8 ~311 0~ ~11(1111131~0
1~~1111~ 111~ 1111(110~( 01 ~1118~8 ~~( 11311-~~~1~. 110~~~~( 111~(~38111~ 111~ 1111(110~( 01
~1118~8 ~01110 111~(~38~ 111~ (113~1111110~ 01111~11~(-0(0~( 113((110111~8, ~111~11 ~01110 ~3811~
0~ 1111~(~0 0111.
111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 3110 111~ ~~(10((11311~~ ~3(3(11~1~(8 01111~ ~011~~(1~( ~311 0~
0~1~((11111~0 111 1~0 81~~8~ (1) 0~ ~011810~(111~ 0111~ 011~ ~31( 01 ~1118~8 811~111113111011~
())(
~1118~ 813(18 31
())(
= ~1 3110 ~1108 31
())(
= ~1 + 81, 111~ 0111~( ~1118~ 813(18 31 =
10 + ~1 3110 ~1108 31
())(
= (10 + ~1 + 81), 3110 (2) 0~ ~0(110111111~111~ ~11~~18 01 311
())(
~31(8. 11111111~1118~ 813(18 31 = ~,,, 3110 118~1011118 8,,,, 111~3~~(3~~ 0111~111~0113~~
011~ 10 ~ 1111(110~( 01 ~1118~8 18 1011110 1(0(11

(4-78)

11111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~1111 311 3~~(3~~ ~3111~ 01 /~ 18 ~0111111110118 3110 1138 11~~11~101~
(1~~1~, 111~ 111813111311~0118 111~111 ~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 111 3 ~011(1~( 8~(1~8 38

(0,, ~08 11())( + 0,, 811111())() (4-79)

/(() = /00 ~
+ ,,~1.3. .

113
58~. 4-11

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 (4-80)

1(() = ~
,,= 1,3,..
-01,, 510 (110)( + ~,,) (4-81 )

111~ ~101115 01 ~1.115~5 3(~ ~3(1~0 10 ~001(01111~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~. 11111~(~ 3(~
/1 ~1.115~5
~~( 11311-~~~1~ 01111~ 5301~ ~10111, 111~ 013)(1011.101 ~1011101 3 ~1.115~ 15 70//1. 111~ ~101115
01 ~1.115~5 ~01.110 0~ 0111~(~01. 1115 ~055101~ 10 ~11005~ 111~ ~101115 01 ~1.115~5 10 51.1~11
3 ~3~ 11131 ~~(1310 113(01001~5 ~01.110 0~ ~11011031~0. 111~(~ 3(~ 0111~(~01 01~111005
01 ~3(~10~ 111~ ~101115 01 ~1.115~5 300 111~ 01051 ~0010100 00~ 15 111~ 5101.1501031 ~1.115~-
~10111 01001.113600 ($~~~). 10 5101.1501031 ~~~ ~001(01 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 4-15,
111~ ~1.115~ ~101115 3(~ ~~0~(31~0 0~ ~001~3(10~ 3 1(130~1.113( ~0113~~ 1). 01 301~1111.10~
,,4. 300 1(~()1.1~0~~ ,. ~1111 3 11311-5101.1501031 ~0113~~ 1)~ 01 ~3(1301~ 301~1111.10~ ,,4~ 300
1(~()1.1~0~~ 2/.. 111~ 5101.1501031 ~0113~~, 1)~, 15 10 ~1135~ ~1111111~ 10~1.11 ~1135~ ~0113~~
300 1135 1~1~~ 111~ 51.1~~1~ 1(~()1.1~0~~, ,5. 111~ ~101115 01111~ ~1.115~5 (300 111~ 01.11~1.11
~0113~~) 3(~ ~3(1~0 0~ ~1130~10~ 111~ 301~1111.10~,,4~ 0( 111~ 01001.1131100 100~)(, 1.11(001
0 10 1. 111~ 1110(/1-//(/(1011 111(/~~ 15 0~110~0 35

,,4~
1.1 = (4-82 )
,,4.
10 3 5101.1501031 ~~~ ~001(01, 111~ 015~13~~01~0113~10( 15 1.1011~300 111~ ~0~~(
13~10( 15 101~(0~~0. 111~ 10~~(-0(0~( 113(01001~5 3(~ ~11011031~0 0( (~01.1~~0. ~0(
~)(301~1~, ~1111101.1( ~1.115~5~~( 11311-~~~1~ 111~ 10~~51-0(0~( 113(010111~ 15 111~ 111111~3110
~111151)( ~1.115~5~~( 11311-~~~1~, 111~10~~51-0(0~( 113(01001~ 15 111~5~~~0111. ~001~1.11~(
~(0~(3015, 11301~0 ~~00-1 3110 ~~00-2, ~111~11 3(~ 1151~0 10 ~~~~1101)( ~, ~30 0~
1.15~0 10 ~~311.131~ 111~ ~~(10(01311~~5 011.10110(01 ~~~ 300 5101.1501031 ~~~ ~001(01,
(~5~~~11~~1~.

114

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 ,.,(

+ ~.
~52
,.,(
0 ,, 2,, 3,,
~6,,,

,.,(
3,,

111~ 0~51~0 01 ~00~~(1~( ~1(~0115 (~~01(~5 0~1~(1111010~ 111~ (3110~5 01111~(1510(5 300
0100~5. 111~ 111~(1510(5 300 0100~5 3(~ 5~~~111~0 0~ 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~0((~01, (1115 ~0((~01,
~~3~ ~0((~01, 300 ~~3~ 10~~(5~ ~0113~~. 10 111~ ~35~ 01 ~001(011~0 (~~1111~(5, 111~
~0((~01 (3110~5 010~~1~~5 0~~~00 00 111~ 0~13~ (0( ~001(01) 30~1~. 111~ (3110~5 01

~0~~( 0~~1~~5 111051 0~ 0~51~0~0 000~( 111~ ~0(51-~35~ ~00011100 300 11115 0~~0(5
~11~0 111~ ~00~~(1~( 0~11~~(5 111~ 1113~11110111 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 11,,,,,.
111~ 001~01 01 ~00~~(1~(5 ~0013105 113(111001~5 11131 0~~~00 00 111~ ~001(01 (0(
0~13~) 30~1~ 300 111~ ~0(51-~35~ ~00011100 ~(~~3115 000~( 111~ 1111011110111 001~01
~0113~~. 111~ 10~01 300 001~011111~(5 111051 0~ 0~51~0~0 000~( 111~ 1111011110111001~01
~0113~~ ~00011100. 111~ 51~~5 10~01~~0 10 0~51~010~ 111~ ~00~~(1~(5 300 1111~(5 3(~
51111113( 10 11131 01 (~~1111~( ~1(~011 0~51~0 10 5~~1100 2-11.

~)(301))1~ 4-11

~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 11111~011,,,~~1~~ 15 0~~~(11~0 1~0111 (1111~~~-~11(15~ 230- ~ 60-112 511~~1~. 111~

10(10 15 111~111~111011~11,,,~(1110 111~ (1,,,~~(1~~ ~11~~~11115 10 = 150 ~ ~111111~~11~101~ ~1~~1~
~0111~111. 11111~ 0~1(1~ (111~1~ 15 ~ = 7//3, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~(11111~501111~~1510~5.

80101100 111~ ~(1,,,~10~1115 10~ 111~~1510~ ~11~~~1115 (1~~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 4-90. 11, =
230/~ = 132.79 ~, 11~ = 187.79 ~, (1110 ~ = 7//3. ~~0111 ~().. (4-57), 1100 =
)( 150
3(~/7/) )(
187.79
)(
~05 (7//3) = 155.3~. ~0~~~, ,,0 = 155.3
111~ 0111~111
= 23 ,295 ~. 111~ (1,,,~~(1~~ ~11~~~111111~011~11(1 111~~1510~, 107 = 150/3 = 50 ~. 111~
~1115 ~11~~~111111~011~11 (1111~~1510~, 1~7 = 150 ~ = 86.6~. 111~ ~~(11-. ~11~~~11( 111~011/1,11

58~. 4-12 115

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 3 111~0810~, /,,, = 150 1-.. 111~ ~~3/( 111~~~8~ ~0113~~ 18 111~ ~~3/( 3~~111110~ 0~ 1111~-10-
1111~ ~0113~~, ~1~ = -0~,,, = -0
)(
187.79 = 325.27~.

~~301))1~ 4-12

1-. 8111~1~-~1138~ ~1111~011~~~1~~ 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 4-16 118~8 0~13~-311~1~ ~0111~01 3110 18
811~~11~0 ~~0~ 3 120-~ 60-1-12 811~~1~. (3) 08~ 111~ ~~11100 0~ ~011~1~~ 8~~1~8 10 0013111
~)(~~~8810118 ~0~ 0111~111 ~0113~~, 111.((), 3110 1030 ~11~~~111, /1.((), 38 3 ~1111~6011 0~ 0~~3~
311~1~,~. 1~ ~ = 70/3, ~ = 10~,
(0) /., = 20 ~1-1, 3110 ~ = 10 11, 0~1~~~111~ 111~
~~8 ~3111~ 0~ 10~~81-0~0~~ 113~~0111~ ~11~~~111111 111~ 1030. (~) 1~ 111 ~3~1 (0), 3 ~111~~
~3~3~110~ 18 ~01111~~1~0 3~~088 111~ 1030, 0~1~~~111~ 111~ ~3~3~110~ ~3111~ 10 ~~011~~ 111~
10~~81-0~0~~ 113~~0111~ 10 10%.

801111100 (3) 111~ ~3~~~0~~ ~0~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 18 8110~11111 ~1~. 4-3~. 111~ ~~~~11~11~~
0~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 18 1~1~~ 11131 0~ 111~ ~3111 811~~1~. 111~ 111813111311~01180111~111 ~0113~~
~311 0~ ~)(~~~88~0 1113 ~011~1~~ 8~~1~8 38
~

111.(() = ~00 + ~
~=2,4,..
((10 ~08 11(()( + 00811111(()() (4-83)

7, = ~ + 1(11(()/.,)= (~2 + (11(()/.,)2)1/2

~
3110 60 = 1311~1(11(()/.,/~). 01~10111~ 111.(() 0~ ~~. (4-83) 0~ 1030 1~~~0311~~ 7, 3110
81~~11~~111~ 111~ 8111~ 3110 ~08111~ 1~~~8 ~1~~ 111~ 111813111311~01181030 ~11~~~11135
~

/1.(() = /00 + ~
11=2,4...
0/0 8111
(11(()( + ~0 - (0) (4-84)

1 ((1~+ 0~)1/2
/0 =
0-../~2 + (11(()/.,)2
(0) 1~ ~ = 70/3, ~ = 10~, /., = 20 ~1-1, ~ = 1011, (()
~30/5, ~,,, = 0 )( 120 = 169.71 ~, 3110~00 = 54.04 ~.
54.04 - 10
/00 = = 4.40 1-.
10
(11 = -0.833, 01 = -0.866, ~1 = 223.90, 81 = 56.450

(12 = 0.433, 02 = -0.173, ~2 = 111.790, 82 = 71.650

(13 = -0.029, 03 = 0.297, ~3 = -5.50, 83 = 77.530

116

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 +

~0
~1
~0.)~
~0.)(..

~1~0..~ 4-17 ~~01...31~(11 ~1(~011

10( 113(((10(11~5.

11-(() = 4.4 + (1.2 5111(2(1)( + 223.90 - 56.450)

70(~2 +2~~(1)1-)2)1/2

+ 0.35111(6(1)( - 5.50 - 77.530) + . . .)

+ 0.475111(4(1)( + 111.790 - 71.650)
)(
2 169.71 .
( 2(1)(+ 167. 47 0 )
(
= 4.4 + 70(102 + (7.5411)2)1/2 1.25111

. . .) (4-85)
+ 0.475111(4(1)( + 40.140) + 0.35111(6(1)( - 80.030) +

2 )( 169.71
12 = 70(102 + (7.54 )( 2)2)1/2 ( )
0
1.2
= 5.07 ~

(~) ~1~1.1~~ 4-17 50.0~5 10.~ ~~1.11...~1~111 ~1~~1.11110~ 10.~ 0.3~~0111~5. 05111~ 10.~
~1.1~~~111-01...10~~ ~1.11~,10.~ 0.3~~0111~ ~1.1~~~11110.~01.1~0.10.~ 1030 15 ~1...~11 0~

~ _- 1/(11(1)~)

10 ~~2 + (11(1)1- - 1/(11(1)~))2~1/2

~0~ 11 = 23110 (1)= 377,

~ 1/(2 )( 377~)
.
10 = ~102+ (2
)(
7.54 - 1/(2 )( 377~))2~1/2 = 0 1
3110 10.15~1...~5 ~ = - 670 ~~ 0~ 793 ~~. 10.1.15~ = 793 ~~.

~ ~ ~~11 11011~~ ~~0111 ~~. (4-85) 10~1 10~ 10~0 ~1.1~(~111 0~(1110111~5 0~~~110 011 10~0
11101.1~1~11~~5. 10~ 111~1.11 ~0~~( ~~~10( 15 ~~1~1.11~1~0 111 ~)(~111~1~ 4-8 ~0( ~ ~1.1(~1~
~51511.,,~ 10~0 ~110 111 10~ ~)(~111~1~ 4-9 ~0( ~ 01801~ 11101.1~11.,,~ 10~0. ~~ ~~11 ~150
,1011~~ 10~1 10~ 111~1.11~0~~( ~~~10( 0~~~1105 011 10~ 10~0 ~0~~( ~~~10(.
111 10~ 0~(1.,,~110115 0~ 01.11~1.11 .,,011~8~5 ~110 10~ ~~(~0(111~11~~ ~(11~(1~ 0~ ~011-
...~(1~(5, ~~ 0~.,,~ ~551.1111~0 10~1 10~ 501.1(~~ 0~5 110 11101.1~1~11~~5 ~110 (~5151~11~~5.
~0(111~11~, 10~ .,,~11.1~5 0~ 1111~ (~5151~11~~5 ~(~ 5111~11 ~110 ~~11 0~ 11~81~~1~0. 10~
~11101.1111 0~ .,,011~8~ 0(0~ 01.1~ 10 501.1(~~ 11101.1~1~11~~5 15 10~ 5~111~ ~5 10~1 0~ (~~11~1~(5

58~. 4-13 117

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 ~1~11~~ 4-18 ~~1~110115111~ 0~1~~~11 111~
0~1~~ ~1181~ ~110 0.,,~(1~~ ~1181~.

300 00~5 001 ~1130~~ 011~ 10 111~ ~11(15~ ~001(01. 8~11(11100 (2-96) ~(10 0~ (1~~11~0 10
~(11~111(11~ 111~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 011~ 10 111~ ~0(0(0111(1110~ (~(1~1(10~~ 1.0. 11 (111 111~ 110~
10011~1(10~~5 (1(~ ~~1131, 8~. (2-99) ~1~~5 111~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ (15 ~.. = 6/1.)00 10( (1
111(~~-~11(15~ 11111 ~00~~(1~(.
111~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 15 0010~~~00~0100 0~1(1~ (10~1~, ~1, 1100~( 00((0(110~~((11100.
1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0(0(0111(11100 (0( 0~~(1(1~) (10~1~, ,.,., ~111 ~(1(~ ~1111111~ 0~1(1~ (10~1~.
~5 111~ 0~1(1~ (10~1~ 15 10~(~(15~0, 111~ 0~~(1(1~ (10~1~ 0~~0(0~5 5(0(111~(. 11115 15 111115-
1((11~0 10 ~1~. 4-18. 111~ ~011-11(0~ 101~~((11 (15 5110~0 0~ ~(05511(11~11~0 (1(~(15 15 ~~11(11
10 1001.0 (100 15 100~~~00~01 01 ~011(1~~5. ~5 111~ ~0(0(0111(1110~ ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 10-
~(~(15~5, 10~ 11(0~ (~~111(~0 10 ~0(0(0111(11~ ~~15 5(0(111~(, 011110~ ..~011-5~~0005,, (~(0(110
10~ 5(1(0~.
11 ~.. 15 10~ (1~~((1~~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ ~~( ~0(0(0111(11100 011~ 10 0~~(1(1~ (100 ~~ 15
10~ (1~~((1~~ ~011(1~~ (~011~1100 011~ 10 ~0(15~-(10~1~ ~001(01, 111~ (1~~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011-
(1~~ 10( (1 0~1(1~ (10~1~ 01 ~ 15

(4-86)

~~ = ~€111/ - ~00(~) (4-87)

10~ (1~~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ ~110 0~~(1(1~ (10~1~ ,.,. (100 1~0 ~0(0(0111(111005 15

~00(~ + ,.,.) = ~00(~ = 0) - 2~.. - ~~ = ~€111/ - 2~.. - ~~ (4-88)

5110511111110~ ~~ 1(0(0 8~. (4-87) 1010 8~. (4-88) ~~ ~(10 ~(11~ 10~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 011~
10 0~~(1(1~ (15

(4-89)

10~ 0~~(1(1~ (10~1~, ,.,., ~(10 0~ 0~1~((010~01(0(0 8~. (4-89) 10( ~00~0 ~(1111~5011030
~11((~01, 100~ ~0(0(0111(1110~ 10011~1(10~~, 1.0~ 300 0~1(1~ 30~1~,~. 11 5001110 0~ 001~0
10(11 8~. (4-89) 15 (1~~11~301~ 10 510~1~-~035~ 11111~00~~(1~(.

~~301))1~ 4-13
~ 111(~~-()1135~(1111~011,,,~(1~( 18811()()11~0((001 3 111(~~-()1138~230- ~ 60-1-12 811()()1)1. 111~
1030 ~11((~11118~011611110118 3110 113811~~11~101~..1()()1~. 1( 111~3,,,~..3~~ 1030 ~11..(~111,/00

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 0.11111-1, 0~~~1111111~ ~11~ 0,,,~11(1~ (111~1~
= 150 ~ (1110 ~11~ ~011111111~(1~111~ 111011~~(111~~, 1-0 =
~11~11 ((1) ~ = 100,(0) ~ = 300, (1110(~) ~ = 600.

80101100 11,,, = ~
)(
230/~ = 187.79 ~ (111011,/,,,= 310.6~. ~10111~~. (4-57),
1100(~)= 310.6 ~08 ~ (1110

1100(~ + ~) = 310.6 ~08 (~ + ~)

~01 (1 ~111~~-~11(18~~011,,,~1~~1,~~. (4-89) ~(1110~ 111001~1~0~0

611~ = 6/1001-0= 1100(~) - 1100(~+ ~) (4-90)
6 )(
60 )(
150 )(
0.1 )(
10-3 = 310.6(~08 ~ - ~08 (~ + ~))
((1) ~01 ~ = 100, ~ = 4.660.
(0) ~01 ~ = 300, ~ = 1.940.
(~) ~01 ~ = 600, ~ = 1.140. ~-(~

(~~
~ ,.,~..~

10 1018 ~0(1~1~( ...,~ 0(1~~ 8~~0

10(11 (1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ((100 01.11~1.11 ~0...,~() 01
(1~-0~ ~00~~(1~(8 ~(10 0~0~ ~(1(~10~ 10~ ~0001.1~1100
~001(011~0 11(0~ 0110~(1810(8.
0( 10(~~-
1)~~~0010~ 00 10~ 1~~~8 01 81.1~~1~, 10~ ~00~~(1~(8 ~01.110 0~ 810~1~-~0(18~
~(10 0~ 0(111 ,(1~~, 8~(01-, 0( 11.111~00~~(1~(8.
~0(18~. ~0( ~(1~01~~~ 0181.1~~1~, 10~~
10~ 8~1111- (100 11.111~00~~(1~(8 (1(~ 1.18~0 ~)(1~081~~1~ 10 ~((1~11~(11 (1~~11~(111008. ~1-
1001.1~0 8~1111~00~~(1~(8 ~(0~10~ 0~11~( 10~1.11 ~0...,~( 1(1~10( 10(10 10(11 01 11.111~00-
~~(1~(8, 10~8~ ~00~~(1~(8 (1(~ 001~ 81.111(101~ 10( 00~-().1.1(10((101 0~~((11100. ~1.111 ~00-
~~(1~(8 (100 01.1(11 ~00~~(1~(8 (1110..., 1...,0-().1.1(10((101 (100 101.1(-().1.1(10((101 0~~((111008,
(~8~~~11~~1~. 10(~~-~0(18~ ~00~~(1~(8 (1(~ 00((0(111~ 1.18~01001~0-~0...,~( (1~~11~(111008
(100 10~ 1(~().1.1~0~~ 01 01.11~1.11 (1~~1~8 18 01~0~(.
10~ 10~1.11 ~0...,~( 1(1~10(, ...,01~0 18 0~~~00~01 00 10~ 10(10, ~(10 0~ 1(0~(0~~0
(100 10~ ~011(1~~ ((1110~ ~(10 0~ 10~(~(18~0 0~ 8~(1~8 ~000~~1100 01 ~00~~(1~(8. ~110

10(~~0 ~0(0(01.11(111008, 10~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( ~(10 0~ 11.1(10~( 1(0~(0~~0 (100 ~~(1(110 10...,~(-
0(0~( 0(1((0001~8 ~(10 0~ (~01.1~~0 0( ~11(010(11~0.
0( 018~001101.101.18 0~~~0010~ 00 10~ 10(10-
10~ 10(10 ~1.1((~01 ~01.110 0~ ~001101.101.18
11(0~ ~0081(101 (100 0~1(1~ (10~1~. ~0( 10~ (10(11~818 01 ~00~~(1~(8, 10~ (0~1000 01
~01.1(1~( 8~(1~818 1.18~0. 1-10...,~~~(, 010~( 1~~001().1.1~8 (~.~., 1((1081~( 11.10~1100 (1~~(0(1~0
0( 8~~~1(1.1(0 (01.1111~11~(11100 01 8...,11~010~ 11.10~1100) ~(10 0~ 1.18~0 10( 10~ (10(11~818 01
~0...,~( 8...,11~010~ ~1(~1.1118. 10~ 0~1(1~-(10~1~ ~001(01 00~8 001 (111~~110~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~
01.1~ 10 ~0(0(01.11(1110~ 1001.1~1(10~~8, (100 1018 0(0~ 18 10~ 8(1(0~ (18 10(11 01 00((0(11 0100~
(~~1111~(8.

1. ~. ~. 5~11, 71/)1,./.5(0,.1)~ 1),.1))~5. ~~~ ~01/(= ~11~~-10.~~18~1~11~~, 1981.

2. ~. ~., 8~0. (1110 5. ~. 001(101(1, ..~,,,(110(1~1011 0~ ~00.~101 8~11~111~8 ~01 ~11~118~01 ~00.~1011~0
0~ 1110~018.,, 1~~~ 7,.(111)0((10115 011 1110./15(,.10/ ~/~((,.0111(5 0110. ~011(,.0/ 1115(,./1/11~11(0(1011,
~01. 1~025, ~0. 3 (~11~1181) 1978, ~~. 247-255.

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 3. ~. 0. ~10~35, ..0~11(111.1(11 0113~~ 3110 /13((110111( (0111(01 ~~~ 1~(/1111().1.1~510( 3-~/135~
5136( 0~8 5)151~(115.,, /~~~ 1,.~115~~(10115 011 /110.~5(,.~ .4~~/1~~(10115, ~01. 1~16, ~0. 4.
(11.11)1) 1980, ~~. 542-546.
4. ~. 1-1. ~35/110, 3110 ~. ~001.101113, ..~1131~515 0110~~~0-~0111111111(11~0 1~(11111().11~5101 (1(-0(
(011 ~(1~(5.,, 15( ~~,.0~~~11 ~0111~,.~11~~011 )10~~,. ~/~~(,.0111~5 ~110..4~~/1~~(10115, 13(1.155~15,
0(100~( 16-18, 1985, ~~. 2.263-2.266.
5. ~. 0. ~10~35, 3110 ~. ~/1063015, ..~11 ~)(3(1 01.11~1.11 (1.1((~111311(1)15150110~31 5136( ~~~
111~(1~(5.,, /~~~ 1,.~115~~(10115011 /110.~(,.~ .4~~/1~~(10115, ~01. 1~119, ~0. 2 (~3((/1-
~~(11) 1983, ~~. 281-295.
6. ~. 1-1. ~35/110 3110 ~. 1. ~35~000, ..~11(1)1515 01 3-~/135~ 3(-0( (011 ~(1~(5 1.1110~( 1.111031-
311(~0 51.1~~1)1(01101110115.,, /~~~ /110.~(,-~ .4~~/1~~(10115 ~0111~,.~11~~ ~~~0,.0., 1985,
~~. 1190-
1194.

4-1. ~/131 15 3 11311.1(310( 1111~(0(11(111.11360117

4-2. ~/131 15 3 (0111(011~0 (~(66~(7
4-3. ~/131 15 3 (011 ~(1~(7
4-4. ~/13115 0~13)1-311~1~ (0111(01 01 (011 ~(1~(57
4-5. ~/13115 3 5~(111(011 ~(1~(7 0(3~ 1~0 5~(111(011 ~(1~( (1((1.1115.
4-6. ~/131 15 3 11.111(011 ~(1~(7 0(3~ 1~0 11.111-(011 ~(1~( (1((1.1115.
4-7. ~/13115 3 01.131 (011 ~(1~(7 0(3~ 1~0 01.131-(011 ~(1~( (1((1.1115.
4-8. ~/131 15 1/1~ ~(111(1~1~ 01 ~/135~ (0111(017
4-9. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ ~11~(15 01 (~(110 111~ 1/1~ 1(~~~/1~~1111~ 0100~ 111 5111~1~-~/135~ 5~(111(011-
~(1~(57
4-10. ~/1)115 1/1~ ~0~~( 13(10( 01 5~(111(011 ~(1~(5 0~11~( 1/1311 1/131 0111.111 (011 ~(1~(57
4-11. ~/13115 1/1~ (31.15~ 01 (1((1.113611~ (1.1((~111111 01.131 (011 ~(1~(57
4-12. ~/1)115 3 (1((1.113611~ (1.1((~11111101.1(10( (~().1.11(~0 11101.131 (011 ~(1~(57
4-13. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30 31113~~5 3110 01530 31113~~5 01 5~(1~5 (011 ~(1~(57
4-14. 1-10~ 15 1/1~ 0~13)1311~1~ 01011~ (011 ~(1~( (~131~0 10 1/1~ 0~13)1311~1~ 011/1~ 01/1~( (011 ~(1~(
1113 01.131-(011 ~(1~( 5)151~(117
4-15. ~/13115 1/1~ 111 ~(51011 (1100~ 01 (011 ~(1~(57
4-16. ~/13115 1/1~ (~(611(36011 (1100~ 01 (011 ~(1~(57
4-17. ~/13115 1/1~ 1(~().1.1~11()1011/1~ 10~~51-0(0~( /13((110111( 1111/1(~~-~/135~ 5~(111(011 ~(1~(57
4-18. %3115 1/1~ 1(~().1.1~11()1011/1~ 10~~51-0(0~( /13((110111( 1111/1(~~-~/135~ 11.111(011 ~(1~(57
4-19. ~/13115 1/1~ 1(~().1.1~11()1011/1~ 10~~51-0(0~( /13((110111( 1113 5111~1~-~/135~ 5~(111(011 ~(1~(7
4-20. 1-10~ 3(~ ~31~-11.1(11-0111/1)1(1510(5 11.1(11~0 011 3110 0117
4-21. 1-10~ 15 3 ~/135~-(0111(011/1)1(1510( 11.1(11~0 011 3110 0117
4-22. ~/13115 310((~0 (0(11(111.11360117 ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30 31113~~5 0110((~0 (0(11(111.113601110(
3(-0( (011 ~(1~(57

4-23. ~/13115 ~)(611(6011-311~1~ (0111(01 01 (011 ~(1~(57

4-24. ~/13115 5)1(11(11~1(1(31-311~1~ (0111(01 01 (011 ~(1~(57
4-25. ~/13115 ~1.115~-~101/1-(11001.1136011 (0111(01 01 (011 ~(1~(5 7

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4-26. ~113115 511111501031 ~1115~-~10111-11100111311011 ~0111(01 01 3 ~011..,~(1~(7
4-27. ~1131 15 111~ 11100111311011 1110~)(7
4-28. 110~ 15 111~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~ 01 3 ~1135~-~0111(01 ~011..,~(1~( ..,3(1~0 7
4-29. 110~ 15 111~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~ 01 3 511111501031 ~~~ ~0111(01 ~011..,~(1~( ..,3(1~07
4-30. ))0~5 111~ ~0111111111311011311~1~ 0~~~110 011 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 01 ~011..,~(1~(57

4-31. ))0~5 111~ ..,0113~~ 0(0~ 011~ 10 ~011111111131111~

111011~1311~~5 0~~~110 011 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 01
~011..,~(1~(57

4-32. ))0~5 111~ 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 01 ~011..,~(1~(5 0~~~110 011 111~ 1030 ~0~~( 13~10(7

4-33. ))0 111~ 0111~111 (1~~1~ ..,0113~~5 01 ~011..,~(1~(5 0~~~110 011 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~7

4-1. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~3..,~ ~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-1315 0~~(31~01(0111 3120- ~ 60-112 511~~1~.
11111~ 1030 (~51511..,~ 1030 15 ~ = 10 0 3110 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 15 0. = 70/3, 0~1~(111111~ 111~
(3) ~111~1~11~~~ (()) 10(11113~10(~ (~) (1~~1~ 13~10(~ (~) 1(311510(111~( 111111231101113~10(~ 3110
(~) ~~3(( 111..,~(5~ ..,0113~~ (~1~) 01111~(1510( 11.

4-2. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~3..,~ ~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-1315 0~~(31~01(0111 3 120- ~ 60-112 511~~1~
3110 111~ 1030 (~51511..,~ 1030 15 ~ = 10 0. 11111~ 3..,~(3~~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~ 15 25% 01111~
(()) (1115 3110
1113)(111111111
~055101~ 3..,~(3~~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~, ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~~
3..,~(3~~ 0111~111 ~11((~1115~ (~) 3..,~(3~~ 3110 (1115 111~(1510( ~11((~1115~ 3110 (~) 111~111~0~~(
13~10( .

4-3. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-1315 511~~11~0 1(0111 3 120-~ 60-112 511~~1~ 3110
3 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 3~(055 111~ 1030. 111~ 1030 ~01151515 01 5~(1~5-~011-
20
11~~1~0 (~5151311~~, ~ = 10 0, 111011~1311~~, 1- = 5 11111, 3110 0311~(~ ..,0113~~, ~ =
(()) 0~1~(111111~
~. (3) ~)(~(~55111~ 111513111311~01150111~111..,0113~~ 1113 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5, 3110
111~ (1115 ..,3111~ 01111~ 10~~51-0(0~( 0111~111113(1110111~ ~11((~111.
4-4. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~1111~011..,~(1~( 111 ~1~. 4-23 15 0~~(31~0 1(0111 3 120-~ 60-112 511~~1~.
111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~1111 311 3..,~(3~~ ..,3111~ 01 1. 15 ~0111111110115~1111 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~
~0111~111. 111~ 111(115 (3110 01111~ 1(311510(111~( 15 111111~. 11111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 15 0. = 70/3,
(()) 015~13~~111~11113~10(~ 3110 (~)
~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 113(1110111~ 13~10( 01111~111 ~11((~111~
111~111~0~~( 13~10(.
5~1111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-23.
4-5. ~~~~31 ~(00.
4-2 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~
4-6. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~1111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-23 15 0~~(31~0 1(0111 3 120- ~ 60-112 511~~1~.
5 11111,
111~ 1030 ~01151515 01 5~(1~5-~01111~~1~0 (~5151311~~, ~ = 10 0, 111011~1311~~, 1- =
3110 0311~(~ ..,0113~~, ~ = 20~. (3) ~)(~(~55 111~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~ 1113 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5,
3110 (()) 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (1115 ..,3111~ 01111~ 10~~51-0(0~( 0111~111113(1110111~ ~11((~111.

4-7. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-4 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-33.
4-8. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-2 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-33.
4-9. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-6 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-33.
4-10. 111~ 01131 ~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-4315 0~~(31~0 1(0111 3 120-~ 60-112 511~~1~ 3110 0~11..,~(5
= 20~.
(1~~1~-1(~~ 3..,~(3~~ ~11((~111 01100 111~ ~1(~11131111~ 1-, = 5 11111,
111011~1311~~,
3110 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 3(~ 0.1 = 300 3110 0.2 = 1500. ~31~11131~ 111~~~3(( ~1(~11131111~
~11((~111 3110 111~ ~~3(( ~11((~111 01 ~011..,~(1~( 1.

4-11. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~(1~5 5~1111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-5315 0~~(31~01(0111 3120-~ 60-112 511~~1~

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 ~110 10.~ 10~0 ~~5151~11~~, 1(. = 10 0. 1( 10.~ ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111..,011~~~ 15 75% 0( 10.~
111~)(111111111
))055101~ ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111..,011~~~, ~~1~111~1~ 10~ (3) 0~1~~ ~11~1~5 0( ~011..,~~1~~5,
(.,) ~1115~110 ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111 ~11~~~1115, (~) ~..,~~~~~ ~110 ~111510.~~1510~ ~11~~~1115, ~110 (())
111))111))0~~~ (3~10~.
4-12. ,.1. 5111~1~-))0.~5~ 5~~1~5 5~1111~011..,~~1~~111~1~. 4- 5~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 120- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~.
10~ 10~0 ~11~~~111~110. ~11 ~..,~~~~~ ..,~111~ 0( 10 15 ~0111111110115~110 10~ ~1))))1~ ~0111~111 15
11~~11~101~. 10~ 111~115~3110 0( 10~ 1~~115(0~111~~ 15 1-1,)1-1, = 2. 1( 0~1~~ ~11~1~5 ~1~ ~1
= 0 ~110 ~2 = 7//3, ~~1~111~1~ 10~ (3) 0.~~1110111~(~~10~ 0( 111))111~11~~~111~(.,) 015()1~~~111~111
(~~10~~ ~110 (~) 111))111))0~~~ (~~10~.
4-13. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-11 (0~ 10.~ 5111~1~-))0.~5~ 5~~1~5 (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-6~.
4-14. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-12 (0~ 10.~ 5111~1~-))0.~5~ 5~~1~5 (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-6~.
4-15. 10~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ 0.~1(-~~..,~ ~011..,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-73 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 10~~~-))0.~5~
~ -~01111~~1~0 220- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~ ~110 ~ (~~~~0.~~1111~ 0100~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 ~~~055 10.~
10~0. 10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~111~110. ~11 ~..,~~~~~ ..,~111~0( 1015 ~0111111110115~110 10~ ~1()))1~ ~0111~111
15 11~~11~101~. 1( 10.~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~, ~ = 7//3, ~~1~111~1~ 10.~ (3) 0.~~1110111~(~~10~ 0( 111()111
~11~~~111~ (.,) (15))1~~~111~111 (~~10~~ ~110 (~) 111))111))0~~~ (~~10~.
4-16. 10.~ 10.~~~-))035~ 0~1(-~~..,~ ~011..,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-7~ 15 0))~~31~0 (~0111 ~ 10~~~-))0.~5~
~-~01111~~1~0 220- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~ ~110 10~ 10~0 ~~5151~11~~ 15 1(.
= 100. 1( 10~ ~..,~~~~~
0(11))111 ..,011~~~ 15 25% 0( 10.~ 111~)(111111111
))055101~ ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111 ..,011~~~, ~~1~(1)~1~ 10.~
(3) 0~1~~ ~11~1~~ (.,) ~1115~110 ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111 ~11~~~1115~ (~) ~..,~~~~~ ~110 ~1115 10.~~1510~
~11~~~1115~ (()) ~~~11(1~~11011 ~((1~1~11~~~ (~) 1~3115(0~111~~ 1111112~11011(~~10~~ ~110 (1) 111))111
))0~~~ (~~10~.
4-17. 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ 0.~1(-~~..,~ ~011..,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-7~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 10~~~-))0~5~
~ -~01111~~1~0 220- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~ ~110 ~ (~~~~0.~~1111~ 0100~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 ~~~055 10~
10~0. 10.~ 10~0 ~01151515 0( 5~~1~5-~01111~~1~0 ~~5151~11~~, 1(.
= 10 0, 111011~1~11~~, ~ =
5 1111-1,~110 0~11~~~ ..,011~~~, ~ = 20~. (3) ~)())~~55 10.~ 11151~111~11~01150(11))111 ..,011~~~
111~ ~011~1~~ 5~~1~5, ~110 (.,) 0~1~~111111~ 10.~ ~1115..,~111~ 0( 10.~ 10~~51-0~0~~ 0.~~1110111~011
10.~ 0(11))111 ~11~~~111.
4-18. 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ 5~1111~011..,~~1~~111~1~. 4-8~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 10.~~~-()0.~5~ ~ -~01111~~1~0
220-~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~.
10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~111~110. ~11 ~..,~~~~~ ..,~111~ 0( 1015 ~0111111110115~110
11~~11~101~ ~1))))1~ ~0111~111. 10.~ 111~115~~110 0( 10.~ 1~~115(0~111~~ 15 111111~. 1( 10.~ 0~1~~
~11~1~ 15 ~ = 27//3, ~~1~111~1~ 10.~ (3) 0.~~1110111~(~~10~ 0( 111))111~11~~~111~(.,) (15))1~~~111~111
(~~10~~ ~110 (~) 111))111))0~~~ (~~10~.
4-19. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-16 (0~ 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.35~ 5~1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-8~.
4-20. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-19 1( 10.~ ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111 ..,011~~~ 15 90% 0( 10.~ 111~)(111111111
))055101~
0(11))111 ..,011~~~.
4-21. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-17 (0~ 10.~ 10~~~-))0.~5~ 5~1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-83.
4-22. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-18 (0~ 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-93.
4-23. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-16 (0~ 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-9~.
4-24. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-17 (0~ 10.~ 10~~~-))0.~5~ (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-%.
4-25. 10~ 10~~~-))0~5~ 011~1 ~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-10~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 10.~~~-()0~5~ ~ -~011-
11~~1~0 220-~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~ ~110 10~ 10~0 ~~5151~11~~, 1(. 10 11. 10~ ~1~~111~1111~
=
111011~1~11~~, ~~ = 5 1111-1, ~110 10.~ 0~)~~ ~11~1~5 3~~ ~1 = 600 ~110 ~2 = 1200. ~~1~111~1~
10.~ ))~~)( ~1~~111~1111~~11~~~111~110 10.~ ))~~)( ~11~~~1110( ~011..,~~1~~5.
4-26. 10.~ 5111~1~-))0.35~ 5~1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-11~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 3 120- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~
~110 115~5 ~11 ~)(1111~11011~11~1~ ~0111~01. 10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~111~110. ~11 3..,~~~~~ ..,~111~ 0(
10
15 ~0111111110115 3110 0.~5 11~~11~101~ ~1))))1~ 1(
~0111~111. 10.~ ~)(1111~11011 ~11~1~ 15 (3
= 7//3,

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 (.,) 113(1110111~ 13~10( 01111~111 ~11((~111~ (~) 015-
~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 0111~111 ~~0 3110 ~,01$~
~13~~111~11113~10(~ 3110 ((1) 111~111~0~~( 13~10(.

4-27. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-26 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011~~(1~( 111~1~. 4-123.

4-28. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-18 115~111111~1(1~31-311~1~ ~0111(0115 115~0.

4-29. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-18 11 ~)(1111~~6011-311~1~ ~0111(0115 115~0.
4-30. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~1111~011~~(1~( 111~1~. 4-11315 0~~(31~0 ~11113 511111501031~~~ ~0111(01
3110 15 511~~11~0 1(0111 3 120- ~ 60-1-1~ 511~~1~. 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~1111 311 3~~(3~~ ~3111~
01/. 15 ~011611110115 ~111111~~11~101~ (1~~1~ ~0111~111. 111~(~ 3(~ 11~~ ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~~~1~
3110 111~ ~1115~5 3(~ ~1 = 7.930,01 = 5.820~ ~2 = 300,02 = 16.250~ ~3 = 52.070,03 =
127.930~ ~4 = 133.750,04 = 16.250~ = 5.820.
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= -0 37.119 = 52.494~. 111~ 3~~~3~~ ~1.1~~~111
01 3 111~~1810~,13~ = 52.494/10
= 16. 71~. 111~ ~(118~1.1~~~111
01 3 111~~1810~,1,,,.,, =
52.474/2 = 26.247~. 111~ ~~3/( 111~~~8~~0113~~ 013 111~~1810~,~1~ = -0 )( 440 =
762.1 ~.

$0110-81(11~ (1~ (100 0~ 8~11~11~8 11(1~~ (1 011~0~( 01 (10~(101(1~~8 0~~( ~00~~01100(11

~1~~1(0~~~11(101~(11 8~11~11~8 (100 (~1(1)18. ~1111 111~ 0~~~10~~~018 01 ~0~~( 8~~1-
~00011~10( 0~~1~~8 (100 101~~((11~0 ~1(~11118, 81(111~8~11~11~8 ~(10 1100 (1 ~10~ ((10~~ 01
(1~~11~(111008 10 1001181(1(11~001(01. $1(111~ 8~11~11~8 ~(10 0~ 101~(1(1~~0 ~1111 01~11(110(
~0~~111~( ~001(01 8)181~~8.

1. ~. 11. ~~3~~, ..0~1311~0 0~81~11 013 13-/(~, 13-/(~ 0~ 80110 8131~ 11.1~11-0118~11~11.,, 1~~~
1110-/-/5(,)1.4~~//~0(/0115 ~011/~,~11~~ 8.~~0,0-, 1985,
~~. 1221-1226.
2. ~. 11. 03~8011, 1,. ~. 1,3118111~, 3110 8. 13. 0~~311, ..~ 1381 0~ ~1.1~~~1110~~3/(~~.,,
1~~~
1,01150~(/0115 011 1110-/-/5(,)1.4~~//~0(/0115, ~01. 1~21, ~0. 5, 1985,
~~. 1176-1181.

5-1. ~113118 3 81311~ 8~11~117

5-2. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 0111~~~11~~8 0~1~~~11 3~ 3110 0~ 8~11~11~87

134

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5-3. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 01 51311~ 5~11~11~5 0..,~~ 111~~113111~310~ ~1~~1~0111~~113111~31
5~11~11~57
5-4. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 3110 01530..,31113~~5 01111..,~~5~-~3~311~1111~~1510~ 3~ 5~11~11~5 7
5-5. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 3110 01530..,31113~~5 011~1,4.~ 3~ 5~11~11~57
5-6. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 3110 01530..,31113~~5 01 0100~ 3110 111~~1510~ 3~ 5~11~11~5 7
5-7. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 3110 01530..,31113~~5 01000~~ ~~~1111~~3110 111~0510~ 3~ 5~11~11~57
5-8. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~11~~15 011030 111011~1311~~ 011 111~ ~31111~ ~~~111~~111~111501 3~ 5~11~11~57
5-9. ~113115 111~ ~~111~1~1~ 01 0~~~311011 01 55~57
5-10. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 111~111005 01150131111~ 111~ ~0111~01 ~1~~11111~0111 111~ 1030 ~1~~111101 55~57
5-11. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 13~10~5 111..,01..,~0 111111~ 0~51~11 01 0~ 5~11~11~57
5-12. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 13~10~5 111..,01..,~0 111111~ 0~51~11 01 3~ 5~11~11~57
5-13. ~11311~~~ 01 ~011111111131101115 ~~~111~~0 10~ 0~ 5~11~11~57
5-14. ~11311~~~ 01 ~011111111131101115 ~~~111~~0 10~ 3~ 5~11~11~57

5-1. ,4. 5111~1~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011111 ~1~. 5-13 15 115~0 0~1~~~11 3 120-~ 60-
1-12 1113111511~~1~ 3110 311 111011~11..,~1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 15 /(~ 31 3 ~0~~~ 13~10~
01 0. 90 13~~111~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111~31111~5 01111~ 111~~1510~5.
5-2. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ 11~111~311~1~5 01111~~1510~5 11 3110 12 111~~00. 5-1.
5-3. ,4. 5111~1~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011 111~1~. 5-33 15 115~0 0~1~~~11 3 120- ~ 60-
1-12 1113111511~~1~ 3110 311 111011~11..,~1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 15 /(~ 31 3 ~0~~~ 13~10~
01 0. 90 13~~111~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111~31111~5 01 0100~5 3110 111~~1510~5.
5-4. ,4. 5111~1~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011 111~1~. 5-43 15 115~0 0~1~~~11 3 120- ~ 60-
1-12 1113111511~~1~ 3110 311 111011~11..,~1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 15 /(~ 31 3 ~0~~~ 13~10~
010.9013~~111~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111~31111~5 01111~ 111~~1510~ 3110 0100~5
111111~ 0~10~~ ~~~1111~~.
5-5. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ 11~111~311~1~5 01111~~1510~5 11 111~~00. 5-4.
5-6. ,4. 111~~~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011111~1~. 5-53 15 115~0 0~1~~~11 3 111~~~-~1135~
440-~ 60-1-12 511~~1~ 3110 3 111~~~-~1135~ ~~~-~01111~~1~0 1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 20
/(~ 31 3 ~0~~~ 13~10~ 010.86 13~~111~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111~31111~5 01
111~~1510~5.
5-7. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ 11~111~311~1~5 01111~~1510~5 111~~00. 5-6.
5-8. ~~~~31 ~~00. 5-6 10~ 3 0~113-~01111~~1~0 1030.
5-9. ,4. 111~~~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011111~1~. 5-61135 3 111~~~-~1135~ 440-~ 60-1-12
111~1113110 3 111~~~-~1135~ ~~~-~01111~~1~0 1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 20 /(~ 31 3 ~0~~~
13~10~ 01 0.86 13~~111~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111 ~31111~5 01 0100~5 3110
111~~1510~5.
..,0113~~,
5-10. ,4. 111~~1510~ 0~ 5~11~11111 ~1~. 5-111135 31030 ~~5151311~~, ~~ = 5 0~ 0~ 511~~1~
(7 40 ,.,..~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~
~5 = 220 ~~ 111011~1311~~, 1. = 40 ,.,..1-1~
3110 ~3~3~11311~~, =
(3) ~~3/( ~11~~~111111~011~11111~~1510~ 13, 3110 (~) 11111~~~~111~~0 10 ~~011~~ 111~ ~11~~~11101
111~~1510~ 11 1~0111 111~ 51~30~-5131~ ..,3111~ 10 2~~0.

135

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 5-11. ~0( ~(00. 5-10, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 11(11~ (~().111(~0 10( 111~ ~(1~(1~110( 10 015~11(1(~~ 1(0(11 21/,
10 2~(0 (111~( 111~ 11011~ 01111~(1510( 12.
5-12. ~ 111~(1510( 0~ 8~11~11111 ~1~. 5-1111(18 (110(10 (~8151(111~~,
~1- = 0.5 .0~ 511~~1~ .,,011(1~~,
1/, = 220 ~ ~ 111011~1(111~~,1.
= 40 ~1-1~ 3.110 ~3.~3.~113.11~~, ~ = 80 ~)=0. 11111~ ~~11~111~
0~~((11~0 (11 (11(~().11~11~~ 0160 1-12, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (3) ~~(1/(, ((115, (1110 (1.,,~((1~~ ~11((~1115
01111~(1510(8 11, 12, (1110 13~ (1110 (/)) ((118 ~11((~111 ((1611~ 01 ~(1~(1~110(.
5-13. ~0( ~(00. 5-12, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 6(11~ (~().111(~0 10( 111~ ~(1~(1~110( 10 015~11(1(~~ 1(0(11 21/,
10 2~(0 (111~( 111~ 11(111~ 01111~(1810( 12.

136

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 6

~~ 03.,,~ 5~~11111~03~1~( 510(110)1(1510(5 ~311 0~ 0~~(31~0 35 5~11~0~5. 11(10)1(1510(

5~11~0 15 ~01111~~1~0 0~1~~~11 3~ 511~~1)1 3110 1030, 10~ ~0~~( 110~ ~311 0~ ~0111(011~0
0)1 .,,3()11118 10~ (((15 .,,3111~ 01 3~ .,,01138~ 3~~11~0 10 10~ 1030~ 3110 1015 1)1~~ 01 ~0~~(
~1(~111115 ~110~11 35 311 (1~ 110/((115€~011(,.0//€,.. 10~ ((1051 ~0((1((1011 3~~11~3110115 01 3~
1(311510(((1~( 13~ ~031181118, 11801
.,,01138~ ~0111(011~(5 3(~~ 11101151(1310~311118, 011-1030
((1010(5, 3110 3~ ((13811~1 ~0111(015.
~0111(015, 5~~~0 ~0111(01 01 ~01)1~035~ 111011~11011
~0( ~0~~( 1(31151~(, 1~0 1)1~~5 01 ~0111(01 3(~ 110(((1311)1115~0~

1. 011-011 ~0111(01
2. ~035~-31181~ ~0111(01

111 011-011 ~0111(01, 10)1(1510( 5~11~0~5 ~01111~~110~ 1030 10 10~ 3~ 5011(~~ 10( 3
1~~ ~)1~1~5 01111~111 .,,01138~ 3110 10~11 015~01111~~11110( 311010~( 1~~ ~)1~1~5. 111 ~035~
~0111(01, 10)1(1510( 5~11~0~5 ~01111~~110~ 1030 10 3~ 5011(~~ 10( 3 ~0(11011 01 ~3~0 ~)1~1~
01111~111 .,,01138~.
10~ 3~ .,,01138~ ~0111(011~(5 ~311 0~ ~1355111~0 11110 1~0 1)1~~5~ (1) 511181~-~035~
~0111(011~(5 3110 (2) 10(~~-~035~ ~0111(011~(5. ~3~0 1)1~~ ~311 0~ 511001.,,10~0 11110 (3)
~0111(01 3110 (0) 0101(~~1101131 0( 11111-~3.,,~ ~0111(01. 10~(~
1111101(~~1101131 0( 0311-~3.,,~

137

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 (1(~ ~(1(101.18 ~001181.1((111008 0~ 111(~~-~11(18~ ~001(011~(8
0~~~00108 00 111~ ~000~~11008
0~ 111)1(1810( 8~11~11~8.
510~~ 111~ 10~1.11 ~011(18~ 18 (1~, 111)1(1810(8 (1(~ 110~ ~0((1((11.11(11~0~ (100 ~11(18~-~001(01
111)1(1810(8, ~111~11 (1(~ (~1(111~~1)110~)(~~081~~ (100 810~~~ 111(101(181-8~11(11111~ 111)1~1810~8,
(1(~ 00(((1(111)1 1.18~0. ~0( (1~~11~(111008 1.1~ 10 400 1-12, 1~ 1~1~~8 (1(~ (1~(111(101~ 10
((1~~1111~ ~011(18~ (100 ~1.1((~01 ((111088 0~ (1 ~(1(11~1.11(1( (1~~11~(11100, 1~11-.~8 (1(~ ((10(~
~0((1((1001)11.18~0.
01.1~ 10 110~ 0( 0(111.1~(11 ~0((1((11.11(11100, 111~(~ 18 00 0~~0 0~ ~)(1((1 ~0((1((11.11(11100
~1(~1.111()1 (100 111~ ~1(~1.1118 ~0( (1~ ~011(18~ ~001(011~(8 (1(~ ~~()1 81((1~1~. 01.1~ 10 111~
0(111.1(~ 0~ 01.11~1.11 ~(1~~~0(((18, 111~ (10(11)1818 ~0( 111~ 0~(1~(111008 0~ ~)(~11~11 ~)(~(~881008
~0( 111~ ~~(~0(((1(10~~ ~(1((1((1~1~(8 0~ ~1(~1.1118 (1(~ 001 81((1~1~, ~8~~~1(111)1 ~0( ~11(18~-
(1081~-~001(011~0 ~00~~(1~(8 ~1111 ~1. 10(108. ~0( 111~ 8(1~~ 0~ 81((1~11~11)1, (~81811~~
10(108 (1(~ ~00810~(~0 10 11118 ~11(1~1~( 10 ~0((1~(1(~ 111~ ~~(~0(((1(10~~8 0~ ~(1(101.18 ~00-
~181.1((111008.

111~ ~(10~1~1~ 0~ 00-0~~ ~001(01 ~(10 0~ ~)(~1(110~0 ~1111 (1

81081~-~11(18~ ~1.111-~(1~~
~001(011~( (18 8110~0 10 ~18. 6-1(1. 111~ 111)1(1810( 8~11~11 ~000~~18 111~ (1~ 81.1~~1)110
10(10 ~0( (1 11((1~ (/1~ 111~ 8~11~1118 11.1(0~0 0~~ 0)1 (1 8(11~ ~1.118~ 10111011108 ~0( 11((1~ (0.
111~ 00-11((1~, (/1, 1.181.1(111)1
~0081818 0~ (10 101~8((11 01.1((10~( 0~ ~)1~1~8. 111~ 111)1(1810(8
(1(~ 11.1(0~0 00 (11 111~ 2~(0-~011(18~ ~(0881088 0~ (1~ 10~1.11 ~011(18~. 111~ 8(11~ ~1.118~8
~0( 111)1(1810(8 11 (100 12 (100 111~ ~(1~~~0(((18 ~0( 10~1.11 (100 01.11~1.11 ~011(18~8 (1(~ 8110~0
10 ~18. 6-10.
11118 1)1~~ 0~ ~001(0118 (1~~11~0 10 (1~~11~(111008, ~111~1111(1~~ (1111811 ((1~~11(101~(11
10~(11(1 (100 111811111~(((1(1111((1~ ~0081(101 (~.8., 1001.181(1(1111~(11108 (100 8~~~0 ~001(01
0~ ((1010(8). 01.1~ 10 2~(0 ~011(18~ 8~11~11108 0~ 111)1(1810(8, 111~ 11(1(((1001~8 8~0~((11~0
0)1 8~11~11108 (1~11008 (1(~ (~01.1~~0.
~0( (1 8101.18010(1110~1.11~011(18~, 1)$
= ~ 111810 0)( = -0 ~$ 810 0)(. 1~ 111~ 10~1.11
~011(18~ 18 ~000~~1~0 10 10(10 ~0( 11 ~)1~1~8 (100 18 018~000~~1~0 ~0( 111 ~)1~1~8, 111~ (((18
01.11~1.11 (0( 10(10) ~011(18~ ~(10 0~ ~01.100 ~(0((1

102-.. )1/2
~0 = (210(1111+ 111) 2~~ 8102 0)( €/(0)()
(6-1)

11).
$ =11~
$
111+11

~11~(~ /( = 11/(111 + 11) (100 /( 18 ~(111~0 111~ €//1/)19~/~. ~$ 18 111~ (((18 ~11(18~ ~011(18~.
111~ ~1(~1.111 ~00~181.1((111008 ~0( 00-0~~ ~001(01 (1(~ 81((111(1(
10 11108~ 0~ ~11(18~ ~001(01
(100 111~ ~~(~0(((1(10~~ (10(11)1818 18 (1180 81((111(1(. ~0( 111~8~ (~(18008, 111~ ~11(18~-~001(01
1~~1101~1.1~8 (1(~ 0(1)1 018~1.188~0 (100 (10(11)12~0 10 11118 ~11(1~1~(.

~1(801~.~ 6-1

1-. 3~ ~01138~ ~0111(011~( 111 ~18. 6-13 038 3 (~81811~~ 1030 0(

~ = 10 0 3110 10~ (1118
111~(11 ~01138~ 18 ~$
= 120 ~, 60 1-12. 10~ 10)1(1810(8 8~11~0 18 011 (0( /1 = 25 ~)1~1~8

138

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 ,.., 1/.

~. ~..
+ ,..2 0
~0

1,. 1. ~~..
0

9,
1
0
1.0 ~~92(0(118 ~~158
01,..2

0.8 ~~0

0.6 (~) ~(11/810~015

0.4

0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

(~) ~0~8~ 1(1~10~

(0) 10~111
300 18 0~~ ~0~ /11. = 75 ~~~1~5. 0~1~~11110~ 111~ (3) ~11150111~111 ...0113~~, ~0~
~0~~~ ~3~10~, ~~~ 300 (~) 3...~~3~~ 300 ~1115 ~11~~~01 0~ 111~~1510~5.

801111100 ~= 10 0, ~5 = 120 ,, ~,,, = -0

)(
120 = 169.7 ,,300 /( = 11/(11+ /11.)
= 25/100 = 0.25.
(3) ~~0111 ~~. (6-1), 111~ ~1115 ...3111~ 0~ 0111~111 ...0113~~ 15

(25 ,
. 1(
~ 0 = ~ 5,,.,.. = ~ 5~/11.+11
11
/ = 120 ~100 = 60

300 111~ ~1115 1030 ~11~~~0115 10 = ~)~ = 60/10 = 6.0 /1...

(0) 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 110 = 1~~ = 62 )( 10 = 360~. 510~~ 111~10~111~11~~~01
15 111~ 53111~ 35 111~ 1030 ~11~~~01, 111~ 10~111 ...011-3111~~~~5 15

~~=~=~=~
,/1.. /11.+ 11 (6-2)

= ~0.25 = ~~~
= 0.5 (13~~10~)

16.97 /1... 111~

139
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 /1 ~
_ 1,,./1 /(1,,.
1~ = 1,,. 81110)/ ()(0)/) =
210 ( 111 + /1) 10 -
10(111 + /1) 10
((6- 3)
16.97 )(
= 0.25 = 1.35 ~
10

(~
1/2
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18 = ( /1

210(111+ /1) )0
1~ 811120)/ ()(0)/)
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1,,.
2 ~ 111 + /1
= 2 (6-4)
16~97 )( ~0.25 = 4.24 ~
=

1-/0/~. 111~ ~0~~( 13~10( 300 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~3()1 ~1111111~ 5().1.13(~ (001 01111~
01.11)1 ~)1~1~. 111~ ~0~~( 13~10( 15 ~00( 31111~ 10~ ~311.1~ 01 01.11)1111~ ~)1~1~, /(, 300 15
5110~0 10 ~1~. 6-1~.

111~ ~(10~1~1~ 01 ~1135~ ~001(01 ~30 0~ ~)(~1310~0 ~1111 (~1~(~0~~ 10 ~1~. 6-23. 111~
~0~~( 110~ 10 111~ 1030 15 ~001(011~0 0)1 0~13)110~ 111~ 11(10~ 30~1~ 01 111)1(1510( 11.
~1~1.1(~ 6-20 1111.151(31~5111~ ~31~ ~1.115~5 01111)1(1510( 11 300 111~ ~3~~10((115 10( 111~
10~1.11 300 01.11~1.11~0113~~5. 01.1~ 10 111~ ~(~5~0~~ 010100~ ()1, 111~ ~001(01 (30~~ 15
11(1111~0300 111~ ~11~~11~~ ((115 01.11~1.11~0113~~ ~30 001)1 0~ ~3(1~0 0~1~~~0 70.7 300
100%. 111~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ 300 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01 3(~ 35)1(11(11~1(1~31300 ~001310 3 0~
~0(11~00~01. 11111~(~ 15 30 10~1.111(30510((11~(, 11 (113)1 0~ 5311.1(31~0. 1015 ~1(~1.11115
3 510~1~-~035~ 0311-~3~~ ~001(011~( 300 15 51.111301~ 001)1 10( 10~-~0~~( (~5156~~
10305, 51.1~1135 0~360~ 300 11~060~. 810~~ 10~ ~0~~( 110~ 15 ~001(011~0 01.1(10~ 10~
~0516~~ 0311-~)1~1~ 01 10~1.11 ~0113~~, 1015 1)1~~ 01 ~001(011~( 15 3150 ~00~0 35 3
/111/0-/,~~(/011(1/ ~011(,0//~,.

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 0)( 15 111~ 111~111 ~011~8~ ~110 111~ 0~1~)1 ~1181~ 01
111)$ = ~,,,,51110)( = 0 ~$ 5111
111)1(1510( 11 15 0)( = ~, 111~ (1115 0111~111 ~011~8~ 15 1011110 1(0111
,~
110 ~ 211~8.0, .,, 0(.,,) + )~. 211~5.0, .,, .1(.,,)1
(2~ ()~ 1

(2~ ()~ (1 - = 2.,,) .1(.,,) + )~. (1 - = 2.,,,) .1(.,,) 11,~ (6-5)

511122~))1/2
~$ (270 - ~ +
(2~

111~ ~~~(~8~ ~~111~ 01 0111~111 ~011~8~ 15

0)( ~(0)/) + )~,, 0 0)( ~(0)/)

~ 00 =
2~ ()~
0 ~$ 5111 ~$ 5111
) (6-6)
0~$
= - 270 (~05 ~ - 1)

11 ~ 15 ~~(1~0 1(0111 0 10 70, ~ 0 ~~(1~5 1(0111 ~$ 10 ~/0 ~110 ~ 00 ~~(1~0 1(0111 0 10

-0 ~/70.
~,.301))1~ 6-2
10 0. 311()
~ 5111~1~-~0.35~3~ .,,0113~~ ~0111(011~(111111~.6-230.35 3 (~5156.,,~ 103() 01 ~ =
= 70/2.
10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~ 15 ~5 = 120 ,, 60 1-12. 10.~ ()~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~(1510( 1) 15 ~
(/)) 111~111~0~~( 13~10(, ~11~ 311()
0~1~(111111~10.~ ((1) (1115.,,3111~010111~111 .,,0113~~, ~0~
(~) 3.,,~(3~~ 111~111~11((~111.
)(
80101100 ~ = 10 0., ~5 = 120 ,, ~ = 70/2, 311()~,,, = 0 120 = 169.7 ,.
(3) 11(01118().. (6-5), 10.~ (1115.,,3111~0110.~ 0111~111.,,0113~~,

,
~0 = 120

(/)) 10.~ (1115 103() ~11((~111,

~ = 103.92

~0 103.92
/0 = = = 10 .392 ~
~ 10

)(
110 = /~~ = 10.3922 10 = 1079.94 ~
103() ~11((~111, 10.~ 111~111 .,,011-3111~~(~ (31111~
5111~~ 10.~ 111~111 ~11((~11115 10.~ 53111~ 35 10.~
15

(6-7)

141
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 (~) ~(0111 .6(). (6-6), 111~ 3 ~(3~~ 0111~111 0113~~,

)( 0
~00 = - 120 - = - 27 ~
210
3110 111~ 3 ~(3~~ 111~111~11((~111,

/0
_
-
~00 _ 27
-2.7 ~
-
~ 10
,.,,0(~.
111~ 0~~311 ~ 81~0 0~ 10 81~01~1~8 11131 111~ 10~111 ~11((~01 ()11(10~ 111~
~08111 ~ 1131~-~~~1~ 18 1~88 11130 11131 ()11(10~ 111~ 0~~311 ~ 1131~-~~~1~. 1~ 111~(~ 18 30
10~111 1(308~0((0~(, 111~ 1(308~0((0~( ~0(~ (03~ 0~ 83111(31~(). 111~ 1101()1(~~110031
~001(0118 001 00((0311~ 118~() 10 ~(3~11~~.

6-4 5,~(2~~-~..,.45~ 8,(),~~~~,0~.4~ ~0~~~0~~~~5 ~,~..,~

~~5,5~,~~ ~0.4()5

111~ ~(001~(0 0~ ()~ 10~111 ~11((~01 ~30 0~ ~(~ ~01~() 0~ 11810~ 01()1(~~110031 (0( ~1111-
~3 ~) ~001(01, 30() 3 810~1~-~1138~ ~1111-~3 ~ ~001(011~( ~1111 3 (~81811 ~ 103() 18 8110~0
10 ~1~. 6-33. 011(10~ 111~ ~08111 ~ 1131~-~~~1~ 0~ 10~111 0113~~, 111~ ~0~~( ~0~ 18
~001(011~() 0~ 3(~10~ 111~ ()~13~ 30~1~ 0~ 111~(1810( 11 ~ 30() 111~(1810( 12 ~001(018 111~
~0~~( ~0~ ()11(10~ 111~ 0~~311 ~ 1131~-~~~1~ 0~ 10~111 0113~~. 111~ ~1(10~ ~1118~8 0~
11 30() 12 3(~ ~~~11800 3~3(1. 111~ ~3 ~~0((08 ~0( 111~10~111 0113~~, 0111~111 0113~~,
30() ~3110~ 81~0318 ~0( 11 30()
12 3(~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-30.
())(
1~ 1)5 = 0
115 810 18 111~ 10~111 0113~~ 30() 111~ ()~13~ 30~1~8 0~ 111~(1810(8
1) 30() 12 3(~ ~~1131 (11 = (12
= (1, 111~ ((08 0111~111 0113~~ ~30 0~ ~0110() ~(0(0
1/2

110 = 1,.,, 211~ 8102 ())( (/( ())()

(2~ )
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1,.,,(1 - 2())() (/(())()
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18 ~088101~ 10 113 ~ 3 ~0(0(000 ~31110()~ ~0( 11 30() 12 0~ 3()()10~ 1~0 ()10()~8 38 8110~0
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~~~1~~ 30() 111~(1810( 12 30() ()10()~ /)2 ~00()11~1 ()11(10~ 111~ 0~~311 ~ 1131~-~~~1~. $10~~
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~0~~( ()~ 1~~8 ~00()11~110~ 31111~ 83(0~ 11(0~, 111~ ~00()11~1100 1088~8 0~ ()~ 1~~8 ~0111()
10~(~38~ 30() ~~~1~1~0~~ ~0111() 0~ (~()11~~().
~ 810~1~-~1138~ ~1111-~3 ~ ~001(011~( ~30 3180 0~ 1(0~1~(0~01~() ~111100~ 111~(1810(
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111~ 0113~~ 3~(088 111~(1810( 11, 30() 118 ~11((~01, 3(~ 31~3~8 1101()1(~~110031. ~1111

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111 ~~~(~ 11311-~~~1~, 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-50. 1-10~~~~(, 11111~(~ 15 3 13(~~ 111~1.1~1311~~
111 111~ ~1(~1.111, 111~(1510( 111113~ 1101 0~ 11.1(11~~ 011111 ~~~(~ 11311-~~~1~ 01111111.11 ~0113~~,
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1(31151510() 3~1 35 3 0/(//,.~~(/0~(1/ 8~/(~/1, ~111~1115 ~0111111~(~1311~ 3~311301~ 35 3 5111~1~
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1) 3110 12 3(~ ~~1.131= ~1 = ~2 = ~ = ,,,/2. 0~1~(01111~ 10.~ (3) (111501.11~1.11
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((1) ~~0111 ~(). (6-8), 111~~11150111~111...011(1~~,

~ 120 = 169.7~.

120
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10(10 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 6-6(1. 1.~1 115 (15511111~ 10(11 10~(1510( 11 15 11(~0 011(10~ 10~
~05111~~ 0(111-~~~1~ (100 ~(1((1~5 10~ 10(10 ~11((~01. 011~ 10 10011~1(10~~ 10 10~ ~1(~1111,
10~ ~11((~01 0110~(1510( 11 111(1~ 0011(111 10 2~(0 (11 0)( = 10, ~0~0 10~ 10~111 ~011(1~~

51(1(15 10 0~ 0~~(111~~. 10~(1510( 11 ~111 ~0011011~ 10 ~00011~1110111115 ~11((~0111 1(1115

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111~ 111)1(1510( ~1.1((~01, 8~1108 ~1.115~5, ~00 10~1.11 .,,011~8~ ~(~ 5110~0 10 ~18. 6-60.
1111. = 0 ~. 510 ())(15 111~ 1051~01~0~01.15 10~1.11 .,,011~8~ ~00 111~ 0~1~)1 ~081~
0(111)1(1510( 11 15 ~, 111)1(1510( ~1.1((~0111 ~~0 0~ 101.100 1(001

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111~ ~0051~01 ..41 ~~0 0~ 0~1~(0110~0 1(001 111~ 10111~1 ~00011100~ ~1 ())(
= ~, 11
= 0. ~(001 ~(). (6-10) ..41 15 101.100 ~5
0~.
..41 = -- 510 (~ - 6)€(~/1.)(000)) (6-14)
7.
81.1051111.1110001..411(001 ~(). (6-14) 10 ~(). (6-13) )11~105

. 0~.. .
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111~ ~081~ ~, ~11~0 ~1.1((~01 11 1~115 10 ~~(0 ~00 111)1(1510( 11 15 11.1(0~0 011, ~~0 0~
101.100 1(001 111~ ~00011100~ 11(())(
= ~) = 0 10 ~(). (6-15) ~00 1581.,,~0 0)1111~(~1~1100
510 (~ - 6) = 510 (~ -
6)€(~/1.)(()(-(3)/0)
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111~ ~081~ ~, ~111~1115 ~150 ~00~0 ~5 ~0 €~(111~(1011011/5/€, ~~0 0~ 0~1~(0110~0 1(001
111151(~05~~00~0~~1 ~()1.1~1100 ~00 11 (~()1.11(~5 ~0 11~(~11.,,~ 01~11100 015011.11100. 00~~
~ 15 ~00~0, 111~ ~0001.1~1100 ~081~ (8) 0(111)1(1510( 11 ~~0 0~ 101.100 1(001

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3110 111~ (1115 01.11..,1.11~1.1((~111 ~311 111~11 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 0)1 ~01110111111~ 111~ (1115 ~1.1((~111
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10 = (1~ + 1~)1/2= ~ 18. (6-20)

111~ 3~~(3~~ ~311.1~ 01111)1(1510( ~1.1((~111 ~311 3150 0~ 101.1110 1(0111 ~(). (6-15) 35

1 ~
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210 1 0.
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11 ~ 5
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111~ ~31111~ 51~11315 01111)1(1510(5 ~01.110 0~ 5110(1 ..,1.115~5 10( 3 ~0111(011~( ~1111
(~51511~~ 10305. 1-10~~~~(, 51.1~11 5110(1 ..,1.115~5 3(~ 1101 51.111301~ 10( 11101.1~11~~ 10305.
11115 ~311 0~ ~)(..,13111~0 ~1111 (~1~(~11~~ 10 ~1~. 6-60. ~11~11 111)1(1510( 12 15 11(~0 31
())(
= 10 + ~, 111)1(1510( 11 15 51111 ~01101.1~1111~ 01.1~ 10 1030 11101.1~1311~~.
())(
13)1111~ 11111~
= ~= ~ + 8,
111~ ~1.1((~111 01111)1(1510( 11 13115 10 2~(0 3110 11 15 11.1(11~0 011 31
111~ ~31~ ..,1.115~ 01111)1(1510( 12 1135 31(~30)1 ~~35~0 3110 ~0115~()1.1~1111)1, 12 ~1111101 0~
11.1(11~0 011. ~5 3 (~51.111, 0(11)1111)1(1510( 11 ~111 0..,~(31~, ~31.15111~ (5)1111111~1(1~31 ~3~~-
10(1115 01 01.11..,1.11 ~0113~~ 3110 ~1.1((~111. 11115 01111~1.111)1 ~311 0~ (~501~~0 0)1 1.15111~
~01111111.101.15~31~ 51~11315 ~1111 3 01.1(311011 01 (10 - ~) 35 5110~11111 ~1~. 6-6~. ~5 50011

35 111~ ~1.1((~111 01 11 13115 10 2~(0, 111)1(1510( 12 (~1111 ~31~ ..,1.115~5 35 5110~11 111
~1~. 6-6~) ~01.110 0~ 11.1(11~0 011. 1-10~~~~(, 3 ~01111111.101.15 ~31~ ..,1.115~ 111~(~35~5 111~
5~11~11111~ 1055 01111)1(1510(5 3110 (~()1.11(~5 313(~~( 150131111~ 1(311510(111~( 10( 111~ ~31111~
~1(~1.111. 111 ..,(3~11~~, 3 1(3111 01 ..,1.115~5 ~1111 5110(1 01.1(3110115 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-60
3(~ 110(111311)11.15~0 10 0~~(~0111~ 111~5~ ..,(001~1115.
~()1.1311011 (6-15) 11101~31~5 11131111~ 1030 ~0113~~ (3110 ~1.1((~111) ~111 0~ 51111.1501031
11111~ 0~13)1 311~1~, ~, 15 1~55 111311 111~ 1030 311~1~, 6. 11 ~ 15 ~(~31~( 111311 6, 111~ 1030
~1.1((~111 ~01.110 0~ 015~01111111.101.15 3110 1101151111.1501031.

1-/0(~5

1. 11 ~ = 6, 1(0111~(). (6-16),
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(6-23)

2. 5111~~ 111~ ~01101.1~11011 311~1~, 8 ~3111101 ~)(~~~0 10, 111~ 0~13)1 311~1~, ~, 1113)1
1101 0~ 1~55 111311 6 3110 111~ ~0111(01 (311~~ 01 0~13)1 311~1~ 15
(6-24)

3. 11 ~ =5 6 3110 111~ ~31~ ..,1.115~5 01111)1(1510(5 3(~ 011011~ 01.1(311011, 111~ 1030
~1.1((~111 ~01.110 1101 ~11311~~ ~1111 ~, 3110 (0111111)1(1510(5 ~01.110 ~01101.1~1. 111)1(1510(
())( + 6.
11 ~01.110 11.1(11 011 31
())(
= 6 3110 111)16510( 12 ~01.110 11.1(11011 31
10 =
~,.301())~ 6-4

111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3~~ ~0111(011~( 111 111~. 6-63 51.1~~11~5 311 ~1.. 1030. 111~ 111~1.11
((115 ~0113~~ 15 1/, = 120 , 31 60 1-12. 111~ 1030 15 51.1~1111131 1.. = 6.5 011-1 3110 ~ =

2.5 0. 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 01111~(1510(5 3(~ ~().1.131=~1 = ~2 = 70/2. 1)~1~((11111~111~(3)

147
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 ~0/1011~60/1 3/1~1~ 01 1/1~~1810~ 11, /)~ (0) ~~8 011111111~0113~~, ~0~ (~) ~~8 111~~1810~
~11~~~/11, /~~ (0) ~~8 011111111~11~~~/11, /0~ (~) 111~ 3~~~3~~ ~11~~~/11013 111~~1810~, /,,~ 3/10
(1) 1/111111110~~~ 13~10~, ~~.

801111100~ = 2.5 0., 1.-= 6.5 ~1-1,1 = 60 1-12,(.0 = 270 )( 60 = 377 ~30/8, ~, =
120~, ~ = 900,3/106 = 13/1-1 ((.00~) = 44.430.
(3) 111~ ~)(11/1~60/1 3/1~1~ ~3/1 0~ 0~1~1~1/1~0 1~0~ 111~ 8011160/1 01 ~(). (6-16) 3/10
3/1 11~1311~~ 8011160/1 ~1~108 (3 = 220.350. 111~ ~0/1011~60/1 3/1~1~ 18 /) = (3 - ~ =
220.43 - 90 = 130.430.
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (6-18), 111~1~8 011111111 ~0113~~ 18 ~0 = 68.09~.
(~) ~11~~~1~311/11~~1360/1 01 ~(). (6-19) 0~1~~~/1 1/1~ 11~118 (.0(
= ~ 10 (3 ~1~~8
111~1~8 111~118101~11~1~/1138 /~ = 15.07 ,.,.,,.
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (6.20), /0 = ~ )(
15.07 = 21.3,.,.,,.
(~) ~11~~~1~311/11~~1360/1 01 ~(). (6-21) ~1~108 111~3~~13~~ 111~~18101~1111~/1138
/,, = 8.23 ,.,.,,.
(1) 111~ 011111111110~~1,~0 = 21.32 )( 2.5
= 1134.2~, 3/101/1~ 1/111111
~011-3~11~1~
136/1~, ~,.,.,, = 120 )( 21.3 = 2556 ~~ 111~~~101~,

~0 1134.200 .
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2556
1-/0(~. 111~ 5~11~11111~ (1~11011 01 111)1(1510(5 111.(1/(~5 111~ ~(),11(1110115 10( ~11((~1115
110111111~(1(. ~ 1111111.~(1~(11111.~11100 01501111101110( 111~ 111)1(1510( ~011011~11011 (111~1~ (1110
~11((~1115 15 111.0(~ ~111~1~111 111(111~1(1551~(111~~11111(),11~5. ~ ~0111.))111~( ))(0~((1111. 11(1111.~0
~~00-3 15 115~0 10 501~~ 11115 ~)((1111.))1~ (1110 111~ ))(0~((1111. 15 1151~0 111 ~))))~1101)( ~.
$1110~1115 (1(~ ~11~011((1~~0 10 ~~(11)1111~ (~511115 0111115 ~)((1111.))1~ (1110 10 (1))))(~~1(11~ 111~
115~111111~55 01 (1 1111111.~(1~(11 5011111011, ~5))~~1(111)1 111 501~111~ 110111111~(1( ~(),11(1110115 01
111)1(1510( ~1(~11115.

111~ ~1(~1111 01(1~((1111. 01 (1 111(~~-))11(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (0( 1111101(~~11011(11) ~0111(011~( 15

5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-7 ~1111 (1 ~)1~-~01111~~1~0 (~51511~~ 10(10. 111~ ~11((~111 110~ 10 111~
10(10 15 ~0111(011~0 0)1111)1(1510(5 11, 13, (1110 (1110 111~ 0100~5 ))(0~10~ 111~ (~111(11
15~

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0~~1~~5 ~~(~ 0100~5, 10.(~~ 0100~5 ~01.110 ~0001.1~1 (11 10.~ 5(1(0~ 11(0~ (100 10.~ ~00-
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01.1~1100 (10~1~ 01 ~(1~0. 0100~ ~01.110 0~ 1800. ~~
~0001.1~111115 (1000~ ~011(1~~ 15 0.1~0.~( 10.(10 10.(11 01115 ~(110.00~ (100 1115 11(~0. 00~~
(1 10.)1(1510( 51(1(15 ~0001.1~110~, 11 ~01.110 0~ 11.1(0~0 011 001)1 ~0.~0 115 ~1.1((~011(1115 10
~~(0.
11 ~5 15 10.~ ((05 ~(111.1~ 0110~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~ (100 ~~ 0~110~ 10.~ 1051(101(10~01.15

10~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~5 (15

1)/1.1-/= ~ ~5 510
0)(

1)81-/ = ~ ~5 510 (0)(

_ 2~)

1)
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10.~0 10.~ 10~1.11 110~ ~011(1~~5 (1(~

1)/1.8 = 0) ~5 510 (0)( + ~)

1)8~ = 0) ~5 510 (0)( - ~)

1)
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10.~ ~(1~~10((05 10( 10~1.11 ~011(1~~5, ~0001.1~1100 (10~1~5 01 0~~1~~5, (100 01.11~1.11
~011(1~~5 (1(~ 50.0~010 ~1~. 6-810( ~ = 600 (100 ~ = 1500. ~0( 0 ~ ~ ~ 600, ~110.~(
1~0 0( 10.(~~ 0~~1~~5 ~(10 ~0001.1~1 (11 10.~ 5(1(0~ 11(0~ (100 10.~ ~055101~ ~0(0010(111005
(1(~ (1) 1~0 10.)1(1510(5 (100 00~ 0100~, (2) 00~ 10.)1(1510( (100 00~ 0100~, (100 (3) 00~
10.)1(1510( (100 1~0 0100~5. 1110.(~~ 0~~1~~5 ~0001.1~1, (1 00((0(1110.(~~-~0.(15~ 0~~((11100
0~~1.1(5 (15 50.0~0 10 ~1~. 6-% (100 10.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 01 (1 ~0.(15~ 15 10.~ 5(1(0~ (15 10.~
10~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~, 10( ~)((1(0~1~,

(6-25)

00 10.~ 010.~( 0.(100, 111~0 0~~1~~5 ~0001.1~1 (1110.~ 5(1(0~ 11(0~, 10.~ ~1.1((~01110~5 001)1
10.(01.1~0.1~0 110~5 (100 10.~ 10.1(0 110~ ~(10 0~ ~00510~(~0 0~~0 ~1(~1.111~0. 10.~ 110~-
10-110~ ~011(1~~ ~01.110 (1~~~(1( (1~(055 1~0 1~((010(115 01 10.~ 10(10 (15 50.0~0 10 ~1~.
6-90 (100 10.~ 01.11~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~ ~01.110 0~ 00~-0.(1110110.~ 110~ ~011(1~~ (~.~., ~110.
1~((010(11 ~ 0~10~ 0~~0 ~1(~1.111~0),

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2 =
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510
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10.~ ~(1~~10((0 10( (10 01.11~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~ (~.~., 1),,11) ~(10 0~ 0((1~0 01(~~11)1
1(0(0 10.~ 10~1.11 ~0.(15~ (100 110~ ~011(1~~5 0)1 00110~ 10.(111),,11 ~01.110 ~0((~5~000 10 1)/1.1-/
1110.(~~ 0~~1~~5 ~0001.1~1, 10 1)/1.8/2 (0( 1)/1.~/2) 111~0 0~~1~~5 ~0001.1~1, (100 10 ~~(0 11

149
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93
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0.5~,,8

(0) ~0~,.
= 1500

1~(11110(11(1 15 0~~0 ~1(~1111~0. ~0( 600 ~ (1 ~ 1200, (11 (10~ 11111~001~ 00~ 10~(1510(
15 ~00011~110~ (100 10~ (~111(0 ~(110 15 50(1(~0 0~ 00~ 0( 1~0 0100~5. ~0( 1200 ~ (1
~ 2100, 001~ 00~ 10~(1510( (100 00~ 0100~ ~00011~1 (1110~ 5(1111~11111~.
10~ ~)(110~1100 (10~1~, ~, 01 (1 10~(1510( ~(10 0~ 0~1(1~~0 0~~000 1800 (~.~., ~
0111 15 2100). 1015 15 011~ 10 10~ 1(1~1 10(11 (10 0111~111 ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 111(1~0~~~00
00 10~ 10~111110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~. ~0~0 1).48 0~~0111~5 2~(0 (110)( = 1500, 10~ ~11((~01
0110~(1510( 11 ~(10 ~0011011~ 10 110~ 1101111)~.4 0~~0111~5 2~(0 (11 0)( = 2100 (100 (1
0~1(1~ (10~1~ 01 (1
= 2100 ~1~~5 2~(0 0111~111~011(1~~ ((100 ~0~~().
10~ ~(1110~ ~1115~5 0110~(1510(5 5001110 0~ ~00110110115, (100 10( ~)((1111~1~, 10~
~1115~ 0111 5001110 ~00 (11 0)( 2100, 10 ~((1~11~~, 10~ ~(11~ ~1115~5~005151 011~0
=
~(1(15. 10~ 11(51 ~1115~ 0111 51(1(15 (10~~0~(~ 0~1~~~0 0 (100 1500 (100 ~005 (11 0)(
=
= 1500, (11~(1~5 ~005 (11 0)( = 2100.
1500, 10~ 5~~000 ~1115~, ~01~0 ~(10 51(1(1 (11 0)(
1015 (1110~5 111~ ~11((~01 10 110~ 10(011~0 10~(1510( 11 011(10~ 10~ ~~(100 1500 ~ 0)(

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 .1 ~. .1 ~.
,. 8 ,. 8

1,~ ~,~

11 1

06 ~~06
8 ~8
1~
02 10
~(8).0~99 (~) .....,0 ~011~~~1~119~9~~~95
~011~~~1~119~9~~~95

..1~11..~ 6-9 ~~~-~000~~1~0

(~51511~~ 1030.

(6-27)

(6-28)

(6-29)

151
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 /1.
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8
~~0 .00 06
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~~~99
~0,,~~~1~,,9 ~9~~~98

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10 111~ ~(18~ 0( ()~11(1-~000~~1~() 10(1(), 111~ 0111~111 ~11(18~ ~011(1~~ ~0111() 0~ 111~
8(1111~ (18 111~ 110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~. 110~~~~(, 111~ 110~ ~11((~01 0(
111~ 10(1() ~0111()
()~~~0() 00 111~ 0111110~( 0( ()~~1~~8 ~00()11~110~ (11 111~ 8(1111~ 11111~. 1( 111(~~ ()~~1~~8
~00()11~1, 111~ 110~ (10() ~11(18~ ~11((~018 ~0111() (0110~ 111~ 00(111(11 (~1(111008111~ 0( (1
111(~~-~11(18~ 8)181~111, (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-10(1. 1( 111~ ~11((~0110 ~11(18~ (1 18 10/0 = /,,,
810 ())(, 111~ 110~ ~11((~01 ~111 0~ 10 = 10/0 - 1~0 = 0 /,,, 810 (())(
- ~/6). 1( 1~0
()~~1~~8 ~00()11~1 (11 111~ 8(1111~ 11111~, 00~ 1~(11110(11 0( 10(1() ~(10 0~ ~0081()~(~()
0~~0-
~1(~1111~() (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-100 (10()
1~0 = 1/0~ = -10/0/2. 111~ 110~ ~11((~01 0( 10(1()
~0111() 0~ 10 = 10/0 - 1~0 = (3/,,,/2) 810 ())(
= 1.5/,,, 810 ())(.
111~ ~0~~( ()~~1~~8 ~(10 0~ ~000~~1~() 10~~111~( (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-11. 11118
(1(((10~~111~01, ~111~11 ~~(111118 (188~11101)1 (18 (1 ~0111~(1~1 11011, 18 ~088101~ 0(1)1 1( 111~
0~111((11 0( 10(1() 18 (1~~~88101~.

~~301()1~ 6-5
1/1~ 1/1(~~-~/1(18~ 1111101(~~11011(11~0111(011~( 111~1~. 6-7 811~~11~8 (1 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 (~8186~~
10(10 0( ~ = 100 (11101/1~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111~111~011(1~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 1/1~ 0~1(1~ 18
~ = ~/3. 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ ((1) (1118 0111~111 ~/1(18~ ~011(1~~, ~0~ (0) 111~111~0~~( ((1~10(,
~~~ (1110 (~) ~)(~(~8810118 (0( 1/1~ 11181(1111(111~01180111~111 ~011(1~~ 0( ~/1(18~ (1.

8010(100 ~1. = 208 ~, ~5 = ~1./~ = 208/~ = 120~, ~ = ~/3, (1110~ = 100.

((1) ~(0111 (6-28) 1/1~ (1118 0111~111 ~/1(18~ ~011(1~~ 18 ~0 =
110.86~.
(0) 1/1~ (1118 ~/1(18~ ~11((~111 0( 1/1~ 10(10, /. = 110.86/10 = 11.086 ~ (1110 1/1~

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8

..1~0..~ 6-11 ~)1~(111111...~ 11((11118~(11~111

01111(~~-))11115~ 011101(~(1101111) (0111(0))~(.

)( )(
~0 = 3/~~ = 3 11.0862 10 = 3686.98 ~

510.~~ 10.~ )030 18 ~00.0.~~1~0 10. ..,.,,.,,~, 10.~ ~0.35~ ~0..(~0.118 ~()03) 10 10.~ 110.~ ~0 ~0.1, /1-

= /~ = 11.086~. 10.~ 10.~01 ...011-30.1~~(~ ..3110.~,

, ~ = 3~/1- = 3 )( 120 )( 11.086 = 3990.96 ,~

~0 3686.98 ( ) .
~~ = ,~ =
3990.96 = 0.924 13~~10.~
(~) 1110.~ 10.~01 ~0.38~ ...0113~~ 18 (3)(~0. 35 10.~ ..~1~(~0.~~ 30.0 18 1)~,,., = 120 0
(1)1, 10.~ 10.5130.130.~008 10.~01110.~ .,,0113~~5 3..~
= 169.7510.
810. (1)1

1)~8 = 2080810. ((1)1+

~) = 294.2810. ((1)1+ ~)

1)8~ = 294.2810.((1)1-~)

1)~~ = 294.2 510.((1)1

_ 7~)
10.~ 10.8130.130.~008 001~01 ~0.35~ .,,0113~~, 1)~~, ..,.,,0.1~0.0~~~0.05 00. 10.~ 0.00.10~( 01 ~00.-
00~110.~ 0~.,,1~~8, ~30. 0~ 0~1~..0.110.~0 1..00.1 ~1~. 6-83 38 10110..,.,,8~

~0.. 0 ~ (1)1~ 7(/3~ 1)~~ = 0

~0.. 7(/3 ~ (1)1~ 47(/6~ 1).~ = 1)~,,., = 169.7510.(1)1
~0.. 47(/6 ~ (1)1~ 7(~ 1)~~ = 1)~~/2 = -1)~~/2 = 147.1810. ((1)1 - 77(/6 -7()
1) (1)1
~0( 7( ~ (1)1~ 37(/2~ = 1)~,,., = 169.7 810.
~~

~0.. 37(/2 ~ (1)1~ 57(/3~ 1)~~ = 1)~8/2 = 147.1810. ((1)1 + 7(/6)

1) (1)1
~0( 57(/3 ~ (1)1~ 27(~ ~~ = 1)~,,., = 169.7 810.

(1.

58~. 6-6 153

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111~ 1111101(~~11011(11 ~0111(011~(8, ~111~11 ~0111(1111 0~ 111()111~11((~111 (1110 111~11~( 11(1(1110111~
~0111~111 011~ 10 111~ (18~111111~1(1~(11 11(1111(~ 01111~ 0111()111 ..,011(1~~ ~(1..,~10(111, (1(~ 1101
110(111(111~ 118~0 111 (1~ 111010( 0(1..,~8~ (1 111(~~-()11(18~ 0101(~~11011(11 ~0111(0118 ~01111110111~
118~0. 111~ ~1(~1111 01(1~((1111 01 (1 111(~~-()11(18~ 11111-~(1..,~ (0( 0101(~~11011(11) ~0111(011~(
18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 6-12 ~1111 (1 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 (~81811..,~ 10(10. 111~ 0()~((111011 0111118
~0111(011~( 18 8111111(1(10 111(11 01 (111(111-~(1..,~ ~0111(011~(, ~)(~~()1111(11111~ (~111(11 ~11((~111
()(111118 ()(0..,10~0 0~ 111~(1810(8 12, 14, (1110 1611181~(10 010100~8. 111~ 11(111~ 8~(),11~11~~
01111~(1810(8 18 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
11~~ 0~1111~ 111~ 11181(1111(111~0118
111()111()11(18~ ..,011(1~~8 (18

7)~~ = -0~5 8111~(

7)8~ = -0~5 8111 ( ~(

_
2~)

7)~~ = -0~5 8111 ( ~(

_
4~)
111~ 11181(1111(111~0118 111()111 1111~ ..,011(1~~8 (1(~

7)~8 = ~ ~5 8111 (~( +

~)
7)
8~ =~ ~5 8111 ~( ( -
~)
_
7)~~ = ~ ~5 8111 (~( 7~)
111~ ~(1..,~10(1118 10( 111~ 111()111 ..,011(1~~8, ~011011~11011 (111~1~8 01111~(1810(8, (1110

154

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 (1(~ 800~0 10 ~1~. 6-13 10( ~ = 600 (100 ~ = 1200. ~0( 0 ~
001~01 ~0(18~ 011(1~~8
~ ~ 600, 10000~01(11~1)1 0~10(~ 10~ 11(10~ 0111, 1~0 10)1(1810(8 ~0000~1. 00~~ 11 18
11(~0, 10(~~ 10)1(1810(8 ~0000~1. 1-.. 10)1(1810( 10(08 011 ~0~0 118 ~0((~01 (111~00~18 10
(~ ~(8~. 10~ ~000111008 (111~(0(11~ 0~1~~~0 1~0 (100 10(~~ ~0000~110~ 10)1(1810(8.
~0( 600 ~ ~ ~ 900, 001)11~0 10)1(1810(8 ~0000~1 (11 (10)11100~. ~0( 900 ~ ~ ~
1500, (111000~0 1~0 10)1(1810(8 ~0000~1 (11 (10)1 1100~, 10~(~ (1(~ ~~(1008 ~0~0 00
10)1(1810(8 (1(~ 00. ~0( ~ ~ 1500, 10~(~ 18 00 ~~(100 10( 1~0 ~0000~110~ 10)1(1810(8
(100 10~ 001~01 011(1~~ 0~~000~8 ~~(0 (11 ~ =
1500. 10~ ((10~~ 01 0~1(1)1(10~1~18
(6-31 )

0
92
0 ~
94
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96 ~~~ ~ ~
~ ~~
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5~ 5 616~ 111 ~2~2~ 3 ~3 4~ 4 ~ 5
~ 6 ~
61 6 1 1 ~ 2 ~ 2 ~3~3~ 4 ~ 4 ~515
~ ~
1 ~ 1~~~~~1~~~1
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~ 0.5,,,...8~,0.5,,,...~ ~ 1
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 ..,0113~~ 0~~~008 00 111~ (30~~ 01 0~13)1 30~1~8. 111~ (018 0111~111~0113~~ 10( 3 ~)1~-
~000~~1~0 1030 ~30 0~ 101100 38 10110~8. ~0( 0 ~ ~ ~ 600~

12,, )1/2
110 = ~~,, 0(0)()
(2~
,,/3 (,,/2 +,,,
8102 0)/ 810 2 0)/
~ 115 12.
1210,,,(1 3
(/(0)/) + ),,/2 (/( 0)()
4

+
2,,/3

1,,/3+ ,,, _
8102

3
0)/
(/(0)/) +
,,/2 +,,,

1,,/2 -81024 0)/ (/(0)/) (6-32)

(,, 111/2
8102 0)/
+ (/(0)/)
)2,,/3+,,, 3
~1
~ 115
_ + 81082~)
11/2
(~ (~ ~

(6-33)

(6-34)

111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~8 01 3 111(~~-~1138~ 0101(~~110031 ~001(011~( ~30 0~ ~000~~1~0

10~~111~( 38 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-14. 1-1118 3((30~~01~0118 3180 /(00~0 38 //~ ~011(,0/ 300
3110~8 388~(101)1 01 311111)1(1810(8 38 00~ 11011.

~,.301)))~ 6-6
~~()~(11 8)((1111()1~ 6-5 101 1/1~ 1/11~~-()/1(15~ 01011~~6011(11 ~01111011~1 111~1~. 6-12.

80)0~100 111- = 208 ~, 115= 111-/0 = 208/0

= 120~,
((1) ~10111 (6-32) 1/1~ 11115001()111 ()/1(15~ ..,011(1~~ 15 110
~ = 10/3, (1110~ = 100.
= 100.9~.
(0) 1/1~ 11115()/1(15~ ~1111~111011/1~ 10(1015/0
()0~~1 15
= 100.9/10 = 10.09 ~ (1110 1/1~ 0111()111

110 = 3/~~ )( 10.092 )(

= 3 10 = 3054.24 ~
5111~~ 1/1~ 10(10 15 ~01111~~1~0 111~)1~, 1/1~ ()/1(15~ ~1111~11115 ~~11(1110 1/1~ 1111~~1111~111,
10.09~. 1/1~ 111()111..,011-(1111()~1~, /1-
= /0 =

~~ )( )(
= 3115/1- = 3 120 10.09 = 3632.4 ~~

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 ,.,
+

...~11..~ 6-14 ~((1111~~111~11( (0( (/1(~~-

+ ()/1115~ 0101(~~(1011111 (1~ ~011((01.

~0 3054.24
( . )
~~ =
,/1...= 3632.4 = 0.84 13.~~111~
(~) 1110.~ 111~1.11 ~0.3.5~ ~0113.~~ 1513./(~11 3.510.~ (~1~(~11~~ 3.11(151)-41-1 = 12005111
0)( 169.75111 0)(, 10.~ 111513.1113.11~01.15111~1.111111~ ~0113.~~5 3.(~
=

1)-48 = 2080 5111 (

0)( +
~) = 294.2 5111 0)( + ( ~)
1)8~ = 294.25111(0)( -~)

1)~-4 = 294.2 5111(0)(

_ 7~)
10.~ 111513.1113.11~01.15
01.11~1.11~0.3.5~ ~0113.~~, 1)00, ~0.1~0. 0~~~1105 011 10.~ 111.11110~(01 ~011-
01.1~1111~0~~1~~5, ~3.11 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 1(0111 ~1~. 6-133. 3.5 10110~5~

~0( 0 ~ 0)( ~ 70/3~ 1)00 = 0

~0( 70/3 ~ 0)( ~ 270/3~ 1)00 = (0)( + 70/6)
1)-48/2 = 147.15111
(0)(
~0( 270/3 ~ 0)( ~ 70~ 1)00 = 1)-4~2 = -1)~-4/2 = -147.15111 - 770/6 - 70)
~0( 70 ~ 0)( ~ 470/3~ 1)00 = 0
~0( 470/3 ~ 0)( ~ 570/3~ 1)00 = (0)( + 70/6)
1)-48/2 = 147.15111
(0)(
~0( 570/3 ~ 0)( ~ 270~ 1)00 = 1)-4~/2 = 147.15111 - 770/6 - 70)

1-10(€. 111~ ~0~~( 13~10(, ~111~11 0~~~1105 011 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~, (1, 15 111 ~~11~(31
~00( ~0(11~3(~0 10 11131 01111~ 11311-~3~~ ~0111(011~(.

6-8 ,.~~~~-~~~5~ 8~0~~~~,.~0~~(. 0~(. ,.~-~0~~~~,.~0

~0~,.~0(.(.~~5

11111~ 1~((11111315 01 3 111(~~-~1135~ 5~51~(11 3(~ 3~~~55101~, 111~ ~0111(01 ~1~(11~1115 (0(
~0~~( 0~~1~~5) 3110 1030 (113~ 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111 0~113 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-15. 5111~~
111~ ~1135~ ~1.1((~111111 3 110((1131111(~~-~1135~ 5~51~(11 15 0111~ 1/~ 01111~ 1111~ ~1.1((~111,

5€~. 6-8 157

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 ,~ ~8
,..
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~~..,,6,8

..,0,6,

0
10
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..1~11..~ 6-15 1)~1(3-00/1/1~0(~0 (11(~~-
() +
~1135~00/1((011~(.

111~ ~1.1((~01 ((1110~5 01111)1(1510(5 ~01.110 0~ 1~55 111(10 111(11 11 111)1(1510(5 (0( ~001(01
~1~01~015) ~~(~ ~1(1~~0 10 111~ 110~.
1-~11.15 (1551.101~ 111(11111~ 1051(101(10~01.15 110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~5 (1(~~

1)/1./3 = 1)0/) = ~~55100.)(

1)/3~ = 1)/)~ = ~~5510 ( 0.)(_ 2~)

1)
~/1. =
1)
~0 = ~ ~5 510 (0.)(_ 4~)
111~ 10~1.11 110~ ~011(1~~5, ~11(15~ (100 110~ ~1.1((~015, (100 111)1(1510( ~(1110~ 51~0(115 (1(~
5110~0 10 ~1~. 6-16 10( ~ = 1200 (100 (~5156~~ 10(10.
~0( (~51511~~ 10(105, 111~ (015 01.11~1.11 ~11(15~ ~011(1~~ ~(10 0~ 0~1~(0110~0 1(001

2 70 1/2 1/2
2
~0 = 1)~/) (/( 0.)() 2 ~~ 510 0.)( (/( 0.)()
( 2~ 1,. ) =
( 2701,.70 )
(6-35)
1/2
_~ 510 2~)
= ~5
(~ ( 70 +
2 )
111~ 01(1)(1011.101 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~01.110 0~ 001(110~0 ~11~0 ~ = 0 (100 111~~001(01 ((10~~
01 0~1(1)1 (10~1~ 15

(6-36)

(6-37)

158

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 0
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0
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..1~11..~ 6-16 ~3,,,~~0(1115 ~0( 0~113-~011-

11~~1~0 ~0111(011~(.

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 1.

1.
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1. ..1~11..~ 6-17 1/1(~~-~/135~ (/1(~~-(/1~(15-

(0(5 ~011((011~(.

111(1)1 0~ 015~0060110115. 10~ (1115 ~(1111~ 01 110~ (100 ~0(15~ ~11((~015 10( 10~ 10(10
~1(~11115 ~(10 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 0)1 011111~(1~(11 501111100 0( ~011(1~( (10(11)1515. 111,, 15 10~
(1115 ~(1111~ 0110~ 1110 0(1(111001~ ~0111~00~01 01 (1 ~0(15~ ~11((~01, 10~ (1115 ~(1111~ 01
~0(15~ ~11((~01 ~(10 0~ 101100 1(0111

1(1,, = (1~ + 1~ + 1~ + 1~ + 1~ + 1~1+ . . .)1/2 (6-38)

1)11~ 10 10~ 0~11(1 ~000~~600, 10~ 1(1~1~0 0(1(111001~ ~0111~00~015 (1.~., 1005~ 010(0~(
11 = 3111, ~0~(~ 11115 (10 000 101~~~() 0110~ ~0(15~ ~11((~015 ~01110 110~ (1(01100 10~
0~11(1 (100 ~01110 001 (1~~~(1( 10 10~ 110~. 1015 15 011~ 10 10~ 1(1~1 10(11 10~ 2~(0-
5~()11~0~~ 0(1(111001~5 (1(~ 10 ~0(15~ 10 (11110(~~ ~0(15~5 0110(10. 10~ (1115110~ ~11((~01
0~~0111~5

(6-39)
~5 (1 (~51111, 10~ (1115 ~(1111~ 01110~ ~11((~01 ~01110 00110110~ 10~ 00(111(11 (~1(11100501~
01 (1 10(~~-~0(15~ 5)151~111 511~0 10(11

(6-40)
~0 (111~(0(16~~ 10(111 01 0~11(1-~000~~1~0 ~001(011~(5 ~01~0 (~()111(~5 001)110(~~ 10)1-
(1510(5 (100 51111~1111~5 10~ ~001(01 ~1(~1111()115 500~0 10 ~1~. 6-17. 1015 (1(((10~~111~01
15 (1150 /(00~0 (15 (1 ~0/)18011-~01111~~(~(/, ~011(,.0//~,..
~)(301)))~ 6-7

10.~ 10.(~~-~0.38~ 0101(~~601131 0~113-~01111~~1~0 ~0111(011~( 111 ~1~. 6-15 0.38 3 (~8186~~
1030 01 ~ = 10 0. 1110.~ 1111~-10-1111~~0113~~ 18 ~$
= 208 ~, 601-12, 3110 10.~ 0~13)1
311~1~ 0. = 27//3, 0~1~(01111~ 10.~ (3) (018 01.11~1.11~0.38~ ~0113~~, ~0~ (0) ~)(~(~5510115 10(
111513111311~01.15~1.1((~1115 1., 1.0, 3110 10.~ (~) (018 01.11~1.11~0.35~ ~1.1((~111, /.0, 3110 (015 1111~
~1.1((~111, /.~ (0) 111~1.11~0~~( 13~10(, ..~~ 3110 (~) (015 ~1.1((~111 013 10.)1(1810(,
/~.
80)1.11100 ~1. = ~$ = 208 ~, 0. = 27//3, ~ = 100, 3110 ~~3~ ~311.1~ 01 ~0.35~~1.1((~111,
/,,, = -0 )(
208/10 = 29.4 ~.
(3) ~(001 8().. (6-35), ~0 = 92 ~.
(0) ~551.101111~ 1.0 35 10.~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0.380( 3110 1.0 = /,,, 5111 (,)(, 10.~ 111513111311~01.15
~1.1((~1115 3(~~

~0( 0 ~ (,)( -( 7//3~ 1.0 = 0

10. = /,,, 5111((,)( - 47//3)

1. = 1.0 - 10. = - /,,, 5111((,)( - 47//3)
~0( 7//3 -( (,)( -( 27//3~ 1.0 = 10. = 1. = 0

160

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 /06 = 1,,, 5111 ())(
/,.0 = 0
())(
/0 = /00 - /00 = 1,,, 5111
/00 = 0
(())(
/00 = 1,,, 5111 - 4-../3)
/0 = /06 - /00 = -1,,, 5111 (())( - 4-../3)
())( ~
~0( 4-../3 ~ 5-../3~ /00 = /00 = /0 = 0
())(
/06 = 1,,, 5111
())(
~0( 5-../3 ~ ~ 2-..~
/00 = 0
())(
/0 = /00 - /00 = 1,,, 5111

(~) 111~ ((115 ~(1111~5 01 /06 (1110 /0 (1(~ 0~1~((11111~0 0~ 1111(11~(1~(111111~~((111011115111~

(1(~
(1 ~0(1111111~( 11(0~((1(11 11(1(11~0 ~~00-4, ...,111~1115 ~1~~11 111~1111~11(1)( ~. 51110~1115
~11~011((1~~0 10 ~~(11~ 111~ (~511115.

~ 13.18
11.. = 10 = 13.18~
106
=
9.32
= 1.1414 ~ 0
(0) 111~ 011111111110...,~(,

)( 9.322 )( 10
110 = 31~0~ = 3 = 2605.9

, ~ = 3~/)1.. = 3 )( 208 )( 9.32 = 5815.7

110 2605.900 ) .
~~ = ,~ = 0.448 (1(1~~111~
5815.7 =
(~) 111~ 111~(1510( ~11((~111 ~(1110~ 0~1~((11111~01(0(11111~ 1111(15~~11((~111,

~ 9.32
1~ = = 6.59 ~
~ = ~
1-/0(~. ~0 = 1~0~ = 9.32
)(
10 = 93.2 ~, ~11~(~(15 ~(). (6-35) ~1~~5 92 ~.
111~ 0111~(~0~~ 15 00~ 10 (000010~ 01110 111~ 00(0~(1~(11 501111100.

011((10510((0~(5.
111~(1510(5 ~(10 0~ 05~0 (15 51(111~ 5~11~11~5 10( 00-10(10 1(1~ ~11(10~10~
111~ 51(111~ 1(1~ ~11(10~~(5 11(1~~ 111~ (10~(101(1~~ 01 ~~(~ 1(151 5~11~1110~ (1~1100. 111~
~11(111~~0~~( ~(10 0~
~001(011~0 10 ~0~~ ~111110(10 ~000111005 (100 15 5(000111. 111~
~1(~1111 01(1~((1(0 01 (1 510~1~-~11(15~ 1((10510((0~( 1(1~ ~11(10~~( 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 6-18.

~111100~11 (11((10510((0~( (0(1~ 11(1~~ (00111~1~ 5~~000(1(~ ~10010~5, 001~ 1~0 5~~000(1(~

~10010~5 (1(~ 5110~0, 10( 111~ 5(1~~ 01 51(0~11~11~.

~(1(0(1(~ 1051(101(10~005
111~ 10(0 ((1110 0110~011((10510((0~( (1(~ 511~11111(1111111~
~011(1~~ 15

161
58~. 6-9

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+

,0 +
8
.,0

.,,1~11..~ 6-18 5111~1~-))/135~ 1(3115~0(111~(

(3)) ~/1311~~(.

111~ 5~~0003()1105130130~0115 ~0113~~5 3(~

(1)(
1))
= -0 11) 510

1)2 = -0 112 510 (1)(

~ 13~ ~1130~~( 15 (0051 ~0(0(0001)1115~010( (~51511~~ 11~3110~ 10305. ~11~0 001)1

111)1(1510(5 13 300 14 3(~ 311~(031~1)111(~0 ~1111 3 0~13)1 30~1~ 01 (1 = 0, 111~1030
~0113~~ 15 11~10 31 3 (~011~~0 1~~~1 01110 =
111. 1111111 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15 (~()111(~0,
001)1111)1(1510(5 11 300 12 3(~ 311~(031~1)111(~0 ~1111 3 0~13)1 30~1~ 01 (1
= 0 300 111~
11111~0113~~ 15 110 = 111 300 112.
111~ ~3110~ ~1115~5 01111)1(1510(5 ~30 0~ ~001(011~0 10 ~3()1 111~ 1030 ~0113~~. 111~
((05 ~3111~ 011030 ~0113~~, 110, ~30 0~ ~3(1~0 ~111110 111(~~ ~055101~ (30~~5~

0 ~ 110 ~ ~1

~0.,1,.0) ,.~.,9~
1
= 0 $ 110 $ 111. 10 ~3()1111~ 1030 ~0113~~ ~111110 11115(30~~,
111)1(1510(5 1) 30012 3(~ 111(0~0 011. 111)1(1510(5
13 300 14 ~30 0~~(31~ 35 3 510~1~-
~1135~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~(. 111~ 105130130~0115 1030 ~0113~~ 1)0 300 ~11((~01
/0 3(~
5110~0 10 ~1~. 6-19~ 10( 3 (~51511~~ 1030. 111~ ((05 1030 ~0113~~ ~111~11 ~30 0~
0~1~((010~0 1(0(0 ~(). 6-8) 1030 15
)/2
1 510 2(1
110 = 11)
(~ (70 - (1
+
~ )) (6-41)

~0.,1,.0) ,.~.,9~ 2= 0 $ 110 $ (111 + 1(2). 111)1(1510(5 13 300 14 3(~ 111(0~0

011. 111)1(1510(5 1) 300 12 0~~(31~ 35 3 510~1~-~1135~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~(. ~1~11(~

162

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 (01

(~)
~0
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(01
0

~. .
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~(0)

~~~0

(01

..1~11..~ 6-19 ~3.,,~(0(1115 (0( 1(305-

(0(111~( 13(1 ~/1308~(.

(6-42)

())(
~001,.0~ ,.3098
3= ~1 ~ ~0 ~ (~1 + ~2). 10)1(1810( 13 18 111(0~0 00 (11
0 (100 10~ 8~~000(1()1 ~011(1~~, 1)1, (1()()~(1(8 (1~(088 10~ 10(10. 1110)1(1810( 11 18
111(0~0 00 (11 ())( =
~, 10)1(1810( 13 18 (~~~(8~ 01(18~0 011~ 10 8~~000(1()1 ~011(1~~ 1)2,
())(
(100 13 18 111(0~0 011. 10~ ~011(1~~ (1()()~(1(10~ (1~(088 10~ 10(10 18 (1)1 + 1)2). ~1

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 = 70, 11 15 5~11-~01111111.1131~0 3110 1415 11.1(11~0 011. 111~ 5~~01103()1 ~0113~~ 1)1 3~~~3(5
3~(055 111~ 1030 1.11111112 15 11(~0 31 0)( ~11~11 12 15 11.1(11~0011 31 0)(
70 +~. = = 70
+ ~, 14 15 11.1(11~0 011 01.1~ 10 (~~~(5~ ~0113~~ 1)2 3110 111~ 1030 ~0113~~ 15 (1)1 + 1)2).
~1 0)( = 270, 1215 5~11-(01111111.1131~0, 1315 11.1(11~0 011 323111 3110 10~ ()1~1~ 15 (~~~31~0.
111~ 111513111311~01.15 1030 ~0113~~ 1)0 3110 ~1.1((~111 /0 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-19~ 10( 3
(~51511~~ 1030.
~ 13~ ~11311~~( ~1111 11115 1)1~~ 01 ~0111(01 15 3150 ~110~11 35 3 5)111~/1,0110/15 ((1/1
~/1(1118~,. 111.15~5 1~0-51~~ ~0111(01. ~ ~3(1 015~~01103()1 ~0113~~ 1)215 51.1~~(1111~05~0
011 3 51111.1501031 ~01132~ 1)1. ~5 3 (~51.111 10~ 113(1110111~ ~0111~1115 3(~ 1~55 11131 ~01~11
~01.110 0~ 0013111~0 0)1 3 110(11131 ~035~ 0~13)1 35 015~1.155~0 300~~ 10( ~0111(01 (311~~
2. 111~ (1115 1030 ~0113~~ ~311 0~ 101.1110 1(0111

~0= (2~102701)6(/(0)())1/2

(1,. 2~~511120)((/(0)1) 11/2

= + 1,.702(~1 + ~2)2511120)((/(0)()) (6-43)
12~

( _ 1/2
_ (~1 ~2)2
= (~~ ~
511122~)
+
~ (70 ~ + 511122~)
)
~1111 ~1. 10305, 111~ ~31111~ ~1(~1.111 01 3 5)111~11(01101.15 13~ ~11311~~( (~().1.11(~5 3
~3(~11.11 0~51~11. 1,~1 1.15 3551.1111~ 11131 (0)1(1510(511 3110 12 3(~ 11.1(11~0 011, ~1111~
(11)1(1510(5 133110 14 3(~ 11.1(11~0 011 01.1(111~ 111~ 311~(1131~ 11311-~)1~1~. 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~111
~01.110 111~11 0~

0~1
/0 = 5111 (0)( 6)
~ -

~11~(~ 7, = (~2 + (0)1.)2)1/231106 = 1311-1(0)0~).

10~ 111513111311~01.15 1030 ~1.1((~111 /0 15 5110~11111 ~1~. 6-203. 1111 15 111~11 11.1(11~0
011 31 0)( = ~, ~0~(~ ~ ~ 6, 10~ 5~~0110 ~1110111~ 011(311510(111~( ~01.110 0~ 5110(1
~1(~1.111~0 0~~31.15~ (0)1(1510( 14 15 51111 ~01101.1~1111~ 3110 ~3(()1111~ ~1.1((~111 01.1~ 10 10~
11101.1~11~~ 1030. 111~(~10(~, 10~ ~0111(01 ~1(~1.111 5001.110 0~ 0~51~11~0 50 1031 11 15 1101
11.1(11~0 011 1.11111114 11.1(115 011 3110 /0 ~ 0. 51111113(1)1,
12 51101.110 1101 0~ 11.1(11~0 011
1.11111113 11.1(115 011 3110 /0 ~ 0. 111~ ~3~~10(1115 011030 ~0113~~ 1)0 3110 1030 ~1.1((~111
/0 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-200 10( ~ ~ 6.

~~301())~ 6-8

10~ ~1(~1.111111 ~1~. 6-18 18 ~0111(011~0 38 3 8)111~0(01101.18 13() ~0311~~(. 10~ ()(1013()1
.,,0113~~ 18 240 ~, 60 1-12. 10~ 8~~01103()1 .,,0113~~8 3(~ 111 120 ~ 3110 112
= = 120~.
1110~ 1030 (~8181311~~ 18 8. = 10 0 3110 10~ (1118 1030 .,,0113~~ 18 180 ~, 0~1~(111111~ 10~
(3) 0~13)1 311~1~ 0(10)1(1810(8 11 3110 12~ (0) (018 ~1.1((~111 0(10)1(1810(8 1, 3110 12~ (~)
(018 ~1.1((~111 0(10)1(1810(8 13 3110 14~ 3110 (0) 111()1.11()0~~( 13~10(, ~~.

80)1.11100 110 = 180~, 11,, = 240~, 111 = 120~, 112 = 120~, 31108. = 100.
(3) 10~ (~()1.11(~0 .,,3111~ 010~13)1 311~1~ ~ 10( 110 = 180 ~ ~~11 0~ 101.11101(0111 ~4.
(6-43) 1111~0 ~3)18 (1) ()101 110 3~311181 ~ 3110 11110 10~ (~()1.11(~0 .,,311.1~01 ~, 0( (2) 1.18~
31111~(311.,,~ 01~1000 018011.111011. ~ ~0111()1.11~( ()(0~(30118 1.18~0 10 801.,,~ ~(). (6-43) 10(
~ 0)111~(311011 3110 1018 ~1.,,~8 ~
= 980.

164

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 ...(1.(~1 + ~2)
1.

~1.

0=(3-8 ~

(0) 111~ 0115 ~1.111~111 01111~1151015 11 (1110 12 ~(111 0~ 101.1110 110111

1/2

(~
(--
2(171 + 172)2511120)((/(0)1)
/81 = 2708. ),, )

(~ ( _
1/2
171 +
08.
172

70
70 ~ +
51112~
2 )) (6-44)

10.91-...
(~) 111~ 11115 ~1.111~111 011111~151015 13 (1110 14 15 101.1110 110111

)1/2
5(1120)( (/(0)()
/83 = (2~8.2
(217~

)1/2
511122~) (6-45)
= ~8. -
(~(~
= 6.51-...
(0) 111~ 11115 ~1.111~111 01 (1 5~~0110 5~~0110(11~ ~1110111~ 15/2 = 0/81 = 15.4 1-....
111~ 11115 ~1.111~111 01 111~ 11151 5~~011031~ ~1110111~, ~111~11 15 111~ 101(11 11115 ~1.111~111 01
111~1151015 11, 12, 13, (1110 14, 15

/1 = ((0/81)2 + (0/83)2)1/2 = 17.941-...

111~ ~011-(1111~~1~1(11111~01 ~11111(11~01 5~~0110(11~, ~ 1 = 171/1 + ~2/2 = 4000.8. 111~
10(10 ~0~~1, ,,0 = ~6/ 8. = 3240 ~, (1110111~~0~~1 1(1~101,
,,0 3240 . )
~~ = 0.8 098 (1(1~~111~
~1 = 4000.8 =

58~. 6-9 165

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 111~ 3~ .,,0113~~ ~0111(011~(5 ))(0.,,1()~ 3 .,,3(1301~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~, 0111111~ 1(~()11~11~)1 01
0111))111 .,,0113~~ 15 11)(~() 311() 111 3()()111011 111~ 113(1110111~ ~0111~11115 111~11, ~5))~~1311)1 31
3 10~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ (311~~. ~ .,,3(1301~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 31 .,,3(1301~ 1(~()11~11~)1 ~311
0~ 0013111~() 1(0(11 1~0-513~~ ~011.,,~(510115~ 11)(~() 3~ 10 .,,3(1301~ ()~ (~.~., ~0111(011~()
(~~1111~(5) 311() .,,3(1301~ ()~ 10 .,,3(1301~ 3~ 31 .,,3(1301~ 1(~()11~11~)1 (~.~., 111.,,~(1~(5,
~111~11 3(~ ()15~1155~() 111 ~113))1~( 8). 1-10~~.,,~(, ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(5 ~311 ~11(1111131~ 111~
11~~() 01 011~ 0( (110(~ 1111~((11~()131~ ~011.,,~(1~(5. ~ ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~( 15 3 ()1(~~1-
1(~()11~11~)1 ~11311~~( 11131 ~011.,,~(15 3~ ))0~~( 31 011~ 1(~()11~11~)110 3~ ))0~~( 31 3110111~(
1(~()11~11~)1 0)1 3~-3~ ~011.,,~(51011, ~11110111 311 1111~((11~()131~ ~011.,,~(51011 1111~.
111~ (113)0(11)1 01 ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(5 3(~ 113111(311)1 ~0(11(1111131~() 311() 111~ (113)(1(1111(11
0111))1111(~()11~11~)115 11(1111~() 10 3 .,,3111~ 1113115 0111)1 31(3~11011 01111~ 5011(~~ 1(~()11~11~)1.
~5 3 (~51111111~ (113)0( 3))))11~3110115 01 ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(5 3(~ 10~ 5))~~(), 3~ (11010( ()(1.,,~5
111 111~ (311~~ 11)) 10 15 000 ~~ ~11111(~()11~11~1~5 1(0(11 0 10 20 1-12. ~~ ()(1.,,~5 3(~
()15~1155~() 111 ~113))1~( 11.
~1111 111~ ()~.,,~10))(11~111 01 ))0~~( ~011.,,~(51011 1~~11111()11~5 311() (110()~(11 ~0111(01
(11~1110()5, 111.,,~(1~(-1~() 3~ (11010( ()(1.,,~5 3(~ 13~111~ 0.,,~( ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(-1~() ()(1.,,~5.
1-10~~.,,~(, (~~~111 3().,,311~~(11~1115 111 1351-5~11~11111~ ))0~~( ()~.,,1~~5 311() (111~(0))(0~-
~550(5 ))~((1111 5)111111~512111~ 311() 1(11))1~(11~111111~ 3().,,311~~() ~011.,,~(51011 51(31~~1~5 10(
10(~~()-~0(11(1111131~() ()1(~~1-1(~()11~11~)1 ~11311~~(5 (~0~~5) 10 0))11(1112~ 111~ ~111~1~11~)1
311() (~()11~~ 111~ 113((110111~ ~0111~1115 (1,2). 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11111~110115 01 ~~0 ~~5 ~311
0~ ))(0~(3(11(11~() 10 ~0(110111~ 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11111~110115 013~-()~ 311() ()~-3~ ~011.,,~(1~(5.
011~ 10 111~ 113111(~ 01 ()~(1.,,3110115 111.,,01.,,~() 111 ~~0~~5, 10(~~()-~0(11(1111131~() ~)1~10-
~011.,,~(1~(5 ~1111101 0~ ()15~1155~() 111(111~(.

111~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 0))~(311011 01 5111~1~-))1135~/5111~1~-))1135~ ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(5 ~311 0~ ~)(-

))13111~() ~1111 111~ 11~1)) 01 ~1~. 6-213. 111~ 1~0 5111~1~-))1135~ ~0111(011~() ~011.,,~(1~(5
3(~ 0))~(31~() 35 0(1()~~ (~~1111~(5. 1-10~~.,,~(, 111~1( ()~13)1 311~1~5 3(~ 511~11 11131 111~
0111))111 .,,0113~~ 01011~ ~011.,,~(1~( 15 ~()1131311() 0))))0511~ 10 11131 01111~ 0111~( ~011.,,~(1~(.
11 ~011.,,~(1~( ~ 15 0))~(31111~ 31011~, 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 15 ))05111.,,~ 311() 11
~011.,,~(1~( 1-/ 15 0))~(31111~, 111~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 15 11~~311.,,~. ~1~11(~ 6-210 5110~5 111~
~3.,,~10((115 10( 111~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 311() ~31111~ 51~11315 01 ))05111.,,~ 311() 11~~311.,,~ ~011-
.,,~(1~(5, ~1111111~ ))05111.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~( 011 10( 11(11~ 10/2 311() 111~ 11~~311.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~( 011
10( 11(11~ 10/2. 111~ 1(~()11~11~)1 01111~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 15/0 = 1/10.
11 0./1 15 111~ ()~13)1 311~1~ 01 ))05111.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~(, 111~ ()~13)1 311~1~ 01 11~~311.,,~
~011.,,~(1~( 15 0.,,
= 10 - 0./1. 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 01111~ ))05111.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~(
15 ~()1131 311() 0))))0511~ 11131 01111~ 11~~311.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~(.

(6-46)
51(11113( 10 ()1131 ~011.,,~(1~(5 111 5~~110115 4-5 311() 4-10, 111~ 111513111311~0115 .,,3111~5
011~0 0111))111 .,,0113~~5 (113)11101 0~ ~()1131. 11/5 ))055101~ 10( 13(~~ 113((110111~ ~11((~1115
10 ~1(~11131~ ~1111111 111~ ~011.,,~(1~(5.
111~ ~1(~11131111~ ~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~11(1111131~() 0)1 511))))(~55111~ 111~ ~31~ ))1115~5 10

166

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 ~-()0,,1/9/19~
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10~ ~00~~(1~( 001 0~11~~(10~ 1030 ~11((~01. /1...510~1~-~035~ ~00~~(1~( ~110 ~~01~(-
13~ 1(30510((0~( 35 500~0 10 ~1~. 6-22 035 30 101~(~(011~ (~3~10(, ~01~0 (031013105
3 ~0060110115 ~11((~01110~ 300 3150 11(0115 10~ ~1(~1113110~ ~11((~01.

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 ~~301)))~ 6-9

111.~ 111~01 ~0113~~ 10 111.~ ~)1~10~011~~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 6-213 18 120 ,, 60 1-12. 111.~ 1030
~~8181311~~ 18 5 0 3110 111.~103011100~1311~~ 18 1- = 40 1111-1. 111.~1~~().0~11~)101111.~
001~01
~0113~~ 18 20 1-12. 11111.~ ~011~~~1~~8 3~~ 0~~~31~0 38 8~1111~011~~~1~~8 80~0. 10.31 0 ~ ~
~ ,,,. 3110 111.~0~13)1 311~1~ 18~,, 2,,,./3, 0~1~~111111~ 111.~(3) ~1118~310~ 01001~01 ~0113~~,
=
110, (0) ~1118~0~~~111 01 ~3~11. 111.)1~1810~,1~~ 3110 (~) 111~01 ~0~~~ 13~10~, ~~.

80)01100 115= 120 ,,1. = 601-12, /0 = 201-12, 8. = 5 0, 1- = 40 1111-1,

~,, = 2,,,./3,
(()0 2,,,. )( 20 = 125.66 ~30/8, (110)(~
= = (()01-= 5.027 0.
(3) ~0~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ,,,., ~().. (6-8) ~1~~8 111.~~1118001~01 ~0113~~
1/2

110 = 115
( ~
1
( ,,,.
- ~ +
81112~
~ )) (6-47)
= 53 ,
())) 2 = (8.2 + ((()01-)2)1/2
= 7.09031109 = 1311-1((()008.) = 45.20. 111.~~1118
1030 ~0~~~111,10 = 11)2 = 53/7.09 = 7.48~. 111.~~1118~0~~~111111.~00~11.
~3~11.~011~~~1~~,
1,, = 1,., = 10/0 = 5.29 ~ 3110 10~ ~1118~0~~~11110~00~11. ~3~0 111.~)11810~,
1~ = 1,,/
0 = 3.74 ~.
(~) 111.~~1118111~01~0~~~111,15 = 10 = 7.48 ~, 10~ ~011-3111~~~~~31111~ , ~
= 11515
= 897.6 ,~, (111010~ 001~01 ~0~~~, ~0 = 11010 ~08 9 = 279.65~. ~~0111 ~().. (6-
8), 10~ 111~01..,0~~~ 13~10~,

110 9 )1,2
~~ = + 811122~)
= ~~8 = ~08 9 (~(,,,. - ~
~~5
(6-48)
_279.65 . )
= 3 2 (
897.6 = 0. 1 13~~111~
1-/01~. 8((03600 (6-48) 00~8 00110~100~ 111~113(111001~~001~01 00 111~001~01
~0113~~ 300 ~1..,,~8111~3~~~0)(111131~..,,310~01 ~0~~~ 13~10~. 111~ 3~1031 ..,,310~~111
0~ 1~88 11130 11131~1..,,~00)1 8((. (6-48). 8((036008 (6-47) 300 (6-48) 3~~ 3180..,,3110
10~ ~~8186..,,~ 10308.

111~ ~1~~011 013~~3111 01 3 111~~~-~1138~/810~1~-~1138~ ~)1~10~00..,,~~1~~ 18 8110~0 10 1=01~.

6-233. 111~ 1~0 3~-0~ ~00..,,~~1~~8 3~~ 111~~~-~1138~ ~001~011~0 ~~~1111~~8. 111~ 8)10-
111~818 01 001~01 ~3..,,~10~111 10~ 30 001~01 1~~((0~0~)1 01 12 1-12 18 8110~0 10 1=01~.
6-230. 111~ ~08111..,,~ ~00..,,~~1~~ 0~~~31~8 10~ 11311111~ ~~~100 01 001~01 1~~((0~0~)1
300 111~ 0~~36..,,~ ~00..,,~~1~~ 0~~~31~8 10~ 111~ 0111~~ 11311-~~~100. 111~ 30(1)18180111118
~)1~10~00..,,~~1~~ 18 81111113~ 10 11131 01 810~1~-~1138~/810~1~-~1138~ ~)1~10~00..,,~~1~~8.
111~ ~001~01 01 3~ 111010~8 ~~((01~~8 3 111~~~-~1138~ ..,,0113~~ 31 ..,,3~1301~ 1~~((0~0~)1.
111~ ~)1~10~00..,,~~1~~ 10 1=01~. 6-233 ~30 0~ ~)(1~00~0 10 ~~0..,,10~
111~~~-~1138~ 001~01
0)1113..,,10~ 81)( 111~~~-~1138~ ~00..,,~~1~~8 38 8110~0 10 1=01~. 6-243. 83~11 ~1138~ ~0081818
01 81)( 111)1~1810~8 38 8110~0 10 1=01~. 6-240, 300 3 10131 0118 111)1~1810~8 3~~ ~~((01~~0.
11 81),. 1011-~3..,,~ 111~~~-~1138~ ~~~611~~8 3~~ 08~0, 36 111)1~1810~8 ~0010 0~ ~~((01~~0.

168

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 +
~0

1. = 60~2

-.,0

~~ ~30 0011~~ 1(001 ~1~8. 6-210 30(1 6-230 11131 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 18 001 ~0(~1~
8100801(131, 30(1 38 3 (~8011 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ ~0013108 113(01001~8. 8()031100
(6-48) 8110~8 11131111~ 10~01 ~0~~( 13~10( (1~~~0(18 00 111~ (1~13~ 30~1~ 01111~(1810(8
30(118 ~00(, ~8~~~1311~ 31111~ 10~ 001~01 ~0113~~ (30~~.
111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 01 ~~~10~00~~(1~(8 18 0381~311~ 013(1~ 0~ 01 8~~01~018 01
10~01 ~0113~~( 8) 30(1 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~310~ 01 3 8~~01~01 (1~~~0(18 00 111~ (1~13~ 30~1~
10( 11131 8~~01~01. 11111~ (1~13~ 30~1~8 01 8~~01~018 ~~(~ ~3(1~(110 80~11 3 ~3~ 11131
111~ 3~~(3~~ ~310~8 01 8~~01~018 ~0((~8~00(1 38 ~108~1~ 38 ~088101~ 10 111~ ~3(136008
01 (1~81(~(1 8100801(131 001~01 ~0113~~, 111~ 113(01001~8 00 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ ~30 0~
011010112~(1. 510~~ 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 01 3 8~~01~0118 3 ~0810~ 100~600 01

169
58~. 6-10

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 ~6()~~8.~
(8.) ~~6018.~~~

,.., ,..,.

0~1(1)1 (10~1~, 10~ 0~1(1)1 (10~1~5 ~0( 5~~(0~015 ~(10 0~ ~~0~((11~0 0)1 ~0(0~(1(10~ (1
~0510~
51~0(11 (11 5011(~~ ~(~()11~0~)1 (1)~ = -0 ~5 ~05 0)5/) ~110 (10 10~(11 510115010(11 0111~111
~011(1~~ (11 10~ 0111~111 ~(~()11~0~)1 (1).
= -0 ~. 510 0)0/). ~1~11(~ 6-25 500~5 10~
~~0~((11100 0~ ~(1110~ 51~0(115 ~0( 10~ 10)1(1510(5 0~ 10~ ~)1~10~00~~(1~( 10 ~1~. 6-23(1.
10~ (0(1)(1(011(0 (1~~((1~~ ~011(1~~ 0~ (1 5~~(0~01 (~01~00~~11(5 ~0( 0.,, = 0) 5001110
0~ ~()11(1110 10~ ~~(1~ ~(1111~ 0~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, ~0( ~)((1(0~1~,

2-0~5
~,, = = -0 ~0 (6-49)
~
(100 ~(). (6-49) ~1~~5 10~ ((05 ~(1111~ 0~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ (15

-0~5
~0=- (6-50)
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170

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 ~.

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~~00~8~0~00
0
9,,92

0
93.94
0
91..92.
0
93.,94.
0
~0

~1(301~1~ 6-10

~~11~31 ~)(301111~ 6-9 1~ 111~ 0~13~ 31181~8 0~ 111~ ~~~10~011~~~1~~ 8~~ 8~11~~81~0 0~ ~0111-
()8~1118 8 ~08111~ 8181181 81 111~ 8011~~~ ~~~~11~11~~ ~1111 8 811111801081 8181131 81 111~ 0111()111
~~~~11~11~~ 88 8110~11111 ~18. 6-25.

80101100 ~$ ~~ = 271/3,
= 120 ~, /$ = 60 1-12,/0 = 20 1-12,~ = 5 0, ~ = 40 1111-1,
(00 = 271 )( 20 = 125.66 ~80/8, 8110)(1- = (00~ = 5.027 0.
(8) ~~0111 ~~. (6-50), 111~~1118~8111~0~ 111~011111111
~01188~,

0~$ )(
~0 =- = 0.6366~$= 0.6366 120 = 76.39 ~
71

5~~. 6-10 171

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 1030 (11~~~111,10 = ~).2 = 76.39/7 = 10.77.4.. 111~ ~~5 (11~~~111111~011~11~,1(11
(011..,~~1~~, 1,, = 1,., = //)0 = 7.62.4., 3110 111~~~5 (11~~~111111~011~0~3(11111)1~1510~,
1~ = 1,,/0 = 5.39.4..
(() 111~ ~~5 111~111(11~~~111, /.- = /() = 10.77 ,4., 111~ ,,011-(1111~~~~ ~(11111~, ~,4. =
~,1, = 1292.4 ~.4., 3110 111~ 0(11))111 ))0.,.,~~,

~0 = ~010 (05 6 = 0.6366~)0 (05 6 = 580.25 ~.

~~ = 0.6366 (05 9
(6-51 )
580.25 . )
= 1292.4 = 0. 44 9 ( 13~~111~

~0(~. ~~1.131100 (6-51) 50.0~5 10.31 10.~ 10~1.11 ~0~~( ~3~10( 15 100~~~110~01 0~
0~13)1 30~1~, ~ 300 0~~~005 0(1)1 00 10.~ 1030 30~1~ 8. )31.11~0( 00((1131 ~0.35~ 311~1~
~001(01, 10.~ 111~1.11~0~~( ~3~10( 15 0~~~00~111 00 0010. 0~13)1 30~1~, ~, 3110 1030
311~1~, 8. 1~ ~~ ~0(11~3(~ ~~. (6-48) ~110. ~~. (6-51), 10.~(~ 15 3 ~(111~31 ,,311.1~ 0~
0~13)1 30~1~ ~0 ~0.1~0. 15 ~1,,~0 0)1
1/2
1
(~ ( 10 - ~~ +
510 2~~
~ )) = 0.6366 (6-52)

~0( ~ ~ ~0 10.~ 00((1131 0~13)1-311~1~ ~0111(01 ~01.110 ~)(0.1011 3 0~11~( ~0~~( ~3~10(
300 10.~ 5011.111000~ ~~. (6-52) )11~105~~ = 98.590.

10.~ (31111~5 0~ ~0~~( 0~,,1~~5 (111.1510~ 0~51~0~0 ~0( 10.~ ~0(51-~35~ ~0110111011, .,.,0.1~0.
0~~1.1(5 ~0.~0 10.~ ~00,,~(1~( 0~11,,~(5 10.~ (113)(1(111.1(11((115 ,,3111~ 0~ 0111~1.11 ,,0113~~ 110.
10.~ 10~111 300 0111~111 ~111~(5 (111151 3150 0~ 0~51~0~0 ~0( ~0(51-~35~ ~0001110115. 10.~
0111~111 0~ 3 ~0~~( ~0111(011~( ~01113105 0.3((11001~5, 300 10.~ 0~13)130~1~ ~0( 10.~ .,.,0(51-
~35~ ~011011100 0~ 3 ~3(11~1113( ~1(~1111 3((30~~(11~0150.01110 0~ 0~1~((1110~0. 10.~ 51~~5
10,,01,,~0 10 0~51~010~ 10.~ ~0~~( ~1(~11115 300 ~111~(5 3(~ 51(11113( 10 10.31 0~ 1~~11~1~1
~11~1111 0~51~0 10 5~~11011 2-11.

~,.301~1~ 6-11

.4. 5111~1~-))1135~11111-.,.,3..,~ 3( ..,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-33 (0111~015 ))0.,.,~~ 110.,., 110~
3 230- ~ 60-1-12 3( 50111(~ 11110 3 1~5156,,~ 1030. 111~ ~3)(1~11~ 0~811~0 0(11))111 ))0.,.,~~
18 10 /(~. ~31(11131~ 111~ (3) ~3)(1~11~ ~~8 (11~~~111 ~3611~ 01111)1~1510~8,
1~1-4~ (0)
~3)(1~11~ 3..,~~3~~ (11~~~111 ~3611~ 01111)1~1510~5, (() ))~3/( (11~~~111 01111)1~1810~8, 1/,~
1/11-4~
3110 (0) ))~3/( ,,3111~ 01111)1~1810~ ..,0113~~, ~,,.

801111100 ~0 = 10,000~, ~5 = 230 ~, 3110 ~,,, = 0 )(

230 = 325.3~. 111~
~3)(1~11~ ))0.,.,~1 .,.,1110~ 0~11..,~~~0 .,.,11~11111~0~13)1 311~1~18 ~ = 0. ~~0~ ~().. (6-8),
10~ ~~8 ..,3111~010(11))111 ..,0113~~ ~0 = ~5 = 230~, ~0 = ~6/8. = 2302/8.
= 10,000,
3110 1030 ~~8181311(~ 18 8. = 5.2911.
(3) 111~ ~3)(1~11~ ~~8 ..,3111~011030 (11~~~111,
101-4= ~)8. = 230/5.29 = 43.48
.4. 3110 111~~3)(1~11~ ~~8 ..,3111~01111)1~1810~(11~~~111,
1~1-4= 101-4/0 = 30.75.4..

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 (11) ~10111 8().. (6-10), 1/1~ 111(1)(11111.1111(1,,,~1(18~ ~1.111~111 011/1~1151015,

)(
0 230
/,,.,,.,,,=
70
)(
5.29 = 19.57 ~
(~) 1/1~ ~~(1~ ~1.111~11101111~1151015, /,, = 1(~,/~ = 325.3/5.29 = 61.5 ~.
(0) 111~ ~~(1~ 111~115101 ,,,011(18~, 1(,, = 1(~, = 325.3 ~.

~)(301()1~ 6-12
(1 ~1., 10(10 (1110 1/1~
~ 511181~-~11(15~ 11.111-~(1,,,~~01111011~1 111~18. 6-6(1 ~01111015 ~0~~1 10
501.11~~ ,,,011(18~ 15 120 ~, 60 112. ((1) 05~ 1/1~ 111~11100 01 ~01.111~1 5~11~5 10 0111(1111
~)(~1~5510115 101 01.11~1.11,,,011(18~ 1)0(() (1110 10(10 ~1.111~111/0(1) (15 (111.111~11011010~1(1~ (11181~
~. (11) 0~1~1111111~ 111~ 0~1(1~ (11181~101111~ 111(1)(11111.1111
(111101.1111
0110~~51-010~111(111110111~
~1.111~111111111~ 10(10. (~) 11 ~ = 50,1., = 1011111, (1110 ~ = 70/2, 0~1~1111111~ 111~ .1115
,,,(111.1~01111110 11(111110111~~1.111~111. (0) 11 (1 ~(1~(1~1101 15 ~01111~~1~0 (1~1055 111~ 10(10 (~18.
6-26), ~(11~1.11(11~111~ ,,,(111.1~01 ~(1~(1~11(111~~10 1~01.1~~ 1/1~ 111110 11(111110111~~1.111~1111111/1~
10(10 10 10% 01111~ 10(10 ~1.111~111.

80101100 ((1) 111~ ~(1,,,~10101 101 111~ 01.11~1.11,,,011(18~ 15 5110~11 111 ~18. 6-611. 111~ 111-
51(1111(111~01.15
01.11~1.11,,,011(18~ ~(11111~ ~)(~1~55~0 111~01.111~1 5~11~5 (15
~ ~

1)0(() = 1(00 + ~ (/,, ~05 /1())( + ~ 00 5111

/1())( (6-53)
~=1.2 ~=1,2...

01(, + 1)~ + ~05 (/1 - 1)~ - ~05 (/1 - 1)701

= 70 ( ~05(/1

/1+1
- ~05(/1 1)70
/1-1 ~
101/1=3,5,... (6-54)
=0 101/1=2,4,...
(,,
00 = ~ 01(55111())(5111/1())((/(())1)
70)~

01(5 + 1)~ _ 5111(/1 - 1)~ 1

=
70 ( 5111(/1

/1+1 /1-1 ~
101/1 = 3, 5, ... (6-55)

=0 101/1 = 2,4, ...

+ +

0,/0

..1~11..~ 6-26 5111~1~-..,/135~ (1.111~0110,/~1(~1

~1(/1 ~/.., 1030.

58~. 6-11 173

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 (6-56)

(6-57)

7, = 8. + 1(/1001,)= (8.2 + (/1001,)2)1/2

~
311() 6~ = ~311~1 (/10008.). 01~1()111~ 110(() 111 ~~. (6-53) 0)1103() 1111~~()311~~ 7, 311()
51111~111)1111~
~0.~ 5111~ 311() ~05111~ ~~(1115 ~1~~ ~0.~ 103() ~1.1((~11~ 35

/0(() = ~ 0
11=2,4,...
1~ 5111 (/100( - 6~ + ~~) (6-58)

1 ((1~ + 6~)1/2
1~ =
0 (8.2 + (/1001,)2)1/2
(0) 111~ ~0.1(() 0.3(1110111~ 15 ~0.~ 10~~5~-0(()~( 0.3(1110111~. 10.~ ~31~1.1136011 01 ~/11(()
0.3(1110111~ 10( ~3(101.15 ~311.1~5 01 ()~13)1 311~1~ 50.0~5 ~0.3~ 1~ 0~~0111~5 (113)(11111.111110( ~ =
~/2.
(~) ~0( ~ = ~/2, 1, = 1011111,8. = 50, 00 = 2~ )(
60 = 377 (3()/5 311() ~$ =
120 ~,
/0(() = (16.065111 (00( - 32.480 - 370) + 4.375111 (300( + 900 - 66.150)

+ 0.9235111(500(- 900 - 75.140) + 0.675111(700(+ 900 - 79.270)

+ 0.3155111 (900( - 900 - 81.620) + . . .)

4.37
13 = = 3.09 ~
0
(~) ~1~1.1(~ 6-27 50.0~5 ~0.~ ~~1.11~31~11~ ~1(~1.11~10( 0.3(1110111~ ~1.1((~11~. 05111~ ~0.~
~1.1((~11~-()1~1()~( (1.11~, ~0.~ 0.3(1110111~ ~1.1((~11~ ~0.(01.1~0. 103() 15 ~1~~11 0)1

~ _- (8.2 %0
1~ + (/1001, - %0)2)1/2

~..~ 6-27 ~().111~31~111 (1..(1111 ~0.. 03..-

1110111( (11 ~111.

174

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 ~/1~~~ %0 = 1/(1/0)0. ~0~ 1/ = 3 (11100) = 377,

/~ %0
1,, = (52 + (3 )(
3.77 - %0)2)1/2= 0.1
~/11~/1 ~1~108 %0 = -1.362 0~ 1.134. 5111~~%0 ~(11111010~ 11~~(16~~, %0 = 1.134 =
1/(3 )( 377~) 0~ ~ = 779.85 /-1-~.

10 10~ 0.~(1~(16.008 01 0111.,111 ~011(1~~8, ~~ 0(1~~ (18811((1~0. 10(11 10~ 8011(~~ 0(18 00
100.11~1(10~~. 10~ ~11~~1 01 (10)1 5011(~~ 100.11~1(10~~ ~01110. 0~ 10 0.~1(1)110~ 111(0-011
0(10)1(1810(8. 10)1(1810(8 ~01110. 001 111(0 011 (11 10~ 2~(0 ~(08810~ 0110.,111 ~011(1~~
(18 800~010 ~1~. 6-280, (100. ~(11~ .,1118~8 01800(1 0.11((11100 ((1(1)1 001 0~ 81111(101~. 10~
0(1(((1001~ ~001~018 00 10~ 0111.,111 ~011(1~~ ~01110. (1180 10~(~(18~.
~~ 0(1~~ 8~~0 10 5~~1100 6-5 10(1110~ 10(10. 100.11~1(10~~ .,1(1)18 (1 81~0111~(101 .,(1(1
(1 .,1118~0.
00 10~ .,~.-10(((1(10~~ 01.,0~~( ~001(011~(8. ~110011~010~ 0111.,111 ~011(1~~ 15
~(1~~10(((1, 10~ 10(10.100.11~1(10~~ 1(1~8 10 ((1(1101(110 (1 ~00110110118 ~11((~01110~ (18 800~0
10 ~1~8. 6-60 (100. 6-280. ~~ ~(10 (1180 0011~~ 1(0((1 ~~8. (6-48) (100. (6-52) 10(1110~
10.,111 .,0~~( 1(1~10( 01 .,0~~( ~00~~(1~( 0.~.,~00.8 00 10~ 10(10. .,0~~( 1(1~10(. 1)11~
10 10~ 8~11~010~ ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8 0(10)1(1810(8, (10)1 100.11~1(10~~ 10 10~ ~1(~1111 ((1(1~~8
10~ (10(11)1818 ((10(~ ~0((1.,1~)(.

~.

(8)

(0)

...1~0..~ 6-28 ~((~(15 0( 1030 111011(1311(~

011 1030 (11((~111 3110 ~0113~~.

58~. 6-12 175

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 10~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~( ~30 1.15~ 00-011 ~001(01 0( ~035~-30~1~ ~001(01. 10~ 00-
011 ~001(0115 010(~ 51.111301~ 10( 5)151~015 113~10~ 3 111~111101~ ~0051301. 1)1.1~ 10 111~
0~ ~001~00~01 00 10~ 01.11~1.11 011.10101(~~110031 ~001(011~(5, 0101(~~110031 ~001(011~(5
3(~ 00(01311)11.15~0 10 1001.151(131 3~~11~311005. 01.1~ 10 10~ 5~11~010~ ~03(3~1~(1511~5
01 10)1(1510(5, 30 1001.1~11~~ 1030 013/(~5 111~ 5011.111005 01 ~().1.1311005 0~5~(1010~ 111~
~~(10(0130~~ 01 ~001(011~(5 010(~ ~001~1~)( 300 30 11~(311~~ 01~11100 01 5011.11100 15
010(~ ~00~~01~01. 111~ 10~1.11 ~0~~( 13~10( 01 ~001(011~(5, ~111~11 ~3(1~5 ~1111 0~13)1
30~1~, 15 ~~0~(311)1 ~00(, ~5~~~1(11)1 31111~ 10~ 01.11~1.11 (30~~. 111~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~00-
1(011~(5 ~30 0~ 1.15~0 35 1(30510(01~( 51311~ 13~ ~1130~~(5.
111~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~(5 ~(0~10~ 30 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 31 3 11)(~0 1(~().1.1~0~)1. 1~0
~1135~-~001(011~0 (~~1111~(5 ~000~~1~0 35 01.131 ~00~~(1~(5 ~30 0~ 0~~(31~0 35 01(~~1-
1(~().1.1~0~)1 ~1130~~(5 /(00~0 35 ~)1~/0~017~~,(~,5. ~1111 111~ 0~~~10~01~01 01 1351-
5~11~1110~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5, 111~ 10(~~0 ~001011.1131100 01 ~)1~10~00~~(1~(5 15 ~055101~~
110~~~~(, 11 (~().1.11(~5 5)10111~51210~ 111~ 5~11~1110~ 11.10~11005 10( ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 (1,2).

1. ~. 0. ~10~(15, 8. 1. 1(11(111, (1110 ~. 1-1. ~(151110, --80111~ 1111~(0.,,~0 10(~~0 ~0111111111(11~0

~)1~10~011.,,~(1~( 51(1.1~111(~5.,, / ~~~ 1,.(1115(1(//0115011 /1101-/.5/,.)1
.4~~//((1//011.~, ~ 01. 1~ 121,
~0. 5 (8~~1~1110~(-0~100~() 1985, ~~. 1242-1253.
2. ~. ~~11111(1, --~ 11~~ 5111~~(1.,,~ 1115111~~(1.,,~ 0111 ~011.,,~(510111~~11111().11~~11111111(11~5
(~(1~6.,,~
~1~111~1115.,, ~,.0((~~0/1185 ~0/1)~,.(011 7, 1980, ~~. .83-1-.83-13.
3. 1,. 0)111~1, (1110 8. ~. ~~11)1, 5/(1//( ~0/1)~,. ~,.~~~~11()1 ~/1(1118~5-1/1~0,.)1, ~~,.10,.~/(111(~, (1110
.4~~//((1//0115, ~~~ ~ 0(/(~ ~11~)1-1111~(5~1~11~~, 1976.
4. 8. ~. ~~11)1, 1/1)1,./5/0,.-~/1(15~ ~011/,.0//~0 ~0111/~,./~,.5 (1110 ~)1(/0(0111/~,./~,.5. ~~~ ~0(/(=
~11~)1-1111~(5~1~11~~, 1971.
5. --1.8.8.8 51(1110(1(0 0~1111111011(1110 (~().111(~111~111510( 111)1(1510( (1~ ~0~~( ~0111(011~(5,,, /~~~
5/(1110(1,.0, ~0. 428-1981, 1981.

6-1. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (10.,,(1111(1~~5(1110 015(10.,,(1111(1~~5 01 011-011 ~0111(017

6-2. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (10.,,(1111(1~~5(1110 015(10.,,(1111(1~~5 01 ~11(15~-(111~1~ ~0111(017
6-3. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ ~11~~15 01/0(10 111011~1(111~~011 111~ ~~(10(111(111~~ 01 (1~ .,,011(1~~ ~0111(011~(57
6-4. ~11(11 15 111~ ~)(611~11011 (111~1~7
6-5. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (10.,,(1111(1~~5(1110 015(10.,,(1111(1~~5 011111101(~~11011(11 ~0111(011~(57
6-6. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (10.,,(1111(1~~5(1110 015(10.,,(1111(1~~5 01 0101(~~6011(11 ~0111(011~(57
6-7. ~11(1115 (1 6~ ~0111(01 (1(((111~~111~1117
6-8. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 51~~5 111.,,01.,,~0 111 0~1~(111111111~111~ 0111~111 .,,011(1~~ ~(1.,,~10(1115 01111(~~-
~11(15~ 1111101(~~6011(11 ~0111(011~(5 7

176

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 6-9. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 51~~5 111,,,01,,,~0 111 0~1~~~111111~ 111~ 0111~111 ,,,0113~~ ~3,,,~10~~5 01111~~~-

~1135~ 0101~~(601131 (0111~011~~57

6-10. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01 0~113-(01111~(1~0 (0111~011~~5 7
6-11. ~113115 111~(0111~01 ~311~~ 01111~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 10~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 1111101~~(601131 (0111~011~~5 7
6-12. ~113115 111~ (0111~01 ~311~~ 01111~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 10~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 0101~~(601131 (0111~011~~57
6-13. ~113115111~ (0111~01 ~311~~ 01111~ 0~13)1311~1~ 10~ 111~~~-~1135~ 1111101~~(601131 (0111~011~~57
6-14. ~113115 111~ (0111~01 ~311~~ 01111~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 10~ 111~~~-~1135~ 0101~~(601131 (0111~011~~57
6-15. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 011~311510~~~~ 13~ (11311~~~57
6-16. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~~111005 10~ 0111~111 ,,,0113~~ (0111~01 011~311510~~~~ 13~ (11311~~~57
6-17. ~1131 15 3 5)111(11~011011513~ (11311~~~7
6-18. ~1131 15 3 ()1(10(011,,,~~1~~7
6-19. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01 ()1(10(011,,,~~1~~57
3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~57
6-20. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01
6-21. ~113115 111~ ~~111(1~1~ 01 0~~~36011 01 ()1(10(011,,,~~1~~57
6-22. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~11~(15 011030 111011(1311(~ 011 111~ ~~~10~~311(~ 01 ()1(10(011,,,~~1~~5 7
6-23. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 111~~~ ~055101~ 3~~311~~~~1115 10~ 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3,,,~ 3( ,,,0113~~
(0111~011~~7
6-24. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 01 511111501031 113~~0111( ~~011(6011 1~(11111~11~5 10~ ()1(10(011-
,,,~~1~~5 7

6-25. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~31~ 51~1131 ~~~111~~~~1115 01111)1~1510~5 10~ ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~5 ~1111 ~~
103057
6-26. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~11~(15 01 5011~(~ 3110 1030 111011(1311(~57
0~,,,1(~5 10~ 3( ,,,0113~~
6-27. ~1131 3~~ 111~ (0110160115 10~ 111~ ~0~51-(35~ 0~51~11 01 ~0~~~
(0111~011~~57
3( ,,,0113~~ (011-
6-28. ~1131 3~~ 111~ (0110160115 10~ 111~ ~0~51-(35~ 0~51~11 011030 1111~~5 10~
1~011~~57

6-1. 111~ 3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-13 15 115~0 10~ 11~31111~ 3 ~~5156,,,~ 1030 01 ~ = 5 0
3110 111~ 111~111 ,,,0113~~ 15 11, = 120~, 60 1-12. 111~ 111)1~1510~ 5~11(1115 011 10~ /1 = 125
()1(1~5 3110 15 01110~ 111 = 75 ()1(1~5. 0~1~~~111~ 111~ (3) ~~5 0111~111 ,,,0113~~, 110~ ()))

111~111~0~~~ 13(10~, ~~ ~ 3110 (~) 3,,,~~3~~ 3110 ~~5 (11~~~111 01111)1~1510~5.

6-2. 111~ 3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-13 115~5 011-011 (0111~0110~ 11~3611~ 3 ~~5156,,,~ 1030
01 ~ = 4 0 3110 111~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 15 11, = 208 ~, 60 1-12. 11111~ 0~51~~0 0111~111 ~0~~~
())) 111~111~0~~~ 13(10~, ~~.
15 ~0 = 3 /(~, 0~1~~~111~ 111~ (3) (111)1 ()1(1~, /(~ 3110
6-3. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~3,,,~ 3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-23 1135 3 ~~51511,,,~ 1030 01 ~
120 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 01111)1~1510~ 11
= 5 0 3110 111~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 15 11, =
111~ (3) ~~5 0111~111 ,,,0113~~, 110~ ())) 111~111 ~0~~~ 13(10~, ~~~
15 ~ = 71/3. 0~1~~~111~
3110 (~) 3,,,~~3~~ 111~111(11~~~111.
6-4. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~3,,,~ 3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-23 1135 3 ~~5156,,,~ 1030 01 ~
208 ~, 60 1-12. 11111~ 0~51~~0 0111))111 ~0~~~ 15
= 5 0 3110 111~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 15 11, = ())) 111~111~0~~(
~0 = 2 /(~, (31(11131~ 111~ (3) 0~13)1 311~1~, ~~ 3110 13(10~, ~~.

177

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 6-5. 111~ 8111~1~-()1138~ ~11-~3~~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-33 1138 3 ..~8186~~ 1030 0( ~
= 5 11 3110 111~ 111()111~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 120 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~8 0( 111~..1810..8
11 3110 12 3..~ ~~1131~(11 = (12 = (1
= 270/3. 0~1~..111111~111~(3) ..11180111()111~0113~~,
(())) 111~111 ~0~~.. 13~10.., ~~ ~ (~) 3~~..3~~ ~11 ~111 01111~..1510..5, ((() ..1115
~0~ 1.. ~ 3110
~11 ~111 0( 111~0510..8, 18..
6-6. 111~ 8111~1~-()1138~ ~11-~3~~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-33 1138 3 ..~8186~~ 1030 0( ~
= 1.5 11 3110 111~ 111~111~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 120 ~, 60 1-12. 1( 111~ 0~81..~0 0111()111 ()0~~..
18 ~0 = 7.5 /(~, 0~1~..111111~ 111~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~8 0( 111~..1810..8 11 3110 12~ ())) ..11180111()111
~0113~~, ~0~ (~) 111()111()0~~.. (3~10.., ~~~ ((() 3~~..3~~ ~11 ~111 0( 111~..1810..8, /..~ 3110 (~)
..1118~11 ~111 0( 111~..1810..8, /8..
6-7. 111~ 1030 0( 311 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111..011~..18 ..~8186~~, ~1111 ~
= 1.5 11. 111~ 111()111~0113~~
18 ~5 = 120 ~, 60 1-12. ~101111~ ()0~~.. (3~10.. 3~311181111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ (0.. 8111~1~-()1138~
1131(-~3~~ 3110 (1111-~3~~ ~0111..011~..8.
6-8. 111~ 8111~1~-()1138~ (1111-~3~~ ~0111..011~.. 111 ~1~. 6-63 811()()11~8 311 ~1. 1030. 111~ 111()111
~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 120 ~ 31 60 1-12. 111~ 1030 18 811~11111311. = 5 1111-13110 ~
= 5 11.
111~ 0~13~ 311~1~8 0( 111~..1810.. 11 3110 111~..1510.. 12 3..~ ~~1131, ~11~..~ (1
= 70/3. 0~1~..111111~
111~ (3) ~011011~6011 311~1~ 0( 111~..1810.. 11, 8~ ())) ..11180111()111~0113~~, ~0~ (~) ..1118111~..1810..
~11 ~111, /8.~ ((() ..1118 0111()111 ~11 ~111, /0~ (~) 3~~..3~~ ~11 ~111 0( 3 111~..1810.., /,.,~ 3110 (0
111()111()0~~.. (3~10.., ~~.
6-9. 111~ 8111~1~-()1138~ ~11-~3~~ ~0111..011~.. 111 ~1~. 6-63 811()()11~8 311 ~1. 1030. 111~ 111()111
~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 120 ~ 31 60 1-12. ~101111~ ()0~~.. (3~10.., ~~, 3~311181111~0~13~ 311~1~,
(1, (0.. (3) 1. = 5 1111-1
3110~ = 5 11, 3110())) ~ = 5 11 31101. = 0.
6-10. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 1111101..~~601131 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-7 811()()11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 ..~8186~~
1030 ~1111 ~ = 5 11 3110 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111()111~0113~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 0~13~
311~1~ 18 (1
=
70/6. 0~1~..111111~ 111~ (3) ..11180111()111()1138~ ~0113~~, ~0~ ())) 111()111()0~~..~
3110 (~) ~)(~..~8810118 (0.. 111~ 111813111311~01180111()111 ~0113~~ 0( ()1138~ (1.
6-11. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 1111101..~~601131 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-7 811()()11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 ..~8186~~
1030 ~1111 ~ = 2.5 11 3110 111~ 1111~-10-1111~111()111~0113~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 1( 111~ 0~81..~0
0111()111 ()0~~.. 18 ~0 = 12 /(~, ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~, (1~ ())) ..11180111()111 ()1138~
~0113~~, ~0~ 3110 (~) 111()111~0~~.. (3~10.., ~~.
6-12. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 1111101..~~601131 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-7 811~~11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 ..~8186~~
1030 ~1111 ~
= 5 11 3110 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111()111~0113~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 0~13~
311~1~ 18 (1 = 270/3. 0~1~..111111~ 111~ (3) ..11180111()111 ()1138~ ~0113~~, ~0~ ())) 111~111()0~~..
(3~10.., ~~~ 3110 (~) ~)(()..~8810118 (0.. 111~ 111813111311~01180111()111 ~0113~~ 0(
~1138~ (1.
6-13. ~~()~31 ~..00. 6-10 (0.. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~601131 ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-12.
6-14. ~~()~31 ~..00. 6-11 (0.. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~601131 ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-12.
6-15. ~~()~31 ~..00. 6-12 (0.. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~601131 ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-12.
6-16. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~601131 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-12 811()()11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~01030 0(
~ =5 11 3110 1. = 10 1111-1. 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111~111~0113~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~
0~13~ 311~1~ 18 (1 = 70/2. ~101 111~ 1111~~11 ~111 (0.. 111~ 6..81 ~~~1~ 3(1~.. 111~ ~0111..011~..
18 8~11~11~0 011.
6-17. ~ 111..~~-()1138~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111..011~.. 811()()11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 ..~8186~~ 1030 0( ~ = 5
11 3110 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111()111~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 208 ~ 31 60 1-12. ~101111~ ()0~~.. (3~10..,
~~, 3~311181111~ 0~13~ 311~1~, (1, (0.. 111~ (3) 1131(-~3~~ ~0111..011~.. 111 ~1~. 6-7, 3110 ()))
(1111-~3~~ ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-12.
6-18. ~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~11011310~113-~01111~~1~0 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-151138 3 ..~8186~~ 1030
0( ~ = 5 11. 1( 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~0113~~ 18 ~5 =
208 ~, 60 1-12 3110 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ (1
= 70/3, 0~1~..111111~ 111~ (3) ..11180111()111 ()1138~ ~0113~~, ~0~ ())) ~)(()..~8810118 (0.. 1118131113-

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 11~0115 ~11((~1115 /0, /00, 3110 /00~ (~) ((115 011111111111135~~11((~111, /00, 3110 ((115 0111111111111~
~11((~111, /0~ (()) 11111111110~~( 13~10(, ~~~ 3110 (~) ((115 ~11((~111 01111~(1510(5, /~.

6-19. 111~ ~1(~1111 111 ~1~. 6-18 15 ~0111(011~0 35 3 5~11~11(0110115 1311 ~11311~~(. 111~ 11(1(113(~
~0113~~ 15 208 ...,, 60 1-12. 111~ 5~~01103(~ ~0113~~5 3(~ ~1 =
120..., 3110 ~2 = 88 ...,.
...,, 0~1~((11111~ 111~
11111~ 1030 (~5151311~~ 15 8. = 5 0 3110 111~ ((115 1030 ~0113~~ 15 180
(8) 0~13~ 311~1~5 01111~(1510(5 11 3110 12~ (/)) ((115 ~11((~111 01111~(1510(5 1, 3110 12~ (~)
((115 ~11((~111 01111~(1510(5 13 3110 14~ 3110 (()) 11111111110~~( 13~10(, ~~.

6-20. 111~ 11111111 ~0113~~ 10 111~ 5111~1~-111135~/5111~1~-111135~~~~10~011~~(1~( 111~1~. 6-213 15 120

...,, 60 1-12. 111~ 1030 (~5151311~~ 15 2.5 0 3110 1030 111011~1311~~ 15 1- = 40 (111-1. 111~
270/4,
1(~().11~11~~ 01 011111111 ~0113~~ 15 20 1-12. 11111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 01111~(1510(5 15 0.,, =
0~1~((11111~ 111~ (8) ((115 011111111 ~0113~~~ (/)) ((115 ~11((~111 01 ~3~11111~(1510(~ 3110 (~) 11111111

110~~( 13~10(, ~~.

6-21. ~~11~31 ~(00. 6-20 111- = 0.

6-22. ~0( ~(00. 6-20, 11101111~ 110~~( 13~10( 3~311151111~ 0~13~ 311~1~, 0..

6-23. ~~11~31 ~(00. 6-20 10( 111~ 111(~~-111135~/5111~1~-111135~ ~~~10~011~~(1~( 111~1~. 6-233, 1- =
0.
6-24. ~~~~31 ~(00. 6-20 11111~ 0~13~ 311~1~53(~ ~~11~(31~0 0~ ~0(11113(111~3 ~05111~51~113131
5011(~~ 1(~().11~11~~~1111 3 51111150103151~113131 0111111111(~().11~11~~35 5110~11 111 ~1~.
6~25.
6-25. ~0( ~(00. 6-24, 11101111~ 111~111110~~( 13~10( 3~311151111~ 0~13~ 311~1~.

6-26. 111~ 5111~1~-111135~11111-~3~~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111(011~( 111~1~. 6-53 ~0111(015 111~ 110~~( 1(0(11
,
3208 60-1-12 3~ 5011(~~ 11110 3 (~51511~~ 1030. 111~ (113)(1(1111(110~51(~0 011111111110~~(
(/)) (113)(1(1111(11
15 10 ~~. ~31~11131~ 111~ (8) (113)(1(1111(11((115 ~11((~111 (31111~ 01111~(1510(~
3~~(3~~ ~11((~111 (31111~ 01111~(1510(~ 3110 (~) 111~ ~~3/( 111~(1510( ~0113~~.
6-27. 111~ 111(~~-~1135~ 11111-~3~~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111(011~( 111 ~1~. 6-12 15 115~0 10 ~0111(01 111~
110~~( 1(0(11 3 2300 , 60-1-12 3~ 5011(~~ 11110 3 0~113-~01111~~1~0 (~51511~~ 1030. 111~
(113)(1(1111(110~51(~0 011111111110~~( 15 100 /(~. ~31~11131~ 111~ (8) (113)(1(1111(11((115 ~11((~111
(31111~ 01111~(1510(5, / /0.1~(/)) (113)(1(1111(113~~(3~~ ~11((~111 (31111~ 01111~(1510(5, /,.,./0.1~3110
(~) 111~ 11~3~ ~3111~ 01111~(1510( ~0113~~, ~,,.

6-28. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3~~ ~0111(011~( 111 ~1~. 6-63 ~0111(015 110~~( 10 3 8.1- 1030 3110
111~ 5011(~~ ~0113~~ 15 208 ...,, 60 1-12. 111~ 1030 15 8. = 5 0 3110 1- = 10 (111-1. (8)
0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((115 ~3111~ 011111(0 113((110111~ ~11((~111. (/)) 11 3 ~3113~110( 15 ~01111~~1~0
3~(055111~ 1030, ~31~11131~ 111~ ~3111~ 01 ~3~3~11311~~ 10 (~011~~ 111~1111(0113((110111~ ~11((~111
111111~ 1030 10 5% 01111~ 1030 ~11((~111, 0. = 70/3.

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 7

10 111(10)1100051(1(11 (1~~11~(111005, 1115 (~~01(~0 10 ~00~~(1 (1 ~1)(~0-~011(1~~ 0~ 500(~~

1010 (1 ~(1(1(101~-~011(1~~ 0~ 500(~~. ~ 0~ ~110~~~( ~00~~(15 01(~~11)1 ~(0111 0~ 10 0~
(100 15 (1150 ~00~0 (15 (1 ()~-(0-()~ ~011~€,(€,. ~ ~110~~~( ~(10 0~ ~00510~(~0 (15 0~
~~01~(11~01 10 (10 (1~ 1((105~0(111~( ~1111 (1 ~0011000051)1 ~(1(1(101~ 10(05 ((1110. 1.-1~~ (1
1((105~0(111~(, 11 ~0010 0~ 05~0 10 51~~-00~0 0( 51~~-0~ (1 0~ ~011(1~~ 500(~~.
~110~~~(5 (1(~ ~10~1)1 05~0 ~0( 1((1~1100 111010( ~001(0110 ~1~~1(1~ (10101110011~5,
1(011~)1 ~(1(5, 111(1(10~ 1101515, ~0(~11~11(0~~5, (100 11110~ 11(101~(5. 111~)1 ~(0~10~ 511100111
(1~~~1~((11100 ~001(01, 111~11 ~~~1~1~0~)1, (100 ~(151 0)10(11111~ (~5~005~. ~110~~~(5 ~(10
0~ 05~0 10 (~~~0~((111~~ 0((1~10~ 0~ 0~ 111010(5 10 (~10(0 ~0~(~)1 0(1~~ 1010 111~ 50~~1)1,
(100 11115 ~~(110(~ (~50115 10 ~0~(~)1 5(1~10~5 ~0( 1((105~0(1(11100 5)151~1115 ~1111 ~(~~0~01
510~5. ~110~~~(5 (1(~ (1150 05~0 10 0~ ~011(1~~ (~~01(110(5.

111~ ~(10~1~1~ 0~ 0~~((11100 ~(10 0~ ~)(~1(110~0 0)1 ~1~. 7-1(1. ~11~0 5~11~11 5~ 15
~105~0 ~0( (1 11111~(1, 111~ 10~01 ~011(1~~ 175 (1~~~(1(5 (1~(055 111~ 10(10. 1~ 111~ 5~11~11
(~111(1105 0~~ ~0( (1 11111~(2, 111~ ~011(1~~ (1~(055 111~ 10(10 15 2~(0. 111~ ~(1~~~0(1115 ~0(

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 ~0

~~~~~00~~6~ ~1

~0
_11_ ..
0
+ 0
51/-/ +
~ .
~5 ~0 -
-11--12

10.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ (100 10(10 ~1.1((~01 (1(~ (1150 50.0~0 10 ~1~. 7-10. 10.~ ~0.0~~~(
(1 (1) ~0~~( .1311, (2) ~0~~( ~05~)31, (3)
5~11~0. ~(10 0~ 1111~1~111~01~0 0)11.15105
010, 0( (4) 10(~~0-~01111111.11(11~0 10.)1(1510(. 10.~ ~((1~11~(11 0~~1~~5 0.(1~~ (1 11011~
~011(1~~ 0(0~ ((10~10~ 1(0111 0.5 10 2 ~, (100 10( 10.~ 5(1~~ 01 51111~11~11)1 10.~ ~011(1~~
(1(~ 0~~1~~1~0.
0(0~5 0110.~5~ ~0~~( 5~1111~0001.1~10( 0~~1~~5
10.~ (1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 15 ~1~~0 0)1
/1
1 (1
.((
~ =
0 -
1 10
1) () 0( = -1 ~5 = ). 1 ~ = /(~
5 5
(7-1)

~551.111110~ (1 10551~55 ~0.0~~~(, 10.~ 10~1.11 ~0~~( 10 10.~ ~0.0~~~( 15 10.~ 5(1111~ (15 10.~

01.11~1.11 ~0~~( (100 15 ~1~~0 0)1

/(, /(,1)2

~./ = -
1 1 ,.~
---20( = ,,, (7-3)
10 1 1)0/ 0( = -10 1 ~ ~

10.~ ~11~~11~~ 10~1.11 (~5151(10~~ 5~~0 0)110.~ 501.1(~~ 15

~. / = ~5
= ~ = ~
/(
(7-4)
10 /(~/~

10.~(~10(~,
10.~ 01.11)1 ~)1~1~, /(, ~(10 0~ ~(1(1~01(0111010 1 0)1 ~(1()110~ (1, 1, 0( 1.
10.~ 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ ~0 ~(10 0~ ~(1(1~0 1(0111 0 10 ~5 0)1 ~001(01110~ /( (100 10.~ ~0~~(
110~ ~(10 0~ ~001(011~0.

1. ~0118((111(-1,.~()/,/~11~)1 0/7~,.(1(/011. 10.~ ~0.0~~10~ 1(~()1.1~0~)1, 1 (0( ~0.0~~10~

~~(100 7), 15 ~~~1 ~0051(101 (100 10.~ 00-11111~, (1, 15 ~(1(1~0. 10.~ ~1010. 0110.~ ~1.115~
15 ~(1(1~0 (100 10.15 1)1~~ 01 ~001(01 15 ~00~0 (15 /7/,//8~-~/0(/1-~00/,//(1(/011 (~~~)
~001(01.

58~. 7-2 181

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 2. ~(1,.1(10/~-/,.~~11-~11~)1 0/1~,.(1((011. 10~ ~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~)7, /, 18 ~30~0. ~110~(
011-11(11~, (1, 0( 011-11(11~, (2, 18 ~~~1 ~011813111. 1018 18 ~311~0 /,.~~11-~11~)11110(/11-/(1(1011.
10~ 1(~()11~11~)7 038 10 0~ ~3(1~0 0~~( 3 ~10~ (311~~ 10 0013111 10~ 111110111~111 ~0113~~
(311~~. 1018 1)7~~ 01 ~0111(01 ~01110 ~~11~(31~ 113((110111~8 311111~(~01~1301~ 1(~()11~11~1~8
3110 10~ 1111~( 0~81~11 ~01110 0~ 01111~1111.

~~3111))1~ 7-1

111~ 0~ ~110~~~( 10 ~1~. 7-1(111(18 (1 (~8186~~ 10(10 01 ~ = 100 (100 111~ 10~111 ~011(1~~
18 ~$ = 220~. ~11~0 111~~110~~~( 8~11~/1 (~111(110800, 118...011(1~~0(0~ 18 1)0~ 2 ~
=
(100 111~ ~110~~10~ 1(~()11~0~)118
/ = 1 /(1-12. 11111~ (111)1~)1~1~18 50%, 0~1~(11110~ 111~
((1) (1...~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, ~0~ (0) (1118 0111~111...011(1~~, ~0~ (~) ~110~~~( ~111~1~0~)1~ (0)
~11~~6...~ 10~111 (~8181(10~~ 01111~ ~110~~~(, ~,~ (100 (~) (1118 ...(1111~01111~ 11100(1111~01(11
~0111~00~01 01 0111~11111(1(1110111~~011(1~~.

801111100 ~$ = 220 ~, /( = 0.5, ~ = 100, (100 1)0~

= 2 ~.
((1) ~(011113(). (7-1), ~0 = 0.5 )( (220 - 2)
(0) ~(011113(). (7-2), ~0 = ~ )( (220 - 2) 109~.
=
= 154.15~.
(~) 111~ 0111~111 ~0~~( ~(1110~ 1011110 1(0111
/,, /,,
~0 = ~ ~ 01 = ~ (~$ - 1)0~)2
0 1 = /(
(~$ - 1)0~)2
10 1 ~ 10 1 ~ ~ (7-5)
)( (2201~ 2)2
= 0.5 = 2376.2 ~

111~ 10~111 ~0~~( 10 111~ ~110~~~( ~(10 0~ 1011110 1(0111

/,, /,,
~ = ~ ~.$/10 = ~ ~$(~$ - 1)0~)
0 1 = /(
~$(~$ - 1)0~)
.10 1 10 1 ~ ~ (7-6)
)( 220)( 220-2
= 0.5 = 2398 ~
10
111~ ~110~~~( ~111~1~0~)118

~0 2376.2
. 0
~, = 2398 = 99 09~
(0) ~(011113(). (7-4), ~, = 10/0.5 = 200.
(~) 111~ 0111~111...011(1~~ (18 8/10~0111 ~1~. 7-10 ~(10 0~ ~)(~(~88~0111 (1 ~011(1~( 8~(1~8
(18

111~ 11100(1111~111(11 ~0111~00~111 (10( /1 1) 010111~111...011(1~~ 11(1(1110111~ ~(111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0

=
1(0111 13(). (7-7) (18

~$
1)1(1)
= (8111 2-../( ~08 2-../1 + (1 - ~08 2-../() 810 2-../1)
-..
(7-8)
220 )( 2 . )(
= 8111 (2-.. 10001) = 140.068111 (6283.21)
-..
(100 118 (1118 ...(1111~18 ~1 = 140.06/0 = 99.04 ~.

/0/01~. 111~ ~111~1~11~)1~(11~111(16011, ~111~11111~1110~8 111~ ~00011~6011 1088 011/1~ ~110~~~(,

00~8 11011(1/(~ 1010 (1~~011111111~8~11~11111~1088 011~ 10 111(11-011(100 111(0-01101111~ ~110~~~(.

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 0
+ 5~ +

~0 0,,,

~ ~110~~~.. ~1111 30 ~/..., 1030 18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 7-2. 111~ 0~~..31100 01111~ ~110~~~..
~30 0~ 01~10~0 1010 1~0 0100~8. 011..10~ 0100~ 1, 111~ ~110~~~.. 18 8~11~11~0 00 300
111~ ~11 ~01 110~8 1..001 111~ 811~~1)1 10 111~ 1030. 011..10~ 0100~ 2, 111~ ~110~~~.. 18
8~11~11~0 011 300 111~ 1030 ~11 ~01 ~0011011~8 10 110~ 111..011~111..~~~11~~110~ 0100~
1),,,. 111~ ~().111~31~01 ~1..~1111810.. 111~8~ 0100~8 3..~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 7-33. 111~ 1030
~11 ~01 300 0111~111 ~0113~~ ~3~~10..018 3..~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 7-30.
111~ 1030 ~11 ~01 10.. 0100~ 1 ~30 0~ 101100 1..001

0-/1 (7-9)
~5 = ~/1 + /..., + ~
~
111~ 80111110001 ~().. (7-9) ~11111011131~11 ~01 /1(1 = 0) = /1 ~1~~8111~1030 ~11 ~01
38

(7-10)

11118 0100~ 18 ~3110 0 $ 1 $ /1 (= /(1)~ 300 31111~ ~00 0111118 0100~, 111~ 1030 ~11 ~01
0~~001~8
(7 -11)

~0
(..
1/.
~-.1- 4 .2 .
+
~0 ,..
-1 ~.

~
~
~
0,,, ~1
_~,.._~_(1-~),..-~
~

~ ~
0 ,..
~009 2
(8) ~~(.8~~8190. ~(~~(.8~.5

183
58~. 7-3

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 (7-12)

~110111111(11 ~1.1((~11112(( = 0) = 12 (1110 (~0~1111111~ 10~ 11(11~ 0(1~111 (1110~ 0~~11111111~

01 (1100~ 2, ~~ 0(1~~

(7-13)

1015 (1100~ 15 ~(1110 10( 0 ~ ( ~ (= (1

(2 - /()1). ,4.1 10~ ~110 011015 (1100~, 10~
10(10 ~1.1((~111 0~~0(11~5

(7 -14)
,4.1 10~ ~110 01 (1100~ 2, 10~ ~00~~~( 15 11.1(11~0 011 (1~(1111 111 10~ 11~)(1
~~~1~ (111~( 11(11~,
1 = 1/1 = () + (2.
0110~( 51~(10~-51(11~ ~01101110115, 1)
= 13. 10~ ~~(1~-10-~~(1~ 10(10 (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111
~(1110~ 0~1~((11111~01(0(11~~5. (7-10), (7-11), (7-13), (1110(7-14). ~(0(11 ~~5. (7-10)
(1110(7-11), 12 15 ~1~~110~

~5 - € _ ~-/(18./1-)
12 = 1) ~-/(18./1- + (1 (7-15)
~
~(0(11 8~5. (7-13) (1110(7-14), 13 15 ~1~~110~

(7-16)

10~ ~~(1~-10-~~(1~ (1~~1~ ~1.1((~11115

/11 = 12 - 1)

~01~0 (111~( 51(11~1111~(1110115 0~~0(11~5

_ ~-()-/()18./1-
~ 1 - ~-/(18./1-
/11 = ~ 1
+ ~-18./1-
_ ~-18./1- (7-17)

10~ ~0110111011 10( (11(1)(1(111.1(11 (1~~1~,

(/(/11)
(//( = 0 (7-18)

~1~~5 ~-/(18./1- - ~-(1-/()18./1-

= 00( -/( = -(1 - /() 0( /( = 0.5. 10~ (11(1)(1(111.1(11
~~(1~-10-~~(1~ (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111((11/( = 0.5) 15
~5 ~
/11~3~ = 1(1110 (7-19)
~ 411.,
~0( 411., ~ ~ ~, 1(1110 6
= 6 (1110 10~ (11(1)(1(111.1(11(1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 ~(111 0~ (1~~(0)(1(11(11~0
10

(7-20)

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 1-/0(~. ~().036005 (7-9) 10 (7-20) 3(~ .,,3110 001~ 10( ~001100005 ~0(~01 110~.
~0( 3 13(~~ 011-11(0~, ~3(11~013(1~ 3110~ 1(~().0~0~~ 300 10~ 001~01 .,,0113~~, 111~ 1030
~0((~01 (03~ 0~ 015~001100005. 111~ 1030 ~0((~01 ~0010 0~ ~00600005 11 1) ~ ~ ~
1 0( 1-/ ~~~. 10 ~35~ 01 015~001100005 1030 ~0((~01, /1 = 0 300 ~().. (7-10)
0~~0(0~5
115 - ~ _ ~-(8./1--)
11(0 = (1
~
300 ~().. (7-13) 15.,,3110 10( 0 ~
( ~ (2 50~1111131 12(( = (2) 0.

~)(301()1~ 7-2

~ ~110~~~( 181~~0111~ 311 ~1- 1030 38 8110~11 111~1~. 7-2 ~11111/5 = 220 ~, ~ = 5 0, 1-
= 7.5011-1,/ = 1/(1-12, 3110 ~ = 0~. ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 1111111011101111813111311~01181030
~11(~111, /1~ (/)) ~~3/( 111813111311~01181030 ~11((~111, /2~ (~) 013)(10111111 ~~3/(-10-~~3/( 1030
(~) (018 1030 ~11((~111, /0~ (1)
(1~~1~ ~11((~111~ (0) 3.,,~(3~~ .,,3111~ 011030 ~11((~111, /0~
~11~~6.,,~ 111~111(~8181311~~ 8~~11 0~ 111~ 8011(~~, ~,~ 3110 (~) (1118 ~110~~~( ~11((~111, /,,.

801111100 1/5 = 220 ~, ~ = 5 0, 1- = 7.5 1111-1, ~ = 0 ~, /( = 0.5, 3110/ = 1000

1-12. ~(0111~().. (7-15), /2 = 0.7165/1 + 12.4733110 1(0111~().. (7-16), /1 = 0.7165/2
+ 0.
(3) 501.,,111~ 111~8~ 1~0 ~().113110118 ~1~108 /1 = 18.37 ~.
(0) /2 = 25.63 ~.
(~) /1/ = /2 - /1 = 25.63 - 18.37 = 7.26~. ~(0111 ~().. (7-19), /1/,, = 7.26
~ 3110 ~().. (7-20) ~1.,,~8111~3~~(0)(111131~1~.,,3111~,/1/,, = 7.33 ~.
(0) 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11118, 3~~(0)(10131~1~,

/2 + /1 25.63 + 18.37
/ 022
= = = 22 ~

(~) ~881101111~ 11131111~ 1030 ~11((~111 (18~81111~3(1~ 1(0111 /110 /2, 111~ 111813111311~0118

1030 ~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 38

(7-21)

)(
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3110 111~111~111(~8181311~~,~, = 1///5 = 220/11 = 200.

(~) 111~ (1118~110~~~( ~11((~111~311 0~ 10111101(001

(7-22)

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~ ~11.0()()~( ~311 0~ 11$~0 10 81~() 11() 3 0~ ...0113~~ 3110 311 3((311~~111~111 10( 81~()-11()
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7)~ = 1.,-
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~1 = -~51., (1 (7-23)

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~01110 0~ 11011~~0 1(0111 ~~. (7-20) 11131111~ 1030 (1~~1~ ~11((~111 0~~~1105111~~(5~1~ 011
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~1111 (~51511~~ 1030 15 015~0111111110115 3110 ~011131115 113(1110111~5. 111~ (1~~1~ ~0111~11115
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189
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00~8 111..011~111111~.. 10011~10.. 1., 1111~.. ~3~3~110.. ~, 300 1030 ..~81810..~. ~00~ 2
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10 00~ 111..011~111., ~, 1030, 300 0100~ 0,,,. 111~ 10011~10.. ~11 ~01 ~3115001111..3081810..
~1 18 8~11~11~0 00 3~310 10 111~ 0~)(1 ~)1~1~. 111~ ~~111~31~01 ~1..~11118 ~0.. 111~ (000~8
0~ 0~~..311011 3..~ 8110~1110 ~1~. 7-70. 111~ ~3~~~0..(08 ~0.. 111~ ~0113~~8 3110 ~11 ~1118
3..~ 8110~0111 ~1~. 7-7~ ~0.. 3 ~0111111110118 ~11 ~11100~ 111111~ 111011~10.. 1.. 0~~~110111~
011 111~ 8~11~1110~ ~..~~11~11~)1, 1111~..111011~130~~, 3110 ~3~3~1130~~, 111~ 111011~10.. ~11 ~111
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12 - 11 /11
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(7-32)

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01 /11111 ~~8. (7-30) 300 (7-32) ~1~~8

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(7-37)

(7-38)

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1 (1/2 /11 /11 1 /11

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(7-41)

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~ 011~)( (~~111~10( 111~1~. 7-8~ 11~5 ~11111~111 ,,,011~~~ 01175

= 5~. 111~ ~,,,~(~~~ 0111~111
,,,011~~~, ~. = 15 ~ ~110 111~ ~,,,~(~~~ 10~0 ~11((~111, /. = 0.5~. 111~ 5~11~11111~1(~().11~11~~
1525 )(1-12. 11 ~ =
150 /.11-1 ~110 ~ = 220 /.1~, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (~) 0111~ (~(1~. /(~ (0)
(1~~1~ ~11((~111 01111011~10(, /1/~ (~) ~~~)( ~11((~111 01111011~10(, /2~ ~110 (0) (1~~1~ ,,,011~~~
011111~( ~~~~~110(, 17~.

80101100 ~5 = 5 ~, 17. = 15~, 1= 25 )(1-12, ~ = 150 /.11-1,~110 ~ = 220 /.1~.

(~) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-46), 15 = 5/(1 - /() 0( /(
= 2/3 = 0.6667 = 66.67%.
(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-49),
)(
5 (15 - 5)
/1~ = )( )( 10-6 )( = 0 .89 ~
25,000 150 15
(~) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-47), /5 = 0.5/(1
- 0.667) = 1.5 ~ ~110 ~~~)( 11100~101 ~11((~111,
/1/ 0.89
/ 2 = /5 + 1.5 +
2 = 2 = 1.945 ~

(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-53),

0.5 )( 0.6667
/1~0 =
2,5000 )( 220)( 10 - 6 = 60.61 (11~

~ 011~)( - 00051 (~~111(110( 11(0,,,10~5 (111 011111111 ,,,011(1~~ ~01~0 (11(1)1 0~ 1~55 10(111 0(
~(~(11~( 111(11110~ 11111111,,,011(1~~-0~11~~ 10~ 11(1(11~ ..011~)(-00051,,~
10~ 01111101 ,,,011(1~~
1101(1(11)1 15 011110511~ 10 10(11 0110~ 11111111,,,011(1~~. 1015 (~~111(110( 15 (1150 )(110~11 (15
(111 1/11/~,(1/1/5 0, 1/)/0(1~/( ,~/5/1/(1(0,. 10~ ~1(~1111 (1(((111~~(11~111 01 (1 00~)(-00051 (~~_
01(110( 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 7-9(1.
111~ ~1(~011 011~((111011 ~(111 0~ 01,,,10~0 11110 1~0 (1100~5. 00(111~ (1100~ 1, 1((111-
51510( ()1 15 10(11~0 011 (1110 0100~ 1),,, 15 (~,,,~(5~0 01(15~0. 111~ 11111111~0((~111, ~111~11
(15~5, 110~5 111(00~1111100~10( 1- (1110 1((11151510( ()1. 011(111~ (1100~ 2, 1(31151510( ()1
15 5~11~11~0 011 (1110 111~ ~11((~111, ~111~0 ~(15 110~111~ 111(00~011100~10( 1-, ~01110 110~
110~ 111(00~111-, ~, 1),,,, (1110 111~ 10(10. 111~ ~11~(~)1 510(~0 111 11100~10(
1- ~0010 0~
1((11151~((~0 10 10~ 10(10 3110 111~ 111011~10( ~0((~111 ~01110
1311 11111111(31151510( ())
15
5~11~11~0 011 (1~3111 111 111~ 11~)(1 ~)1~1~. 10~ ~()111,,,31~111 ~1(~0115 10( 111~ (1100~5 3(~
5110~11 111 ~1~. 7-90. 111~ ~3,,,~10((115 10( 51~(0)1-51(11~ ,,,0113~~5 3110 ~11((~1115 0110~
00~)(-00051 (~~01310( (1(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 7-9~ 10( ~01111110005 10(10 ~0((~111.
~550(11111~ 11131 111~ 11100~10( ~0((~111 (15~5 1111~3(1)11(0(11
11 10 12 111 11(11~ (1,

(7-54)

(7-55)

196

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 +

0 ~,.. ,..

-~5 - - - --
~~-
- - -

~~~~,..
,..
~1
~2 - - - - -
- - - -
~1 -- ---
.
0 ~,.. ,..
+ ~5
~0
~5 ~2- ~.
-- - -
1
0 ,..
~.
~0~91
~0
0,,,

~0
~.

0
~0~9 2
(0) ~~~~~8~90( ~~~~~1(5

6./
1/,, = -1-- (7-56)
(2
0(
6./ 1-
(2 -- 1/,,
(7-57)

197
58~. 7-6

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 ~11~..~ /1115 111~ .,~(1~-10-.,~(1~ ..1.,.,1~ ~11 ~01 0110011~10.. 1-. ~..0111 ~~5. (7-54) (100
(7-56),

5110511111110~ (1 = /(7 (100 (2

= (1 - /() 7, 111~(1~~..(1~~0111.,111~011(1~~ 15
_ 115/(
11,, = (7-58)
1 - /(
~551111110~ (1 10551~55 ~1..~1111, 11/5 = 11,,1,,
= 1151,,/(/(1 /() (100 111~ (1~~..(1~~ 10()111
~11 ~01, 15, 15 ..~1(11~0 10 111~ (1~~..(1~~ 0111()111 ~11 ~01, 1,,,
0~

(7-59)

111~ 5~11~1110~ ()~..100, 7, ~(10 0~ 101100 1..0111

1 /11 1- /11 1- /11 1-(11,, 1(5)

7 = - = (1 + (2 = - - - = -
(7-60)
1 115 11,, 11511,,
(100 11115 ~1~~5 111~ ()~(1~-10-()~(1~ ..1()()1~ ~11 ~01,

11511,,
/11 = (7-61)
11-(11,, - 1(5)

(7-62)

~11~0 1..(1051510.. (21 15 00, 111~ 1111~.. ~(1()(1~110.. 511()()11~5 111~ 10(10 ~11 ~0110.. (
= (1-
111~ (1~~..(1~~ 015~11(1..~10~ ~11 ~01 01111~ ~(1()(1~110.. 15 10 = 1,, (100 111~()~(1~-10-()~(1~
..1()()1~ ~011(1~~ 01111~ ~(1()(1~110.. 15

(7-63)

~~11(11100 (7-58) ~1~~5 (1 = 11)(11,, - 1(5)1) (100 ~~. (7-63) 0~~0111~5

1,,11,,
/1110 -- (7-64)
(11,, - 1(5)1~

(7-65)

~ 011~~ - 00051 ..~~111(110.. ()..0~10~5 0111()111 ~011(1~~ ()01(1..11~ ..~~~..5(11 ~11110111 (1

1..(10510..111~.._ 1111(15111~11 ~16~1~0~~. 000~.. (11(11111 ~00011100 01111~ 1..(1051510.., 111~
(///(/( 01111~ 1(11111~11 ~01 ~01110 0~ 11/1- (100 15 1111111~0 0~ 111~ 10011~10.. 1-. 0111()111

198

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500(1-~1(~011 ()(01~~11011 ~0010 0~ ~(15)110 1(11()1~(11~111. 1-10~~~~(, 10~ 111()01 ~0((~111
15 015~01111110005 (1110 (1110 (1 0180 ()~(1~ ~0((~111 -00~5 10(00801((11151510( (21.

~)(301()1~ 7-6
-.,,. 10~ 0111~
111~ 011~~ - 00081 (~~111310( 111~1~. 7-93 038 311 111~111~0113~~ 01 ~5 = 12
~~~1~, /(
= 0.25 3110 10~ 8~11~0111~ 1(~().11~11~~ 18 25 ~1-12. 10~ 111011~1311~~, 1- = 150
,..,..1-13110 1111~( ~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 220 ,..,..~. 10~ 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0 = 1.25 /1...
0~1~(111111~ 10~ (3) 3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~, ~0~ (0) ~~3~-10-~~3~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ (1~~1~,
~ ~,,~ (~) ~~3~-10-~~3~ (1~~1~ ~11((~111 01 111011~10(, ~1~ 3110 (0) ~~3~ ~11((~111 01 10~
1(31181810(, 1,,.

50111~100 ~5 = 12 -.,,, /( = 0.25, 10 = 1.25 /1.., ./ = 25 ~1-12, 1- = 150 ,..,..1-1,3110

~ = 220 ,..,..~.
)( 0.25/(1 - 0.25)
(3) ~(0111 ~().. (7-58), ~0 = -12 = -4-.,,.
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (7-65), 10~ ~~3~-10-~~3~ 0111~111(1~~1~ ~0113~~ 18
)( 0.25
1.25
~~,, = )( )( 10-6 = 56.8111-.,,
25,000 220

(~) ~(0111 ~().. (7-62), 10~ ~~3~-10-~~3~ 111011~10((1~~1~ 18

)(
12 0.25
~1 =
25,000 )( 150 )( 10-6 = 0.8/1..

)( 0.25/(1 - 0.25)
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (7-59),15 = 1.25 = 0.4167 /1... 5111~~1518 10~
3~~(3~~ 01 011(311011/(1, 111~~~3~-10-~~3~ ~11((~1110110~ 1(31181810(,
~1 0.4167 0.8
1,, = ~ .
/( + 2 = 0.25 + 2 = 2 067 /1..

(1 ()0~~( 131115 500~11 111 ~18.

10~ ~1(~011 (1(((1118~(11~111 0110~ ~0~ (~801(110( 051118
7-10(1. 51(1111(1( 10 10~ 00~~-00051 (~801(110(, 10~ ~0~ (~8111(110( ()(0~10~5 (111001()01
~011(18~ ~01~015 1~55 10(111 0( 8(~(11~( 10(111 10~ 111()01 ~011(18~ (1110 10~ 001()01 ~011(18~
()01(1(11)115 (1150 0()()0511~ 10 10(11 0110~ 111()01 ~011(18~. 1115 11(1(11~0 (111~( 115 111~~1110(
(1). ~0~11 10~ 111()01 ~011(18~ 15 10(11~0 011 (1110 1((11151510( (21 15 5~11~0~0 011, 0100~
1)/71 15 10(~(1(0 01(15~0 (1110 ~(1()(1~110( ~1 15 ~0(1(8~0 10(00801.,1, 1)/71, (1110 10~ 111()111
50()()1)1, ~5.
10~ ~1(~011 0()~((111011 ~(111 0~ 01~10~0 11110 1~0 (1100~5. ~00~ 1 0~81115 ~0~11
(
1((11151510( (21 15 10(11~0 011 (11 = 0. 10~ ~0((~111 10(0080111011~10( 1.,1 (15~5. ~1
10~ 5(1(11~ 11(11~, 10~ ~011(18~ 01 ~(1()(1~110( ~1 (~~~(5~ 01(15~5 0100~ 1)/71 (1110 10(115 11

011. 10~ ~(1()(1~110( ~1 015~0(1(8~5 115 ~11..,(8)110 10~ ~1(~011 10((11~0 0)1 ~1, ~2, 10~
( 10~
10(10, (1110 1.,2. ~00~ 2 0~81115 ~0.,.11 1(.11151510( (21 15 10(11~0 011 (11 = (1.
~(1()(1~110( ~1 15 ~0(1(8~0 1(0(11 10~ 111()11150()()1)1 (1110 10~ ~11~(8)1 510(~0 11110~ 11100~10(
1.,2151((11151~((~01010~ 10(10. 10~ 0100~ 1)/71 (11101((11151510( (21 ()(0~10~ (15)111~0(011005

5~11~01118 (1~11011. 10~ ~().01~(11~111 ~1(~0115 10( 10~ (1100~5 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~18. 7-100
(1110 10~ ~(1~~10((115 10( 51~(10)1-51(11~ ~011(18~5 (1110 ~0((~1115 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~18. 7 -10~
10( ~01111110005 10(10 ~0((~111.

56~. 7-6 199

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 ~1 ~01

(..2
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+,0.-1
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8 ~~,,,
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~6 - - - - - -

0 ...

0
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~1

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200

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 10
~551111110~ 11131 111~ ~1111~01 0110011~101 ~1 115~5 110~3(1)1110111 1 /~11 10 11-12
11111~ (1-

(7-66)

01

_ 6.11~1
(7-67)
(1
~5

300 011~ 10 111~ ~1131~~0 ~3113~1101 ~1, 111~ ~1111~01 0110011~101 ~1 13115 110~3(1)1110111
11~12 10 11-11 10 11111~ (2,

(7-68)

01

(7-69)

~)1 (~5 - ~~1)(2

6.11 = =
~1 ~1

5110511111110~ (1 = /(7300 (2 = (1 -
/()7, 111~ 3~~13~~ ~0113~~ 01 ~3113~1101 ~1 15

~,(1 -
2/()
~ 01 = (7-70)
1 - /(

~551111110~ 11131 111~ ~1111~01 011111~1 10011~101 ~2 115~5 110~3(1)1 110111 11-21 10 11-22 10
11111~ (1,

(7 -71)

01

6.12 ~2
(1 = (7-72)
~01 - ~~

300 111~ ~1111~01 0110011~101 ~2 13115 110~3(1)1110111 11-22 10 11-21 10 11111~(2,

6.12 (7-73)
~= -~ ~2- (2

~~01 (2 = --
6.12~2 (7-74)

58~. 7-6 201

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 ~..0111 8()8. (7-71) 3110 (7-73),

(~01 - ~(1)(1 ~(1(2

6./2 =
1.,2 1.,2

5~()8111~1111~ (1 = /(73110 (2 = (1 - /()7, 111~ 3~~..3~~ ~0113~~ 01 ~3()~~110..

~1 18

_ _ ~(1(1- 2/()
~01 - /( (7-75)

8()~31111~ 8(). (7-70) 10 8(). (7-75), ~~ ~31111110 111~ 3~~..3~~ 0~1()~1 ~0113~~ 38

/(~5
~ (1 = -
1
_ /( (7-76)

~88~111111~ 3 10881~88 ~1..~~11, ~.15 = ~(1/(1 = ~5/(1/(/(1 - /() 3110 111~3~~..3~~ 111()~1
~~ ~111,

/ 51_/(
= ~ (7-77 )

111~ 8~11~11111~()~..100 7 ~311 ()~ 10~110 1..0111 8()8. (7-67) 3110 (7-69)=

7 = - =
1
(1 + (2
6./11.,1 6./1 1.,1 _ 6./1 1.,1(2~5 - ~01)
= - + - (7 -78)
/ ~5 ~5 - ~01 ~5(~5 - ~01)
~111~11 ~1~~8 111~ ()~3~-10-()~3~ ..1()()1~ ~~ ~111 011110~~10.. 1.,1 38

~5(~5 - ~01)
6./1 = (7-79)
/1.1(2~5 - ~01)

~5/(
6./1 = (7-80)
/1.1
111~ 8~11~11111~ ()~..100 7 ~311 3180 ()~ 10~110 1..0111 8()8. (7-72) 3110 (7-74)=

1
7 = = (1 + (2 = 6./21.2 -
6./2 1.2 _ 6./2 1.2(2~(1- ~01)
(7-81)
1 ~01 - ~(1 ~(1
-
~(1(~01 - ~(1)
3110 11118 ~1~~8 111~ ()~3~-10-()~3~ ..1()()1~ ~~ ~111 011110~~10.. 1.2 38

~(1(~01 - ~5)
6./2 = (7-82)
/1.2(2~(1 - ~01)

~(1(1 - /() /(~5

= (7-83)
/1.2 /1.2
~11~11 1..31181810.. (21 18 011, 111~ ~11~..~~ 1..31181~.. ~3()3~110.. ~1 18 ~113..~~0 ()~ 111~ 111()~1
~~ ~11110.. (
= (2. 111~ 3~~..3~~ ~113..~111~ ~~ ~11110.. ~1 18 /01 = /5 3110 111~ ()~3~-

202

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10-~~(1~ ..1~~1~ ~011(1~~ 0~ 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~1 18

1 (12 1 (12 / (
~ ~~1 = /~1 0( = ~1)0
/5 = (7-84)
~1)0 ~~
~()1.1(111011(7-76) ~1~~8 (2 = ~)((~5 - ~,,)() (1110~(). (7-84) 0~~0111~8

(7-85)

_ /.(1 - /()
~ ~~1 (7-86)
/~1
1~ ,,.~ (1881.1111~ 111(11 111~ 10(10 ~1.1 ~111 ..1~~1~, ~10, 18 11~~11~101~, ~11-2 ~1~2. 111~
(1~~..(1~~ ~11(1..~111~ ~1.1 ~111 0~ ~2, ,,.111~11 ~0,,.8 ~0.. 11111~ 1/2, 18 /~2 ~/2/4 (1110 111~
~~(1~-10-~~(1~ ..1~~1~ ~011(1~~ 0~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~2 18

1 (1/2 1 (1/2 ~/2 ~/2

~~~2 = /~2 0( = ~2)0 4 = 8/~2 (7-87)
~2)0

_ ~,,(1 - /() _ /(~5

~~~2 = - (7-88)
8~21-2~ 8~21-2~
111~ 01~ ..~~1.11(110.. 18 0(18~0 011 111~ ~(1~(1~111~~ ~11~..~)11..(1118~~.. (1110 (18 (1 ..~81.111,
111~ 111~1.11~1.1 ~11118 ~01111111.101.18. 111~ ~1..~1.11111(18 10,,. 8,,.11~11111~ 1088~8 (1110 11(18 111~11
~~6~1~11~)1. ~11~111..(11181810.. (211811.1..11~0 011, 1111(1810 ~(1 )1111~ ~1.1 ~1118 0~ 11101.1~10..8
(1110 1-2. ~8 (1 ..~81.111 (1 111~11 ~~(1~ ~1.1 ~111 ~0,,.8 111..01.1~111..(11181810.. (21. 5111~~
1-1
111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~..0~10~8 111~ ~11~..~)11..(1118~~.., 111~ ..1~~1~ ~1.1 ~111 0~ 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~1
18 (1180 111~11.

~~301())~ 7-7

111~ 111~11( ~01(3~~ 01 3 ~6)( ~011~~~(~~ 111 ~1~. 7-103, 1/, = 12~. 111~ 011(~ ~~~1~,
/( 150
= 0.25 3110 (11~ 5~1(~11111~ 1~~()11~11~~ 15 25 )(1-12. 111~ 111(~~ 111011~(311~~, 1-2 =
/-11-13110 111(~~ ~3~3~1(311~~ 15 ~2 220 =
/-1~. 111~ ~11~~~~ (~31151~~ ~3~3~1(311~~ 15 ~1 =
200 /-1~ 3110 111011~(311~~ 1-1 = 200 /-11-1. 111~ 3~~~3~~ 1030 ~11~~~11( 15 1~ = 1.12 ~.
0~(~~~111~ (11~ (3) 3~~~3~~ 011(~11( ~01(3~~, 1/~~ (0) 3~~~3~~ 111~11(~11~~~11(, 1,~ (~) ~~3)(-
(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~ ~11~~~11(01111011~(0~ 1-1, ~11 ~ (0) ~~3)( -(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~ ~01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0~
~1, ~1/01~ (~) ~~3)(-(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~ ~11~~~11( 01111011~(0~ 1-2. ~12~ (1) ~~3)(-(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~
~01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0~ ~2, ~ 1/02~ 3110 (~) ~~3)( ~11~~~11( 01 (11~ (~311515(0~, 1,,.

80)11000 1/, = 12 ~, /( = 0.25, 1~ = 1.25 ~, / = 25 )(1-12,1-1 = 180 /-11-1,~1 = 200

/-1~, 1-2 = 150 /-11-1, 3110 ~2 = 220 /-1~.
(3) ~~0~ ~(). (7-76), 1/~ = -0.25 )( 12/(1
- 0.25) = -4~.
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (7-77), 1, = 1.25 )( 0.25/(1 - 0.25) = 0.42 ~.
(~) ~~0~ ~(). (7-80), ~11 = 12 )( 0.25/(25,000 )( )( 10-6)
180 = 0.67 ~.
)( )( 10-6)
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (7-86), ~1/01= 0.42(1 - 0.25)/(25,000 200 = 63~~.
(~) ~~0~ ~(). (7-83), ~12 = 0.25 )( 12/(25,000 )( )( 10-6)
150 = 0.8 ~.
(1) ~~0~ ~(). (7-87), ~1/02 = 0.8/(8 )(
25,000 )(
220 )( 10-6) = 18.18 ~~.

58~. 7-6 203

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 (7-89)

~0~ 3 10551~55 ~1~~1.111,/1.2~0,,. = 1/0/0 3110 1/1~ 3..~~3~~ ..311.1~ 011/1~ ~1.1~~~11111111101.1~10~
1-2 15

/0
/1,-2 =
1 - 2/( (7-90)
1.25
1 - 2 )(
0.25 = 2.5 ~

/1/, /1/2 0.67 0.8

/,, = /$ + + + = 0.42 + + 2.5 + = 3.655 ~
2 /1.2
2 2 2

111~5~ 101.1( (~~1.11310(5 1.15~ 001)100~ 1(3051510(, ~(0~10)110~ 001)100~ 513~~ ~00,,,~~5100,
300 (~()1.11(~ 1001.1~10(5 0( ~3~3~110(5 10( ~0~(~)11(3051~(. 01.1~ 10 10~ ~1.1((~01-1130-
0110~ 1/(01131100 01 3 510~1~ 1(3051510(, 111~ 01.11~1.11 ~0~~( 01111~5~ (~~1.11310~5 15 5(0311,
1)1~1~311)11~05 01 ~3115. ,4.1111~11~( ~1.1((~01, 111~ 512~ 0110~5~ ~0(0~00~015 10~(~35~5,
~110 10~(~35~0 ~0(0~00~011055~5, 300 111~ ~111~1~0~)1 0~~~35~5. 10 30011100, 111~~~
15 00 150/31100 0~1~~~0 111~ 10~1.11 300 01.11~1.11 ,,,0113~~, ~111~11 15 3 01~01)1 0~51~301~
~(11~(100 10 (0051 3~~11~311005. ~0( 111~0 ~0~~(, (01.1111513~~ ~00,,,~~51005 3(~ 1.15~0,
~11~(~ 3 0~ ,,,0113~~ 15 ~00,,,~(1~0 10 3~ 0)1 30 10,,,~(1~(. 111~ 3~ 01.11~1.1115 150131~0 0)1
3 1(30510((0~( 300 111~0 ~00,,,~(1~0 10 0~ 0)1 (~~1111~(5. 111~ (01.1111513~~ ~00,,,~(51005
3(~ 015~1.155~0 10 5~~1100 9-4.

,4. 10)1(1510( ~110~~~( ~1(~1.111, ~111~111.15~5 3135111.1(0-011111)1(1510( 35 3 5~11~0, (~()1.11(~5

~0(0(01.1131100 ~1(~1.111()1 10 11.1(0 11 011. 10~(~ 3(~ ,,,3(101.15 1~~1101()1.1~5 0)1 ~111~11 3
111)1(1510( ~30 0~ 11.1(0~0 011 300 111~5~ 3(~ 0~5~(10~0 10 0~131110 ~03~1~( 3. 01.1~10~
111~ ~3(1)1 513~~ 011351-11.1(0-011111)1~1510(5, 3 01.1(00~( 01 ~110~~~( ~1(~1.1115 03,,,~ 0~~0
~1.1011511~0. 111~ ,,,3(101.15 ~1(~1.1115 3(~ 111~ 01.11~0(0~ 01 (0~~110~ ~~(1310 ~(11~(13~ (1)
(~01.1~1100 01 (0101(01.1(0 00-11(0~ 1/(011, (2) 01~0 1(~()1.1~0~)1 01 0~~((11100, 300 (3)

~..,,,,
+
0,,,

204

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(~11(101~ 0~~((111011. 1-10~~~~(, ~110 10~ 0~~~10~111~111 0~ (111~(11(111~~ 5~11~0111~ 0~-
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(1(~ 1111111~0 10 01~0 ~0~~( 1~~~15 (1110 ~5~~~1(111)1, 10 1((1~11011 111010( ~0111(01. 50111~
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1015 5~~11011.

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0~(~113(~10~ ~1.1((~01 0~~0(0~5 ~~(0 300 111~ 0100~ /)1 510~5 ~0001.1~110~. )3,()1.131100
(7-102) ~1~~5 111~ 3~311301~ ~0(0(01.1131100 ~0113~~ 01111~ ~3~3~110( 35

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~001101.1~5 10 0~~3)1111(01.1~11 0100~ /),,,. 11115 (000~ ~005 ~11~0 111~ (0310 111)1(1510(
15 (~11(~0 31111~ 0~~10010~ 010~)(1 ~)1~1~. 111~ 0111~(~01 ~3~~10((05 10( 111~ ~1.1((~015
300 ~0113~~5 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 7-13.
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~0 =~ (~5/(1 + ((/ (~0 + ~5))

~
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11 ~01.110 0~ 0011~~01(0(0 )3,(). (7-104) 11131 ~~~0 31 /( = 0, 111~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ 0~~0(0~5

(7-105)

11115 11(0/15 111~ (0101(01.1(0 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 01111~ ~110~~~(. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ 111)1-
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= 1(~5(_ + 0.5((/(~0 + ~5))
111~ (0101(01.1(0 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~, ~0(1010), ~30 0~ ~3(1~0 0)1 ~001(01110~ 111~ ~110~-
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(0155101~ ~311.1~.
111~ (03)(1(01.1(0 ~311.1~ 01111~ 01.11)1~)1~1~ 15 3150 11(011~0 10 3110~ 111~ ~0(0(01.1131100
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58~. 7-7 207

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 ~8.()8.~~10~ ~0~~9,,1
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208

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0180~( 1(~()1.1~11()1, 10~ 1030 (111111~ (1.1((~1115 3110 10~ 51.111111)1
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1015 (001111~( (1((1.11115 ~~()1 51(11111~ 3110 (~()1.11(~5 1~0 10)1(1510(5 3110 011~ 0100~.
1-10~~~~(, 10~ (113111 10)1(1510( 1) 035 10 (3(()110~ (~50113111 (~~~(531 (1.1((~111, 10~(~0)1

111((~351118 115 11~3/( (1.1((~111 (311118 3110 11(11111118 10~ (1111111.1(1101.11111.11~01138~. 10~
015(03(81118 3110 (03(81118 11(11~ 01 (0(11(111.11311011 (3113(110( 3(~ 0~11~110~111 011 10~ 1030
(1.1((~111 3110 101511(1111510~ 0180-1(~()1.1~11()1011~(311011, ~511~(1311)131310~ 1030 (1.1((~111.
1015 (001111~( (3111101 0~ 1~51~0 ~11001.11 (01111~(11118 10~ 1030. 1015 (1((1.111 035 (11311)1
01530~311138~5. 1-10~~~~(, 1111011115 01.1110~ 11(001~(115 0110)1(1510( (0(11(111.11311011.

~)(301()1~ 7-8

~11 111011~11,,,~1030 ~0111(011~0 0)/ 10.~ ~0.01111~( 111~1~. 7-11 (~()111(~5 311 3,,,~(3~~ ~11((~111
01 1~ = 425 ~ ~110. 11~3)( ~11((~111 01 /,,, = 450~. 10.~ 111111115(111111)/,,,0113~~ 15
~, = 220 ~. 10.~ ~0.01111111~1(~()11~11~)/ 15 / = 400 112 3110 10.~ 111(11-01111111~ 0110.~

1113111 10.)/11510115 (0(1 = 18 ~5. 1110.~ 11~3)( ~1111~11110.1011~0. 10.~ 1113111 10.)/11510115 1111111~0
10 180% 01/,,, 3110 10.~ 50111~~ 111011~1311~~ (111~1110111~ 10.~ 51(3)/ 111011~1311~~) 15 11~~11~101~
(~5 0), 0~1~101111~ 10.~ (3) ~0111111111311011 ~3113~11311~~, ~~ (0) 111011~1311~~, ~,~ ~ 3110 (~)
=
1111111111111113110 (13)(10111111 011111111 ,,,0113~~.

80101100 10 = 425 ~, /,,, = 450 ~, ~, = ~5 = 220 ~, / = 400 112, (01( = 18 ~5, 3110
1--, = 0.
(3) ~10111 ~()5. (7-99), (7-100), 3110 (7-103), 10.~ 0,,,~1,,,0113~~ 15 ~~ = 0 3110
~, = ~~ = ~, = 220~. ~10111 ~(). (7-94), 10.~ 111111-0111~()1111~01~111
~1,,,~5

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3110 ~ ~ (450 18/220) = 36.8 ~~. 1-~1~ = 40 ~~.
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/40
1,, = 1.8 )( 450 - 450 = 220
~1--,,,
~0.1~0. ~1,,,~5111011~1311~~,~~, = 14.94 ~11.
)( 40)/450
(~) ~1001 ~(). (7-94), 015~0.31~111~1101~, (. = (220 = 19.56 ~5, 110111
~(). (7-95), 1~~0.31~111~1101~, (, )(
= (220 40)/450 = 19.56 ~5, 3110 110111~(). (7-96),
)( 2
1013111111~,(,/ = 19.56 = 39.12 ~5. ~1001 ~(). (7-106), 1~501131111~,,,~153111111~,
(, )( 40) )( 10-6)1/2
= ,,-((14.94 = 76.8 ~5
~10111 ~(). (7-107), 0(11)/ ~)/~1~, /(,,,.0 = (,/ = 0.0307.
10.~ 11111110111111 ~10111~(). (7-108),
10.~ 01111111111111 011111111 ,,,0113~~,

)( 220 + 0.5 )(
39.12 )(
10-6 )(
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)( )(
2 220 400 = 6.75 + 3.44 = 10.19 ~
8111~~ 10.~1~ 15 110 0,,,~1~0.31~111~, 10.~1~ ~111 0~ 110 0,,,~1~0.31~111~ 11~1100, 3110 10.~ 0,,,~1-
~0.31~111~ 3110 11110~1~0.31~111~ 1101~, (~ = (5 = 0. ~10111 ~(). (7-109), 10.~ (13)(11111101 0(11)/
~)/~1~, /(,,,0. = 1 - ((,/ + (~ + (5)/ = 0.984, 311011001 ~(). (7-110), 10.~ (13)(10111111011111111
,,,0113~~,
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~0(,,,3.) = 0.984 220 + 0.5 39.12
)( )(
2 220 400 = 216.48 + 3.44 = 219.92 ~

58~. 7-7 209

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 111~ 5011..~~ 111011~1311~~ ()13)15 3 5181116~3111 ..01~ 011 111~ 0()~..311011 01111~ ~110()()~..,
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3110 ~110()()1118 1..~().11~11~)1. 1-1~11~~ 111~ ()~31( 1030 ~11 ~111 15 0~()~110~111 011 111~ 1030
111011~1311~~. 111~..~10..~, 111~ ()~..10..01311~~5 01111~ ~110()()~.. 3..~ 3150 1111111~11~~0 0)1
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10 110111 111~ 1030 ..1()()1~ ~11 ~111.

~)(801()1~ 7-9
1( 111~ 5(1~~1)1111 .6)(3111~1~ 7-81135 3111110(1~1311~~ 0(
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1(/.

801111100 1. = 425 ..4..,1,,, = 450 ..4.., ~. = 220 ~, 1 = 4001-12, 10((

= 18 /-15, 1.. = 4
/-11-1,3110 ~ = 40 /-1~.
(3) ~(0111.6(). (7-100), 0~~(~01138~, ~~ )(
= 450 ~4/40 = 142.3~. ~(0111.6().
(7-99), ~~3/( ~3~3~110(, ~~ = 220 + 142.3 = 362.3 ~ 3110 ((0111 .6(). (7-103), 3~311301~
~0111111111311011 ~01138~, ~0 = 220 - 142.3 = 77.7.
(0) ~(0111 .6(). (7-94), 3~311301~ 111(11-0((11111~,1,, )(
= (77.7 40)/450 = 6.9/-15.
(~) ~(0111 .6(). (7-95), (~~113(8111811111~,10 = (220 )( 40)/450
= 19.56/-153110 ((0111
.6(). (7-96), ~0111111111311011 11111~,1(/ 6.0 + 19.56
= = 26.46 /-15.
1-/01~. 111~ 111(11-0(( (~()111(~111~1110( 111~ 1113111111)1(1510(15 19 /-15, ~11~(~35 111~
3~311301~ 111(11-0((11111~150111)16.9 /-15. 111~(~(0(~, 3 ~0111111111311011(31111(~~01110 0~~11(.

11115 ()..001~01 0111110~..~113..81118 ~311 0~ ..~01~01~0 0)1..~()13~1118 0100~ 1)1 ~1111111)1..1510..

13, 35 5110~11 111 ~18. 7-14. 111~ 3..,311301~ 111..11-0111101~, (~, ~00101111311011 1101~, (€/,
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~11~..~ 111~ ~113..8~ ..~..,~..531 01111~ ~3()3~110.. 15 0011~ 1110~()~110~1111)1 01 013111 111)1..1510..

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~~ = ~.., = ~5 + ~~ (7-111)
111~ (~5011(1111 (~~~(5(1115 111~~~~11~~111 0~ 111~ (11(1111111)1(1510( (111~ 111~ (111111(111.1(11
011-11(11~ 0~ 111~ ~110~~~( 15 1101 11(1111~~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0(11(111.11(111011 11(11~ 15 ~~-
~~11~~111 011 111~ 10(1~ (111~ 111~ 111~11-~(~().1.1~11~)1 0~~((111011 15 11(1111~~. 111~ ~110~~~(
~1(~1.111 ~(1111101 0~ 1~51~~ ~111101.11 ~01111~~1111~ 111~ 10(1~.

.,
+ (.,. ~,.1 + ~8
+
.3 ~0 0
- 0,,,
~~. ~0 0,/0 0
~(.,,,, ..)~0..~ 7-15 1)11~015~-~0)11)110131~(/
.2 ~110~~~( 111110(/~~~0(/~01 ~113(~~ (~...~(-
531.

56~. 7-7 211

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 ~.

,.,0081
~
+ ~- ~,,,
~.
0,,,
~.

~ 1~50113111 ~1115~ ~00~~~1 15 500~11 111 ~1/5. 7-17. ~5 50011 35 10~ 511~~1)115 5~11~0~0
011, 10~ ~3~3~110115 ~031/5~0 10 3 ~0113/5~ ~0 101011/501-,,,, 1)1, 3110 1030. 10~ ~11~1111
0~~1311011 ~311 0~ 01~10~0 11110 11~~ 11100~5 3110 10~ ~~111~31~111 ~11~11115 31~ 500~11 111
~1/5. 7-18. 10~ ~3~~1011115 101 ~1111~1115 3110 ~0113/5~5 31~ 500~11 111 ~1/5. 7-19.
~00~ 1 0~/51115 ~0~11 1113111 10)1115101 1) 15 111~0 3110 10~ 511~~1)1 15 ~01111~~1~0
10 10~ 1030. 1015 11100~ 15 ~3110 101 ( /(1. =
~00~ 2 0~/51115 ~0~11 ~0111111111311011 10)1115101 12 15 111~0. 10~ ~0111111111311011
~3~3~11011~~~15~5 115 ~031/5~ 101011/50 ~, 1-,,,, 3110 12. 10~ 1~~~(53) ~1111~11115 /51~~11
0)1

(7-112)

(7-113)
~0~1~ (0,,, = 1~ 1-,,,~. ~11~111111~,( = (, = 10~ 1-,,,~, 10~ ~3~3~1101 ~0113/5~151~~~15~0
10 - ~0. 110~~~~1, 10~ 1~5011311105~1)1311011~011111111~5
101011/50 0100~ 1)1. 10~
~~3)( 1~50113111 ~1111~111, /,,, 1111151 0~ /51~31~1 10311 )030 ~1111~111 /,,, 3110 10~ ~11~1111 15
1101(113)))1 0~51/511~0 101 3 13110 011,,//,,, 1.5.
=

.1 ~.
+ ~,.1 +
0,
~~0
~0,,, (0
+ - ~,,, 0 -.,0
~0
~.2

212

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 ). = ~.,, (... ,1
., ~.,,
(... 8
~,., ~+ ,.,
~0
0 0
....)
....) 1~.
~1~. ,3

~0091 ~0092

(...+ (...,, 0,
~. ~.,,
+1-=7~ ~1
,.,
+1 ~~. ~. 0
....)

~0093 ~0094

(... + (...,, 8 01
~.,, ~.,,
+~.~
~0.,, ~,.,
~. 0
....)
0
....)
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~0095 ~0096

..1~0~~ 7-18 ~()01~31~111~1~~0115

(0~ ~0(/~5.

~00~ 3 0~~1118 ~0.~11 12 18 8~1~-~011111101(11~0 (1110 10.~ ~(1~(1~110( 018~0.(1(~~8 00~

10 (~8011(1111 08~111(16011 10.(00~0. 0100~ /)1. 10.18 11100~ ~1108 ~0.~11 10.~ ~(1~(1~110(
~0((~111 (18~8 10 10.~ 1~~~1 0~ 1,,.,. ~880111111~ 10.(1110.~ ~(1~(1~110( ~0((~111 (18~8 1111~(1(1~
~(0111 0 10 1,,., (1110 10.(11 10.~ ~0((~111 0~ 10.~(1810( 11 ~(1118 ~(0111 1,,., 10 0 111 6111~ (.0 10.~
11111~ 00((16011 ~0( 10.18 11100~ 18

(7-114)

(.1,,., _ 17
.,
1.-,,.,1~
~1 = ~0 - - 0 - (7-115)
2~ 2~~0

~00~ 4 0~~1118 ~0.~11 10.~ ~0((~111 10.(00~0. 11 ~(1118 10 2~(0. 10.~ ~(1~(1~110(
~0116110~8 10 018~0.(1(~~ 10.(00~0. 10.~ 10(10 (11 (1 ((11~ 0~1~(111111~0 0~ 10.~ ~~(1~ 10(10
~0((~111. 10.~ (1~(111(101~ 10(11-0~~ 6111~,

( ~1~
~ =- (7-116)
1,,.,

10.~ 6111~ (~~01(~0 ~0( 10.~ ~(1~(1~110( 10 (~~0.(1(~~ 10 10.~ 80~~1~ ~011(1~~,

( ~5~
0 =- (7-117)
1,,.,

58~. 7-7 213

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 0

/ / /
/
~1 / / /
~0 - - - - - - / ~~
1
~-~.-~~~~~.
1 1. /
/
----- /
/
/
/
0

~00~ 5 0~~108 ~11~0 111~ 1..~~~11~~110~ 0100~ /),,, 81(1..18 ~000~~110~ (100 111~
10(10 ~~ ~01 0~~(1~8 111..0~~11 /),,,. 111~ ~0~..~~ 810..~0 10 ~00101~1(11100 100~~1(10~~
1.,,,, (100 80~..~~ 100~~1(10~~ 1.,. 18 1..(1081~ ~0 10 ~(1~(1~110..~. ~11~.. 1101~, (. =
~~(1.,. + 1.,,,,)~, 111~ 0.,,~..~11(1..~10~ ~~ ~01 0~~001~8 2~..0 (100 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. 18 ..~-
~11(1..~~0 10

(7-118)

1. )1-. 1-, (7-119)

~~ ~

~
~00~ 6 0~~108 ~11~0 111~0.,,~..~11(1..~10~ 18 ~001~1~1~. 0100~ /)1 1~..08 011. 111~
10(10 ~~ ~01 ~00110~~8 10 0~~(1~ ~0111111~ 01(110 111~..1810.. 18 ..~11..~0 10 111~ 0~)(1 ~~~1~.
10 111~ 81~(10~-81(11~ ~00011100 11~ = 11..,. 111~ (1.,,~..(1~~ 0~1~~1 .,,011(1~~ 18 ~1.,,~0 0~

1
110 = (11./(1 + 11.((. + (..,) + 0.5(,/(111 + 11.))
1- (7-120)
= 11./( + 1(((. + (..,)11.+ 0.5((/(111 + 11.))

214

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 (7-121)
1)11~ 10 ~0111111111(11100 0~ (1 (~500(101 .,1115~, 111~ (~~~(5~ 0.1/0.( 0( 111~(1510( 11 15

1111111~0 0~ 10011~10( 1-,,,, (100 11115 15 (1150 ~00~0 (15 50/( ~0111111/,/,((1(1011. 111~ (~500(101
(~~~(5(1115 100~.,~00~01 0( 111~(1510( 11. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ 10011~1(10~~, 1-,,,, 0~~(~11(1(~~5
~(1.,(1~110( ~ 300 11115 ~01110 10~(~(15~ 111~ ~011(1~~ ((1110~5 0( 111~ ~0111.,00~015. ~(1~(
111~(1510( 12 15 (1(~0, 111~ ~(1.,(1~110( 11(15 10 (~~~(5~ 115 ~11(1(~~ 0~(0(~ 111(010~ 0((

111~(1510( 11. 111~(~ 15 (10 1011~(~01 0~1(1~ 10 ~011111111131100 300 11115 1/111115 111~ 11110-
11111111100-11111~ 0( 111~ ~110.,.,~(. 111~ ~0111111111(11100 11111~ 15 0~.,~00~01 00 111~ 10(10.

~~301.,)~ 7-10

~11 11101.1~11.,,~1030 11131 15 ~0111(011~0 0)1111~ ~110~~~( 111~18. 7-17 (~()1.11(~5 311 3.,,~(38~
~1.1((~111, 1. = 425 ~ ~11113 ~~3.. ~1.1((~111, 1,,, = 450~. 111~ 51.1~~1)1.,,01138~, ~5 = 220...,,,.
111~ ~110~~1118 ~(~()1.1~11~)1, ,. = 400 112, ~01111111.1131101111101.1~1311~~, 1-,,, = 8 ~11, 3110
~01111111.11311011~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 40 ~~. 1~ 111~ 501.1(~~ 11101.1~1311~~(111~11.101118111~ 51(3)1
11101.1~1311~~)151-5 = 4 ~11, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~~3.. (~50113111 ~1.1((~111, 1,,~ (0) ~~3.. 1030
.,,01138~, ~~~ (~) 11.1(11-0~ 11111~, (~~ 3110 (0) 11111111111.1111
3110 1113)(11111.1111
01.11~1.11.,,01138~.

80)01100 111~ (~.,,~(51118 11111~,(~ = ~~ = 56.2 ~5. ~(0111 ~(). (7-119), 0.,,~(-
.,,01138~, ~~ = 450 ~(8 + 4)/40 246.5...,,, 3110 ~(0111~(). (7-118), ~~3.. ~3~3~110(
=
.,,01138~, ~0 = ~~ = 220 + 246.5 ...,,,.
= 466.5
(3) ~(0111 ~(). (7-112),1,, = 466.5 ~40/8 = 1043.1 ~.
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-114), (~ = 8 )( 450/466.5 = 7.72 ~5 3110 ~(0111~(). (7-115), 111~
~~3.. 1030 .,,01138~,
)( )(
8 450 450 ...,,,
~1 = 466.5 - )( )( = 423.1
2 40 466.5
11111~,(~ = 423.1 )( 40/450 = 37.6 ~5.
(~) ~(0111 ~(). (7-116), 111~11.1(11-0~~
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-117), (0 = 220 )( 40/450 = 19.6 ~5 3110 (4 = 37.6 + 19.6 =
57.2 ~5. ~(0111 ~(). (7-121), 111~ 1113)(11111.1111
01.11)1~)1~1~,
)( )( 10~6
/(,,,.. = 1 - (57.2 + 7.72 + 56.2) 400 = 0.952
~0( /( = /(,,,.., ~(). (7-120) 81.,,~5 111~ 1113)(11111.1111
01.11~1.11.,,01138~,

~0(,,,..) = 220 )( 0.952 + 400((56.2 + 7.72) )(

220 + 0.5 )(
57.2

= 209.4 + 12.98 = 223.4...,,,

)( )( 10~6
(423.1 + 220))
111~ 11111111111.1111
01.11~1.11 .,,01138~ (~0( /( = 0), ~0(,,,10) 12.98...,,,.
=

111~ 111310 (~().111(~111~01 (0( 111~ 0~51~0 0( ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.111 15 10 .,(0~10~ (10
(10~().11(11~ 111(0-0(( 11111~ 10 5~11~11111~ 111(110 111~(1510( 0((. 111~ (10(11~5~5 0( 111~ 11100~
~().11(111005 (0( 111~ ~1(1551~(11 ~110.,.,~( 10 5~~1100 7-7.1 (100 (~500(101 .,1115~ ~110.,.,~( 10
5~~1100 7-7.4 5110~ 111(11111~ 111(0-0(( 11111~ 0~.,~005 00 111~ ~0113~~ 0( ~011111111131100
~(1.,(1~110( ~0.
1115 11111~11 51111.,1~( 10 0~51~0 111~ ~0111111111(11100 ~1(~11111( 111~ 5011(~~ 10011~1(10~~

58~. 7-8 215

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~3.11 0~ 11~~1~~1~0 0( 111~ 103.0 ~1.1((~111 18 1101 111~11. 131.11 111 111~ ~3.8~ 01111~11~( 103.0
~1.1((~111, 81(3.)111101.1~13.11~~8, ~111~11 3.(~ 3.1~3.)18 ~(~8~111 111 ~(3.~11~3.1 8)181~1118, ~13.)1 3.
81~11111~3.111 ~3.(1111 111~ 0~81~11 01111~ ~01111111.113.11011~1(~1.111 0~~3.1.18~ 111~ ~11~(~)1 810(~0
111 111~ ~1(~1.111 11101.1~13.11~~ 111~(~3.8~8 3.8 111~ 8().1.13.(~ 0~ 111~ ~~3.~ 103.0 (1.1((~111. 111~
801.1(~~ 11101.1~13.11~~ 1113.)(~8 111~ 0~81~11 ~((1.13.110118 110111111~3.( 3.110 3.11 11~(3.11..,~ 111~11100
01 8011.111011 18 (~((1.11(~0 10 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~01111111.113.11011~0111~011~1118. 111~ ..,0113.~~
81(~88~8 011 111~ ~0~~( 0~..,1~~8 0~~~110 011 111~ 801.1(~~ 11101.1~13.11~~ 3.110 103.0 ~1.1((~111.
111~(~ 3.(~ 110 11)(~0 (1.11~8 10( 111~ 0~81~11 01 3. ~110~~~( ~1(~1.111 3.110 111~ 0~81~11
..,3.(1~8 ~1111 111~ 1)1~~8 01 ~1(~1.1118 1.18~0. 111~ 0~81~11~( 113.8 3. ~10~ (3.11~~ 01 ~1101~~
3.110 111~ ..,3.11.1~8 01 1.,,,,~ ~0111~011~1118 3.(~ 111111.1~11~~0 0)1 111~ 0~81~11~(,8 ~1101~~ 01
111)1(1810(8, ~~3.)( (~80113.111 (~..,~(83.1 ~1.1((~111, 3.110 ~~3.)( 3.110~3.01~ ..,0113.~~ 01111~ ~1(~1.111.
111~ ..,0113.~~ 3.110 ~1.1((~111 (3.1111~8 01 111~ 1.,,,,~ ~0111~011~1118 3.110 0~..,1~~8 ~1..,~ 111~
11111111111.1111
11111118, 01.11111~ 3.~11.13.1 8~1~~11011 01 ~0111~011~1118 3.110 0~..,1~~8 18 1~11 10 111~
0~81~11~( 03.8~0 011 111~ ~011810~(3.110118 01 ~(1~~, 3...,3.113.01111)1, 3.110 83.1~1)11113.(~111. 111
~~11~(3.1, 111~ 10110~111~ 81~~8 3.(~ 111..,01..,~0 111 111~ 0~81~11~

1. 10~11111)1111~ 11100~8 01 0~~(3.11011 10( 111~ ~110~~~( ~1(~1.111.

2. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~((1.11..,3.1~111 ~1(~1.1118 10( 111~ 11100~8.
3. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~1.1((~1118 3.110 ..,0113.~~8 10( 111~ 11100~8 3.110 111~1( ~3...,~10(1118.
4. 5..,3.11.13.1~ 111~ ..,3.11.1~8 01 ~01111111.113.11011~0111~011~1118 1.,,,,~ 1113.1 ~01.110 83.1181)1
111~ 0~81~11 11111118.
5. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ..,0113.~~ 3.110 ~1.1((~111 (3.1111~ (~((1.11(~111~1118 01 3.11 ~0111~011~1118
3.110 0~..,1~~8.

~ ~ ~3.11 11011~~ 1(0111 5((. (7-7) 1113.1 111~ 01.11~1.11 ..,0113.~~ ~01113.1118 113.(1110111~8.
~11 01.11~1.11 1111~( 01 ~, 1.,~, 1., 1)1~~ 1113.)1 0~ ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 01.11~1.11 111 0(0~( 10
(~01.1~~ 111~ 01.11~1.11 113.(1110111~8. 111~ 1~~11111((1.1~8 10( 1111~( 0~81~11 3.(~ 81111113.( 10 1113.1
01 5)(3.111~1~8 2-15 3.110 4-12.
~ ~110~~~( ~1111 3. 111~111)1 11101.1~11..,~ 103.0 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 7-203.. 111~ 103.0
~1.1((~111 (1~~1~ 18 11~~11~101~ (~1 = 0). 11111~ 3...,~(3.~~ 103.0 ~1.1((~11118 1~, 111~ ~~3.)(
103.0 ~1.1((~11118 1,,, = 1~ + ~1 = 1~. 111~ 111~1.11
~1.1((~111,~111~111801 ~1.118~08113.~~
3.8 8110~11111 ~1~. 7-200, ~01113.1118 113.(1110111~8 3.110 ~3.11 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 111 ~01.1(1~( 8~(1~8
3.8

(7-122)

0
+ ~. ~.
0,,,

0 /(, ,
(0) ~~0~~6~ ~()~~60(

216

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 0,,,

111~ 111003111~0131 ~0111~00~01 (11

1010 111~ 511~~1)115 /1)~~0 0)1

(7-123)

10 ~13~11~~, 30 10~111 1111~1 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 7-21 15 001111(11)1 ~000~~1~0 10

1111~10111111~ ~110~~~1 ~~0~131~01131111001~5110111111~ 511~~1)150111~~. 111~ ~().111~31~01
~11~1111101111~ ~110~~~1-~~0~131~0 1131111001~ ~1111~015 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 7-22, 300 111~
11115 ~3111~ 01111~ 11111 1131111001~ ~0111~00~01 10 111~ 511~~1)115 ~31~11131~0 35

1 1
/,,5 = /,,0 = (7-124)
1 + (21171/)21.,~~~ 1 + (11///())2/,,0

~11~1~ / 15 111~ ~110~~10~ 11~().11~0~)1 300/0 ~

(= 1/(271 1.,~~~)) 15 111~ 1111~1 1~500301
11~().11~0~)1. 11 (///0) / / 1, 111~ 111111131111001~~1111~0110 111~ 511~~1)1 0~~0111~5
2

/,,5 = /,,(.
/0
11/ () (7-125)

~ 111~11 ~110~~10~ 11~().11~0~)1 1~011~~5 111~ 512~5 01 10~111 1111~1 ~1~111~015. )3111 111~
11~().11~0~1~5 01 ~110~~~1-~~0~131~0 1131111001~5 10 111~ 511~~1)1110~ 31~ 3150 10~1~35~0,
300 11115 1113)1 ~3115~ 101~11~1~0~~ ~1001~1115 ~1111 111~ ~001101 300 ~01111111101~311011
51~0315.
11111~ 50111~~ 1135 50111~ 10011~130~~5, 1.,5, 300 111~ ~110~~~1 5~11~11 35 111 ~1~.
7-13 15 11110~0 00, 3 ~~11310 3111011111 01 ~11~1~)1 ~01110 0~ 5101~0 111 111~ 50111~~
10011~130~~. 11 30 311~111~1 15 11130~ 10 11110 011 111~ ~110~~~1 5~11~11, 111~ ~0~~1
5~1111~00011~101 0~~1~~5 1111~1110~ 031113~~0 011~ 10 111~ 111011~~0 ~0113~~ 1~51111111~ 110111
11115 5101~0 ~11~1~)1. 111~ 1.,~ 10~111 1111~1 ~10~10~5 3 10~-1111~~0311~~ 50111~~ 101 111~
~110~~~1 3~1100.

..1~0..~ 7-22 10()01.,,31~0( ~1(~01( (0( 03(-

(0001~ ~0((~0(5.

~,.301()1~ 7-11
1( 15 ~~()1.11~~0 (0 0~51~11 (/1~ 1~~1.115~-~0~~1.1(3(~0 (0
~/10~~~~ 111(/1~ ~1~~1.11(01 ~1~. 7-14
0~~~3(~ 1~0~ 3 51.1~~1~ ~01(3~~ 0111, 15/,,, = 440 ~.
= 220 ~ 3110 (/1~ ~~3/( 1030 ~1.1~~~11(

$8~. 7-8 217

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 ~~~~80. ./1~0~9/1 (2
440 ----------
~
0

352

10.~ 111111111111111
011(()11( ~01((1~~ 50.01110 0~ 1~55 (0.(111 5% 0111,, (0.~ ()~(1/( (~5011(111( (11((~11(
50.01110 0~ 111111(~0 (0 80% 01 /,,,, (0.~ (11(11-01111111~ (~()111(~111~11( 15 (~ = 25 /1-5, (1110 (0.~
5011((~ 111011(((111(~ 15 1-, = 4 /1-1-1. ))~(~(111111~ (0.~ ((1) ~(1111~5 011-,,,~ (0111()011~11(5~ (0)
111(1)(111111111(1110~(101~ (0.0()()111~ 1(~()11~11()1~ (1110 (() ((11111~5 01 (0111()011~11(5 (1110 0~~1(~5.

80111(100 11, = 220 ~, /,,, = 440 ~, (~ = 25 /1-5, 1-, = 4 /1-1-1, (1110 110(01.0) = 0.05 )(
220 = 11 ~. 10.~ ~(1~~10(1115 10( (0.~ ~(1(10115 (11((~11(5 (1110 ((1()(1(1(0( ~01((1~~ (1(~ 50.0~11
111~1~. 7-23.
((1) ~(0111 ~()5. (7-94), (7-99), (1110 (7-100), (0.~ (11(11-011 (1111~ 15

110~ 1-, ~ 11,~

(~/= = ( 11 +,,,/ = / ,,, + .~ ~1...,,---
,,, ' ~ ~ ) / ,,,
0(

5110511(111111~ ~(1111~5,0.25~2 - 29~ + 625 = 0 (1110~ = 87.4 /1-~ 0(

(0.~ 1111111~(1((11
28.6 /1-~. ~0.005~ (0.~ 10~~5( ~(1111~,~ = 28.6 /1-~, (11101~( ~ = 30 /1-~.
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-100), (0.~ 0~~(~01((1~~ 15 ~11
= 440 ~4/30 = 160~, (11101(0111
~(). (7-99), (0.~ ((1()(1(1(0( ~01((1~~, 110 = 11~ = 220 + 160 ~(0111 ~().
= 380~.

218

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 1,, = 380
~ -
0
~,,,
= 0.8

1.,~1 ~,,, = 35 11~ 111~0 111~~~..,~~810~11~~, (, = ...~35

)(

)(
440 = 352

30 = 101.8 8. ~~0~ ~()..

)( 30/440 = 25.9 8, ~~0~ ~().. (7-95), (0 )(
~,,, = 34.96 11

(7-94), 111~111~0-0~~6~~, (~ = 380 = 220

30/440 = 15 8, ((00 ~~0~ ~().. (7-96), 111~~0~~111((1100 11~~, (~ = 25.9 + 15 = 40.9
8. 111~ ~110111110~~~~().11~0~~~((0 0~ 0~1~~~10~0 ~~0~ 111~ ~00011100 0~ ~1111~11~
..,011((~~ 10 8((68~~ ~().. (7-108)=

11 = /(220 )(
101.8 + 0.5 )(
40.9 (380 + 220)) )( 10-6 0~ / = 317112
111~ ~(()(1~11~ ~1101111111~~~~().11~0~~ 18/ = 317 112~1~1/ = 300 112.
(~) ~111118 81((~~, ~~ 11((..,~ ((11111~ 11((~6~111((~8 10 0~1~~~10~ 111~ ~((1111~8.

11~ 111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~111, 1.~ = 440 ~.

)( 440 = 792 ~.
111~ 11~((/(~11~~~01,1,, = 440 + 0.8
111~ ~(()(1~11~ ~~8 ~11~~~01 011~ 10 111~ 10((0, 1,1 = 440 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111011~ 10 ~~800((01 ~~..,~~8((1,
)( 440 ~(,//2 )(
300/2 = 43.5 ~
1,2 = 0.8 = 0.352 ~101.8
111~ ~~~~6..,~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,1, 5 = (4402 + 43.5)1/2 = 442.14 ~.
12= 111~ 11~((/(~11~~~111,1,, = 440 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,1, 5 = 440 ~
= 0.44 ~300 )( 40.9 = 48.7 ~.
)( )( )( 10-6
111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~111, 1.~ = 1,,(~/ = 440 40.9 300 = 5.4 ~.
)( 440 = 352 ~.
13~ 111~ 11~((/(~11~~~111,1,, = 0.8
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, , = 1,, ~ = 0.352 ~101.8
)(
300 = 43.5 ~.
111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~111,

)( 352 )( 300 )( 101.8 )( 10-6/...

1.~ = 21,,/(,/... = 2 = 6.84 ~
(7= 111~ ..,((111~ 0~ ~((11((~11((11~~, (7 = 30 ~.
)( 760..,,.
111~ 11~((/(-10-11~((/( ..,011((~~, ~~~ = 2 380 =
111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 440 ~.
1, , = (48.72 + 43.52)1/2 = 65 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,
~,,,~ 111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 352~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, , = 43.5 ~.
1),,,~ 111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~01, 1.~ = 440 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, 5 = 440~.
111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 440~.
/+./0(~. 011~ 10 ~~8011((111 ~~..,~~8((1 111~011~11 111~ ~((111 111~~1810~, 118 ~11~~~111
~((611~8 ((110 1088~8 ((~~ 111~~~((8~0. 111~ ~((111 111~~1510~ ~01110 0~ ((..,010~0 111 111~
~~..,~~8((111~0~~88 ((8 111~1~. 7-15. 1~ ~$ ..,((~1~8 0~1~~~11 ~,( 0) ((110 ~$( ) ((110 1.,,
..,((~1~8 0~1~~~0 ~$( 0) ((110 ~$( ), 111~11 ~$( 0) ((110 ~$( 0) 81101110 0~ 118~0 10
~((1~111((1~111~..,((111~80~ ~,,, ((110 (7. ~$( ) ((110 ~$( ) 81101110 0~ 118~0 10 0~1~~~111~
111~ ~((611~8 0~ ~0~11011~1118 ((00 0~..,1~~8.

~)(301~1~ 7-12

11/8 ~~().111~~0 10 0~81~11111~ ~~800((01111118~ ~1101111~~~1~~1111111~1~. 7-17 10 011~~((1~ ~~0~

(( ..,, ((00 (( 11~((/( 10((0 ~11~~~111, 1,,,
81111111~..,011((~~ 0~ ~$ = 220 = 440~. 111~ 11~((/(
~~8011((111 ~11~~~01 81101110 0~ 11~110 10 150% 0~ 1,,, ~ 111~ 111~11-0~~ 6~~ ~~().111~~~~111,

219
58~. 7-8

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 (4
= 25 /1-8, 3110 1/1~ 5011~~~ 111011~1311~~, 1-,. = 4 /1-1-1. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ (3) .,,3111~8 011-~~
~0111~011~1118~ (0) 0.,,~~~/13~~~0 .,,0113~~, ~ ~~ 3110 (~) 3.,,311301~ ~0111111111311011 .,,0113~~,
~0.
)(
= 440 ~, 1,, = 1.5 440 = 660 ~, 1-$ = 4 /1-1-1,(/ = 25 /1-5, 3110
~~0111 ~()5. (7-115) 3110 (7-116), 1/1~ 111~11-01111111~
18 ~1.,,~1135

~~0111 ~(). (7-112), 1/1~ ~~3/( ~~80113111 ~11~~~111, 1,,

= ~0 /01-~. ~~0111 ~()5. (7-118)
3110 (7-119), 1/1~ ~3~3~110~ .,,0113~~,

~1110 1/1~ .,,3111~8 011-~ 3110 ~ 1/131 ~01110 831151)11/1~ ~01101110115 01 (43110 1,,. ~1111~~311.,,~
111~1/100 01 8011111011 )11~108=
(3) 1-~ = 25.29 /1-1-1,~ = 18.17 /1-~.
(0) ~~ = 558.67~.
(~) ~0 = 220 + 558.67 = 778.68 ~, 3110~(). (7-115) ~1.,,~5~,
= 605.63 ~.
~0(~. ~0~ 1-$ = 0, 1-,~ = 21.43 /1-1-1,~ = 21.43 /1-~,~~
= 440~, ~0 = 660~,
3110~, = 513.33 ~.
~~3111())~ 7-13

~ /11~/11)1 111011~11.,,~ 1030 18 ~0111~011~0 0)1 3 ~/10~~~~. 1/1~ 3.,,~~3~~ 1030 ~11~~~111 15
1. = 100 ~ 3110 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~111~311 0~ ~011810~~~0 11~~11~101~ (~1
= 0). ~
51111~1~ 1-~ 111~1111111~~~11/11-_ = 0.3 1111-13110 ~_
= 4500 /1-~ 15 115~0. )11/1~ ~/10~~~~
15 0~~~31~0 31 3 1~~()11~11~)101350 1-12 3110 3 0(11)1 ~)1~1~ 010.5, 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ 1113)(111111111
~1118.,,3)11~ 011/1~ 1111103111~11131~0111~011~111 01 ~/10~~~~-~~11~~31~0 /13~1110111~~11~~~111.

80)11~1011 ~0~ 1. = 100~, / = 3501-12, /(

= 0.50, ~_ = 4500 /1-~,31101-_ = 0.31111-1,
/0 = 1/(270 /~_1-_) = 136.98 1-12. ~()11311011 (7-123) ~311 0~ ~~111~11 35

1,0(() ,,4, 8111270/( + 13, ~05 270/(

=
~/1~~~,,4, = (1/70) 8111270/( 3110 13, = (1/70) (1 - ~08 270/(). 1/1~ ~~3/( 1113~1111110~01
1/118 ~11~~~11115 ~31~11131~0 1~0111

1.
1,0 = - ( 1 - ~08 270/() ,/2 = 45.02 ~
70
3110 1/118 0~~0111~8 1113)(111111111 31 /(
= 0.5. 1/1~ 1111103111~11131 ~0111~011~111 01 ~/10~~~~-
~~11~~31~0 /13~1110111~~11~~~111111 1/1~ 811~~1)1 ~311 0~ ~31~11131~0 1~0111 ~(). (7-124) 3110 15
~1.,,~11 0)1

11$ =
1 45.02 _
1 + (///0)21,0 = 1 + (350/136.98)2 - 5 .98 ~

220

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 (~~~(531 01
11101.1~1311~~5, ~01~0 3(~ 1.15~0 10 ~(~31~ (~50113111 05~111311011 10( ~0113~~
~0(11(111.11311011 ~3~3~110( 3110 11.1(11111~ 01110~(1510(5, 3~1 35 ~11~(~~ 510(3~~ ~1~(11~1115
111 5~11~0~0-(1100~ (~~1.11310(5 3110 35 1111~( ~1~(11~1115 10 5(110010 01.1110~ ~1.1((~111 03(-
(110111~5. ~~ ~311 11011~~ 1(0(11 8()5. (13-17) 3110 (13-18) 111 ~~~~11(1)( 13 1031 10~
(113~11~11~ 1055 111~(~35~5 ~110 10~ 5()1.13(~ 011(~()1.1~11~~. 011 10~ 010~( 03110, 01~0~(
1(~()1.1~11~~ (~01.1~~5 10~ 512~ 0111101.1~10(5 10( 10~ 53(11~ ~311.1~ 01 (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 3110
1111~(111~ (~()1.11(~(11~111. 10~ 0~51~11 01 0~-0~ ~011~~(1~(5 (~()1.11(~5 3 ~0(11~(0(1115~
3(11011~ 5~11~0111~ 1(~()1.1~11~~, 11101.1~10( 512~5, 3110 5~11~0111~ 1055~5.

0( 51~~ 00~11 3 11)(~0 0~

~ 0~ ~00~~~( ~311 0~ 1.15~0 35 3 0~ 1(311510((11~( 10 51~~ 1.1~
~0113~~. 10~ ~00~~~( ~311 3150 0~ 1.15~0 10( 5~11~0111~-(1100~ ~0113~~ (~~1.11310(5 3110
10( 1(31151~((111~ ~11~(~~ 0~1~~~111~0 0~ 501.1(~~5. 1-10~~~~(, 03((110111~5 3(~ ~~11~(31~0
111 10~ 111~1.11 3110 1030 510~ 0110~ ~00~~~( 3110 10~5~ 03((110111~5 ~311 0~ (~01.1~~0 0~
111~1.11 3110 01.11~1.11 1111~(5. ~ ~00~~~( ~311 0~~(31~ 011 ~110~( ~011513111 1(~()1.1~11~~ 0(
~3(1301~ 1(~()1.1~11~~. ~ ~3(1301~-1(~()1.1~11~~ ~00~~~( ~~11~(31~5 03((110111~5 01 ~3(1301~
1(~()1.1~11~1~5 3110 3 1111~( 0~51~11 0~~0(11~5 01111~1.111. ~ 11)(~0-1(~()1.1~11~~ ~00~~~( 15
110((11311~ 1.15~0. 10 (~01.1~~ 10~ 512~5 011111~(5 3110 10 10~~( 10~ 1030 (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111,
10~ ~00~~111~ 1(~()1.1~11~~ 5001.110 0~ 01~0. 10~(1510( ~00~~~(5 (~()1.11(~ ~)(1(3 ~1(~1.111(~
10 11.1(1101110~ (113111 10~(1510(, 3110 35 3 (~51.11110~ ~00~~111~ 1(~()1.1~11~~ 3110 (111111(111.1(11
011-11(11~ 3(~ 11(1111~0.

~011.,,~(51011.,,
1. 5. ~~/(, (1110 ~. 0. ~1001~0(00/(, ..~0.,,(111~~5 111 5~11~11~0 11100~ ~0~~(
/~~~ 1..,.(1,,5(1~(/0,,5 0,, /,,(//-/5(,/(1/ ~/~~(,0,,/~5, ~01. 1~30, ~0. 1, 1983, ~~. 10-29.
(1 1600-~ 0( 1((1~11011 511~-
2. ~. ~. 8(1110, (1110 0. ~. ~~11~111(1115, ..~110~~~( ~0111(01 011
~1~.,, /~~.4, ~)/0~,,,(1(/~5 (1,,(/ ~/~~(,0,,/~5 0,, (/7~ ~(1//~(1)/5, ~01. 5, ~0. 12, 1968, ~~.
473-478.
3. ~. ~011.,,1011, ..05~ 01 ~0~~( 5~1111~011011~10(5 10 ~0111(01 10~0111011.,,~ 1((1~11011 111010(5 111
111~ ~(~11~11 ~(111011(11 ~(111~(1~5.,, ~,0~~~(//,,85, /~~, ~01. 55, ~0. 3 (~11~1151) 1967.
~(111~(11.,, ~(1//~(1)/
4. ~~51111~110115~ ~1~(1(1~, ..~110~~~(510( 5110 ~(11110111~1(010110~ 8~~1
0(12~((~ /,,(~,,,(1(/0,,(1/, ~01. 129, ~0. 8, 1973, ~~.. 309-310.

5. 1. 1511001, 5. 12(1~(1, 1(. ~(1)1111(1, 1. 0~(1~(1, (11101. 1((111(1, ..~~~1~ 0~.,,~10~~0 111~(1510(

221

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 ~/10~~~~ ~()111~111~111(0~ ~1~~10~ ~311~3~8.,, 18,8,8, 1,.011$0~(10115 011 111(/~(,.)1 011(/ 0~11~,.0/
~/1/1/1~0(10115,
~01. 1~9, ~0. 3, 1973.
6. 1. 00111/11~~~, 1. 0~~/501~~, 3110 1-1. 1-1010/511~, ..1/1~~1810~ ~/10~~~~8 111~1~~1~1~ 1~3~110118.,,
~~~~ ~~1//~~, ~0. 2, 1970, ~11. 46-47.
7. ~. 1-1. ~38/110, ..~ 1/1~~1810~ ~/10~~~~ ~11/1 111111111111111 11111118011 ~0113/5~ ~011(~01 0( 0~
0~1~~8.,, 111(~,.110(10110/ 10/,/,.110/
0/ ~/~~(,.0111~5, ~01. 53, ~0. 1, 1982, ~~. 71-81.
8. ~. ~. 5~~~~115, 3110 0. ~. 8100111, ~0(/~,.11 1)~-(0-1)~ 5~1(~/11110(/~ 110~~,. ~0111/~,.(~,.
0,.~/,/1(5. ~~~ ~0~)(= ~311 ~08(~3110 ~~111/1010 ~0111~311~, 111~., 1983.
9. ~~(~~ ~000, 5~1(~/11118 110~~,. ~0111/~,.(~,.5. ~~~ ~0~)(= ~311 ~08(~3110 ~~111/1010 ~0111-
~311~, 111~., 1981.
10. 5. 01)(, ..511~~~~ 0( 8~11~/1~0 11100~ ~0~~~ 811~~11~8,,, 1~8, 111(~,.110(10110/ ~011/~,.~11~~ 011
110~~,. ~/~~(,.0111~5 011(/ ~0,.100/~ 5/1~~(/ 1),./1/~5, 1,0110011, 1985, ~~. 83-94.

11. 5.~. ~/1111, 0. ~. ~/1~11, 3110 ~. ~. 1,~~, ..0~61111236011 0( (/1~

~11~~/5~ 8(0~3/5~ 111011~(0~8
(0~ 0~ 10 0~ ~011~~~1~~8.,, 18,~8, 1,.01150~(10115 011 ~~,.05/10~~ 011(/ ~/~~(,.0111~ 5)15(~1115, ~ 01.
~~519, ~0. 2, 1983, ~~. 203-214.
12. ~. ~/183111, ~. 1,. 1(11810111, 3110 ~. ~. ~11)3, ..~1~~0~~0~~880~ ~0111~01 0(
3 ~11~~~11(8011~~~
0~-0~ ~011~~~(~~.,, 18,~~ 1,.01150~(10115 011 111(/~(,.)1 ~/1/1/1~0(10115, ~01. 1~19, ~0. 5, 1983,
~~. 690-698.

7-1. ~/13( 18 111~311( 0~ 3 0~ ~/10~~~~ 0~ 0~-0~ ~011~~~(~~7

7-2. ~/13( 18 (/1~ ~~111~1~1~ 0( 0~~~36011 0( 3 8(~~-00~11 ~/10~~~~7
7-3. ~/131 15 1/1~ ~~111~1~1~ 0( 0~~~36011 0( 3 8(~~-11~ ~/10~~~~7
7-4. ~/13( 18 ~1118~-~10(/1-1110011136011 ~0111~01 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-5. ~/131 18 (~~()11~11~~-1110011136011 ~0111~01 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-6. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( 3 ~3~1301~-(~~()11~11~~ ~/10~~~~7
7-7. ~/131 18 1/1~ ~((~~1 0( 1030 111011~1311~~ 011 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~1117
7-8. ~/131 15 1/1~ ~((~~1 0( ~/10~~111/5 (~~()11~11~~ 011 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~1117
7-9. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ ~01181~311118 (0~ 1~3118(~~ 0( ~11~~/5~ 0~1~~~11 1~0 0~ ~0113/5~ 8011~~~8 7
7-10. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ ~~~(0~111311~~ ~3~3111~1~~8 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-11. ~/13118 3 8~11~/1111/5-11100~ ~~/5111310~7
7-12. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ (011~ 0381~ 1~~~8 0( 8~11~/1111/5-11100~ ~~/5111310~87
7-13. ~/13( 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( 3 011~)( ~~/5111310~7
7-14. ~/131 3~~ (/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01530~311(3/5~5 0( 3 00081 ~~/5111310~7
7-15. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~80( 3 011~)(- 00081 ~~/5111310~7
7-16. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01530~31113/5~5 0( 3 ~11)( ~~/5111310~7
7-17. ~/131 18 1/1~ ~11~~08~ 0( 1/1~ ~011111111136011 ~1~~111( 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-18. ~/131 18 1/1~ 01((~~~11~~ 0~1~~~11 1/1~ ~1~~1111111~11-0(( 6111~ 3110 1/1~ 111~11-0(( 11111~0( 3
1/1~~1810~7
7-19. ~/1~ 00~5 1/1~ ~0111111111(16011~3~3~1(0~ /5~1 0~~~~/13~/5~07
7-20. ~/1~ 0111~111 ~0113/5~ 0( (/1~ ~13881~31 ~/10~~~~
18 1/1~ 111111111111111 1111111~07
7-21. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( (/1~ ~13581~31 ~/10~~~~7

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7-22. ~031 3(~ 10~ ~11~~15 01 5011(~~ 111011~1311~~7
(~,,,~(531 0~ 1110~~~110~111 0110~ 111311110~(1510(7
7-23. ~0~ 5001110 10~ (~50113111
7-24. ~0~ 5001110 10~ ~~3/( (~50113111 ~11((~111 0110~ (~50113111 ~1115~ ~00~~~( 0~ ~(~31~( 10311
10~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~1117
7-25. ~031 3(~ 10~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01 3 (~50113111 ~1.115~ ~00~~~(7
7-26. ~1 ~031 0111~ ~~~1~ 00~5
10~ 1030 (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 0~~0111~ 1113)(1111111117
11~(311,,,~ 111~1000 015011160117
7-27. ~0~ 1113~ 10~ 0~51~11 01 ~011111111136011~1(~11115 (~()111(~ 311
7-28. ~031 3(~ 10~ ~~11~(31 51~~5 10( 10~ 0~51~11 01 ~00~~~( ~1(~111157
3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111115~0 11110~ 0~51~11
7-29. ~0~ 15 10~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111 (310~( 10311 10~
0110~(1510( ~00~~~(5 7
7.30. ~031 3(~ 10~ ~11~~15 01 ~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~~ 011 1111~( 512~57

(~5156,,,~ 1030, ~ == 20 0 3110 111~111,,,0113~~, ~5 =

7.1. 10~ 0~ ~00~~~( 111~1~. 7-13 035 3
1.5 ~ 3110 ~00~~111~
220 ~. ~0~11 10~ ~00~~~( (~11131115 011, 115 ,,,0113~~ 0(0~, ~00 =
1(~()1.1~11~~, 1 = 10 /(1-12. 1110~ 0111~ ~~~1~ 15 80%, 0~1~(111111~10~ (8) 3,,,~(3~~ 0111~111
,,,0113~~, ~0~ (()) (1115 01.11~111 ,,,0113~~, ~0~ (~) ~00~~~( ~111~1~11~~~ (.1) ~11~~6,,,~ 111~111
(~5151311~~, ~,~ 3110 (~) (1115 ,,,3111~ 0110~ 1111103111~11131~0111~011~111 0103(1110111~5 011 10~
01.11~111,,,0113~~.
220 ~, ~ = 10 0,
7.2. ~ ~00~~~( 15 1~~0111~311 ~1- 1030 35 500~11 111~1~. 7-2 ~110 ~5 =
5/(1-12, 3110 ~ = 20 ~. ~31~11131~ 10~ (8) 111111111111111 111513111311~0115
1- = 15.5 1111-1,1 =
(()) ~~3/( 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111, /2~ (~) 1113)(111111111 ~~3/(-10-~~3/(
1030 ~11((~111, /1~
(~) (1115 1030 ~11((~111, /0~ (1)
(1~~1~ ~11((~111 111 10~ 1030~ (.1) 3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0
~11~~11,,,~ 111~111(~5151311~~, ~,~ 3110 (~) (1115 ,,,3111~ 01 ~00~~~( ~11((~111, /~.
= 0.2 0, 111~111,,,0113~~, ~5 = 220 ~,
7-3. 10~ ~00~~~( 111~1~. 7-2 035 1030 (~5151311~~, ~
3110 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 10~. 10~ 3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0 = 200 ~, 3110 10~
~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~~, 1 = 200 1-12 (7 = 5 1115). 05~ 10~ 3,,,~(3~~ 01.11~1.11 ,,,0113~~ 10
~31~11131~ 10~ ,,,3111~ 011030 111011~1311~~, 1-, ~01~0 ~01110 111111110~ 1113)(111111111
1030 (1~~1~
~11((~111 10 5% 01 /0.

7-4. 10~ 0~ ~00~~~( 500~11 111~1~. 7-53 15 115~0 10 ~0111(01 ~0~~( 110~ 1(0111 3 0~ ,,,0113~~,
~, = 110 ~ 10 3 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 220 ~. 10~ ~0~~( 1(31151~((~0 10 10~ 0311~(~
15 30 /(~. 10~ ~11((~111 (1~~1~ 0110~ 111011~10( 15 11~~11~101~. 1)~1~(111111~ 10~ (8) 0111~
~~~1~, /(~ (()) ~11~~6,,,~ 1030 (~5151311~~, ~.~~ 3110 (~) 3,,,~(3~~ 111~111~11((~111, /5.
7-5. ~0( ~(00. 7-4, ~10110~ 111513111311~0115111011~10( ~11((~111 3110 ~1.1((~11110(011~010~ 0311~(~
/(
~ 11111011~10( 1- 035 3 111111~,,,3111~ 011- = 7.51111-1,1 = 2501-12, 3110 = 0.5.

7-6. ~11 ~1- 1030 35 500~11111 ~1~. 7-2 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 ~00~~~(. 111030 (~5151311~~, ~ =
20 1111-1,511~~1~ ,,,0113~~, ~5 = 600, 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 150
0.25 0, 111011~1311~~, 1- =
~, 3110 ~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~~, 1 = 250 1-12, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ 111111111111111 3110 1113)(1111111111030

~1.1((~111, 10~ ~~3/(-10-~~3/( 1030 (1~~1~ ~11((~111, 3110

3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111 10( /( = 0.1
10 0.9 ~110 3 51~~ 010.1.
7-7. 1)~1~(111111~10~ 1113)(111111111
~~3/(-10-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11101 ~(00. 7-6 0~ 115111~8()5.
(7-19) 3110 (7-20), 3110 ~0111~3(~ 10~ (~511115.
15~. 10~ (~()111(~0 3,,,~(3~~
7-8. 10~ 011~/( (~~111310( 111~1~. 7-73035 311111~111 ,,,0113~~, ~5 =
0111~1.11
,,,0113~~, ~0 = 5 ~ 3110 10~ ~~3/(-10-~~3/( 0111~111(1~~1~ ,,,0113~~ 15 10 111~.10~

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 5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 20 /(1-12. 10~ ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0( 15 11(111(~0
(0 0.5 ~. 0~1~((11111~ (0~ (3) 011()1 ~)1~1~, /(~ (.,) 1111~( 111011~1311~~, ~~ 3110 (~) 111(~(
~3~3~1(0(, ~.
7-9. 10~ 00051 (~81113(0( 111~18. 7-83035 311 111~11(~011(1~~, ~$ = 6 ,. 111~ (1~~~32~ 0111))111
~01(3~~, ~. = 15 , 3110 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(,
1. = 0.5 ~. 10~ 5~11~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)1
1520/(1-12. 111- = 250 ~1-1 3110 ~
= 440 ~~, 0~(~((11111~ (0~ (3) 011()1 ~)1~1~, /(~ (.,) (1~~1~
( ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(, /11~ (~) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(,
12~ 3110 (()) (1~~1~ .,,01(3~~ 01111(~(
(~3~3~1~~( ,./1~0.
7-10. 10~ 011~/(-0005( (~~1113(0( 111 ~1~. 7-93 035 311 111~111.,,0113~~, ~,
= 12 ~. 10~ 011()1
~)1~1~, /( = 0.6 3110 (0~ 5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 25 /(1-12. 10~ 111011~1311~~, ~
= 250 ~1-1
3110111(~( ~3~3~11311~~, ~
= 220 ~~. 10~ 3.,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(, 1. = 1.5~. 0~(~((11111~
(0~ (3) 3.,,~(3~~ 011(~11( .,,01(3~~,
~.~ (/)) ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( 011(~11( (1~~1~ .,,01(3~~. /1 ~0~ (~)
~~3/(-10-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(, /11~ 3110 (()) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01 (0~ ((311515(0(,
1,,.
7-11. 10~ ~11/( (~~1113(0( 111~1~. 7-103 035 311111~11( .,,01(3~~, ~,
= 15~. 10~ 011()1 ~)1~1~, /(
= 0.4 3110 (0~ 5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 25 /(1-12. 10~ 111(~( 111011~(311~~, ~2 = 350 ~1-1
3110 111(~( ~3~3~1(311~~, ~2 = 220 ~~. 10~ ~11~(~)1 ((31151~( ~3~3~1(311~~, ~1 =
400 ~~
3110 111011~(311~~, ~1 = 250 ~1-1. 10~ 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(,
/. = 1.25 ~. 0~(~((11111~
(0~ (3) 3.,,~(3~~ 011(~11( .,,01(3~~,
~.~ (.,) 3.,,~(3~~ 111~11( ~11((~111, 1,~ (~) ~~3/(-10-~~3/(
(1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0( ~1, /111~ (()) ~~3/(-10-~~3/( (1~~1~ .,,01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0( ~1,
/1~01, (~) ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0( 1-2, /112~ (() ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( (1~~1~
.,,01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0( ~2, /1 ~02~ 3110 (~) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01 (0~ ((31151510(, 1,,.
7-12. ~11111011~(1.,,~ 1030 15 ~011((011~0 0)13111(11~1115~ ~0(11(1111(36011 ~00~~~( 111~18. 7-11 3110
~~3/( 1030 ~11((~11(, 1,,,
= 450 ~ 3( 3 511~~1)1.,,01(38~ 01220 ~. 10~ ~00~~1118 1(~()11~11~)1,
/ = 275 1-12, ~0(11(1111136011 ~3~3~1(0(, ~ = 60 ~~, 3110 (~.,,~(5111~ 111011~(311~~, ~,,,
= 20
~1-1. 10~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~, ~$
= 8 ~1-1. 0~(~((11111~ (11~ ~1(~111( (11(11-011 6(11~ 3110
(111111(1111(11
3110 (113)(1(1111(11011(~11( .,,01(3~~ 11(111(5.
7-13. ~~~~3( ~(00. 7-12 10( (0~ ~35~ ~0~11 (0~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~ 15 11~~11~101~ (~,
= 0).
7-14. ~11111011~(1.,,~ 1030 15 ~011((011~0 0)1 (11~ ~110~~~( 111~1~. 7-15 3110 ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~11(, 1,,,
= 350 ~ 3( 3 511~~1)1 .,,01(38~, ~, = 750 ~. 111~ ~110~~111~ 1(~()11~11~)1, / = 250 1-12,
~0(11(1111(36011 ~3~3~1(311~~, ~ 15 ~~, 3110 ~0(11(1111(36011 111011~(311~~, ~,~
= = 70 ~1-1.
11 (0~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~, 1-, = 10 ~1-1, 0~1~((11111~ (0~ (11(11-0116(11~, (~~ (111111(1111(11
3110
(113)(1(1111(11011(~111 ~0113~~~ 3110 011(~11( .,,01(3~~ 10( 3 011()1 ~)1~1~ 01/(
= 0.5.
7-15. ~~~~3( ~(00. 7-1210( (11~ (~50113111 ~1115~ ~00~~~( ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-1711 ~0(11(1111136011
~3~3~1(311~~, ~
= 30 ~~ 3110 ~0(11(1111136011 111011~1311~~, 1-,,, = 35 ~1-1.
7-16. 0~51~11 (0~ .,,3111~5 01 ~0(11(1111(36011 ~0(11~011~1115 ~,,, 3110 ~ (0 ~(0.,,10~ 3 (11(11-011 6(11~,
(~ = 20 ~5 10( (0~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-11. 111~ 5~~~111~360115 10( (0~ ~1(~1111 3(~ ~,
= 600
~, 1,,, = 350~, 3110 1-, = 6 ~1-1. 10~ ~~3/( ~11((~11110(011~0
11 15 110( 10 ~)(~~~0 21,~.
7-17. ~~~~3( ~(00. 7-1610( 10~ ~00~~~~ ~1(~111( 111~1~. 7-141110~ ~~3/( ~11((~111 010100~ 1)1
15 11(111(~0 (0 21,,,. 0~1~((11111~ ~ 3110 1-1.
7-18. ~~~~3( ~(00. 7-16 10( (11~ ~110~~~( ~1~~1111111 ~1~. 7-15 1110~ ~~3/( (~5011311( (~.,,~(531
~11((~11115 11(1111~0 10 1,,,.
7-19. ~~~~31 ~(00. 7-1610( (0~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-171110~ (~50113111 (~.,,~(531 ~11((~111111(011~0
12 15 11(1111~0 10 21,,,.
7-20. 0~51~11 10~ .,,3111~ 0110~ ~0(11(1111136011 ~3~3~110( ~ 10 ~(0~10~ 3 111(11-011-6(11~ (~()111~~-
(11~111 01 (~
= 20 ~5 10( 10~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. ~7-20 11~,
= 600 ~, 1,,, = 350 ~, 3110 1-,
= 8 ~1-1.

224

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 ,.1

+
~,,,

0,,,
~,.,
~5 0
,.5 ,.3

(1 ~00~~~1 (15 500~11111 ~1~. 7-20. 10~ (1~~1(1~~

7-21. /1..01~01~ 111011~11~~ 10(10 15 ~01111011~0 0~
10(10 ~1111~111 15 250 /1.., ~01~0 0(15 11~~11~101~ 11~~1~ ~1111~111. /1.. 51111~1~ ~~ 111~1111111~1
~110 ~_ = 0.41111-1 (1110 ~_ = 5000 ~~ 15 115~0. 1110~ ~00~~~115 0~~1(11~0 (1111~(),11~11~~,

/ = 250 1-12, 0~1~1111111~ 10~ 101(11 ~00~~~1 ~~11~1(11~0 0(111110111~ ~1111~111 111 10~ 511~~1~
101 /( = 0.5. (11//1/.. ~011510~1 11~ 10 10~ 5~~~1110 0(111110111~.)

225

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 8

,
~.

0~-10-(1~ ~011~~..1~..5 (1..~ )(110~11 (15 //1~~,.(~,.5. 10~ ~011~11011 0~ (111111~~..1~..15 10 ~0(111~~
(1 0~ 111()01 ~011(1~~ 10 (1 5)1(11(11~1..1~(11 (1~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ 0~ 0~51..~0 (11(1~111100~ (1110
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~..~()0~11~)1. ~ ~(1..1(101~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ 001(1111~0 0)1 ~(1..)1111~ 10~ 111()01 0~
~011(1~~ (1110 (11(11111(1111111~10~ ~(1111 0~ 10~ 111~~..1~.. ~01151(1111. 011 10~ 010~.. 0(1110, 1~
10~ 0~ 111()01 ~011(1~~ 15 ~1)(~0 (1110 11 15 1101 ~0111..011(101~, (1 ~(1..1(101~ 001()01 ~011(1~~
~(111 0~ 001(1111~0 0)1 ~(1..)1111~ 10~ ~(1111 0~ 10~ 111~~..1~.., ~01~0 15 110..(11(111)1 (1~~0(11()1150~0
0)1 ()015~-~1010-(110001(111011 (~~~) ~0111..01 ~110111 10~ 111~~..1~... 10~ //1~~,.(~,.
/50//1
(11(1)1 0~ 0~~111~0 (15 10~ ..(1110 0~ 10~ (1~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ 10 0~ 111()01 ~011(1~~.
10~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ ~(1~~~0..(115 0~ 10~(11111~~..1~..5 500010 0~ 511105010(11. 1-10~-
~~~.., 10~ ~(1~~~0..(115 0~ ()..(1~11~(11 111~~..1~..5 (1..~
11011511105010(11 (1110 ~0111(1111 ~~..1(1111
0(1..(110111~5. ~0.. 10~- (1110 (11~010(11-()0~~.. (1()()11~(1110115, 5()0(1..~-~(1~~ 0.. ()0(151-5()0(1..~-
~(1~~ ~011(1~~5 (11(1)1 0~ (1~~~()1(101~~ (1110 ~0.. 01~0-()0~~.. (1()()11~(1110115, 10~ 01510..1~0
511105010(11 ~(1~~~0..(115 (1..~ ..~()01..~0. ~110 10~ (1~(111(101111)1 0~ 01~0-5()~~0 ()0~~..
5~(111~01100~10.. 0~~1~~5, 10~ 0(1..(110111~ ~0111~1115 0~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ (111111(1112~0
0.. ..~00~~0 51~111~1~(11111)10)1 5~11~0111~ 1~~0111()0~5.
111~~..1~..5 (1..~ ~10~1)1 05~0 111 1110051..1(11 (1()()11~(1110115 (~.~., ~(1..1(101~-5()~~0 (1~
(11010.. 0..1~~5, 11100~11011 0~(11111~, 51(11100)1 ()0~~.. 50()()11~5, 0111111~ 0()1101~ ()0~~..

226

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5(1~~11~5). 111~ 111~(111113)1 0~ 3 0311~()1, ~(1~1 ~~11, 5013( ~~11, 0( 0111~( 0~ 50(1(~~.
111~ 1)1~1~31 5111~1~-~1135~ 0(11~(115 3(~ (1) 120 ~ 31 60 1-12, (2) 220 ~ 31 50 1-12, 3110
(3) 115 ~ 31 400 1-12. ~0( 111~11-~0~~( 111(~~-~1135~ 5)151~1115, 1)1~1~31 0(11~(115 3(~
(1) 220/380 ~ 31 50 1-12,(2) 120/208 ~ 31 60 1-12,3110(3) 115/200 ~ 31 400 1-12.
111~~(1~(5 ~311 0~ 0(0301)1 ~1355111~0 11110 1~0 1)1~~5~ (1) 5111~1~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5,
3110 (2) 111(~~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5. ~3~111)1~~ ~311 0~ 511001~10~0 11110 ~0(1( ~31~~0(1~5,
0~~~110111~ 011 111~ 1)1~~ 0~ 111)1(1510( ~01111111113110115~ (3) ~1115~ ~10111 11100(11311011
(~~~) 111~~(1~(, (0) (~50113111111~~(1~(, (~) 3(1)(1113()1 ~011111111131~0 111~~(1~(, 0( (0)
~0111~1~111~1113()1 ~0111111(1131~0 111~~(1~(. ~11 111~~(1~( 15 ~311~0 3 110/((18~-/~(/ 11111~,.(~,.
(~~1) 1~ 111~ 111~(11 ~0113~~ (~11131115 ~011513111, 3 (/11,.~11(-/~(/ 11111~,.(~,. (~~1) 1~ 111~ 111~(11
~(1((~11115 111311113111~0 ~011513111, 3110 3 11(1,.1(10/~ (/( /111/(~(/ 11111~,.(~,.1~ 111~ 111~(11 ~0113~~
15 ~0111(011301~.

111~ ~(111~1~1~ 0~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5 ~311 0~ ~)(~13111~0 ~1111 ~1~. 8-13. 111~ 111-
~~(1~( ~1(~(111 ~01151515 0~ 1~0 ~110~~~(5. ~11~11 0111)11(31151510( (21 15 111(11~0 011 ~0(
3 11111~ 10/2, 111~ 111513111311~0(15 ~0113~~ 3~(055 111~ 1030 1)0 15 ~5/2. 1~ 1(31151510( (22
0111)115 1(1(11~0 011 ~0( 3 11111~ 10/2, - ~.12 3~~~3(5 3~(055 111~ 1030. 111~ 10~1~ ~1(~(111
5110(110 0~ 0~51~11~0 5(1~1111131 (21 3110 (22 3(~ 11011(1(11~0 011 31111~ 53111~ 11111~. ~1~(1(~
8-10 5110~5 111~ ~3~~~0(1115 ~0( 111~ 0111~(11 ~0113~~ 3110 1(31151510( ~(1((~1115 ~1111 3
(~51511~~ 1030. 11115111~~(1~( (~()111(~5 3111(~~-~1(~0 0~ 5011(~~, 3110 ~11~11 31(31151510(

~80 = ~0
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_~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~2
2
~
2

~
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(~) ~81/910,,.,,5 ~~~~ ,95~5~.1/9 ~080

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15 011, 115 .-~~~.-5~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~5 1051~(10 01 ~,/2. 11115 10~~.-1~.- 15 /(00~0 35 (1 ))(111-
6,10-/5€ (11))€,(€,.
111~ .-015 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ ~(10 0~ 101.100 1.-001

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2~, .
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1170
(8-2)
0 10.- 11 = 2, 4, ...
~11~.-~ ()) = 27010 15 111~ 1.-~((1.1~0~~ 01 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ 10 .-(10/5. ~0.- 11 1, ~((.
(8-2) ~1~~5 111~ .-015 ~(111.1~0111.100(101~01(11 ~001~00~015 35

2~5
~1 = = 0.45~5 (8-3)
~ 70

~0.- 30 1001.1~11~~
10(10, 111~ 10(10 ~1.1 ~01 ~(10001 ~11(10~~ 10101~01(11~1~ ~1111111~
01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~. 11 (21 15 11.1.-0~0 011 (11 ( = 10/2, 111~ 10(10 ~1.1 ~01 ~01.110 ~001101.1~
10 110~ 111.-01.1~111)2, 10(10, (100 111~ 10~~.- 11(11101111~ 0~ 501.1.-~~ 1.10111111~ ~1.1 ~011(1115
10 2~.-0. $10111(1.-1~, ~11~0 (22 15 11.1.-0~0 011 (11 ( = 10, 111~ 10(10 ~1.1 ~01110~5 111.-01.1~11
1)1, 10(10, (100 111~ 1.1~~~.- 11(111 01111~ 0~ 501.1.-~~. ~11~0 0100~ 1)1 0.- 1)2 ~0001.1~15,
~0~.-~~ 15 1~0 0(1~/( 10 111~ 0~ 501.1.-~~ (100 111~ 0100~ 15 /(00~0 (15 31€€0-6(1~/( 0-100-€.
~1~1.1.-~ 8-1~ 5110~5 111~ 1030 ~1.1 ~01 (100 ~0001.1~1100 101~.-~(115 01 0~~1~~5 10.- ~1.1.-~1~
1001.1~11~~ 10(105. 11 ~(10 0~ 0011~~0 111(11 10.- ~1.1.-~1~ 1001.1~11~~ 10305, (1 1.-(1051510.-
(0001.1(15 001~ 10.- 10/2 (0.- 900). 0~~~0010~ 00 111~ 10(10 ~0~~.- 1(1(10.-, 111~ (00-
01.1(1100 ~~.-100 01 (1 1.-(1051510.- ~01.110 ~(1.-~ 1.-001 90 10 1800.
111~ 1.-(1051510.-5 ((10 0~ .-~~1(1(~0 0~ 0105 0.- 10.-~~0-(001011.11(11~0 111~.-1510.-5.
11 (011 15 111~ 11.1.-0-0111101~ 01 (1 111~.-1510.-, 111~.-~ 011.151 0~ (1 01101011.101 0~1(1~ 1101~ 01
(011 0~1~~~0 111~ 01.11~010~ 111~.-1510.- (10011.-10~ 01111~ 0~)(110(00110~ 111~.-1510.-. 0111~.--
~15~, (15110.-1-(1.-(1.111 (00011100 ~01.110 .-~51.111111.-01.1~11111~ 1~0 111~.-1510.-5. 111~.-~10.-~,
111~ (13)(1011.101 (0001.1(1100 1101~ 01 (1 111~.-1510.- ~01.110 0~ 10/2 - (011. 10 ~.-(1~11(~,
~~~0 111~ 1.-(1051510.-5 .-~((1.11.-~ (1 (~.-1(110 11.1.-0-00 (100 11.1.-0-0111101~. ~0.- 51.1((~5511.11
0~~.-(11100 0110~~.-1~.-5, 111~ 10~1~ ~1.-(1.111 51101.110 13/(~ 111~5~ 1010 (1((01.101.

111~ 01.11~1.11 01 ~.-(1~11((1110~~.-1~.-5 (001(110 (~.-1(110 11(1.-01001(5 (100 111~ ((1.1(1111~ 01 (10
10~~.-1~.- 15 00.-01(111~ ~~(111.1(11~0 10 1~.-015 01111~ 10110~10~ ~~.-10.-01(10(~ ~(1.-(101~1~.-5.

~8..~00.~ 18~10.., ~~. 111~ 11(1.-01001( 1(1(10.- (0111111 11(1.-01001(), ~111(11 15 (1

01~(151.1.-~011001~101.1(1111(1.-01001~ (001.-101.11100, 15 0~110~0 (15

(8-4)

228

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~0~(~ ~1 15 10~ (1115 ~(111.1~ 0110~ 11.1110(1111~111(11~0111~011~111 (1110 ~/1 15 10~ (1115 ~(111.1~
0110~ /1100(1(1110111~ ~0111~011~111.

1013~ ~3~010.,.~ ().510~.0.,, 1~(). 10~ 101(110(1(1110111~

01510(11011,~01~015
(1 111~(151.1(~ 01 ~105~11~55 111 50(1~~ 0~1~~~11 (1 ~(1~~10(111 (1110 115 11.1110(1111~111(11~0111-

~011~111, 15 0~1111~0 (15

~
1/2

11-10 =
~1
1
( /1~~,
~~
) (8-5)

().510~1.0., 13~10~, ()~. 10~ 11-10 ~1~~5 10~ 101(110(1(1110111~

~0111~111,01.1111
00~5 110111101~(11~ 10~ 1~~~1 01 ~(1~00(1(1110111~ ~0111~011~111. 11 (1 1111~( 15 1.15~0 (1110~
01.11~1.11 01111~~(1~(5, 10~ 01~0~(-0(0~( 0(1(1110111~5 ~01.110 0~ (111~111.1(11~0 1110(~ ~11~~-
11~~1)/. 10~(~10(~, /(110~1~0~~ 01 0010 10~ 1(~().1.1~11~)/ (1110 111(1~11111.10~ 01 ~(1~0 0(1(-
1110111~ 15 1111~0(1(1111. 10~ 01510(11011 1(1~10( 11101~(11~5 10~ (111101.1111010(1(1110111~ 015-
10(11011 10(11 (~111(11115 111 (1 ~(1(11~1.11(1( ~(1~~10(111 (111~( 10~ 0(1(1110111~5 0110(11 ~(1~~10(111
0(1~~ 0~~11 51.10)~~1~0 10 (1 5~~0110-0(0~( (111~111.1(111011(1.~., 01~10~0 0)/ (12). 101.15 0~

15 (1 111~(151.1(~ 01 ~11~~11~~11~55 111 (~01.1~111~ 1.111~(1111~0 0(1(1110111~5 ~11001.11 0(1~111~ 10

5~~~11)/ 10~ ~(111.1~5 01 (1 5~~0110-0(0~( 10(10 1111~( (1110 15 0~1111~0 (15

(.,0~951-0~()9~ ~3~010.,.~, (.,0~. 10~ 10~~51-0(0~( 0(1(1110111~ 15 10(11 0(1(-

1110111~ ~0111~011~111 ~005~ 1(~().1.1~11~)/ 15 ~105~51 10 10~ 11.1110(1111~111(11011~, (1110 115
(1111~1111.10~ 15 ~(~(11~( 10(111 0( ~().1.1(1110 3% 0110~ 11.1110(1111~111(11~0111~011~111.

~)(3111()1~ 8-1

~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 11(111-0(10~~ 111~~..1~.. 111~1~. 8-1(1 11(15(1 ..~51511.,,~ 10(10 01 ~ = 2.4 11 (1110
111~ 0~ 111~1.11.,,011(1~~ 15 ~$ = 48~. 0~1~..111111~ 111~ ((1) ..1115 01.11~1.11.,,011(1~~ (11 111~
11.1110(1111~111(111..~().1.1~11~~,
~1~ (0) 01.11~1.11~0~~.., ~0~ (~) (1.,,~..(1~~ (1110 ~~(1/( ~1.1 ~1115 01
~(1~111.(11151510.~ (0) ~~(1/( .~.,,~.5~ 010~/(111~ .,,011(1~~ 0( ~(1~111.(11151510., ~8~ (~) 101(11
11(1.1110111~01510.11011, 11-10 ~ (1) 01510.11011 1(1~10., 0 ~~ (1110 (~) 11(1.1110111~1(1~10.. (1110
01510.11011 1(1~10. 0( 111~ 10~~51-0.0~.. 11(1.1110111~.

8011.1~100~, = 48 ~ (1110~ = 2.411.

((1) ~.0111~().. (8-3), ~1 = 0.45 )( 48 = 21.6~.
(0) ~.0111 ~().. (8-1), ~0 = ~)2 = 48/2 = 24~. 111~ 01.11~1.11
~0~~., ~0 =
~~~ = 242/2.4 = 240 ~.
(~) 111~ ~~(1/( 1.(11151510. ~1.1..~111, /,, = 24/2.4 = 10~. 5111~~ ~(1~11 1.(11151510.
)(
~01101.1~1510. (1 50% 01.11~~~~1~, 111~(1.,,~.(1~~~1.1..~11101 ~(1~111.(11151510.15/() = 0.5
10 = 5 ~.
)( 24 = 48 ~.
(0) 111~~~(1/(.~.,,~.5~ 010~/(111~.,,011(1~~,~8 = 2

58~. 8-3 229

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 ~~0111~(). (8-5),11-11) = 0.217611./(0.4511.) = 48.34%.
(1) ~~0111 ~(). (8-2),
~ 2 1/2 2 2 2 1/2
11
( ~~~, ( ))
11~
= (
11
(~) (1-) (/ )
+
11
+
11
+...
) = 0.0171211.

~~0111~(). (8-6), 1)~ = 0.0171211)(0.4511.) = 3.804%.

(8) 111~ 10~~81-0~(/~~ 113~111001( 18 111~ 1111~(/, 113 11/3. ~~0111 8(). (8-4), 1-1~3
=
~(). (8-7), 1)~3 = (11/32)/111 = 1/27 = 3.704%.
= 113/111= 1/3 = 33.33%, 30(/ 1~0111

~ 81081~-~1138~0(108~ 10~~(1~( 18 8110~0 10 ~18. 8-23. 11 ~0081818 011011( ~110~~~(8.

~11~0 1(3081810(8 (21 300 (22 3(~ 111(0~0 00 81111111130~01181~, 111~ 10~111 ~01138~ 115
3~~~3(8 3~(088 111~ 1030. 111(3081810(8 (23 300 (24 3(~ 111(0~0 00 31111~ 83111~ 11111~,
111~ ~01138~ 3~(088 111~ 1030 18 (~~~(8~0 300 18 - 115. 111~ ~3~~10(111 10( 111~ 0111~111
~01138~ 18 8110~0 10 ~18. 8-20.

0/80
~
2
0

1/.

0
~0

0
~ ~ ~
~ 1 ~
01 02 ~01 02 ~ 03 04 ~03 04 (
011 011 011 011

230

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 111~ (1118 001~01 ~01138~ ~30 0~ 1000~ 1(0111
1/2
1012
2
~0 = - 1
10 0 ( ~25 0,1
) = ~0 . (8-8)

~()031100 (8-2) ~30 0~ ~)(1~0~~~ 10 ~)(~(~88 111~ 108130130~008 001~01 ~01138~ 10 3

~00(1~( 8~(1~8 38
1)
0 = ~
~
4~5.
-1170 810 11(,)1 (8-9)
11=1,3,5...

30~ 10( 11 = 1, ~(). (8-9) 81~~8 111~ (1118 ~310~ 01100~3111~0131 ~0111~00~01 38
4~ (
~1 = = 0. 90~5 8-10)
~ 70

~11~0 ~10~~8 1)1 30~ 1)2 ~00~0~1, 111~ ~0~(8)1181~~ 03~~ 10 111~ ~~ 800(~~ 311~
111~)13(~ ~00~0 38 /~~0,0(1~/( 0,,00,~$. ~180(~ 8-1~ 8110~8111~ ~3~~10(11101103~ ~0((~01
10( 111~0~11~~ 103~8.
~~301~1~ 8-2
~~11~31 6)(3(11111~ 8-110( 3 8111~1~-110.38~ 0(10~~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-23.

80101100 ~5 = 48 ..., 3110~ = 2.4 0.

)( 48 = 43.2...,.
(3) ~(0(11 6(). (8-10), ~1 = 0.90
(0) ~(0(11 6(). (8-8), ~0 = ~5 = 48...,. 10.~ 01.11111.11
110~~(, ,,0 = ~~/~ =
482/2.4 = 960~.
(~) 10.~ 11~3/( 1(31181810( ~1.1((~111,/,, = 48/2.4 = 20 /1... 5111~~ ~3~0.1(31181810(
~01101.1~1810( 3 50% 01.11)1~)1~1~, 10.~ 3~~(3~~ ~1.1((~11101 ~3~0. 1(31181810( 18 //) = 0.5
)(
20 = 10 /1...
(0) 10.~ 11~3/( (~~~(8~ 010~/(111~~0113~~, ~1/ = 48...,.
(~) ~(0(11 6(). (8-10), ~1 = 0.9~5
1/2
~~)1/2 = 0.4352~5
~~) = (~6 -
(~~,7
~(0(11 6(). (8-5),11-10 = 0.4352~/(0.9~5) = 48.34%.

(1) (~~)1/2 = 0.03424~5

(~~~7.

~(0(11 6(). (8-6),011 = 0.03424~/(0.9~5) = 3.804%.

~1/3. ~(0(11 6(). (8-4), 1-1113
(~) 10.~ 10~~81-0(0~( 0.3((110111~ 18 10.~ 10.1(0, ~3 =
= ~3/~1 = 1/3 = 33.33% 31101(0(11 6(). (8-7),0113 = (~3/32)/~1 = 1/27 = 3.704%.

1-/01~. 111~ ~~3~ (~~~(8~ 010~~1118 ~01138~ 01 ~3~111(31181810( 311~ 111~ ()03111)1

01001~01 ~01138~ 10( 11311-0(1~8~ 311~ 1011-0(1~8~ 10~~(1~(8 3(~ 111~ 83111~. 110~~~~(,
10( 1011-0(1~8~ 10~~(1~(8 ~1111 (~81811~~ 103~8, 111~ 001~01 ~0~~( 18 100( 11111~8 111811~(
30~ 111~ 1011~3111~0131 ~0111~00~01 18 1~1~~ 11130 11131 0111311-0(1~8~ 111~~(1~(8.

~~301~1~ 8-3
100, 1. = 31.5 (111-1, 3110
10.~ 0(10~~ 111~~(1~( 111111~. 8-230.38 311 ~1.~ 1030 ~110. ~ =
~ = 112 ,...11. 10.~ 111~~(1~( 1(~()1.1~11~)1, 10 = 60 1-12 3110 0~ 111111.11 ~0113~~, ~5 = 220
...,. (3) 6)(11(~88 10.~ 111813111311~01.181030 ~1.1((~1111111101.1(1~( 8~(1~8. ~31~1.1131~ 10.~ (0)
((118 1030 ~1.1((~1113110.~ 11.11103(11~111311(~()1.1~11~)1,/1 ~ (~) 0.3((110111~ 13~10( 011030 ~1.1((~111,

231
58~. 8-4

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 1-1~~ (0) ..,0~~( 3050(0~0 0)11/1~ 1030, ~0~ (~) 3~~(3~~ ~11((~111 0( 0~ 511..,..,1)1~/, 3110 (()
(1115 3110 ..,~3)( ~11((~111 0( ~3~/1 1(31151510(. (~) 0(3~ 1/1~ ~3~~(0(111 0( (111103111~11131
1030 ~11((~111 3110 5/10~ 1/1~ ~011011~11011 1111~(~315 0( 1(31151510(5 3110 0100~5. ~31~11131~
1/1~ ~011011~11011 11111~0( 1/1~ (/1) 1(31151510(5, 3110 (1) 0100~5.

801111100 ~, = 220 ~, 10 = 60 1-12, 8. = 10 0, ~ = 31.5 1111-1,~ = 112 ~~, 3110

)(
(11
= 270 60 = 377 (30/5. 1/1~ 111011~11~~ (~3~1311~~ (0( 1/1~ /11/1 /13(1110111~ ~0113~~ 15

)(/_ )( )( )(
= 2/170 60 31.5 10-3
= /11.87/10
1/1~ ~3..,3~111~~ (~3~1311~~ (0( 1/1~ /11/1 /13(1110111~ ~0113~~ 15

106 -123.68
)(~
= -
2/170 )(
60 )(
112 = /1
..,....
1/1~ 1111..,~0311~~ (0( 1/1~ /11/1 /13(1110111~ ~0113~~ 15

2~ = (102 + (11.87/1 - 23.6//1)2)1/2

3110 1/1~ ..,0~~( (3~10( 311~1~ (0( 1/1~ /11/1 /13(1110111~ ~0113~~ 15

_ 2.346
6 ,, -- 1311 -1
11.87/1 -
10
23.6//1 _
- 1311 -1
(.1 187 /1
/1 )
(3) ~(0111 ~((. (8-9), 1/1~ 111513111311~0115
0111..,111~0113~~ ~311 0~ ~)(..,(~55~0 35

1)0(/) = 280.1 5111(377/) )( 377/) + 56.02 5111(5 )(

+ 93.4 5111(3 377/)
)( 377/) + 31.125111 (9 )(
+ 40.025111 (7 377/) + . . .
01~10111~ 1/1~ 0111..,111~0113~~ 0)11/1~ 1030 1111..,~0311~~ 3110 ~011510~(111~ 1/1~ 3..,..,(0..,(131~
0~13)1 011~ 10 1/1~ ..,0~~( (3~10( 311~1~5, ~~ ~311 0013111 1/1~ 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111
35

10(/) = 18.15111 (377/ + 49.720) )( 70.170)

+ 3.175111 (3 377/ -
)( )(
+ 5111 (5 377/ - 79.630) + 0.5 5111 (7 377/ 82.850)
-
)( . . .
+ 0.3 5111 (9 377/ - 84.520) +
(0) 1/1~ (1115 1030 ~11((~111 31 (111103111~11131((~((11~11~)1, 12.8,.1,..
/1 = 18.1/--/2 =
(~) ~011510~(111~ 11.., 10 1/1~ 111111/1/13(1110111~, 1/1~ ..,~3)( 1030 ~11((~111,

/,~ = (18.12 + 3.172 + 1.02 + 0.52 + 0.32)1/2 = 18.41,.1,.

1/1~ /13(1110111~ (3~10( 0( 1030 ~11((~111,

1-1~ =
(/~
~,,.~~1)1/2 =
2
_1 1/2

(( 118~~1) ~
= 18.59%

(0) 1/1~ (11151030 ~11((~111, /0 = 18.41/--/2

)( = 13.02 ,.1,., 3110 1/1~ 1030 ()0~~(.
~0 = 13.022 10 = 1695~.
(~) 1/1~ 3~~(3~~ 511..,..,1)1
~11((~111,/,
= 1695/220 = 7.7,.1,..
(() 1/1~ ..,~3)( 1(31151510(~11((~111,/,,
= 18.41,.1,.. 1/1~ (1115~11((~1110( ~3~/11(311-
51510(,/,, = /,,/--/2 = /,,/2 = 18.41/2
= 9.2,.1,..
(~) 1/1~ ~3~~(0(111 (0( (111103111~111311030 ~11((~111, 11(/), 15 5/10~11 111~1~. 8.3.
(/1) ~(0111 ~1~. 8-33, 1/1~ ~011011~11011 11111~0( ~3~/11(31151510( 15 1011110 ((0111 /()
180 - 49.72 = 130.280 0( /0 = 130.28 )(
70/(180 )(
377) = 6031 ~5.

232

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 ~(()

25
21.14
20

15
~~008(1160(8~ ~~~~60(
/1
/~1(()
10 / ~
-..
/
5 -.. / ~
....
/ ~ (
0
~
-5
/1 16.667 (115
(/
1- ·
(~ = 2.638
1

(115
-10

-15
... ...

-20 .100

-25

,,.
)(
((/
= (180 - 130.28) 180 )( 377 = 2302 ~5

1-/0(~. 10 ~31~0131~ 10~ ~)(3~1 ~310~8 0110~ ~~3/( ~0((~01, 10~ ~0000~600 601~
011(3081810(8 300 0100~8, 10~ 108130130~008 1030 ~0((~0110(() 800010 0~ ~1011~0 38
800~0 10 ~1~. 8-3. 10~ ~0000~1100 601~ 01 3 1(3081810( 01081 83681~ 10~ ~00011100
10(( = (0) = 0, 300 3 ~101 0110(() 0~ 3 ~001~01~( ~(0~(301 ~1~~8 1(1 = 21.14 ~,
(0 = 5694 ~8, 300 (~ = 2638 ~8.

10(~~-~038~ 10~~(1~(8 3(~ 00(01311~ 08~010( 01~0-~0~~( 3~~11~36008. 10(~~ 810~1~-

~038~ 0311 (0( 1011)-0(10~~ 10~~(1~(8 ~30 0~ ~000~~1~0 10 ~3(311~1 38 800~0 10 ~1~.
8-43 10 10(01 10~ ~0011~0(31100 01 3 10(~~-~038~ 10~~(1~(. 10~ ~3110~ 81~0318 01
0( 0~13~~0 0~ 1200 ~110 (~8~~~110 ~3~0
810~1~-~038~ 10~~(1~(8 800010 0~ 30~30~~0
010~( 10 0(0~( 10 001310 10(~~-~038~ 03130~~0 (1000301~0131) ~0113~~8. 10~ 1(308-
10(01~( ~(1013(~ ~10010~8 01081 0~ 180131~0 1(001 ~3~0 010~(, ~011~ 10~ 8~~0003(~
~10010~8 013~ 0~ ~000~~1~010 ~~~ 0( 0~113. 10~ 1(30810(01~( 8~~0003(~ 18 00(01311~
~000~~1~0 10 ~~~ 10 ~11011031~ 1(1~1~0 03(01001~8 (~ = 3, 6, 9, . . .) 3~~~3(10~ 00
10~ 001~01 ~0113~~8 300 10~ ~1(~011 3((30~~01~01 18 800~0 10 ~1~. 8-40. 1018 3(-
(30~~01~01 (~~01(~8 10(~~ 810~1~-~038~ 1(30810(01~(8, 121(3081810(8 (0( 10~(1810(8),
300 12 0100~8. 1110~ 001~01 ~0113~~8 01 810~1~-~038~ 10~~(1~(8 3(~ 001 ~~(1~~11~
03130~~0 10 013~01100~8 300 ~038~8, 10~ 10(~~-~038~ 001~01 ~0113~~8 ~111 0~ 00-
031(10~~0.

5€~. 8-5 233

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 +
-,,.
( 8
~(1,,,808~ ~~1,~
1
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8
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~(1,,,8~8~
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05 05.

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8
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8
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20..~ 8-4 1/1~~~-))/1~5~ 111,,,~~1~~ (0~~~0 0)11/1~~~ 5111~1~-))/1~5~ 111,,,~~(~~5.

~ 111(~~-~1138~ 0111~111 ~30 0~ 001310~0 1(0111 3 ~0011~11(31100 01 81)( 1(3081810(8

300 81)( 0100~8 38 8110~0 10 )=01~. 8-53. ~11~0 1(3081810( (21 18 8~11~11~0 00, 1~(1111031
(1 18 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ ~08111~~ 1~(1111031 01111~ 0~ 10~111 ~0113~~. ~11~0 1(3081810(
(24 18 8~11~11~0 00, 1~(1111031 (1 18 0(011~11110 111~ 0~~311~~ 1~(1111031 01111~ 0~ 8011(~~.
111~(~ 3(~ 81)( 11100~8 010~~(31100 10 3 ~)1~1~ 300 111~ 011(31100 01 ~3~1111100~ 18 600.

234

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 01 03 05

~0 ~0
8 0

~04
06 02

(8) ~~~~()~(

0
92
0
93
0
94
0
95
0
96
0

10~ 1((1051510(5 (1(~ 01.1(00~(~0 10 10~ 5~()1.1~0~~ 0~ ~(1110~ 10~ 1((1051510(5 (~.~., 123,
234, 345, 456, 561, 612) (100 ~(1~0 1((1051510( ~0001.1~15 ~0( 1800. 10~ ~(1110~ 51~0(115
500~010 ~1~. 8-50 (1(~ 501~1~0 ~(0(0 ~(1~0 010~( 0~ 60010 001(110 10(~~-~0(15~ 0(11(10~~0
(~1.100(1(0~01(11) ~011(1~~5.
10~ 10(10 (0(1~ 0~ ~000~~1~0 10 ~~~ 0( 0~11(1 (15 500~0 10 ~1~. 8-6. ~0( (1 0~11(1-
~000~~1~0 10(10, 10~ ~0(15~ ~1.1((~015 ~(10 0~ 001(110~0 01(~~11~ ~(0(0 10~ 110~-10-110~
~011(1~~5. 00~~ 10~ ~0(15~ ~1.1((~015 (1(~ ~00~0, 10~ 110~ ~1.1((~015 ~(10 0~ 0~1~((010~0.
~0( (1 ~~~-~000~~1~0 10(10, 10~ 110~-10-0~1.11((11 ~011(1~~5 (01.1510~ 0~1~((010~0 10 ~100

58~. 8-5 235

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~~
(8) 08~18-~0008~180

111~ 1111~(0( ~1135~) ~11((~1115. 111~(~ 3(~ 111(~~ (1100~5 01 0~~(311011 1113 11311-~)1~1~
3110 111~ ~()111.,,31~1116(~11115 3(~ 5110~11 111~18. 8-73.
011(1118 (1100~ 1 10( 0 ~ ())( ~ -../3,
~ 3~
~~~ ~ + =
2 2
17, 2175
/1
~~~3~

/1~ 175
1)0/1 1)0/1 = 2 3
- 2175
1)0/1 -/1~
3

8 8 0 8 8 8
~3
8 ~8 0 8
0 ~5 0 0
~5
+ ~2 8
8 8 ~8

~0081 ~0082 ~0083

(8) ~(1~~1/8~801 ~~~~~~15

1/.0
2~.13- --
~5
0

236

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10~ 110~-10-0~01((11 ...011(1~~5 (1(~ 500~0 10 ~1~. 8-70. 10~ 1051(101(10~005 110~-10-
110~ ...011(1~~, 1)~6, 10 ~1~. 8-50 ~(10 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 10 (1 ~00(1~( 5~(1~5, (~~0~01~10~ 10(11
/)~6 15 50111~0 0)1 70/6 (100 10~ ~...~0 0(1((0001~5 (1(~ ~~(0,

1)
~6 = ,,6
~
/1~1,3,5,...
4115
-~70 ~05
~70.
-6 510 ~
(
())(
+ -
70

6 ) (8-11 )

1(0(0 ~~. (8-11) 0)1 ~0(15~ 5011110~ 1)~6 0)11200 (100 2400,
1)6~ (100 1)~~ ~(10 0~ 10000
(~5~~~11...~1)1 ,

~
/1~1,3,5,...
4115

~70
~05
~70

6
510 ~
(
())(
-
~
2 ) (8-12)

1)~~ = ~
4115
~05
~70
510 ~(())( _ 770
) (8-13)
/1~1,3,5,... ~70 6 6
~~ ~(10 0011~~ 1(0(0 ~~5. (8-11), (8-12), (100 (8-13) 10(11 10~ 1(1~1~0 0(1((0001~5
(~ = 3, 9, 15, . . .) ~0010 0~ ~~(0 10 10~ 110~-10-110~ ...011(1~~5.
1(0(0
10~ 110~-10-110~ ((05 ...011(1~~ ~(10 0~ 10000

(8-14)

237
58~. 8-5

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 ~0(,,
= 1, 111~ (1115 ~3111~ 01111003111~0131 ~0111~00~01 ~30 0~ 101100 1(0111 111~ ~~3~
1113~011110~ 10 8(). (8-11) ~

4 ~5 ~05 300
111.1 = = 0.7797115 (8-15)
070
111~ (1115 ~3111~ 01110~-10-0~111(31 ~0113~~5 ~30 0~ 101100 1(0111 111~ ~1135~ ~0113~~,

~ 1. 0 ~5
~/1 = = = 0.4714~5 (8-16)
0 ~
~1111 (~51511~~ 10305, 111~ 0100~5 3~(055 111~ 1(3051510(5 113~~ 00 1110~11005. 11
111~ 1030 15 10011~11~~, 111~ ~11((~01 10 ~3~11 3(111 01111~ 10~~(1~( ~01110 0~ 0~13~~0 10
115~0113~~ 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 8-8. ~11~0 1(3051510(
~4 10 ~1~. 8-53 15 011, 111~001~
~310 10( 111~ 0~~311~~ 110~ ~11((~01 1,, 15 111(011~11 /)1- 1-1~0~~ 111~ 1030 1~(1111031 (1 15
~000~~1~0 10 111~ 0~ 5011(~~ 111(011~11 /)1 110111111~ 1030 ~11((~01 (~~~(5~5 115 ~013(11~
311 = 11. 011(10~ 10~ ~~(10010( 0 ~ 1~ 1), 1(3051510(
~1 ~111001 ~00011~1. 51111113(1~,
1(3051510( ~4 ~111 001~ 513(1 10 ~00011~1 31 1 = 12. 111~ 1(3051510(5 (0( 111~(1510(5)
11111510~ ~001101101151~ ~31~0, 510~~ 111~ ~00011~1100 11111~011(3051510(5 300 0100~5
0~~~005 00 111~ 1030 ~0~~( 13~10(.

2~ ,)3
~,)3

...~11..~ 8-8 111~~~-~1135~ 1/1,,,~~(~~ ~1(11

~1- 1030_

~~301.,1~ 8-4

111~ 111(~~-~1135~ 10~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-53 1135 3 ~)1~-~01111~~1~~ (~51511,,,~ 103~ 01 ~ = 10
0. 111~ 10~~(1~( 1(~()1.1~11~)11510 = 60 112 311~ 111~ ~~ 111~1.11,,,0113~~ 15 ~5 = 220 ~.
(3) ~)(~(~55 111~ 111513111311~01.151111~-10-1111~ ,,,0113~~, 11./)(1), 311~ 1111~~1.1((~111, 1.(1), 1113
~01.1(1~( 5~(1~5. 0~1~(111.111~ 111~ (0) (111.51111~,,,0113~~,
~1.~ (~) ~111.5~1135~ ,,,0113~~, ~,,~
(~) (111.5110~ ,,,0113~~ 31111~ 11.10~3111.~01311(~()1.1~11~)1, ~ 1.1~ (~) (111.5~1135~ ,,,0113~~ 31 111~
11.111~3111.~111311(~()1.1~11~)1,
~,,1~ (1) 10131113(111.0111~ ~1510(11011, 1110~ (~) ~1510(110013~10(,
0~~ (11) 113(111.0111~13~10( 311~ ~1510(11011 13~10( 01111~ 10~~51-0(~~( 113(111.0111~~(1) 103~
~0~~(, /10~ 0) 3,,,~(3~~ 1(31151510~ ~1.1((~111, /0~ 311~ (/() ~111.51(31151510~ ~1.1~(~111, /8..

8011.111011 ~5 = 220~, ~ 0) )(
= 100,10 = 60 112, 311~ = 2,. 60 = 377 (3~/5.
(3) 111~ 11151311130~01.15 1111~-10-1111~ ,,,0113~~ 11./)(1) ~311 0~ ~~111~11 35

11./)(1) = 242.58 5111(3771 + 300) - 48.52 51115(3771 + 300)

- 34.66 51117(3771 + 300) + 22.05 511111(3771 + 300)

+ 18.66 511113(3771 + 300) - 14.27 511117(3771 + 300) +

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 10~ ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 15 1)~~(() = 1/~,,(()/~ ~110 (1 0~1(1~ 01 300, (1110 01~10111~ 10~ ~0(15~
~011(1~~ 0~ 10~ 10(10 1~5151(111~~ (~ = 10 0) ~1~~5 10~ 11151(1111(111~0115(01 ~0(15~) ~1111~111
(15
1~(() = 14 5111 (377() - 2.801 51115(377()

- 2.0 51117(377() + 1.273 511111(3770

+ 1.0775111 13(377() - 0.8245111 17(377() +
(0) ~10111~~. (8-14), 1/1-= 0.8165 )( 220 = 179.63~.
(~) ~10111~~. (8-16), 1/,, = 0.4714 )( 220 = 103.7~.
(0) ~10111~~. (8-15), 1//.1 = 0.7797 )( 220 = 171.53~.
(~) 1/,,1 = 1/1-1/~ = 99.03 ~.
(1) ~10111 ~~. (8-14), 1/1-1 = 0.77971/~
1/2
1/~) = (1/~ - 1/~)1/2 = 0.242361/~
(~5~11

~10111~~. (8-5),11-10 = 0.242361//(0.77971/~) = 31.08%.

(~) (~~)1/2 = 0.006681/~

~~~5~11,
~10111~~. (8-6), 0~ = 0.006681//(0.77971/~) = 0.857%.
(0) 10~ 10~~51-010~1 0(111110111~1510~ 11110, 1/1-5 = 1/1-1/5. ~10111 ~~. (8-4), 1-1~5

= 1/1-5/1/1-1= 1/5 = 20%, (1110110111~~. (8-7), 0~5 = (1/1-5/52)/1/1-1= 1/125 = 0.8%.

(1) ~01 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 10(105, 10~ 1111~~1111~111 15 10~ 5(1111~(15 10~ ~0(15~ ~1111~111
(1110 10~ 111151111~~(111~111, 11- = 1/,,/10 = 103.7/10 = 10.37~. 10~ 10(10 ~0~~1,
)( )(
110 = 31/,,1,, = 3 103.9 10.37 = 3226.4 ~

()) 10~ (1~~1(1~~ 5(1~~1~ ~(111~111, 1~ = 110/220 = 3226.4/220 = 14.67 ~ (1110 10~
(1~~1(1~~ 11(111515101 ~(111~111, 10 = 14.67/3 = 4.89 ~.
(/() 8111~~ 10~ 1111~~(111~11115 50(11~0 0~ 1~011(1115151015, 10~ 11115~(11(1~ 01 (111(111515101
~(111~11115 18, = 11-/0 = 10.37/0 = 7.33 ~.

10 10(10~ 10005111(11 (1~~11~(111005, 11 15 011~0 1~()011~0 10 ~001101111~ 001~01 ~011(1~~

0110~~11~15 (1) 10 ~0~~ ~1111 111~ ~(111(111005 01 0~ 10~01 ~011(1~~, (2) 101 ~011(1~~
1~~01(11100 0110~~11~15, (100 (3) 101 111~ ~0051(101 ~0115/11~()0~0~~ ~001101 1~()011~-
10~01. 111~1~ (11~ ~(111005 1~~1101()0~5 10 ~(11~ 111~ 10~~11~1 ~(110. 111~ 10051 ~111~1~01
10~11100 01 ~001101110~ 111~ ~(110 ((100 001~0. ~011(1~~) 15 10 10~01~01(11~ ~015~-~10111-
100001(11100 (~~~) ~001101 ~111110 111~ 10~~(~~15. 111~ ~01010001~ 05~0 1~~1101()0~5
(11~~

1. 510~1~-~015~-~10111100001(11100
2. ~0111~1~-~015~-~10111100001(11100
3. 51005010(11 ~015~-~10111100001(11100
4. ~00111~0 51005010(11~015~-~10111100001(11100
5. ~11(15~-015~1(1~~10~01 ~001101

58~. 8-6 239

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 6
()8~~16~ 519(18~

~6/6~6(1~6
,,,,
519(18~

~0
~,.,1
~1
~1

~~~~~~~~91

~- 0 _~ 8816 5~9(18~
/0~1~8(15~510~
01
~0 ,.,1
1(_0 1( 1(
~+~ 21(
94 2
2 2 2 2
8816 5~9(18~/0~ 04 ,.,1
0 1(
-,,0 21(

~5
_0_
0 1(_0 1(
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31( 21(
2 2 2 2 2 2
-~5

10 510~1~-11015~-~10111111000131100 ~001(01, 111~(~ 15 001)1 00~ 11015~ 11~( 11311-~)1~1~ 300

111~ ~10111 01111~ 11015~ 15 ~3(1~0 10 ~001(01 111~ 10~~(1~( 0011101 ~0113~~. ~1~0(~
8-9 5110~5 111~ ~~0~(31100 01 ~3110~ 51~0315 300 0011101 ~0113~~ 01 510~1~-111135~ 1011-
0(10~~ 10~~(1~(5. 111~ ~3110~ 51~0315 3(~ ~~0~(31~0 0)1 ~0111113(10~ 3 (~~130~013(
(~1~(~0~~ 51~031 01 31111111100~, ~., ~1111 3 1(130~013( ~3((1~( ~3~~ 01 31111111100~, ~~.
111~ 1(~()0~0~)1 01111~ ~3((1~( ~3~~ 0~1~(11110~5 111~ 10003111~01311(~()0~0~)1 010011101
~0113~~. 13)1 ~3()110~ ~. 1(0111 0 10 ~0 111~ 111.115~~10111, 0, ~30 0~ ~3(1~0 1(0111 0 10
1800. 111~ (3110 01 ~. 10 ~~ 15 111~ ~001(01 ~3(1301~ 300 0~110~0 35 111~ 11100,/1/(1(/011
/110,~~. 111~ 111000131100 100~)(,

(8-17)

(70+8)/2 1/2
2
~0 = (- 1 ~~ 0,(0)0
)
(8-18)
270 (70-8)/2

111~ ~00(1~( 5~(1~5 01 0011101 ~0113~~ )11~105

4 ~5 . 110 .
- 510 - 510 110)( (8-19)
1170 2
~ ~01111101~( 11(0~(3111 03111~0 ~~0(1-5 15 0~~~1011~0 10 ~~31031~ 111~ 11~(10(111-
30~~ 01 510~1~-111.115~ 111001.1131100 10( 510~1~-111135~ 1011-0(10~~ 10~~(1~(5 300 111~ 11(0-

240

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 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ~1~(1..~ 8-10 11~(111001~ ()(0(11~ 0( 510~1~-
()(115~-~1011111100(11~1100 .

~(3111 15 1151~0 10 ~()()~001)( ~. ~1~11(~ 8-10 500~5 10~ 03(111001~ ()(0111~ ~110 10~
,,,3(131100 011110011131100 100~)(,~. 10~ 0011110301 03(111001~ 15 10~ 101(0, 300 10~
01510(1100 13~10( 10~(~35~5 51~0111~3011~ 31 3 10~ 0111()111,,,0113~~.

10~ 03(111001~ ~001~01 ~30 0~ (~011~~0 0~ 11510~ 5~,,,~(31 ()1115~5 10 ~3~0 0311-~~~1~ 01
0111()111,,,0113~~. 10~ ~~0~(31100 01 ~3110~ 51~031510( 111(010~ 00 300 011011(3051510(5
15 500~0 10 ~1~. 8-113 0~ ~0111()3(10~ 3 (~1~(~0~~ 51~031 ~110 3 1(130~1113( ~3((1~(
~3,,,~. 10~ 1(~~1.1~0~~ 01 (~1~(~0~~ 51~031 5~15 10~ 0111()1111(~~11~0~~, /0, 300 10~
~3((1~( 1(~~11~0~~, /0 0~1~(11110~5 10~ 0111110~( 01 ()1115~5 ()~( 0311-~~~1~,~. 10~
1110011131100 100~)( ~001(015 10~ 0111()111 ,,,0113~~. 1015 1~()~ 01111001.1131100 15 3150
~00~0 35 1111/./0,.,11~11/5~-~/.0.(/1. 11100.11/(1(/.011(0~~~). 10~ 01.11110~( 01 ()1115~5 ()~(
0311-~~~1~ 15 101100 1(0111

(8-20)

,,,3(1~5 10~ ()1115~ ~1010 1(0111 0 10

10~ ,,,3(131100 011110011131100 100~)( ~ 1(0111 0 10 1
-../~ 300 10~ 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 1(0111 0 10 115. 10~ 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 10( 510~1~-()035~
0(10~~ 10,,,~(1~(5 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 8-110.
110 15 10~ ~1010 01 ~3~0 ()1115~, 10~ (1115 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ ~30 0~ 101100 1(0111

(.,,/,,+0)/2 1/2
2~ ~0
11 = - 1120.((0() = 115 - (8- 21 )
~
()
_
( 2-.. ~(.,,/,, 8)/2
5
) -..

10~ ~~0~(31 10(111 01 3 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5 10( 10~ 105130130~0115 01.11()111 ,,,0113~~ 15

1)0(() = ~
,,~ 1.3.5...
(..4,, ~05 11(0( + 3,, 510 11(0() (8-22)

58~. 8-6 241

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 ,,0

10~ ~0~~~1~1~1118 .4,, 11110 13,, 111 8(). (8-22) ~1111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 0)1 ~011810~(111~ 11 ()111(
0~ ()1.118~8 81.1~0 1011110~ ()08111~~ ()1.118~ 0~ 01.1(1111011 5 8111(18 111 ().)(
= ~ 11110 10~ 11~~1111~~
111 ().)( 10 +~. 1018 18 800~11 111~1~. 8-110. 10~
011~ 0~ 10~ 811111~ ~1010 8111(18
=
~~~~~18 0~ 1111()1.118~8 ~11110~ ~01110111~0 10~~10~( 10 0011111110~ ~~~~~11~~ 01.11()1.11~01111~~.
()1.118~ 0~ 11110 ()111( 8111(18 111 ().)( 11110 ~1108 111 ().)(
1~ 10~ ()08111~~
= ~,,, = ~,,, +
10, 10~ ~01.1(1~( ~0~~~1~1~1118 ~0( 11 ()111( 0~ ()1.118~8 11(~
()(~+8
2~ 2~
1_
(1,, = ---2 ~08 11().)(€1(().)0 ---2 (811111(~,,, + 5) - 811111~,,,)
10 = 1110

(8-23)

4 ~5 . 115. 5
= -1110 8111 -
2 8111 11 ~
( ,,, 2) +- (8-24)

(8-25)

13,, (8-26)

242

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 ~0/=(%)
1.0 ~5 5.0
~=5

0.8 4.0

0.6 3.0

0.4 2.0

0.2 ~5 1.0

0 0
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 ~1~11..~ 8-12 113(010111~ ()(0111~ 01 01111()()1~-
()111$~-~10111 01001113()011.

~ ~0111~01~( ~(0~((1111 11(1111~0 ~~00-5 18 08~0 10 ~~(110(11~ 111~ ~~(10(111(111~~

011110111~1~ ~018~ 1110001(111011, (10.0 111~ ~(0~((1111 18 1181~0 111 ~~~~0.(1)(~. ~1~0(~
8-12 8110~8 111~ 11(1(1110111~ ~(0111~ (1~(111181111~ ~(1(1(111011 011110001(111011 1110~)( 10( 11~~
~018~8 ~~( 11(111-~)1~1~. 111~ 0(0~( 0111(1(1110111~8 18 111~ 8(1111~ (18 111(11 01 8111~1~-~018~
1110001(111011. 111~ 01810(11011 1(1~10( 18 (~00~~0 81~11111~(11111)1 ~0111~(1(~0 10 111(11 01
8111~1~-~018~ 1110001(111011. 1-10~~~~(, 00~ 10 111~ 1(1(~~( 1101110~( 018~11~11111~ 011 (10.0
011 ~(0~~88~8 01 ~0~~( 1((11181810(8 (0( 111)1(1810(8), 111~ 8~11~11111~ 1088~8 ~0010 111-
~(~(18~. ~11111(1(~~( ~(110~8 01 ~, 111~ (1111~11100~8 0110~~(-0(0~( 11(1(1110111~8 ~0010
0~ 10~~(, 001 111~ (1111~11100~8 01 80111~ 111~11~(-0(0~( 11(1(1110111~8 ~0010 111~(~(18~.
1-10~~~~(, 80~11111~11~(-0(0~( 11(1(1110111~8 ~(000~~ 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~ 0( ~(10. ~(1811)1 0~
1111~(~0 001.

11181~(10 01111(11111(111110.~ 111~ ~10111 01 (111 ~018~8 111~ 8(1111~ (18 111 111~ ~(18~ 011110111~1~-
~018~ 1110001(111011, 111~ ~10111 01 ~(1~11 ~018~ 18 ~(1(1~0 111 ~(0~0(1100. 10 111~ (1111~11100~
01 (1 8111~ ~(1~~ ~~(110(11~0 (11 111~ ~~111~( 01111~ 8(1111~ ~018~. 111~ 01810(11011 1(1~10(
(1110 10~~(-0(0~( 11(1(1110111~8 (1(~ (~00~~0 81~11111~(11111)1. 111~ ~(11111~ 81~0.(118 (18 8110~11
111 ~1~. 8-13(1 (1(~ ~~11~((11~0 0)1 ~0111~(1(111~ (1 811108010(11 (~1~(~11~~ 81~11(11 ~1111 (1
1(1(111~01(1( ~(1((1~( ~(1~~ 011(~().0~0.~)1, /0. 11118 1)1~~ 01 1110001(11100. 18 ~01111110(11)1
08~0 111 1110081(1(11 (1~~11~(11100.8 (1110 (100(~~1(11~0 (18 5~~~. 111~ 1(~().0~11~)1 01 (~1-
~(~0.~~ 81~0.(11, /0 0~1~(111111~8 111~ 111~~(1~( 001~01 1(~().0~11~)1, /0, (1110 118 ~~(1~ (1111-
~11100~, .4~, ~0111(018 111~ 1110001(111011 10.0~)(, ~, (1110 (1118 001~01 ~011(1~~, ~0. 111~
1101110~( 01 ~018~8 ~~( 11(111-~)1~1~ 0~~~1108 011 111~ ~(1((1~( 1(~().0~11~)1. ~1111111 111~
~01181((11111111(111~0 1((11181810(8 01111~ 8(1111~ (1(111 (()1 (1110 ()4) ~(10.0.01 ~00.00~1 (11111~
8(1111~ 11111~, 111~ 11181(10.1(111~008 001~01 ~011(1~~ 18 8110~11 10. ~1~. 8-13(1. 111~ 8(1111~
~(11111~ 81~11(118 ~(111 0~ ~~11~((11~0 0)1 08111~ 011101(~~11011(11 1(1(111~01(1( ~(1((1~( ~(1~~ (18
8110~0. 111 ~1~. 8-130.

58~. 8-6 243

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 6

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5~9(18.~

2,,

91
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1/1~ (1115 01.11))1.11~01138~ ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 1(0111 0 10 115 0)1 ~3()11118 1/1~ 111001.11311011
1110~)( 1-.11(0111 0 10 1. 11 ~311 0~ 005~(~~0 1/1311/1~ 3(~3 01 ~3~/1 ))1.115~ ~0((~5))01105
3))))(0)(111131~1)110 1/1~ 3(~3 1.1110~( 1/1~ 5111~ ~3~~ 0~1~~~11 1/1~ (0)3~~11111110))011115 01
011 ))~(1005 011 1/1~ 8311118 51811315. 11 0~ 15 1/1~ ~101/1 011111/1 ))1.115~, ~().. (8-21) ~311
0~ ~)(1~110~0 10 11110 1/1~ (1115 01.11))1.11~01138~
1/2

110 = 115
(~,,,~ 1
0~
70 ) (8-27)

~().1.13110115 (8-25) 3110 (8-26) ~311 3150 0~ 3))))11~0 10 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ ~01.1(1~( ~0~111~1~1115
01 01.11))1.11~01138~ 35

11,, = ~
~~1
2115
1170
(511111(0.~ + 0~) - 5111110.,,,) (8-28)

244

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 (8-29)

~ ~0111~111~1 ~10~1(1111 0.(1111~0 ~~0(1-6 15 0~~~10~~0 10 0~1~111110.~ 10~ ~1010

01 ~1115~5 (10.0 10 ~~(1111(11~ 10~ 0(1111100.1~ ~10111~ 01 510.115010(11 11100111(11100.. 10~
0(1111100.1~ ~10111~ 15 500~0. 10. ~1~. 8-14 10111~~ ~1115~5 ~~10(111-~)1~1~. 10~ 0151011100.
1(1~10115 51~0.111~(10.11)11~011~~0 ~0111~(11~0 10 10(11 0111111111~1~-~1115~ 1110011)(11100.. 1015
1)1~~ 01 1110011)(11100. ~1111110.(11~5 (111 0(1111100.1~5 1~55 10(10. 01 ~((11(11 10 2~ - 1. ~01

~ = 5, 10~ 10~~51-010~1 0(1111100.1~ 15 0.10.10.

0~(%)
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0.8
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0.8
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0.6

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0.2

0
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~(1~~ 00 0.01 ~0(10.~~ 51~0.111~(10.11)1 ~110 10~ ~(111(11100. 011110011)(11100. 10.0~)(. 1015 15
011~ 10 10~ ~0(11(1~1~11511~5 01 (1 510.~ ~(1~~, (10.0 10~ 5~~~ 1~~00.1((11~ ~(10. 0~ 11100111~0
50 10(11 10~ ~(1111~1 ~(1~~ 15 (1~~11~0 011110.~ 10~ 11151 (10.0 )(151 600 10.1~1~(1)5 ~~1 0(111-
~)1~1~ (~.~., 010 600 (10.0120010 1800). 10151)1~~ 0111100111(11100.15 )(0.0~0. (15 ~5~~~
(10.0 500~0. 10. ~1~. 8-15. 10~ 1110.0(1111~0.1(11 ~0111~00.~0.11510.~1~(15~0 (10.01150(1111100.1~
~0(113~1~11511~5 (11~ 1111~10~~0. 111~011~~5 10~ 0.111110~1 015~11~010.~ 01 ~0~~1 0~~1~~5
(10.0 3150 1~011~~5 5~11~010.~ 1055~5.
~ ~0111~111~1 ~10~1(1111 0.(1111~0 ~~0(1-7, ~01~015 )151~0 10. ~~~~0.01)( ~, 0~1~1-
11110.~5 10~ ~1115~ ~10105 (10.0 ~~(1111(11~5 10~ ~~110111130.~~ 0111100111~0 5~~~. 10~
0.111110~1 01 ~11)5~5, (), 10. 10~ 600 ~~1100 15 110(1113)))11~131~0 10 10~ 11~((11~11~)113110,
~(1111~11)(111)110. 101~~-~0(15~ 10.~~11~15, 0)1

(8-30)

58~. 8-6 245

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 9

91

,.,(
0
94
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~ 0113~~ ~0111(01 ~311 0~ 0013111~0 0)1115111~ 11111111~1~ 111~~(1~(5 3110 511111111111~111~ 0111~111
~0113~~5 0~ 11101~101131 111~~(1~(5. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ ~1111-0(10~~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-23
~311 0~ ~~(~~1~~0 35 111~ 5111110~ 1~0 1131~-0(10~~ 111~~(1~(5111 ~1~. 8-13. ~ 1800 ~1135~
015~13~~111~111 ~(0011~~5 311 0111~111 ~0113~~ 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-16~, ~11~(~35 3 0~13)1
(0( 015~13~~111~111) 311~1~ 0~ ~
~(0011~~5 311 0111~111 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-16~.
111~ (1115 0111~111 ~0113~~,

(8-31)

~ 2~5.
- 5111110)(
/1 ~ 1,3,5,.. 1170

111~ 111513111311~0115 0111~111 ~0113~~,

2~5
~
/1~1,3,5,... 1170
(5111 110)( - 5111 11(0)( - ~)) (8-32)

5111~~ 5111~ - 5111 13 = 2 5111((~ + 13)/2) ~05 ((~ - 13)/2), ~~, (8-32) ~3110~

246

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 ~.0

~(8.) 2
0 ,.,1
~00 1800

~2
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1800 3600

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(8)

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11~1.3.5
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(())(
-
2)
(8-33)

111~ (1115 ~3111~ 01111~ 1111103111~11131 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15

~1
4~5 . ~
= -0 10
5111
2 (8-34)

~().1136011 (8-34) 11101~31~511131111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 0)1 ~3()1111~ 111~ 0~13)1
311~1~. 11115 1)1~~ 01 ~0111(01 15 ~5~~~1(11)1115~111110( 111~11-~0~~( 3~~11~360115, (~-
().111(111~ 3 13(~~ 11111110~( 011(31151510(5 (0( 111)1(1510(5) 111 ~3(311~1.

~ 111(~~-~1135~ 111~~(1~( (113)1 0~ ~011510~(~0 35 111(~~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5 3110 111~

0111~111 01 ~3~11 5111~1~-~1135~ 111~~(1~( 15 511111~0 0)11200. 111~ ~0113~~ ~0111(011~~11-
111().11~5 015~1155~0 111 5~~11011 8-6 3(~ 3~~11~301~ 10 111(~~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5. ~5 311
~)(3111~1~, 01~ ~~11~(3110115 01 ~31111~ 51~11315 ~1111 511111501031 ~1115~-~101111110011136011
3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-17. 111~(~ 3(~ 111(~~ 511111501031 (~1~(~11~~ ~3~~5 ~3~11 511111~0
0)1 1200. 111~ ~3((1~( ~3~~ 15 ~0111~3(~0 ~1111111~ (~1~(~11~~ 51~1131 ~0((~5~0110111~
10 3 ~1135~ 10 ~~11~(31~ 111~ ~31111~ 51~11315 10( 11131 ~1135~. 111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15
3150 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-17.

58~. 8-7 247

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 6

(0(

91

(0/

(0/
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~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-0(10~~ 111,,,~((~( ~0111(015 (11~ ~0,,,,,~( 1113 (~51511,,,~ 1030. 111~ 110(1111131
,,,31(1~ 01111~111 0~ ,,,01(3~~ 15 11, 220 ~ 3110 3 1111110(11)~(115~-,,,,,10(11 (1100111311011 ,,,,,1111
=
11,,,~ ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~)1~1~ 15 115~0. ~0( 111~ (~().(11(~0 ~0111(01, 111~ ,,,,,1011101 ~3~11 ~1115~
15300. (3) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((115 ,,,0113~~ 01111~ 1030. (0) 11111~ 0~ 511~~1)1111~(~35~5 0)1
10%, 0~1~((11111~ 111~~(115~ ,,,,,1011110 (11311113111111~53(11~ 1030 ~0,,,,,~(. (~) 11111~ (113)(1(1111(11
~055101~ ~1115~ ,,,,,10111 15 350, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (111111(11(1(11
3110,,,,,301~ 11(111101111~ 0~ 111~(11
50(1(~~.

80111(100 (3) 11, = 220 ~, /1 = 5, 3110 8 = 300. ~(0(11 ~().. (8-21), 110 = 220
)(
~5 30/180 = 200.8 ~.
)(
(0) 11, = 1.1 220 = 242~. 05111~~().. (8-21),242 ~513/180 = 200.83110
11115~1,,,~5111~(~().111(~0,,,3111~01 ~1115~,,,,,/0111,8 = 24.750.
(~) 10 (11311113111111~ 0111~111 ,,,0113~~ 01200.8 ~055101~ ~1115~ ,,,,,/0111
31111~ (113)(1(1111(11
018 = 350, 111~111~111,,,0113~~ ~311 0~ 10111101(0(11 200.8 = 11,~5 )(
35/180, 3110 11115
)11~105 111~ (111111(1111(11
3110,,,,,301~ 111~111,,,0113~~, 11, = 203.64 ~.

~().11(111011 (8-33) 11101~(1(~8 01(11 111~ 11111 11(1(1110111~ ~(111 0~ ~1111110(11~0 0)1 (1 ~(0~~(
~1101~~ 01 018~1(1~~111~01 (10~1~, ~, 11

. 11~
8102 0

(8-35)
11

248

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 ~0

--(11
0
.. 2..
2

- ~5 - _11-
(12 ~

- 1

11- (11

(1110 01~ 111110 11(111110111~~111 /)~ ~11111111(11~0 1~ ~= 360/3 = 1200. ~ ~(1110~ 1111~(1111~0
11(111110111~5 (11 111~ 0111~111 0~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 111~~11~15 ~(111 /)~ ~11111111(11~0 /))1111110011~111~
(1 ~(111 0~ 5)1111111~111~(111)1~1(1~~0 ~011(1~~ 110(~/1~5 (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-18.
111~ ~01111~1 5~11~5 0~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ ~(111 /)~ ~)(~1~55~0 (15

1)0 = ~
,,~ 1,3.5,..
~,, 5111 11())( (8-36)

4~, (,,,.511111())((/(())1) _ (,,,2511111())((/(())() (70/2511111())((/(())()

~,,= +
~ ( )0 )0.1 )0.2 )
4~~ 1 - 2~0511~1 + 2~0511~2
= (8-37)
11

111~ 111/10 (1110 ~1~11111(111110111~5 ~01110 /)~ ~11111111(11~0 1~ ~3 = ~5 = 0 (1110~~. (8-37)

~1~~5 111~ 11~~~55(11)1~~11(111011510 /)~ 501~~0,

1 - 2~053~1 + 2~053~2 =0 ~2 = ~~05-1(~053~1 - 0.5) (8-38)

1- 2~055~1 + 2~055~2 = 0 ~1 = ~~05-1(~055~2 + 0.5) (8-39)
~~11(11/0115 (8-38) (1110 (8-39) ~(111 /)~ 501~~0 11~1(111~~1)1 /))111111/(111)1 (15511111111~111(11 ~1
= 0 (1110 1~~~(11111~ 111~ ~(11~111(1110115 ~01 ~1 (1110 ~2. 111~ 1~5111115 ~1 = 23.620 (1110
~2 = 33.30.
111~ 111001~1~0 5111115010(11 ~1115~-~10111-11100111(11/011 1~~11111~11~5 ~(111 /)~ (1~~11~0
10 ~~11~1(11~ 111~ 1101~11~5 ~111~11 ~01110 ~11111111(11~~~11(1111 11(111110111~5 ~~~~~11~~1)1111 111~
0111~111 ~011(1~~, (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-19. ~~11(11/011 (8-37) ~(111 /)~ ~)(1~110~0 10 111
1101~11~5 ~~1 ~11(111~1-~(1~~~

(8-40)

111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~5 0~ 1~0 01 11101~ 111~~11~15 111(1)1 /)~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~11~5
1111011~11 (1 11(1115~01111~1 10 1~011~~ 01 ~11111111(11~ ~~11(1111 1111~(1111~0 11(111110111~5. 111~
(111(111~~111~111 ~01 ~0111/)111111~ 1~0 111~~11~1 0111~111 ~011(1~~5 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-20(1.

58~. 8-8 249

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 ~0

111~ ~3~~10(1115 10( 111~ 0111~111 01 ~3(11 111~~(1~( 3110 111~ (~511113111 0111~111 ~0113~~
3(~ 5110~11 111~1~. 8-200. 111~ 5~(0110 111~~(1~( 15 ~1135~ 511111~0 0)1 -../3.
~(0111 8~. (8-9), 111~ 0111~111 0111(51111~~(1~( (311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 35

1)0) = ./1) 5111 0)( + ./13 5111 30)( + ./15 5111 50)( +

5111(~ 111~ 0111~111 015~(0110 111~~(1~(, 1)02, 15 0~13)1~0 0)1 -../3,

1)02 = ./1) 5111(0)( - + ./1351113 (0)( - + ./1551115( 0)( + . .

~) ~) ~)

1)0 = 1)0) + 1)02 = 0 (./1) 5111(0)( - + ./1551115(0)( + ~) + . . .)

~)
111~(~10(~, 3 ~1135~ 511111111~01 -../3 3110 (01110111111~ ~0113~~5 0)11(311510(111~( (01111~(-
11011 ~01110 ~1111111131~1111(0 (3110 311 1(1~1~11) 113(1110111(5. 11 51101110 0~ 1101~0 11131
111~ (~511113111 1111103111~11131(0111~011~111 15 0/2 (= 0.866) 01 11131 10( 11101~101131
) 13.4%.
0111~111 ~0113~~5 3110 111~ ~11~(11~~ 0111~1111135 0~~11 (~011(~0 0)1 (1 - 0.866 =
111~ 113(1110111( ~111111113110111~(11111~11~5,~111(113(~ 0111)151111301~ 10( 11)(~0 0111~111

~01
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250 ~~..,8(18(5 ~~8~.

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.,,01138~, 111(.~35~ 111~ 0.0~. 01 113.(110111(5 3110 .~01.1(~ 111~ 512~5 01 01.11~1.11 1111~..
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01 ~0~~. 0~.,,1(~5 3110 111(.~35~0 1.011 (0. (113811~11( 1055~5) 111 111~ 1.311510.(11~. 01.1~

10 111811~. 113.(110111( 1.~().1.1~11(1~5.

~)(301))1~ 8-6

~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3.,,~ 111.,,~(1~( 115~5 11111111~1~1101~11~5 3110 15 (~~111(~0 10 ~1111111131~

~3.,,~. 1)~-
111~ 111111, 5~.,,~11111, ~1~.,,~11111, 3110 111111~~11111113(1110111~5 1(0111 111~ 0111~111
1~(111111~111~ 11111110~( 011101~11~5 3110 111~1( 311~1~5.

80101100 ~0( ~1111111131101101111~ 111111, 5~.,,~11111, ~1~.,,~11111, 3110 111111~~11111113(1110111~5,

.45 = .47 = .4,, = .4,3 = 0. ~011( 1101~11~5~~( ~113(1~1-~3.,,~ ~01110 0~ (~~111(~0.
~~11311011(8-40) ~1.,,~5111~10110~111~5~1 01110111111~3(~~11311011510 501.,,~ 10( 111~311~1~5.

- 2 ~05 11(1, + 2 ~05 11(12 - 2 ~0511(13 + 2 ~05 11(14 = 0

1 - 2 ~05 13(1, + 2 ~05 13(12 - 2 ~05 13(13 + 2 ~05 13(14

= 0

(1,
= 10.550 (12
= 16.090 (13
= 30.910 (14
= 32.870
1-/0(~. 1115 1101 31~3)15 11~(~553.)110 ~11(1111131~ 111~ 1111.0113.(110111( (3110 1.1~1~11),
~111(11 3.~ 1101110.(11311)1 ~.~5~111111 111.~~-~1135~ (01111~(110115. 111~.~101~, 111 111.~~-
~1135~ 111.,,~.1~.5, 11 15 ~.~1~.301~ 10 ~11(1111131~ 111~ 111111, 5~.,,~11111, 3110 ~1~.,,~11111113.-
(110111(5 01 01.11~1.11 .,,01138~5, 50 11131111~ 10~~51-0.0~. 113.(110111( 15 111~ 1111.1~~11111.

111~ 5~(1~5 (~50113111111.,,~.1~(5 3.~ 035~0 011 .~50113111 (1.1..~111 05(111311011. 111~ (0(11-
0~.,,1(~ 3.~ ~13(~0 111 5~.1~5 ~1111 111~ 1030 10
(111.11311118 (0(11~011~1115 3110 5~11(111118
10.(11 311 1.1110~.03(11~~0 (1.(1.111. 111~ (1.1.(~111111.01.1811111~ 5~11(111118 0~.,,1(~5 13115 10
2~.0 01.1~ 10 111~ 11311.1.31 (113(3(1~.1511(5 01111~ (1.(1.111. 11111~ 5~11(111118 ~1~(11~111 15
3 111)1.1510., 11 15 5310 10 0~ 5~11-(0(11(111.1131~0. 11115 1)1~~ 01111.,,~.1~. ~.001.1(~5 311
3~~(0)(1(1131~1)1 51111.1501031 ~3.,,~10.(11 31 3 111811 01.11~1.11 1.~().1.1~11()1, (31181118 1.0(11 200
1-/210 100 ~1-12, 311015 (0(11(110111)11.15~0 111 .~1311.,,~1)111)(~0 01.11~1.11 3~~11(3110115 (~.8.,
11101.1(1101111~311118, 50113. 1.3115(11111~., 111.10.~5(~1111181111118, 0. 1.111.350111( 8~11~.310(5).
01.1~ 10 111~ 111811 5~11(111118 1.~().1.1~11()1, 111~ 512~5 01 (0(11(111.11311118 (0(11~011~1115 3.~
5(11311.
111~(~ 3.~ .,,3(101.15 (0111181.1.3110115 01 5~.1~5 111.,,~.1~.5, 0~~~1101118 011 111~ (011-
11~(110115 01111~ 5~11(111118 0~.,,1(~5 3110 1030. 111~ 5~.1~5 111.,,~.1~.5 (113)1 0~ (1355111~0

11110 1~0 (31~80.1~5~

1. 5~.1~5 .~50113111 111.,,~.1~.5 ~11111.111101.~(1101131 5~11(11~5

2. 5~..~5 .~50113111 111.,,~.1~.5 ~1111 0101.~(1101131 5~11(11~5

58~. 8-9 251

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 8-9.1 5~,..~5 ~~50(18(11 ~(1~~,-1~,.5 ~.1... ~(1.~.,.~~1.0(18~
5~.1~...~5

~1/511(~ 8-213 5110~5 111~ ~1(~1111 013/5(3111 01 3 51111~1~ 5~(1~5 111.,,~(1~( 051118 1~0 0111-
01(~~1101131 111~(1510( 5~11~11~5. ~11~11 111~(1510( 11 15 11(~0, 3 (~50113111 ()1115~ 01
~11((~111 110~5 111(00~11 111~ 1030 3110 111~ ~11((~111 13115 10 2~(0 31 (
=()/11 3110 1) 15
5~11-~01111110131~0. ~1(111~ 01111~(1510( 12 ~3115~5 3 (~.,,~(5~ (~50113111 ~11((~111111(011~11
111~ 1030 3110 1215 3150 5~11-~011111111131~0. 111~ ~1(~1111 0()~(311011 ~311 0~ 01.,,10~0 11110
111(~~ 11100~5 3110 111~ ~().111.,,31~111 ~1(~11115 3(~ 5110~11111 ~1~. 8-210. 111~ ~31111~ 51~11315
10( 111~(1510(5 3110 111~ ~3.,,~10(1115 10( 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 3110 ~3()3610( .,,0113~~ 3(~
5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-21~.
111~ 5~(1~5 (~50113111 ~1(~111110(111~0 0~ 1-, ~, 3110 1030 (35511111~0 (~51511.,,~) 1111151
0~ 11110~(03111()~0.

(8-41 )

~0~~ 1. 11115 11100~ 0~~1115 ~11~11 11 15 11(~0 3110 3 (~50113111 ()1115~ 01 ~0((~111
110~5 111(011~11 11 3110 111~ 1030. 111~ 111513111311~005 1030 ~11((~111 10( 11115 11100~ 15
0~5~(10~0 0~

(8-42)

~111111111131~01101110115 11 (( = 0) = 0 31101701(( = 0) = - 170. 5111~~ 111~ ~1(~111115

0110~(03111()~0, 111~ 501111101101 8().. (8-42) ~1~105

11(0 = ~1€-(~/21- 5111 ())~( (8-43)

~11~(~ ())~ 15 111~ (~50113111 1(~().11~11~~ 3110
1/2
())~
= (1-1~
_ (8-44)
4~2)

111~ ~011513111, ~1, 111 8().. (8-43) ~311 0~ ~.,,311131~0 1(0111 111~ 11111131 ~0110111011~

= 175())~1-170 = ~1
~~/(~0

(8-45)

(8-46)

252

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 + 1,

~0

~
+ ~1 ~ -
11 ~0 ~
+
~5
~

(() 0~~0111~8 1113)(11111.1111~311 0~ 101.1110 1(0111 111~

111~ 11111~ (,,, ~11~11 111~ ~1.1((~111 /1
~0110111011

0 0( 0

(8-47)

58~. 8-9 253

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 (8-48)
1(0)~-,,,, (~ 510 ()).(
= - (115 + + ()). ~05 ()).1)/()),- + ~,

1015 0100~ 15 ~11110~0( 0 ~ ( ~ (1,,, = -.,/()). 1100 ~005 ~0~0 /1 (() 0~~001~5 2~(0 111(1,,,.
~1 10~ ~00 0~ 1015 0100~,

/1 (( = (1,,,) = 0

~0~9 2. 00(10~ 1015 0100~, 10)1(1510(5 11 1100 12 11(~ 0~~. 1015 0100~ 15
~11110 ~0( 0 ~ ( ~ (2,,,.

~0~9 3. 1015 0100~ 0~~105 ~0~0 12 15 5~11~0~0 00 1100 11(~~~(5~ (~5001101

~0((~01 ~0~5 10(00~0 10~ 10110. 10~ 10110 ~0((~01 ~110 0~ ~0000 ~(001

0-/3 . 1 .
~ 1 /3 0-( +
/..., (( (8-50)
0-(
+ ~/3 + 1)03 = 0) = 0
~110 10111111~000111005 /3 (( = 0) = 0 11001)03(( = 0) = - 1102
50101100 0~ ~(). (8-50) ~1~~5

(8-51 )

1 (,
1)03(1)= /3(1) - 1101
~ )0 (8-52)
1101~-,,,, (~ 510 ()).( + ()). ~05 ()).1)/()),-
=
1015 0100~ 15 ~11110 ~0( 0 ~ ( ~ (3,,, = -.,/()). 1100 ~005 ~0~0 /3(1) 0~~001~5 2~(0. ~1
10~ ~00 0~ 1015 0100~,

1100 10 10~ 51~(10)1 51111~,

1)03 (( = (3,,,) (8-53)

~()01111005 (8-49) 1100 (8-53) )11~10

(8-54)

254

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 (8-55)

(8-56)

13,()1.131100 (8-56) 1001~31~8 11131 1.100~( 81~30~-8131~ ~000111008, 111~ ~~3/( ~311.1~ 01
~08111~~ ~1.1((~01 300 01 0~~311~~ ~1.1((~01111(01.1~11111~ 1030 18 111~ 83111~.
111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01 11(/) 1111.1810~ 2~(0 300 11 1111.1810~ 11.1(0~0 011 0~10(~ 12 18
11(~0. 0111~(~18~, 3 8110(1-~1(~1.111 ~00011100 ~111 (~81.111 111(01.1~11111~ 111~(1810(8 300
0~ 81.1~~1~. 111~(~10(~, 111~ 3~311301~ 011-11111~ (2111(= ((/), /(00~0 38 111~ 0,~(10, 2011~,
1111.1810~ ~(~31~( 11130 111~ 11.1(0-01111111~ 01111~(1810(8, (0((.

(8-57)

~11~(~ (00 18 111~ 1(~()1.1~0~~ 01 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 10 (30/8. 13,()1.131100 (8-57) 1001~31~8
11131 111~ 1113)(11111.1111~088101~ 01.11~1.11 1(~()1.1~0~~ 18 1111111~0 10

1
/. ~- /.
0 11111,, = (8-58)
2((0(( + 70/(0_)

111~ (~800301 10~~(1~( ~1(~1.111 10 ~1~. 8-213 18 ~~(~ 81111~1~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0~~(
110~ 1(0111 111~ 0~ 81.1~~1~ 18 018~001101.101.18. 111~ 0~ 81.1~~1~ ~111 113~~ 3 111~11 ~~3/(
~1.1((~01 300 ~01.110 ~001310 113(111001~8. ~11 1111~(0~~111~111 01111~ 0381~ 10~~(1~( 111
~1~. 8-213 ~311 0~ 11130~ 1111101.1~10(8 3(~ ~108~1~ ~01.1~1~0, 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 8-22.
~11~11 11 18 11(~0 3110 ~1.1((~111 11(/) 0~~108 10 (18~, 111~ ~0113~~ 3~(088 /..,1 ~111 0~
~08111~~ ~1111 ~013(11~ 38 8110~11. 111~ 1001.1~~0 ~0113~~ 011 /..,2 ~111110~ 300 10 111~
~0113~~ 01 ~ 10 (~~~(8~ 0138111~ 12~ 3110 12 ~111 0~ 11.1(11~0 011. 111~ (~81.111 18 11131
11(111~ 01 011~ 111~(1810( ~111 11.1(0 011111~ 0111~(, ~~~11 0~10(~ 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~111 (~3~11~8
10 2~(0.
111~ 0(3~03~/( 01111~11 ~1.118~0 ~1.1((~111 1(0111 111~ 0~ 81.1~~1~ 18 0~~(~0111~ 111 3
11311-0(10~~ ~01111~1.1(311011 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 8-23, ~11~(~ /..,1 = /..,2 3110 ~1 = ~2. 111~
~0~~( 18 0(3~111(0111111~ 0~ 801.1(~~ 01.1(111~ 0011111311-~~~1~8 0101.11~1.11 ~0113~~. 011~-

+
,.1 + +
+
1..1
8
-.,. -.,.
+ +
1..2
8
,.2

..1~0..~ 8-22 5~(1~5 (~5011~111 ..1~0..~ 8-23 11~11-0(10~~

111.,,~(1~(~1111 ~00))1~0 11100~10(5. 5~(1~5 (~5011~111111.,,~(1~(.

255
58~. 8-9

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 +

..1211..~ 8-24 101111-0~108~ 5~~1~5 ~~5011311(

111.,,~~(~~.

11311 01111~ 1030 ~11((~11118 811~~11~0 0)1 ~3~3~110( ~1 0( ~2 3110 111~ 0111~(-11311 0)1111~
0~ 8011(~~.
~ 11111-0(10~~ 111~~(1~(, ~111~11 3110~8 111~11~( 0111~111 ~0~~(, 18 8110~11 111 ~1~.
8-24. ~11~11 11 3110 12 3(~ 11(~0, 3 ~08111~~ (~80113111 ~11((~111 110~8 111(011~11 111~
1030~ 3110 ~11~11 13 3110 14 3(~ 11(~0, 3 11~~311~~ 1030 ~11((~111 110~8. 111~ 811~~1)1
~11((~111 18 ~0111111110118.
111~ (~801131111(~()11~11~)1 3110 3~311301~ 0~30-2011~ 0~~~110 011 111~ 1030 3110 10(
11118 (~38011, (~80113111111~~(1~(8 3(~ 111081 81111301~ 10( 11)(~0-1030 3~~11~3110118. 111~
111~~(1~( 1030 (0( (~81810( ~) ~01110 3180 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~3(311~1 ~1111111~ ~3~3~110(.

~1(3111())~ 8-7

10.~ 5~11~5 1~5011(1111111.,,~(1~1111 ~1~. 8-220.(15 /...,1 = /...,2 = /..., = 50 ~1-1,~ = 6 ~~, (1110
~ = 2 0. 10.~ 0( 111()111.,,011(1~~ 15 ~5 = 220 ~ (1110 10.~ 11~()11~11(~ 01 0111()111 .,,011(1~~
15/0 = 7 /(1-12. 10.~ 111111-01111111~ 0110.~1151015 15 1011 = 10 ~5. ()~1~1111111~ 10.~ ((1)
(1.,,(111(101~(01 (11(1111) 111111-01111111~, 1. ~ (0) 111(1)(111111111
()~1111155101~ 11~()11~11(~, ,,,.. ~ (() /
()~(1/(-10-()~(1/( ((1()(1(1101 .,,011(1~~,
~~~~ (1110 (0) ()~(1/( 10(10 (1111~111, /,,. (~) 5/(~1(0. 10.~
11151(1111(111~011510(10 (1111~111, /0(1)~ ((1()(1(1101 .,,011(1~~, 1)0(1)~ (1110 0( 511()()1~ (1111~111 /,(1).
~(11(111(11~ 1/1~ (1) 1111510(10 (1111~111, /0~ (~) 0111()111()0~~1, /10~ (/1) (1.,,~1(1~~ 511()()1~ (1111~111,
/,~ (1110 (1) (1.,,~1(1~~, ()~(1/(, (1110 11115(1111~111 011/1~1151015.

80)0(100 ~, = 220 ~, ~ = 6 ~~, /...,= 50 ~1-1,~ = 20, /0 = 7/(1-12, 1011= 10 ~5,

(1110(00 = 210 )( 7000 = 43,982 1(10/5. ~10111~(). (8-44),
1/2 )( 1/2

(0~ =
( 1 ~2
/...,~ - 4/...,2 ) ( = 50)(
1012
6
-
22
4
)( 502
1012
) = 54,1601(10/5

10.~ 1~5011(111111~()11~11(~ 15/~ = (0~/210 = 8619.8 1(10/5, 1~ = 1//~ = 116 ~5. ~10111~().
(8-46), ~ = 2/(2 )( 50 )( 10~6) = 20,000.
((1) ~10111 ~(). (8-57),

10 10
1. = -
43,982 54,160 = 13.42 ~5
(0) ~10111 ~(). (8-58), 1/1~ 111(1)(111111111
()055101~ 11~()11~11(~ 15

1
/,,,.. = 10~6 + 10/54,160) = 73521-12
2(10 )(
(() ~10111 ~(). (8-54),

~ ~ =~,~0.70/00,
_ 220
~20,,./54.16 100.4 ~
1 - 1

256

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 ~10111 6~. (8-56), 1101 = 220 + 100.4 = 320.4 1.1. 111~ ~~3~-~0-~~3~ ~3~3~1~01 ..01~3~~

15 11~~ = 100.4 + 320.4 = 420.81.1.

(0) ~10111 6~. (8-47), ~11~~~3~ 1030 ~1111~11~, ~111~1115 ~11~53111~ 35 ~11~~~3~ 511~~1)1
~1111~11~, 0~~1115 3~

_ (0, _ ~ 54.16 _
(,,, - 1- ~311-1 ~311-1 - 22.47 (.1.5
(0, 0. - 54,160 20

3110 6~. (8-45) ~1..~5 ~11~~~3~ 1030 ~1111~11~35

320.4
/ 1( (
~-002~22.475111
( 54 , 160)( 22.47)( 10-6 ) = 70.82~
= ~,) =1 ,,0.05416
(
= )(
50
(~) 111~ 5~~~~11~5 101 /((), 1)0(1), 3110 /,(() 31~ 5110~11111 ~1~. 8-25.
(1) 111~ 11115 1030 ~1111~11~15 1011110 110111 6~5. (8-45) 3110 (8-51) 0)1 3 1111111~11~31
111~~1100 3110 ~11~ 1~5111~ 15
1/2
(,,/2
10 = ~
~
2/0)0 /6(1) (/(
) = 44.1 ~

)(
(~) 1/1~ 011~~11~~0~~1, ~ 0 = 44.12 2 = 3889 ~.
(11) 1/1~ 3..~13~~ 511~~1)1~1111~11~,1, = 3889/220 = 17 .68 ~.
(1) 111~ 3..~13~~ ~/1)1115~01 ~1111~11~,

111~ ~~3~ ~/1)1115~01 ~1111~11~, 1~... = 1,, = 70.82 ~, 3110 ~11~ 11115 ~11)1115~01 ~1111~11~, 1~ =

1)0 = 44.1/0 = 31.18~.

140

70.82

-----------------

257
58~. 8-9

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 ~
2

~0

(0)

~~301)))~ 8-8

10~ 0(111-0(10~~ (~8011(1111111~~(1~( 111~1~. 8-23 18 0))~((11~0 (11 (1 1(~().11~11~~,

10 = 7 /(1-12.
11 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 3 /1-~, ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 50 /1-1-1,~ = 2 0, (1110~$ = 220 ~,
0~1~((11111~ 10~ ((1) ))~(1/( 811))))1~ ~11((~111~ (0) (1~~((1~~ 10~(1810( ~11((~111, 1/1.~ (1110 (~) ((118
10~(1810( ~11((~111, 1~.

80)11~10)1~, = 220~, ~ = 3 /1-~,~ = 50 /1-1-1,~ = 2 0, (111010= 7 /(1-12. ~1~11(~

8-26(1 800.,.,8 10~ ~().111~(11~111~1(~1111.,.,0~11 10~(1810( 11 18 ~011011~1111~ (1110
12 18 011. 10~
~(1))(1~110(8 ~1 (1110 ~2 .,.,01110111111(111~0~ ~0(1(~~0 10 ~01 (= ~, + ~0) (1110 ~0 (~8))~~11~~1~,
.,.,11010~ ))01(1(111~8 (18 800.,.,11, 11110~( 81~(10~-81(11~ ~01101110118. 5111~~ ~1 = ~2. 10~ 10(10
~11((~111 .,.,01110 0~ 80(1(~0 ~().11(111~0~ ~1 (1110 10~ 0~ 811))))1~ (18 800.,.,11 111 ~1~. 8-260.
~011810~(111~ 10~ 100)) 10((11~0 0~ ~2, 0~ 8011(~~, ~, (1110 10(10, 10~ 11181(1111(111~0118
10(10 ~11((~111 ~(1110~ 0~8~(10~0 (1(0(11 ~1~. 8-260) 0~

()/0 . 1 . ()/
~ + + 1 /0 + 1)02 (/ = 0) - ~, (8-59)
~ ~/0
2~2 = 0

.,.,110111111(11~01101110118 /0 (/
= 0) = 0 (11101)02(/ = 0) = - ~0. ~0( (11111110~(0(1(11))~0
~0110111011 (1110 ~1 = ~2 = ~, ~().. (8-45) 18 (1))))11~(101~~

(8-60)

(8-61 )

1
1)02(0 /()(/) ()/ - ~,
=
2~2 1()
(8-62 )
= - (~$ + ~0)€-~( (0- 8111()),/ + ()),. ~08 ()),0/()),. + ~,
((1) 5111~~ 10~ (~8011(11111(~().11~11~~ 1810~ 8(1(11~ (1810(1101 ~)((1(11))1~ 8-7, 10~ (~811118
01 ~)((1(11))1~ 8-7 (1(~ ~(1110, ))(0~10~0 10(11 10~ ~().111~(11~111~(1))(1~11(111~~18 ~0 = ~1 + ~2

= 6 /1-~. ~(0(11 ~)((1(11))1~ 8-7, ~0 = 100.4 ~, /,,,

= 22.47/1-8, (111010 = 44.1~. ~(0(11
~().. (8-60), 10~ ))~(1/( 10(10 ~11((~11118 1,,
= 70.82~. 10~ ))~(1/( 811))))1~ ~11((~111, .,.,01~0
18 0(1110110~ ))~(1/( 10(10 ~11((~111, 18 1~, = 70.82/2
= 35.41 ~.

258

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 (0) 10~ (1~~((1~~ 10)1(1510( ~1.1((~111, /~ = 17.68~.
(~) 10~ (111510)1(1510(
~1.1((~111,
/8. = /0~ = 31.18~.

1-/0(~. ~0( 111~ 8(101~ ~0~~( 0111~111 (100 (~800(101 ~(~().11~0~)1, 111~ ~(1~(1~11(10~~8
0~ ~1 (100 ~2 10 ~1~. 8-23 81101110 0~ 11(11~ 111(1110 ~1~8. 8-21(1 (100 8-22. 111~ ~~(1~
811~~1)1 ~11((~01 0~~001~8 11(11~. 111~ (10(11)1818 0~ ~1111-0(10~~ 8~(1~8 10~~(1~(8 18 810111(1(
10 111(11 0~ 111~ 0(181~ 8~(1~8 10~~(1~( 10 ~1~. 8-21(1.

~0( 111~ (~800(10110~~(1~(8 ~1111110101(~~1100(11 8~11~11~8, 111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~8 11(1~~ 10

0~ 111(0~0 00 10 ~~~()111(11~-~)1~1~ 0~ 0111~111 ,~011(1~~. 11118 1101118 111~ 10~~(1~( ~(~-
().11~0~)1 (100 111~ (10101101 0~ ~0~(~)11((108~~( ~(001111~ 8011(~~ 10111~ 10(10. 10 (10011100,
111~ 111)1(1810(8 (1(~ 8110)~~1~0 10 111~11 ~~(1~ (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~.
111~ ~~(~0(01(10~~ 0~ 8~(1~8 10~~(1~(8 ~(10 0~ 81~01~1~(1011)1 101~(0~~0 0)1 ~00-
0~~110~ (10 (1011~(1((111~1 0100~ (1~(088 (1 111)1(1810( (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 8-27(1. ~11~0
111)1(1810( 11 18 ~1(~0, (1 (~800(101 ~1118~ 0~ ~11((~01 50~8 (100 11 18 8~1~-~00101111(11~0
(11 ( = (1. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ (~800(101 08~111(11100 ~0011011~8 111(011~11 0100~ /)1 110111111~
~11((~01 ~(1118 (1~(110 10 2~(0 (11111~ ~00 0~ (1 ~)1~1~. 111~ ~(1~~~0(018 ~0( ~11((~018 (100
~(1~(1~110( ~011(1~~ (1(~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 8-270.
111~ (~~~(8~ ~011(115~ 0~ 111~ 111)1(1810( 18 110111~0 10 111~ ~0(~(1(0 ~011(115~ 0(0~ 0~
(1 0100~, 1)1~1~(111)11~. 1~ 111~ ~00011~1100 1101~ 0~ 111~ 0100~ 1815(~(11~( 111(11111~ 111(0-
0~~ 1101~ 0~ 111~ 111)1(1810(, 111~(~ 18 00 0~~0 0~ (1 0~(10 200~ (100 111~ 0111~111 ~(~().11~0~)1,

/0, 18 111~ 8(101~ (18 111~ (~800(101 ~(~()11~0~)1, /0

(8-63)

~0 .1 01
. ~00
-1
~~~0

~~+
1
01 ~01
~~~0

~~5
0
~-~,-*-~
~~~(10-.0=~
10 .
(8) 8~~~~~1 (()) ~8.,610~~5

58~. 8-9 259

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 ~0
+
01 .1
~1
1...
~-,,.
~0
., ~~~.
~2 02 .1
~~~~()-- 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~

(8) ~~~~~~1 (0) ~8~810~(115

01111111~ 01 3 10)1(1810(, 10~ 1113)(11111.1111111~~(1~( 1(~()1.1~11~)118 ~1~~11 0)1

1
/,,,3.~ = -2( (8-64)
011

3110/0 8001.110 0~ 1~88 10311 /,,,3.~.

10~ 0100~ /)1 8001.110 0~ ~01111~~1~0 38 ~108~ 38 ~088101~ 10 10~ 10)1(1810( 3110
10~ ~01111~~1111~ 1~308 8001.110 0~ 11111111111.1111
10 (~01.1~~ (11)1 81(3)1 11101.1~1311~~ 111 10~
100~ 10(111~0 0)1 11 3110 /)1. ~8 10~ (~~~(8~ ~0113~~ 01.1(111~ 10~ (~~0~~()1 11111~ 01
10)1(1810( 11 18 31(~30)110~, 1)1~1~311)1 1 ~, (11)111101.1~1311~~ 111 10~ 0100~ ~310 ~01.110
(~01.1~~ 10~ 11~1 (~~~(8~ ~0113~~ 3~(088 10~ 1~(111111318 0111, 3110 10)1(1810( 11 1113)11101
11.1(11011. 10 0~~(~0111~ 1018 ~(001~111, 3 ,.~1/~,.5~ (0110,/1((/11/5 (/7)1,./5(0,. (~~1) 18 110(-
111(11)1 1.18~0. ~ ~~1 18 11130~ 0)1 1111~~(311011 01 311 (8)1111111~1(1~31 10)1(1810( 3110 3
1381-(~~0~~()1 0100~ 11110 3 8111~1~ 8111~011 ~01~ 3110 ~~18 3(~ 10~3110( 8~(1~8 (~80113111
111~~(1~(8 .
10~ ~1(~1.111 013~(3111 10( 10~ 0311-0(10~~ ~~(81011 18 800~11111 ~1~. 8-283 3110 10~
~3~~10(111 10( 10~ 1030 ~1.1((~111 3110 10~ ~01101.1~11011 1111~(~318 0110~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~8
3(~ 800~11111 ~1~. 8-280. 10~ 11.111-0(10~~ ~01111~1.1(31101118 800~11111 ~1~. 8-29. 10~
111~~(1~(8 ~311 0~ 0~~(31~0 111 1~0 0111~(~11111100~8~ 110110~~(13~~111~ 3110 0~~(13~~111~.
111 3 110110~~(13~~111~ 11100~, 10~ 11(111~ 013 10)1(1810( 18 0~13)1~0 1.11111110~ 1381 ~1.1((~111
08~11131101110(01.1~0 3 0100~ 038 0~~11 ~0111~1~1~0 38111 ~1~. 8-280. 111 311 0~~(13~~111~

03 .3 01 0
~~+
-,,. ~8 1
~1...

02 04 -17~~~~~ 0~ 0~
0~ 0~

260

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+

0,

..1~0..~ 8.30 1-131(-0..10~~ 1..31181810..12~0

..~80113111 111~~..1~...

11100~, (1 10)1(1510( 15 11(~0, ~011~ 10~ ~0((~111 111 10~ 0100~ 0110~ 010~( ~(1(1 15 51111
~01100~1111~, (15 500~11 111 ~1~. 8-290. ~11000~0 0~~(1(1~~111~ 0~~((111011 (~00~~5 10~
001~011(~~0~11~)1, 10~ 001~01 ~0~~( 15 111~(~(15~0.
10~ 111(1)(111101111(~~0~11~)1 01 (~5011(1111 111~~(1~(5 (1(~ 1111111~0 00~ 10 10~ 10(11-
011 0( ~011111101(111011 (~~01(~111~1115 01 10)1(1510(5, 1)1~1~(111)1 12 10 20 /-1-5, ~0~(~(15
1((11151510(5, ~01~0 (~~01(~ 0(11)1 (1 1111~(05~~0110 0( 1~55, ~(111 (~~1(1~~ 10~ 10)1(1510(5.

10~ 111~~(1~( ~(111 0~~((11~ (1110~ (~5011(11111(~~0~11~)1. ~ 1((11151510(12~0 0(111-0(10~~

111~~(1~( 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 8-30 ~110 (1 1((111510(111~(-~01111~~1~0 10(10. 1((11151510( (22

~(111 0~ 10(11~0 011 (1111105111151(1111(111~0051)1 (111~( 1((11151510( (21 15 10(11~0 011.

~)(301()1~ 8-9

111~ ..~5011311( 111~~((~( 111 ~1~. 8-273 1135 ~ = 2 ~~, /.., = 20 ~1-(, ~ = 0, 3110 ~,
220~. 111~ (11(11-0116111~ 01 (11~ (11)1(15(0(, 1011= 12 ~5. 111~ 011(~11( 1(~()11~11~)1, 10 =
20 /(1-(2. ))~(~(111111~ (11~ (3) ~~3/( 511~~1)1 ~11((~11(, 1~,~ (0) 3~~(3~~ (11)1(15(0( ~11((~11(,
1/1.~(~) (1115 (11)1(15(0( ~11((~11(, 1~~ (0) ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( ~3~3~1(0( ~01(3~~, ~~~~ (~) 1113)(111111111
~~(111155101~ 011(~11( 1(~()11~11~)1, 1,, ~ 3110 (1) 3~~(3~~ 511~~1)1 ~11((~11(, 15.

80111(100 ~11~11 (11)1(15(0( 11 15 (11(11~0 011, (11~ ~11((~11( 15 0~5~(10~0 0)1

0./0 1
/..,
0.1
+ ~.( /0 0.1 + 1)0 (( = 0) = ~5 (8-65 )

~1(111111(131 ~0110160115 /0 (( = 0) = 0, 1)0(( = 0) = ~0 = 0. 501~111~10( (11~ ~11((~11(

~1~~5

(8-66 )

(8-67)
~11~(~ (1), = 1/~
106 158,114
(1), = = 158,114 (30/5 1, = = 25,165 1-(2
~ ~
1 1 1, _ 39.74 _
1, = = = 2 19.87 ~5
1, 25,165 = 39.74 ~5
(1
2

58~. 8-9 261

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 ((1)1,, = 11~/1)~ = 220 /20/2 = 695.7 ~.

(0) 1-4 = /01,, 1,, 81119 (/9 = 1,,/)(70/7) = 695.7 )(

20,000/(70 )(
25,165)
176 ~.
)(
(~) 1,, = 1,, //0(/2 = 695.7 /20,000 19.87 )(
10-6/2 = 310.1 ~.
(0) 1/1~ ~~(1~-10-~~(1~ ~(1~(1~110(~011(1/5~,11~~ = 110, - 110 = 440 ,.
(~) ~(0(11~(). (8-64), /,,,.. = 106/(2 )( 12) = 41.67 ~1-1~.
(1) 5111~~1/1~(~ 18 110 ~0~~( 1088 1111/1~ ~1(~1.111,1~ = 0.

~,.3(1))1~ 8-10

1/1~ /1(111-0(10/5~ (~8011(1111111~~(1~( 111~1/5. 8-28(118 0~~((11~0 (11 (11(~()1.1~11~~ 01/0 = 3.5
~1-1~. 11~, = ~2 = ~ = 3 /1-~, 1-, = 1-2 = 1- = 50 /1-1-1,~ = 2 0, (111011$= 220
,, 0~1~((11111~ 1/1~ ((1) ~~(1~ 81.1~~1~ ~1.1((~111,
1~5~ (0) (1~~((1/5~ 1/1~(1810( ~1.1((~111, 1-4~ (~)
((118 1/1~(1810( ~1.1((~111, 1,,~ (0) ((118 10(10 ~1.1((~111, 10~ (1110 (~) (1~~((1/5~ 81.1~~1~ ~1.1((~111, 1~.

8010~100 11~= 220 ,, ~. = ~, + ~2 = 6 /1-~,1- = 50 /1-1-1,

~ = 20, (1110/0= 3500
1-1~.1/1~ (111(11~818011/118 111~~(1~( 18 81(1111(1(10 1/1(11 01111~~(1~( 111~1/5. 8-23. 11181~(10
011~0 ~1.1((~111 ~1.118~8, 1/1~(~ (1(~ 100( ~1.118~8 111 (1 11.111~~~1~ 011/1~ 01.11~1.11~011(1/5~ ~11/1
011~ ~1.118~1/1(01.1/5/1~(1~/1010~~1~~8 1,,1),, 12, (11101)2. ~()1.1(111011(8-60) 18 (1~~11~(101~.
01.1(111/5 1/1~ ~08111~~ /1(111-~~~1~, 1/1~ ~1.1((~111110~81/1(01.1/5/1 1, ~ (1110 01.1(111/51/1~ 11~/5311~~
/1(111-~~~1~ 1/1~ ~1.1((~111 110~8 1/1(01.1/5/1 1),. 111 (1 110110~~(1(1~ ~0111(01, 1/1~(~ (1(~ 1~0
(~8011(1111 ~~~1~8 01.1(111/51/1~ ~1111(~ ~~(100 0101.11~1.111(~()1.1~11~~, /0. ~(0(11 ~(). (8-61),

0)7 = 54,160 ((10/8 /7 = 5~~60 = 8619.9 1-1~

1 (, 116
17 =
8619.9 = 116 /1-8 = - 2 = 58 /1-8

1
10 =
3500 = 285.72/1-8

1/1~ 011-~~(100 0110(10 ~1.1((~111,

(,) 10
- 17 = 142.87 58 = 84.87 /1-8
=
2 -

5111~~ (,) 18 /5(~(11~( 1/1(111~~(0, 1/1~ 111~~(1~( ~01.110 0~~((11~ 111 1/1~ 011-0~~(1(1)) (1100~.
~(0(11 ~(). (8-54), 110= 100.4 , (1110110,= 220 + 100.4 = 320.4 ,.
((1) ~(0(11 ~(). (8-47),

(,,, - ~
_ 1(111
_, 54,160 _
- 22.47 /1-8
54 , 160 20 ,000

(1110 1/1~ ))~(1~ 10(10 ~1.1((~111 0~~0(11~8 1,, = 10 (( = (,,,) = 70.82 ~.

(0) ~ 1/1~(1810( ~01101.1~18 1(0(11 (1 11(11~ 01 (,. 1/1~ (1~~((1/5~ 1/1~(1810( ~1.1((~111 ~(111
0~ 101.11101(0(11

262

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 (/()1/2
/~ = ~/01~1 16(() = 22.05 ~

(0) 10~ 0115 10(10 ~11((~111,/0 = 2/~ = 2 )( 22.05 = 44.1 ~.

(~) 110 = 44.12 )( 2 = 3889 ~ (1110 10~ (1~~((1~~ 511))))1)1~11((~111, /5 = 3889/220
17.68 ~.
1-/0(~. ~1111 0101(~~1101131 5~11~11~5, 111~ ~1.1((~111 (31111~5 01111~ 0~~1~~5 3(~ (~-
01.1~~0. ~0( 111~ 53111~ 01.11.,1.11 .,0~~(, 111~ 3~~(38~ 0~~1~~ ~1.1((~11115 11311 3110 111~ (1115
~1.1((~11115 1/0 011113110( 311 111~~(1~( ~11111.111101(~~1101131 5~11~11~5.

~,.301()1~ 8-11

10~ ~1111-0(10~~ (~5011(1111 111~~(1~( 111 1~. 8-29(1 15 0))~((11~0 (11 (1 ~(~()11~11~)1, /0 = 3.5
/(112. 1~~ = 6 ~ , 1- = 50 ~11, ~ = 20, (111011$= 220~, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ ((1) ))~(1/(
511))))1)1~11((~111, /~5~ (0) (1~~((1~~ (0)1(1510( ~11((~111, /.4 ~ (~) (1115 (0)1(1510( ~11((~111, / ~ ~ (0)
(1115 10(10 ~11((~111, /0~ (1110 (~) (1~~((1~~ 511))))1)1~11((~111, /$.

801111100 11$ = 220~, ~ = 6 ~ , 1- = 50 ~11, ~ = 20, (1110/0 = 3500/(112. (0111

13(). (8-61), (0~ = 54,160 ((10/5 (1110/~ = 54,160/(210) = 8619.9 112. 0. = 20,000, 1~
= 1/8619.9 = 116 ~5, (1 = 116/2 = 58 ~5, (111010 = 1/3500 = 285.72 ~5. 10~ 0~~-
))~(100 0~ 10(10 ~11((~11115(~ = 10/2 - 1~ = 142.87 - 58 = 84.87 ~5 (111010~ 111~~(1~(
~01110 0))~((11~ 11110~ 11011-0~~(1(1))11100~.

~0~8 1. 1015 11100~ 0~~1115 ~0~11 11 (1110 12 (1(~ ~1(~0. ~ (~5011(1111 ~11((~111 (10~5
10(011~0 11, 12, 10(10, (1110 511))))1)1. 10~ 11151(1111(111~0115
~11((~111 15 0~5~(10~0 0)1

(/10 . 1 .
(/( + 1)~ ((
1- (/( + ~10 + (3110 = 0) = 11$

((
~110111111(11 ~01101110115 10 (( = 0) = 0, 1)~1 = 0) = - 11~ (1110 10~ 5011111011 ~0( 10~ ~11((~111
~1~~5

(8-68)

1)~(()
= - (11, +
11~)~-~( (0. 5111(0~( + (0~ ~05 (0~() + 11$ (8-69)
10)1(1510(5 11 (1110 12 (1(~ 111(11~0 0~~ (11 (1 = 10/(00 ~0~11 11(() 0~~0111~5 2~(0.

11~1 = 1)~ (( = (1) = (11$ + 11~)~-~~/00, + 11$ (8-70)

~0~8 2. 1015 11100~ 0~~1115 ~0~11 13 (1110 14 (1(~ ~1(~0. ~ (~~~(5~ (~5011(1111 ~11((~111
(10~5 10(011~0 13, 14, 10(10, (1110 511))))1)1. 10~ 11151(1111(111~0115
10(10 ~11((~111 15 0~5~(10~0 0)1

(/10 . 1 . (/( + 1) ((
1- (/( + ~10 + (31 10 ~ = 0) = - 11$

(8-71 )

58~. 8-9 263

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 1)0(0 = (115 + 11,.1)~-~( (~ 8111 ().),( + ().), ~08 ().),0/().), 11, (8- 72)
-
111~(1810(8 13 311() 14 3(~ 111(11~() 01131 (1 = -../().),, ~11~11 /()(0 0~~0111~8 2~(0.

11, = -1)0 (1 = (1) = (11, + 1(01)~-~.,,/~,+ 11, (8-73)

501.,,111~ 10( 11, 311() 11,1 1(0111 ~~8. (8-70) 311() (8-73) ~1.,,~8

(8-74)

~11~(~ ~-../().),. ~0(

= = = = 20,000-../54,160 = 1.1601, ~~. (8-74) ~1.,,~8 11, = 11,1 = 420.9
~.
(3) ~(0111 ~~. (8-47),

_~
1,,, - 1311 -1
54,160 _ 22.47 ,..,8.
-
54 , 160 20 , 000
~(0111 ~~. (8-68), 111~~~3/( 103() ~11((~111,/,, = /() (( = (,,,) = 141.64~.
(0) ~ 111~(1810(~011()11~181(0111
3 11111~01 (1. 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 111~(1810(~11((~111~3110~ 101111()
1(0111~~. (8-68)~

(~) 111~ (1118111~(1810(~11((~111~311 0~ 101111()1(0111~~. (8-68) ~

0(~1/2
/~ = (/01~1 /6(() = 44.1 ~
(()) 111~ (1118103() ~11((~11118/0 = 2/~ = 2 )( 44.1
= 88.2 ~.
(~) ~0 = 88.22 )( 2 = 15,556 ~ 311()111~3.,,~(3~~ 811~~1~~11((~111,/, = 15,556/220 =
70.71 ~.

1-101~. ~0( 10~ 83111~ ~1(~011 ))3(3111~1~(8, 10~ 001))01 ))0~~( 18 100( 11111~8, 3110
10~ 0~.,,1~~ ~0((~1118 3(~ 1~1~~, 103110( 3 0311-0(10~~ 111.,,~(1~(.

~11000~01(31181810(8 0( 0108 ~311 0~ ~(11))10.,,~-1 38 8~11~0111~ 0~.,,1~~8 10( 111.,,~(1~(8,

10~)1 3(~ 08~0 (110811)111110~-))0~~( 3))))11~3110115 ~0( 01~0-.,,0113~~ 311001~0-~0((~111
3))))11~3110118, 1118 11~~~883()110 ~01111~~110~111 110 8~(1~8 3110/0( ))3(311~1 ~011101113110118~
3110 1018 (~80118 111 311111~(~38~0 ~0(11))1~)(11)1 0110~ ~1(~011. ~381-8~11~0111~ 10)1(1810(8,
~01~0 3(~ 3~311301~ 11101~0 ~0113~~ 3110 ~0((~111 (31111~8, 3(~ 1110(~ 8011301~ 10( 01~0-
))0~~( 3))))11~3110118. 110~~~~(, 10)1(1810(8 (~()01(~ ~)(1(3 ~011111101311011 ~1(~0118 10(
10(11-011 3110 10~ ~3(1008 1~~0111()0~8 10( 10)1(1810( ~011111101311011 3(~ 018~088~0 111
~03))1~( 3. ~110~ ~3(11~( 813~~ 01 ))0~~( ~1~~1(0111~8, 111(11)110)1(1810( ~011111101311011
~1(~0118 10( 111~~(1~(8 ~~(~ 0~~~10))~0. 1~0 1)1))~8 01 ~011111101311011 ~1(~0118 ~0111-
(110111)1 08~0 111 111.,,~(1~( 3))))11~3110118 3(~~

1. ~0)(1113()1 ~01111110131~0 111~~(1~(8

2. ~0(11))1~111~1113()1 ~01111110131~0 111.,,~(1~(8

264

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 .4.. 510~1~-~1135~ 11111-0(10~~ 111~(1510( 10,,,~(1~( 11510~ (11)(1113(~ ~001011113600 15 5110~0
10 ~1~. 8-313. 111~ ~001011.113600 ~1(~111115 5113(~0 0~ 1~0 111~(1510(5. 1-~1115 3551101~
11131111~(1510( 1) 15 ~00011~60~ 300 511~~11~5 111~ 105130130~0115 1030 ~11((~01, 1,//~ 300
111~ ~3()3~110( ~,,, 15 ~113(~~0 10 110 ~1111 ~013(11~ 35 5110~0. 111~ ~3,,,~10(015 10( 111~
~3~3~110( ,,,0113~~ 300 ~11((~01 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 8-310. 111~ ~001011113600 ~(0~~55
01 3 111~(1510( ~30 0~ 01,,,10~0 1010 1011( 0100~5.

~0~9 1. 11115 0100~ 0~~105 ~11~0 111~(1510( 1)1 11(~0 10 111(0 011111~(1510( /).
~1(10~ 01 1)) ~3115~5 3 (~500301 ~11((~01 110~
111(011~11111~ ~3~3~110( 300 10(~~5 111~
~11((~01 01 1) 10 1311. 11115 ~30 0~ ~00510~(~0 35 3 (~,,,~(5~ ~11((~01 111(011~11 111~
~1(~111110(01~0 0~ 1..,,,, ~,,,, 1),300 1)). 11115 0100~ ~005 ~11~0 111~ 10(~3(0 ~11((~01
(
01/) 13115 10 2~(0 300 111~ ~3~3~110( ~11((~01 (15~5 10 111~ 1030 ~11((~01, 1,,, 31 = (1.

+
0~1* ,11 ,1 01 03 ,3 0~3

~~~(..,,, ~0 ~,,,
~~5 + -
+-~ ~--1
~8~ 0,,, 8~
~0~4*
~~04 02 0~2

(8) 0~~~~~1

~0(1)

~,,,

1~ 12
~
~0(1) ~
+-.,0 - -1. - - - ~

1-
~ ~
~ ~

~ ~
0
~
~
~

~006 2
..- +
~~~
~ 1 ~

~006 3 ~006 4
(~) .,.,8~610~015

58~. 8-10 265

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05~111311011 ~011111111~5 111(011~11 1-,,,, ~,,,, 1)1, 3110 111. 11115 11100~ ~1105 ~11~11 111~
(
~3~3~110( ~11((~111 13115 03~~ 10 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 31 = (2 3110 0100~ /)1 510~5
~011011~1111~.

~0~8 3. 11115 11100~ 513(15 ~11~11 1)1 510~5 ~011011~1111~. 111~ ~3~3~110( 015-
~113(~~5 3110 (~~113(~~5 111(011~11 111~ 1030 31 311 3~~(0)(111131~1)1 ~011513111 ~11((~111 01
1,,,. 11115 11100~ ~1105 ~11~11 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5 ~()113110 111~ 0~ 511~~1)1
(
~0113~~ 31 = (3 3110 1~1105 10 0~~(~113(~~ 011~ 10 111~ ~11~(~)1 510(~0 111 111011~10( 1-,,,.

~0~8 4. 11115 11100~ 0~~1115 ~11~111)41510(~3(0 0135~0 3110 111~ ~11~(~)1510(~0

111 111011~10( 1-,,, 15 1(31151~((~0 10 111~ ~3~3~110(, ~3115111~ 11 10 0~ 0~~(~113(~~0 ~1111
(~5~~~1 10 511~~1)1 ~0113~~, ~5. 11115 11100~ ~1105 ~11~11 111~ ~3~3~110( ~11((~111 13115
3~3111 10 2~(0 3110 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 15 (~~~(5~0 10 11131 01 0(1~11131 ~013(11)1. 111~
~3~3~110( 15 110~ (~30)110 111(11 01114 11 144 15 11(~0.
11115 111~~(1~( 15 ~01111110111)1 ~110~11 35 111~ /04(/04~,,(1)1 /11~~,(~,. 111~ ~1(~1111
0~~(31101115 51111113( 1011131111 ~1~. 3-13. ~()113110115 (3-25) 10 (3-31) 10( 111~ 3~311301~
111(11-01111111~ 3110 111~ 0~51~11 ~01101110115 3(~ 3~~11~301~ 10( 11115111~~(1~( ~1(~1111. ~(0111
~(). (3-25), 111~ 3~311301~ 111(11-01111111~ 0( (~~~(5~ 0135 11111~ 15

(,, = ~1-,,,~,,, (10 - 2 5111-1~) (8-75)

(8-76)

(8-77)

111 311 111~~(1~(, 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~3(1~5 35 3 11111~11011 0111111~ 3110 111~ ~0111-
111111311011 ~1(~1111 51101110 0~ 0~51~11~0 10( 111~ ~~3~ 1030 ~11((~111. 111~ ~3~3~110(
~0113~~, ~111~110~~~1105 011111~ 1030 ~11((~111 31111~ 111513111 01 ~0111111111311011, 111~(~35~5
111~ ~0113~~ 3110 ~11((~111 (31111~5 010~~1~~5 3110 ~0111~011~1115. 8)1 ~01111~~1111~ 0100~5,
111~ ~)(~~55 ~11~(~)1 ~311 0~ (~111(11~0 10 111~ 0~ 5011(~~ 35 5110~11111 ~1~. 8-313 0)103511~0
1111~5. ~ ~3(1 01111~ ~11~(~)1 ~01110 0~ 01551~31~0111 (~51510( ~, ~111~111113)10~ (~~13~~0
0)1 3 1~~003~~ ~1110111~.

~~ 113~~ 5~~11 111 ~1~. 8-22 11131111~0 111011~10(5 3(~ 11~1111)1 ~011~1~0, 11(111~ 01 011~
111)1(1510( 111(115 011 3110111~( 111)1(1510( 111 111~ 53111~ 3(111. 11115 1)1~~ 01 ~0111111111311011
15 ~110~11 35 (0,,,/1/~,,,~11((1,)1 (0,,,,,,~((1(/011. 11115 ~(111~1~1~ ~311 0~ ~)(1~110~0 1010(~~0
~011111111131~0 111~~(1~( ~1(~11115 3110 ~1~. 8-323 5110~5 011~ 3(111 01 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-
0(10~~ 111~~(1~(. 11115 ~1(~111115 3150 ~110~11 35 3 /04(/04~,,(1)1-13~(//0,(/ 111~~(1~(. 111~
~1(~1111 0~~(311011 ~311 0~ 01~10~0 11110 111(~~ 11100~5 3110 111~ ~()111~31~111 ~1(~11115 10(
11100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-320. 111~ ~3~~10(1115 10( ~0113~~5 3110 ~11((~1115 3(~

266

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500~0 10 ~1~. 8-32~ 1.100~( 10~ (1551.1(0~1100 10(11 10~ 10(10 ~1.1((~01 (~(0(1105 ~0051(101
01.1(10~ 10~ ~0(0(01.11(11100 ~~(100.

~0~9 1. 1015 (000~ 0~~105 ~0~0 12 15 11(~0 10 11.1(0 01111. 10~ ~().1.11~(11~01
~1(~1.11115 500~0 10 ~1~. 8-320. ~1 10~ 51(1(1 011015 (000~, ~(1~(1~110( ~2 15 ~0(1(~~0
10 ~,. ~1 15 500(1~0 0)1 11 (100 0(15 00 ~011(1~~. 10~ ~011(1~~ (1~(055 1-2 15 1)~2 =
~5 (1110 10~ ~1.1((~0110(01.1~01-2 1001.1~~5 (1 ~011(1~~ 011) ~1 = ~5 (1~(055 1-1. ~ (~~~(5~
~011(1~~ 011) (1/( = ~., - 1)
~1 -
1)
~2 = - ~5 15 (1~~11~0 (1~(055 11 (1110 10~ 10(~(1(0

58~. 8-10 267

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~1.1((~111 01111810(~~0 10 2~(0. 10~ ~1.1((~11110( 11100~ 1, 1111181111111111~01.181)10~~0111~8
2~(0 11110 12 (18~8 10 10~ 1~~~1 0110~ 11181111111111~01.1810110 ~1.1((~111, 12 = 1/1,.
~881.1111111~ 10111 ~1 = ~2 = ~,,, 111100)1 ~0111()1~1111~10~ 100() 11(01.1110~1, ~2,
11110 10~ 0~ 801.1(~~, 10~ ~11()11~110( ~1.1((~1118 11(~ 0~8~(10~0 0)1

(8-78)

(8-79)

(8-80)

~881.1111111~ 10111 1-1 = 1-2 = 1-,,, 11110 ~0111()1~1111~ 10~ 100() 10(111~0 0)11-2, 12, 11110 ~2
~1~~8

0,11 1 .
1-,,, 0,( - (( (8-81 )
0,( + ~,,, .1 1~2 1)~2 = 0) = 0

~110111111111 ~01101110118 11 (( = 0) = 1,,, 111101)~2 (( = 0) = 11$. 10~ 8011.11101101 8()..

(8-81) ~110111111111 ~01101110118 )11~108

(8-82)

0)= (8-83)

(8-84)

10~ (~~~(8~ ~01111~~ 11~(088 11 18

~/2~ ,,,
1)0/((1) = 115 - 21)~2 = 115 - 2115 ~08 0)( + 41,,, 8111 0)( (8-85)

10~ 11~11111101~ (0( ~1(~1.111) 11.1(11-01111111~ ~1111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 1(0111 10~ ~0110111011 1)0/(
((
= ((/)
= 0111 8().. (8-85), ~111~01111~( 81111()1111~1111011
~1~~8

((/ = /2(1-/1,~,,,) (~08-1 +1 ~2)1/2 - 11111~1~) (8-86)

2(1

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 (8-87)

10~ ~1(~01110(0-01111111~ 18 0~()~00~01 00 10~ 1030 ~0((~011,,, 300 ~111 0~ 1113)(11110111

~0~0 1,,, = 0. 111~ 1113)(11110111 ~(110~ 01 1~ 18

(8-88)

1018 11100~ ~008 ~0~0 10~ ~01138~ 00 ~3()3~110( ~2 0~~0111~8 ~~(0 (100 1)~2(1) 1~008
10 ~0(1(8~ 10 0()()0811~ 01(~~1100, 300 10~ 11111~00(31100 10( 1018 11100~ ~30 0~ 10000
1(0111 111~ ~00011100 1)~2 (1 = 11,,,) = 1)~2 (1 = 11,,,) = 0, ~01~018 3180 10~ ~00011100
10( ()~3~ 10)1(1810( ~0((~01. ~(0111 ~(). (8-84),

11.= /,. - 21. ) 27. .,0 ,.,/,. ~ 0

(8-89)

111~ 111)1(1810( ~0((~01 /1 (1) 0~~0111~8 1113)(11110111 31 1 = 1,,,

11118 11100~,

(8-90)

~0~9 2. 1018 11100~ 0~8108 ~11~0 0100~ /)2 81(1(18 ~0000~1108. 111~ ~()01~-
31~01 ~1(~011 18 800~0 10 ~18. 8-320. 10~ ~0~(8)1 810(~0 10 1000~10( 1-2 18 1081 10
10~ ~1(~011 10(111~0 0)1 12, /)2, 300 1-2. 10~ 1030 ~0((~111 1~(1) (= 1,,,) 3180 110~8
10(0080 0100~ /)2. 11 ~.118 10~ 10(~3(0 ~01138~ 0(0() 010100~ /)2 3110 10)1(1810( 12,
10~ 111813111311~008 ~0((~11111100~ 2, /2(1), 18 81~~0 0)1

0.12
1-,,, + ~.1 = 0 (8-91 )
0.1
~11011111131 ~0110111011 12 (1 = 0) = 1/1300 10~ 80101101101 ~(). (8-91) 18

~.1
12(1) = 1/1 - -1 (8-92)
1-,,,
1018 11100~ ~1108 ~0~11 /2(1) 13118 10 ~~(0 300 10)1(1810( 12 18 10(11~0 011 00~ 10 8~11-
~011111101311011. 10~ 00(311011 011018 11100~ 18 3()()(0)(111131~1)1

(8-93)

$8~. 8-10 269

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15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 8-320. 0100~ 1)2 ~001101.1~5 10 ~3(()1 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01 1.10111111~
1030 ~1.1((~0113115 10 2~(0. 111~ (~~~(5~ ~0113~~ 10( 12 15 ~(0~10~0 0)1111~ 10(~3(0
~0113~~ 0(0~ 01 0100~ 1)2.

~)(301()1~ 8-12

10~ 8111~1~-11038~ (0111111~111~1113()1111,,,~(1~( 111~1~. 8-3230381.-1 = 1.-2 = 1.-,,, = 30 ~1-1,

~,,, = 50 ~~, 3110 10~ 11~3/( 1030 (1.1((~11118 /,,, = 175~. 10~ 0( 111111.11 ,,,0113~~ 18 11,
= 220 ~ 3110 10~ 111,,,~(1~( 1(~()1.1~11()118 /() = 60 1-12. 10~ ,,,0113~~ 0(011 0110~ (1((1.111
10(111~0 0)110)1(1810( 12 3110 0100~ /)2 18, 31111(0)(111131~1)1, 11,1 = 2 ~. 0~1~(111111~ 10~
(1((1.11111.1(11-01111111~, (,1(,,,,.~) 11/,,, = 0~ (()
(3) (1((1.11111.1(11-01111111~, (4~ (0) (113)(11111.1111
10~ 11~3/( (1.1((~111 0110)1(1810(8, /,,~ (0) 01.1(311011 01 (01111111.1131101111(0(~88, (, = (1,,, +
(2,,,~ 3110 (~) ~11~(~)1131111~011111101.1(10( 1.-2 3110~ ~110 0111100~ 1.

50111~100 11, = 220 ~, 1.-,,,= 30 ~1-1, ~,,, = 50 ~~, 3110/,,, = 175~.

(3) ~(0111 ~(). (8-87), ~ = (175/220) ~2 )(
30/50 = 0.8714. ~(0111 ~(). (8-86),

)( )(
(4
= ~2 30 50 ((08 -1 1311-1 (0.8714) = 25.6 ~8
2(1 + 0~87142)1/2- ~

(0) ~(0111 ~(). (8-88), (4(,,,..) = (70/3) ~2 )( 30 )( 50 = 57.36 ~8.

(() ~(0111 ~(). (8-89), 10~ 11111~10( 10~ 11~3/( (1.1((~11118

)( )( 501311-1 1
(,,,
= (1,,, = ~2 30 = 46.78 ~5
0.8714

106
(0
= ~2 18,257 (30/5
)(
30 )(
50 =
~(0111 ~()5. (8-82) 3110 (8-90), 10~ 11~3/( 10)1(1810( (1.1((~11118

/,, = 2 )(
175 (05 (1.8257
)(
0.4678) + 220 /2 )( 50
5111(1.8257 )( 0.4678)
~ 30

- 175 = 357.76 ~
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (8-93), (2,,, )(
= 175 30/2 = 2625 ~5 3110 10~ (01111111.1131101111111~
15

(0 = (1,,, + (2,,, = 46.78 + 2625 = 2671.78 ~8

(~) ~1 10~ ~110 0111100~ 1, 10~ ~11~(~)1 510(~0 11111101.1(10( 1.-2 15

)( )( )(
~ = 0.51.-,,,/~ = 0.5 30 106 357.762 = 1.921

1-/0(~. 11 ~3/(~5 3 (~1311~~1)1100~ 11(11~ 10 01551~31~ 111~ ~0~(~)1 300 (~01.1~~5 111~
~111~1~0~)1 300 01.11~1.111(~~1.1~0~)1 01111~ 10~~(1~(. 01.1~ 10 11115 ~0~(~)1 01551~31100 10
111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5, 111~(~ ~01.110 0~ 111~((1131 ~(001~(11. 11115 1(3~~~0 ~0~(~)1 ~30 0~
(~11.1(0~0 10 111~ 501.1(~~ 0)1 ~000~~110~ 3 1~~003~/( 1(30510((11~( 300 0100~5 35 5110~0
10 ~1~. 8-33.
~)(301()1~ 8-13

1110~ 11.1(118(3110 011~~003(/( 1(311510(111~( 111~1~. 8-33 15 1-1/1-12 = (1 = 0.1, 0~1~(111111~

10~ (3) 01.1(31101101 (01111111.1131101111(0(~88, (0 = (1,,, + (2,,,~ (0) ~11~(~)11(31111~011111101.1(10(
1.-2 3110~ ~110 0111100~ 1 ~ 3110 (() 11~3/( 10)1(1810( (1.1((~111.

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 .,,1~0..~ 8-33 ~0(11()1~(11~(1(3(~ ~0(11(110(3-
(10(1 ~1(111~~003~(( ~1(101(185.

801..1100 11, = 220~, 1-1 = 1-2 = 1-,,, = 30 ~1-1,~ = 50 ~~, ~110/,,, = 175~. ~(0(11
8(). (8-87),

175 /2)( 30
~ = = 0.8714
220~ 50
106
= 18,257 (~0/5
(0
= ~2 )(
30 )(
50
(~) 10.~ ~0(11(11..1~60111111~(,,,~1 ~~11 0~ 01,,,10~0 11110 1~0 (1100~5. 10.~ ~()111,,,~1~111
~1(~111110( (1100~ 115 50.0~11 111~1~. 8-34~, ~0.1~0. 15 10.~ 5~(11~ ~5 10.~1111 ~1~. 8-32~. 11
111 ~110 112 ~(~ 10.~ ~(1(11~(~ ~110 5~~0110~(~ ,,,011~~~ 0110.~ 1~~00~~/( ((~11510((11~(, (~-
5~~~6,,,~1~, 1)2 ~110 1)11 ~01110 ~011011~1 11

0(
(8-94)

(8-95)

10.~ 011(~11011 01 (1100~ 1 ~~11 0~ 1011110 1(0(11 8(). (8-84)=

111.2 (( = (1,0) = 11, ~05 (0(1,,, - 2/,,, / 1-,,,

5111 (0 (1,,, - (/11,
~ 2~,0

(
(/ 1
1,,, = ~ ,,,,,, 1 - 1
511
(1 + ~2)1/2
+ ~21-,,,~,,, 1~11-1-
~
(8-96 )
= 50.91 ~5

10.15 (1100~ ~1105 ~0.~11 1)2 ~110 1)11 ~011011~15. ~110.~ ~110 01 (1100~ 1, 8(). (8-82) ~1,,,~5
10.~ ~11((~111 11110.~(1510( 12
=
(8-97)
~(0(11 8()5. (8-82) ~110 (8-97),

)( )( 0.5091) )( 0.5091)
/1 = 2 175 ~05 (1.8257 + 220 )2)( 5111(1.8257
~~

- 175 = 356.24 ~

58~. 8-10 271

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+ +
~1

+
- ~~1

~01
+
~~2
- - ~2 ~2 ~2

.2

. 46.78

~~02
~5

- 3.~5
~01
(1 + 3.)~5

~5

0
-1
/101

(8-98)
-0.1
)(
220 = -22...,,

~5 - ~02 = (1 + (1)~5 (8-99)

)(
1.1 220 = 242...,,

~00~ 2 0~~1115 ~11~11 /)2 3110 /)11 ~011011~1 3110 111~ ...0113~~ 01111011~10~ ~2 15
~13~~~0 10 - (1~5. 111~ ~~111...31~111 ~1~~111115 5110~11 111~1~. 8-340.

0/2
~ ,,, = -(17) 2
= -(1~. ~ (8-100)
0(

272

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 (8-101)

(8-102)
)( )( 356.24_
= 30 10-6 )( - 485.79 ~5
0.1 220

(,. = (1,,, + (2,~ = 50.91 + 485.79 = 536.7 ~5

(0) ~11/1~ ~110 0111100~ 1, 1/1~ ~11~,~~ 510,~0 1111110(1(10, 1.~ 15
)( )( )(
~ = 0.51.,,,1~= 0.5 30 10-6 356.242 = 1.9041
(() ~,0111 ~~. (8-89), (,,,
= 46.78 ~5, 3110 1,0111~~. (8-98), 1~ = 357.76 ~.
1-/0(~. 111~ 1,3~~~0 ~11~(~)118 (~10(11~0 10 111~ 80~~1)1. 111~ (01111110131101111111~
(311 0~ (~00(~0 0)110~~(111~ 111~10(118 (3110 (1~11118~0010 111((~38~ 111~~0113~~ (31111~8
011~~003(/( 0100~8.

111 111~ ~(~~1008 8~(110118 111~ 111~~(1~(8 3(~ 1~0 1(0111 3 ~0113~~ 800((~ 3110 111~ 1030
(0((~111 18 10((~0 10 110(1031~ 1(0111 ~08111~~ 10 11~~311~~, 3110 ~1(~ ~~(83. 10 (0~~
~111111100(11~~ 10308, 111~ ~0~~( 8~11(11~8 ~1111 3 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~8 3(~ (~().01(~0,
~11~(~38 111 3 (0((~111-800((~ 111~~(1~(, 111~ 111~01 0~113~~8 38 3 (0((~111 800((~. 111~
001~01 (0((~111 18 111311113111~0 (011813111 1((~8~~(11~~ 011030 011 111~ 111~~(1~( 3110 111~
001~01 ~0113~~ 18 10((~0 10 (11311~~. 111~ (1((011 013~(3111 01 3 8111~1~-~1138~ 1(311818-
10(12~0 111~~(1~( 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 8-353. 5111(~ 111~(~ 111081 0~ 3 (01111110008 (0((~111
110~ 1(0111 111~ 800((~, 1~0 8~11(11~8 111081 31~3)18 (01100(1-011~ 1(0111 111~ 0~~~( 3110
011~ 1(0111111~ 10~~( 8~11(11~8. 111~ (01100(11011 8~().0~11(~ 1812,23,34,3110 41. 111~
001~01 (0((~111 ~3~~10(111 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 8-350. 111~ 0100~8 111 8~(1~8 ~1111 111~
1(31181810(8 3(~ (~().01(~0 10 010(/( 111~ (~~~(8~ ~0113~~8 011 111~ 1(31181810(8.
~1111 3 (0((~111-800((~ 111~~(1~(, 111~ (011111101311011 (1((0118 10( 111)1(1810(8 (~().01(~
0(11)1 (3~3(110(8 3110 3(~ 81111~1~(, 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 8-35(. ~~1 08 3880111~ 11131 11
3110 12 3(~ (01100(1111~ 3110 (3~3(110(8 ~1 3110 ~2 3(~ (113(~~0 ~1111 ~013(11)1 38 8110~11.
~1(111~ 01111)1(1810(8 13 3110 14 (~~~(8~ 0138~8 111)1(1810(8 11 3110 12. 11 3110 12 3(~
10(11~0 011. 111~ (0((~111 110~ 110~8 111(00~11 13~11)1, 1030, 3110 1)2~214. 111~
(3~3(110(8 ~1 3110 ~2 3(~ 018(113(~~0 3110 (~(113(~~0 31 3 (011813111 (31~ 0~1~(111111~0
0)11030 (0((~111, /,,, = //.,.. ~11~11 111~ (0((~111111(00~11 ~1 3110 ~2 13118 10 2~(0, 111~
1030 (0((~111 ~111 0~ 1(31181~((~0 1(0111 0100~ 1)1 10 1)3 3110 1)2 10 1)4. 1)1 3110 1)2
~111 0~ 1011~0 011 ~11~11 111~ 1030 (0((~111 18 (0111~1~1~1)1 (~~~(8~0. 111~ (3~3(110( 18
110~ (~30)110 10(11 01113 3110 14 11111)1(1810(8 11 3110 12 3(~ 11(~0 111 111~ 11~)(111311-

$8~. 8-11 273

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10~ 110~-10-110~ ,,,011(18~ 0~ (1 ~5115 510111(1( 10 50(1~~ 10 10~ 110~ ~11((~01 0~ (1 ~51.
10~ (1(/,,,(101(18~5 0~ 10~ ~51 (1(~~ (1) 510~~ 10~ 10~111 (/~ ~11(._~01 15 ~001(011~(/ (10(/
110111~(/, 011511(108 0~ 5~11~0108 (/~,,,1~~5, 0( (1 500(1 ~1(~1111, ~0111(/ 001 0~ 5~(10115

274

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58~. 8-11 275

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(~~~11~((111~~ 10(10 ~1111.01.111(~~~11.~~1111~ 0100~5.
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111.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 01 (111 111~~(1~( ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~(1()1111~ 111.~ /11001.11(111011
1110~)( (0( ~1.115~ ~10111.5) (1110 /11311113111111~ 111.~ 0~ 111~1.11~011(1~~ ~01151(1111 ~ 01.11 111 111.15
1)1~~ 01 ~0113~~ ~0111(01, (1 ((111~~ 01 11.(1(/110111~5 ~01.110 0~ ~(~5~111 011 111.~ 01.11~1.11
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11.(1(/110111~5 (1110 111.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~3(~111~
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+
0

0,,,
().

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10(10 ~1.1((~111, (1110 (2) ~10111118 111.~ ~1.1((~111 ~(1~~10(/115 10( ~(1~11. 0~~1~~ (1110 ~0/11~0-
11~111. 011~~ 111.~ ~1.1((~111 ~(1~~10(/11 15 /(110~11,
111.~ 1~~11.111~1.1~5 10( ~(11~1.11(111118111.~
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276

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1110(~ (~(1~11~~ 110~~(. ~11 1.,~-11111~0 1111~( (15 111 ~1~. 8-380 ~(111 ~11111111(11~ 0111~ 011~
1(~().11~11~~. ~ 11(011~(1~ 0~51~11~0 ~1.,~ 1111~( (15 111 ~1~ 8-38~ 15 1110(~ ~11~~11~~ 111
(~011~111~ 11(1(1110111~5 01 ~10~ 0(1110~10111 (1110 0((1~5 1~55 (~(1~11~~ 110~~(.

~)(301()1~ 8-14

10~ 5111~1~-.,1135~ (11)(1113(~-~011111111131~0 11111-/)(10~~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-313 511.,.,11~5 3

1030018. = 100, 1.- = 31.5 011-1,3110~ = 112 /1-~. 10~ 0~ 111.,111
~0113~~15 ~. =
220 ~ 3110 10~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~~ 1510 = 60 1-12. 10~ 111(11-0111101~ 0110~(1510(5, (0((
= 25 /1-5. 10~ 0111.,111 .,,0113~~ 035 1~0 1101~0~5 511~111031 101(0 3110 11110 03(010111~5
3(~ ~110111131~0. ))~1~(01111~ 111~ (3) ~)(.,(~55101110( 10~ 1030 ~11((~111, 10(() ~ (/)) 0.,111111101
.,,3111~5 01 ~001111111311011~3.,3~110( ~,,, 3110111011~10( 1.-,,, 10 111111111112~
10~ ~11~(~~~ 3110 (~)
.,~3/( ~11((~1115 0110~(1510(5 11 3110 0100~ /)1.

801011011 10~ 0111.,111.,,0113~~ ~3.,,~10(11115 500~11111 ~1~. 8-18. ~5 = 220 ~,10 = 60

1-12, 8. = 100, 1.- = 31.51111-1, 3110 ~ = 112 /1-~. 1.,~1 (4 = (0(( = 25 /1-5(1100) 2,,.
=
)(
60 = 377 (30/5.
10~ 111011~11.,,~(~3~1311~~ 10( 10~ 1110 03(1110111~ .,,0113~~ 15

)(~ )( )( 31.5)( 10-3

= 1211,,. 60 = 111.8711 0
10~ ~3.,3~111.,,~ (~3~1311~~ 10( 10~ 1110 03(1110111~ .,,0113~~ 15

10~ 1111.,~0311~~ 10( 10~ 1110 03(1110111~ .,,0113~~ 15

1/2
_
2~ = (102 + (11.8711 2~6) 2)

3110 10~ .,0~~( 13~10( 311~1~ 10( 111~ 1110 03(1110111~ .,,0113~~ 15

_ -1 11.8711- 23.6/11_- -1 1.1 8711 _ 2.346

()~
- 1311
10
1311
( 11 )
(3) ~().11311011(8-37) ~1.,,~510~ ~0~111~1~111501 3 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5,

4 ~5 1 - 2 ~05 110.1 + 2 ~05 110.2

..4~,,.=-
11

~0( 0.1 = 23.62031100.2 = 33.30, 10~ 101(0 311011110 03(1110111~5 ~01110 /)~ 3/)5~111. ~(0111
~().. (8-36) 111~ 111513111311~01150111.,01 .,,0113~~ ~311 /)~ ~)(.,(~55~0 35

1)0(()
)( 377() + 85.1 5111(9 )( 377()
= 235.1 5111377( + 69.4 5111(7 +

58~. 8-13 277

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 01~10111~ 10.~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 0~ 10.~ 1030 1111~~0311~~ 3110 ~011510~1111~ 10.~ 3~~10~1131~
0~13~ 011~ 10 10.~ ~0~~1 13~101 311~1~5 ~1~~ 10.~ 1030 ~1111~111 35

(,(/) = 15.195111 (377( + 49.740) + 0.865111 (7 )( 377( - 82.850)

)( 377( + 0.665111 (11 )( 377( - 85.550) + . . .
+ 1.095111 (9 - 84.520)
(0) ~~~1~~1111~ 10.~ 0.311110111~5,10.~ ~~3/( 1030 ~1111~111,1,~ = 1/. = 15.19~.
~~11360115 (3-30) 3110 (3-31) ~1~~ 10.~ 0~611111111~3111~501 ~,~ 3110 ~,,,.

0. 398()10 0.398)( 25 )( 10-6

~,,,= = ~0
1,, 15.19

_ 0.8917(),, _ 0.8917 )( 25 )(
10-6 )(
15.19
~,,, - -
~0 ~0

~10111 ~~. (8-77),

~0 =~, + 1,,~ = 220 + 15.19

)~=
501~111~101 ~,,, 3110 ~,,, ~1~105 ~,,, = 0.52 ~~, ~,,, = 431.7 ~1-1, 3110 ~0 = 662.6~.
(~) 10.~ ~~3/( 10.~115101~1111~111,1,, = 15.19~, 3110 10.~ ~~3/( 1~50113111~1111~111,
- -
~,,, 0.52
1~~ = ~0 -~,,, = 662.6 -431.7 = 22.77 ~
~ ~
~10111 ~1~. 8-310 10.~ ~~3/( 0100~ ~1111~111 011~ 10 1~50113111 05~111311011 15

1~~ = 22.77 - 15.19 = 7.58~.

0100~ /) ~1-
1 ~111 ~311~ 0010.10.~ 111011~6~~ 1030 ~1111~111 3110 1~50113111 ~1111~111.

10.011~0. 10.~5~ 1~0 ~0111~011~1115 ~01110 0~1~1111111~ 10.~ 11115 3110 3~~13~~ ~1111~1115 0110.~
0100~, 10.~ ~~3/( 0100~ ~1111~11111110.15 ~)(3111~1~ 50.01110 0~ 10.~ 53111~ 35 10.31 0110.~115101
~1111~111, 113111~1~, 15.19 ~.

~)(301())~ 8-15

111 ~)(301~1~ 8-14, 311 0111~111 ~-1111~1 15 115~0 10 ~110111131~ 5~~~1110. 3110 0.1~0.~1-010~1
0.311110111~5. 0~1~101111~ 10.~ ~3111~ 011111~1 ~3~3~1101, ~~.

80)11(1011 (00 = 270/ = 270 )( 60 = 377 130/5. 10.~ 1110. 3110 0.1~0.~1-010~1 0.31010111~5
~01110 0~ 1~011~~0 51~11111~31111~1110.~ 1111~1 1111~~0311~~ 15 11111~0.501311~110.311 10.31 0110.~
1030, 31103 1360 011~10 15 110101311~ 30~~1131~,

2~ = 10%~
~0.~1~ 10.~ 1111~11111~~0311~~15 %~ = 1/(37711~~) 3110 10.~ 1030 1111~~0311~~15

_ 2~.6)1/2
2~ = (102 + (11.8711

10.~ ~3111~011111~1 ~3~3~11311~~ ~~ ~311 0~ 1011110110111

2 1/2
_
(
102 +
( 11.8711
23.6
11 )) ~
= 37711~_

~01 10.~ 5~~~1110.0.31010111~,11 = 7 3110 ~_ = 47.3 ~~.

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1001.1~10(5 (1(~ 1.15~0 10 10)1(1510( ~0(0(01.11(11100 ~1(~1.1115 (100 10( (~500(101 05~111(11100
10 (~500(101 10~~(1~(5. 10~ (~500(101 1(~().1.1~0~)1 15 1.151.1(111)1~~()1 ~~()1 01~0. 10~
(0(1~0~11~ 1055 15 0~~~00~01 00 10~ 1(~().1.1~0~)1 (100 10~5~ 1001.1~10(5 5001.110 0~ 0~51~0~0
~110 (0(1~0~11~ ~0(~5 01 ~~()1 01~0 ~~((0~(101111)1 10 (~01.1~~ 10~ ~0(~ 1055~5. 10~
01.11~1.11 0110~~(1~(5 (1(~ 00((0(111)11501(11~0 1(0(0 10~ 10(10 0)1 (10 01.11~1.111((10510((0~(.
10~ 10~~(1~( 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ 00((0(111)1 ~001(110 0(1((0001~5 (100 10~ 1((10510((0~( 1055~5
(1(~ 10~(~(15~0. ~ 1((10510((0~(, ~01~015 0~51~0~0 10 0~~((11~ (11 ~1.1(~1)1 5101.15010(11
~011(1~~5, ~01.110 0~ 51.101~~1~0 10 01~0~( 1055~5 (100 11 5001.110 0~ 0~((11~0 ~0~0 11 15
0~10~ 0~~((11~0 1(0(0 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~5 0110~~(1~(5. 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 5001.110
0(1~~ 00 0~ ~0(0~00~01~ 010~(~15~, 10~ ~0(~ (0(1)1 0~ 5(111.1((11~0.

10~~(1~(5 ~(10 ~(0~10~ 510~1~-~0(15~ (100 10(~~-~0(15~ (1~ ~011(1~~5 1(0(0 (1 11)(~0 0(
~(1(1(101~ 0~ ~011(1~~. 10~(~ (1(~ ~(1(101.15~011(1~~ ~001(011~~001().1.1~5 (100 10~)1 ~(001.1~~
(1((10~~ 010(1((0001~5 00 10~ 01.11~1.11~011(1~~. 10~ 5101.15010(11~1.115~-~1010 (0001.11(11100
(5~~~) 15 (00(~ ~11~~11~~ 10 (~01.1~10~ 10~ 10~~(-0(0~( 0(1((0001~5. ~110 (1 ~(0~~(
~001~~ 0110~ 5~11~010~ ~(111~(05 10( ~0~~( 0~~1~~5, ~~(1(110 0(1((0001~5 ~(10 0~ ~11(0-
10(11~0 .
10~ (~500(101 10~~(1~(5 (1(~ 00((0(111)11.15~0 10 01~0-1(~().1.1~0~)1 (1~~11~(111005 (~-
().1.11(10~ 11)(~0 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~. 10~ (0(1)(1(01.1(0 (~500(1011(~().1.1~0~)115 11(011~0 0)110~
11.1(0-01111(0~ 0110)1(1510(5 (0( 1((1051510(5). 1)1.1~ 1010~ 0~~~10~(0~01011(151-5~11~0-
10~ ~0~~( 1((1051510(5 (100 0105, 10~ (1~~11~(111005 0110(~~0-~0(0(01.11(11~0 10)1(1510(
10~~(1~(5 (1(~ 11(011~0 10 01~0 ~0~~(.

1. .8. 0. .8~010(0, (1110 ~. (3. 1-1011, ,,,//1(//1/~ 0/ //11/~,(~, 0,(/1/(5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 10011 ~11~)1
8.. 50118, 111~., 1964.
2. 1-1. 5. ~(11~1, (1110 ~. (3. 1-1011, ..(3~11~((111~~0 1~~0111~11~8 01 0(1(1110111~ ~11111111(111011 (1110.,,011-
,
(18~ ~0111(0111110)1(/810( ~011.,,~(1~(.,, / ~~~ 7,(//15(/((/0/15 0/1 //10-/15((/ ~/1/1//((/(/0/15. 01. 1~9,
~0. 3, 1973, ~~. 310-317 (1110 ,01. 1~-10, ~0. 5, 1974, ~~. 666-673.
3. 1. 00111501 (11101-1. 0~11811, ..~ 110.,,~1 ~~~ 1~~0111~11~ 10( 10(~~-~0(18~ 111.,,~(1~(/~011.,,~(1~(.,,
//1(~,/1(/(/0/1(// ,,0~~, ~/~((,0/1/(5 ~0/1/~,~/1(~, 1983, ~~. 384-395.
4. ~. ~. 5~01~~01, ..~0.,,~110~01081~5 (111~(11(16.,,~8 10 10~ 0~81811 01 (1 0(1(1110111~-1(~~ (111/11)1/
0~ 1111~(1(1~~.,, ,,0~~, ~/~((,0/1/( 5/1~(/(///5( ~0/1/~,~/1(~, 1983, ~~. 206-216.
5. ~. ~. 5~0~(1(~, ..~11 1111~(0.,,~0 111~1000 01 (~8011(1111 ~11((~111 ~1.118~ 11100111(16011 10( ~0~~(
~011.,,~(1~(8.,, /~~~ 7,(//15(/((/0/15 0/1 //10-/15(,/(// ~/~((,0/1/(5 (//10- ~0/1(,0/ //15(,/1/11~/1((/(/0/1,
,01. 1~023, ~0. 2, 1976, ~~. 133-141.
6. 1. ,111118,~. 5~0~~1~~(, (11101. 1,. 51~111~(, ..~~.,,~(8~ ~011011~611810)1(1810(810( 0180 ~0~~(
8~(1~8 (~8011(1111 ~1(~11118.,, /~~~ //10-/15(,)1 ~/1/1//((/(/0/15 50(/~()1 ~0/1/~,~/1(~ ~~(0,0-, 1985,
~~. 715-722.

279

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7. 0. ~. 01~(111, ..0~81~11 ~011810~~(1110118 10~ ~~~)1111~111~~~11~11~)1 ~~8011(111111100~ 0~/0~ ~011-
~~~1~~8.,, /~~~ //1~/4.5(,)1./1/1/1/1~0(10/15 50~/~1)1 ~0/1/~,~/1~~ ~~~0,~, 1986, ~~. 640-647.
..~ ~~11~~(111~~0 (1~~~0(1~1110~ 111~ 81~(10)1 81(11~ (111(11)1818
8. ~. 1(. 5. 811(11 (1110 5. 8. 0~~(111,
01 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~5.,, /~~~ //1(//4.5(,)1 ./1/1/1/1((1(10/15 50(1~1)1 ~0/1/~,~/1(~ ~~(0,(/, 1986,

~~. 664-671.
9. ~. 0. 210~(18, 1. ~(111~(111(1111(111,
(1110 ~. 51~1(1110~1~, ..~ 1011~-().11(10~(1111~11~~~111~~~-
111(11~0 ~011~~~1~~ ~1111 (1 111~111~~().11~11~)11111~.,, /~~~ 1,0/150~(/0/15 0/1 //1~~(,)1 ./1/1/1/1-
~0(10/15, 01. 1~18, ~0. 5, 1982, ~~. 499-505.

8-1. ~11(1118 (111 111~~~1~~7

8-2. ~11(1118 111~ ~011~1~1~ 01 0~~~(111011 01 (111 111~~~1~~7

8-3. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 1)1~~8 01111~~~1~~87

8-4. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 0111~~~11~~8 /)~1~~~11 11(111-/)~10~~ (1110 11111-/)~10~~ 111~~~1~~87

8-5. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ ~~~10~111(111~~ ~(1~(1111~1~~8 01111~~~1~~87

8-6. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ ~11~~08~8 011~~0/)(1~~ 0100~8 111 111~~~1~~87

8-7. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (1~~(111~111~1118 10~ 0/)1(1111111~ 111~~~-~11(18~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~87

8-8. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 111~111008 10~ ~011(1~~ ~0111~01 ~1111111 111~ 111~~~1~~87

8-9. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 018~1(1~~111~111-(111~1~ ~0111~017

8-10. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 1~~11111~11~8 10~ 11(1~1110111~ ~~011~1101187

8-11. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ ~11~~18 01 ~11111111(11111~ 10~~~-0~0~~ 11(1~1110111~87

8-12. ~11(1118 111~ ~~111~1~1~ 018~~1~8 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~87

8-13. ~11(11 18 111~ 0~(10 ~011~ 01 (1 ~~8011(1111 111~~~1~~7

8-14. ~11(1118 111~ ~11~~1 01111)1~1810~ 111~11-011 6111~ 011 111~~~1~~ 1~~~11~11~)17

8-15. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~~8011(1111 111~~~1~~8 ~1111 /)101~~~6011(11
8~11~11~8 7

8-16. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~8 ~11111111101~~~11011(11

8~11~11~8 7

8-17. ~11(1118 111~ 11~~~88(1~)1 ~011016011 10~ 8~~1~8 ~~8011(1111 08~111(1110117

8-18. ~11(1118 111~ ~11~~08~ 01 ~011~1~0 111011~10~8 111 11(111-/)~10~~ ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~87

8-19. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~~~~~8~-~011011~611~ 111)1~1810~8 111 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~87

8-20. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 015(10~(1111(1~~8 011~(11181810~1~~0 111~~~1~~8 ~0111~(1~~0 10
111)1~1810~ 111~~~1~~8 7

8-21. ~11(11 18 0~~~1(1~ ~0111~01 01 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~87

8-22. ~11(1118 110110~~~1(1~ ~0111~01 01111~~~1~~87

8-23. ~11(1118 111~ ~~111~1~1~ 01 (111)(111(1~)1 ~0111111111(11~0 111~~~1~~87

8-24. ~11(11 18 111~ ~~111~1~1~ 01 ~0111~11111~111(1~)1 ~0111111111(11~0 111~~~1~~87

8-25. ~11(1118111~ ~11~~08~ 011~~0/)(1~~ 1~(111810~111~~ 111~0111~1~111~111(1~)1 ~0111111111(11~0111~~~1~~87

8-26. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~11~~~111-8011~~~ 111~~~1~~87

8-27. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 111(11110111~~~11~~8 /)~1~~~11 ~011(1~~-8011~~~ (1110 ~11~~~111-8011~~~ 111~~~1~~8 7

280

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8-28. ~0.31 3~~ 10.~ 111311130,,.31113~~5 3110 01530,,.31113~~5 01 ,,.3~1301~ 0~ 1111/(111,,.~~1~~57
8-29. ~0.31 3~~ 10.~ ~~350115 10~ 300111~ 3 1111~~ 011 10.~ 111,,.~~1~~01.11~1.117
8-30. ~0.31 3~~ 10.~ 0111~~~11~~5 0~1~~~11 3~ 3110 0~ 611~~57

8-1. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 0.311-0~10~~ 111,,.~~1~~ 111~1~. 8-130.35 3 ~~51511,,.~ 1030 01 ~ = 1003110

10.~ 0~ 111~1.11,,.0113~~ 15 11$ = 220 ~. 0~1~~111111~ 10.~ (3) ~1115 01.11~1.11,,.0113~~ 31 10.~
111~(~) 01.11~1.11~0~~~, ~0~ (~) 3,,.~~3~~, ~1115, 3110 ~~3/( ~1.1~~~1115
11.11103111~111311~~().1.1~11~~,
01 ~3~0.1~31151510~~ ((() ~~3/( 011-5131~ ,,.0113~~ 01 ~3~0.1~31151510~, 118~ (~) 10131113~1110111~
01510~11011, 1110 ~ (1) 01510~11011 13~10~, 0~~ 3110 (~) 113~1110111~13~10~ 3110 01510~11011
13~10~ 01111~ 10~~51-0~0~~ 0.3~1110111~.
8-2. ~~~~31 ~~00. 8-110~ 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~1~~111~1~. 8-23.
8-3. 111~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 8-23 1135 311 ~1-~ 1030 ~1111 ~ = 5 0, 1- = 10 1111-1,
3110 ~ = 26 ~~. 111~ 111,,.~~1~~ 1~~().1.1~11~~,10 = 400 1-12, 3110 111~ 0~ 111~1.11,,.0113~~,
11$ = 220~. (3) ~)(~~~55 111~ 111513111311~01.151030 ~1.1~~~1111113 ~01.1~1~~ 5~~1~5. ~31~1.113(~
(11~ (~) ~11151030 ~1.1~~~11(3( (11~ 11.11103111~111311~~().1.1~11~~,/1~ (~) 113~1110111~13~(0~ 01111~
1030 ~1.1~~~11(,1-1~~ ((() 3,,.~~3~~ 51.1~~1~ ~1.1~~~11(/$~ 3110 (~) 3,,.~~3~~, ~1115,3110 ~~3/( ~1.1~~~11(5
01 ~3~11 (~311515(0~.
8-4. ~~~~3( ~~00. 8-3 10~ 10 = 60 1-12, ~ = 40, 1- = 251111-1, 3110 ~ = 10 ~~.
8-5. ~~~~31 ~~00. 8-3 10~ 10 = 60 1-12, ~ = 5 0, 3110 1- = 20 1111-1.
8-6. 111~ (11~~~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 8-53 0.35 3 ~~~-~01111~~(~0 ~~515(1,,.~ 1030
01 ~ = 5 0. 111~ 111,,.~~1~~1~~().1.1~11~~1510 = 400 1-12 3110 (0.~ 0~ 111~1.1(,,.01(3~~ 15 11$ =
220 ~. ~)(~~~55 (0.~ 111513111311~01.15~0.35~ ,,.0113~~5 3110 ~0.35~ ~1.1~~~11(5 111 3 ~01.1~1~~
5~~1~5 .
8-7. ~~~~3( ~~00. 8-6 10~ (11~ 1111~-(0-1111~ ,,.01(3~~5 3110 1111~~1.1~~~11(5.
8-8. ~~~~3( ~~00. 8-6 10~ 3 0~1(3-~01111~~1~0 1030.
8-9. ~~~~31 ~~00. 8-7 10~ 3 0~1(3-~01111~~(~0 1030.
8-10. 111~ (11~~~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~ 111~1~. 8-53
1135 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 1030 3110 ~3~11
~1135~ ~011515(5 01 ~ = 5 0, 1- = 10 1111-1,3110 ~ = 25 ~~. 111~ 111,,.~~(~~1~~().1.1~11~~ 15
10 = 601-12 3110 (11~ 0~ 111~1.1(,,.01(3~~, 11$ = 220 ~. 0~1~~111111~ (11~ ~1115, 3,,.~~3~~, 3110
~~3/( ~1.1~~~11(501 (11~ 1~311515(0~5.
8-11. 111~ 01.1(~1.1(,,.0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~ 15 ~011(~011~0 0~ ~1.115~-~10(11
111001.11311011~1(11 011~ ~1.115~~~~ 0.311-~~~1~. 0~(~~111111~ 111~ ~~().1.11~~0~1.115~~10(11 50 (113(
(11~ 11.11103111~11131~0111~011~11( 15 70% 01 0~ 111~1.1(,,.01(3~~.

8-12. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~ 1.15~53 1.111110~111

~~~ ~1(11 (~0 ~1.115~5~~~ 11311-~~~1~
10~ ,,.01(3~~ ~011(~01. ~10( 111~ 015(0~(1011 13~10~, 11.11103111~11(31~0111~011~11(, 3110 10~~~-
0~0~~ 113~1110111~53~31115( 111001.113110111110~)(.
8-13. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~, ~111~11 1.15~5 3 1.111110~111
~~~ ~1(11 (~0 ~1.115~5 ~~~
11311-~~~1~, 1135 3 1030 01 ~ = 50,1- = 151111-1, 3110 ~ = 25 ~~. 111~ 0~ 111~1.1(,,.01(3~~
15 11, = 220 ~. ~)(~~~55 (11~ 1115(311(311~01.151030 ~1.1~~~11(1,,(1) 1113 ~01.1~1~~ 5~~1~5 1.1 =
0.8,10 = 60 1-12.
8-14. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~ 1.15~5 3 1.111110~111 ~~~ ~1(11 5~,,.~(1 ~1.115~5 ~~~ 11311-
~~~1~ 10~ ,,.0113~~ ~0(1(~01. ~10( (11~ 015(0~(10(1 13~(0~, 11.11103111~(1(31 ~0111~0(1~(1(, 3(10
10~~~-0~0~~ 113~1110(11~5 3~31115( (11~ 111001.113(1011 1110~)(.

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8-15. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11111-0~10~~ 111~~~1~~ 115~5 311 5~~~ ~110. 5~~~11 ~1115~5 ~~~ 0.311-~~~1~ 10~
~0113~~ ~0111~01. ~10110.~ 01510~11011 13~10~, 1111103111~11131~0111~011~111, 3110 10~~1-010~1
0.311110111~5 3~311151 10.~ 11100111311011 1110~)(.
8-16. 1(~~~31 ~~00. 8-15 101111~ 11100111~0 5~~~ ~11111~0 ~1115~5 ~~~ ~11311~1-~~~1~.
8.17. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11111-0110~~ 111~~11~1 115~5 3 11111101111~~~ ~110. 11~~ ~1115~5 ~~1 0.311-
~~~1~. 1)~1~1111111~ 10.~ ~1115~ ~1010. 1110.~ 11115 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15 80% 0110~ 0~ 111~111
~0113~~.
8-18. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11111-0110~~ 111~~11~1115~5 015~13~~111~111-311~1~ ~011110110 ~31~ 10.~ 0111~111
~0113~~ 3110 0.35 011~ ~1115~ ~~1 0.311-~~~1~, 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 8-16~. 1)~1~1111111~ 10.~ 0~13~
(01 015~13~~111~111) 311~1~ 1110.~ 1111103111~11131~0111~011~111 01 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15 70% 01
0~ 111~111~0113~~.
8-19. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11111-0110~~ 111~~11~1115~5 11111111~1~1101~0~5 3110 1115 ~~~1111~0 10 ~1111111131~
10110, 11110, 5~~~1110., 3110 ~1~~~1110. 0.311110111~5 110111 10.~ 0111~111 ~3~~101111. 1)~1~1111111~
10.~ 11111110~1011101~0.~5 3110 111~1~ 311~1~5.
8-20. 1(~~~31 ~~00. 8-19 10 ~1111111131~10.110, 11110., 5~~~1110., 3110 1111110.0.311110111~5.
8-21. 10.~ 0351~ 5~11~5 1~50113111111~~11~~ 111~1~. 8-213 0.35 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 25 ~~1, ~ = 2
~~, 3110 ~ = 5 0. 10.~ 0~ 111~111~0113~~, ~, = 220 ~ 3110 10.~ 0111~11111~~11~11~~, /,, =
6.5 /(1-(2. 10.~ 111111-01111111~0110.~1151015, (0(( = 15 ~5. 1)~1~~111111~ 10.~ (3) 3~,111301~ (01
~~1111155101~ 1~~~11~11~~, 1003~~ (~) ~~3/(-10-~~3/(
~11~1111) 111111-01111111~, (~~ (11) (113)(111111111
~3~3~110~ ~0113~~, ~~~~ 3110 (().) ~~3/( )030 ~1111~111, 1,,. (~) 5/(~1~0. 10.~ 111513111311~0115
1030 ~1111~111 /0 (()~ ~3~3~1101 ~0113~~ 1),.(()~ 3110 0~ 511~~1~ ~11~1~1111,.(0. ~31~11131~ 10~
(1) 111151030 ~1111~111, 10~ (~) 0111~111 ~0~~1, 110~ (11) 3~~13~~ 511~~1~ ~1111~111, 1,~ 3110 (1)
3~~13~~, ~~3/(, 3110 ~1115~11~~~11150110.~ 10~1151015.
8-22. 10~ 0311-0~10~~ ~~50113111 111~~11~1 111 ~1~. 8-23 115~5 110110~~113~~111~ ~()1111()1. 10~ 111-
~~11~111~~11~11~~ 15~) = 8.5/(1-(2. 11 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 2 ~~, ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 40 ~1-(,
~ = 2 0, 3110 ~5 = 220 ~. 1)~1~1111111~ 10~ (3) ~~3/( 511~~1~ ~11~1~111~ (11) 3~~13~~
10~115101 ~1111~111, 1/1~ 3110 (~) 1111510~~1510~ ~11~1~111, 1,,.
8-23. 10~ 1~50113111 111~~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 8-273 035 ~ = 2 ~~, ~ = 30 ~1-(, ~ = 0, 3110 ~, =
220 ~. 10~ 111111-01111111~ 0110~115101, (0(( = 12 ~5. 10~ 0111~111 11~~11~11~~. /,, = 15
/(1-(2. 1)~1~1111111~ (3) ~~3/( 511~~1~ ~11~1~111, 1~, ~ (11) 3~~13~~ 10~115101 ~1111~111, 1/1 ~ (~)
11115 10.~115101 ~1111~111, 1,,~ (().) ~~3/(-10-~~3/( ~3~3~110~ ~0113~~. ~,~ (~) (113)(111111111
~~1-
111155101~0111~11111~~11~11~~, 1003~~3110 (1) 3~~13~~ 511~~1~ ~11~~~111, 1,.
8-24. 10.~ 0311-0110~~ 1~50113111111~~11~~ 111~1~. 8-283 15 0~~131~0 3111~~11~11~~,~) = 3.5 /(1-(2
11110~ 110110~~113~ 11100~. 11 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 2 ~~, ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 20 ~1-(. ~ = 1.5
0, 3110 ~5 = 220~, 0~1~1111111~ 10~ (3) ~~3/( 511~~1~ ~111~~111, 1~5~ (11) 3~~13~~ 10~115101
~1111~111, 1/1~ (~) 11115 10~~1510~ ~1111~111, 1,,~ (().) 11115 1030 ~1111~111, 10~ 3110 (~) 3~~13~~
511~~1~ ~11~~~111, 15.
8-25. 1(~~~31 ~~00. 8-24 ~110. 311 0~~113~~111~ ~0111101 50 1031 10~ 111111~ 01 11 3110 12 31~
30~311~~0 0~ 50% 0110~ 1~5011311111~~11~11~~.
8-26. 10~ 11111-0110~~ ~~50113111111~~11~1 111~1~. 8-293 15 0~~131~0 31 3 11~~11~11~~ 011~) = 3.5
/(1-(2.11~ = 2 ~~, ~ = 20 ~1-(, ~ = 1.50, 3110~, = 220~, 0~1~1111111~
10~ (3) ~~3/(
511~~1~ ~1111~111, 15~ (11) 3~~13~~ 10~115101 ~1111~111, 1/1~ (~) ~111510~115101 ~1111~111, 1,, ~ (().)
~11151030 ~1111~111, /0~ 3110 (~) 3~~13~~ 511~~1~ ~1111~111, 15.
8-27. 10~ 5111~1~-~035~ 11111-0110~~ 311)(11131~-~011111111131~0111~~11~1111 ~1~. 8-313 035 3 1030 01
~ = 5 0, ~ = 10 1111-(, 3110 ~ = 25 ~~. 10~ 111~1110~ ~0113~~ 15 ~, = 220 ~ 3110 10.~
111~~~1~~ 1~~~11~11~~ 15~) = 60 1-(2. 1~ = 18 ~5. 1)~1~~111111~ 10~ 0~1111111111~3111~5 01
~0111111111311011 ~0111~011~1115 ~,,, 3110 ~,,,.

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8-28. ~~~~31 ~(00. 8-27 11111~ ~~3/( (~50113111 ~11((~111 01111~ ~0111111111311011~1(~111115 1111111~0
10 1~0 11111~5111~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111.
8-29. ~ 511181~-~1135~ 11111-0(108~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~18. 8-323, ~111~11 115~5 ~0111~1~111~1113(~ ~0111-
111111311011,1135 1.1 = 1.2 = 1.,,, = 40 ~1-1 3110 ~,,, = 60 ~~. 111~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111 15
/,,, = 200 ~. 111~ 0~ 111~111~01138~, ~5 = 220 ~ 3110 111~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~~, 10 = 60
1-12. 111~ ~01138~ 0(0~ 01111~ ~1(~1111 10(111~0 0~ 111~(1510( 12 3110 0100~ /)2 15, 3~~(0)(-
111131~1~, ~,, = 2~. ))~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~1(~1111111(11-01111111~, (~~ (/)) (113)(111111111
3~311301~
(()) 011(311011 01 ~0111-
111(11-01111111~, (~(,,...~) 11 /,,, = 0~ (~) ~~3/( ~11((~111 01111~(1510(5~
111111311011~(0~~55, (~ = (1,,, + (2,,,~ 3110 (~) ~11~(8~ 1(3~~~0 111111011~10( 1.2 31111~ ~110 01
11100~ 1.
8-30. 111~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~(00. 8-29 1135 3 1~~003~/( 1(311510(111~( 35 5110~11 111 ~18. 8-33. 111~
111(115(3110 01111~ 1~~003~/( ~11101118515 /+.///+./2 = (1 = 0.1. ))~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 011(311011
01 ~0111111111311011~(0~~55, (~ = (1,,, + (2,,, ~ (/)) ~11~(8~ 1(3~~~0 111111011~10( 1.2 31 111~ ~110
0111100~ 1 ~ 3110 (~) ~~3/( 111~(1510( ~11((~111.
(1
8-31. ~~~~31 ~(00. 8-3011 = 1.0.
(1
8-32. ~~~~31 ~(00. 8-3011 = 0.01.
8-33. ~ 511181~-~1135~ (11)(1113(~-~011111111131~0 11111-0(108~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~18. 8-313 511~~11~5 3 1030
018. = 5 0, 1. = 15 1111-1,3110 ~ = 30 ~~. 111~ 0~ 111~111~01138~ 15 ~5 = 220 ~ 3110
01111~(1510(5 15 (011= 20 ~5.
111~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~~ 151,, = 400 1-12. 111~ 111(11-01111111~
111~ 0111~111 ~01138~ 1135 1~0 1101~11~5 511~11111311111(0 3110 111111113(1110111~53(~ ~1111111131~0.
))~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~)(~(~551011 10( 111~ 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111, /0(()~ (/)) 0~1111111111
~3111~5 01 ~0111111111311011~3~3~110( ~,,, 3110 111011~10( 1.,,, 10 111111111112~
111~ ~11~(8~~ 3110 (~)
3~~(38~, (1115, 3110 ~~3/( ~11((~1115 01111~(1510( 11 3110 0100~ /)1.
8-34. 11/11 ~(00. 8-33, 3 11111~0 1.~ 1111~( 15 115~0 10 ~1111111131~111~ 5~~~11111113(1110111~ 1(0111 111~
0111~111 ~01138~, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 51111301~ ~3111~5 011111~( ~0111~011~1115.
8-35. 111~ 511181~-~1135~ (11)(1113(~-~011111111131~0 11111-0(108~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~18. 8-313 511~~11~5 3
1030018. = 20, 1. = 251111-1, 3110 ~ = 40 ~~. 111~ 0~ 111~111~01138~ 15 ~, = 220 ~
3110 111~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~~, 1,) = 60 1-12. 111~ 111(11-01111111~ 01111~(1510(5, (011 = 15 ~5.
111~ 0111~111 ~01138~ 1135 111(~~ 1101~11~5 511~1111131111~ 1111(0, 111111,3110 5~~~11111113(1110111~5
3(~ ~1111111131~0. ))~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~)(~(~55101110( 111~ 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111, /0(0~
3110 (/)) ~3111~5 01 ~0111111111311011~3~3~110( ~,,, 3110 111011~10( 1.,,, 11111~ ~~3/( (~50113111
~11((~11115 1111111~010 2.5 11111~5111~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111.
8-36. 11/11 ~(00. 8-35, 311 0111~111 ~-1111~( 15 115~0 10 ~1111111131~111111113110 111811~(-0(0~( 113(-
1110111~5, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~3111~ 011111~( ~3~3~110(, ~_.

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 9

~0~~( 5~~~11~5, ~111~11 3(~ ~5~0 ~)(1~051~~1~ 10 100~51(131 3~~11~311005, 3(~ 011~0
(~()~1(~0 10 (0~~1 311 0( (0051 01111~ 10110~10~ 5~~~111~311005~

1. 150131100 0~1~~~0 111~ 50~(~~ 300 1030

2. 1-11~11~0~~( 0~11511~ 10( (~0~~1100 01 512~ 300 ~~1~111
3. ~0111(011~0 01(~~1100 01 ~0~~( 110~
4. 1-11~11~011~~(5100 ~111~1~11~~
5. 10~~1 300 0~1~~1 ~3~~10((05 ~1111 310~ 10131113((0001~ 01510(1100 10( 5(0311
1111~(5
6. ~001(011~0 ~0~~( 13~10( 11111~ 50~(~~ 15 30 3~ ~0113~~
111~ 510~1~-513~~ 3~-0~ 0( 3~-3~ 0( 0~-0~ 0( 0~-3~ ~00~~(1~(5 015~~55~0 10
~113~1~(5 4, 6, 7, 300 8, (~5~~~11~~1~, 00 001 (0~~1 (0051 01111~5~ 5~~~111~311005, 300
(0~111513~~ ~011~~(51005 (1(~ 00((0(111~ (~()~1(~0. 111~(~ 3(~ ~3(10~5 ~055101~ ~011-
~~(5100 10~010~1~5, 0~~~0010~ 00 111~ ~~((0155101~ ~0(0~1~)(11~ 300 111~ 0~51~0 (~-
()~1(~(0~015. 001~ 111~ 0351~ 10~010~1~5 3(~ 015~~55~0 10 11115~113~1~(. 0~~~0010~
011 111~ 1~~~ 01 0~1~~1 ~011(1~~5, 111~ ~0~~( 5~~~11~5 ~30 0~ ~(11~~0(12~0 1010 1~0
1~~~5 ~
1. 0~ ~0~~( 5~~~11~5
2. ~~ ~0~~( 5~~~11~5

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 111~ (1~-0~ ~00~~(1~(8 10 ~11(1~1~( 4 ~(10 ~(0~10~ 111~ 1801(11100 /)~1~~~0 111~ 10~1.11
(100 01.11~1.11111(01.1~11
(1010~1.111((10810((0~(, /)1.11111~11(1((0001~ ~001~018 (1(~ 111~11. 111~
8~11~11~0-(000~ (~~1.11(110(810 5~~1100 7-6 00 001 ~(0~10~ 111~ 0~~~88(1(~ 1801(11100 (100
111~ 01.11~1.11~0~~( 18 10~. 111~ ~0(0(000 ~((1~11~~ 18 10 1.18~1~0-81(1~~ ~00~~(81008,
0~-(1~ (100 (1~-0~. 10 ~(18~ 01 (1~ 10~1.11, 11 18 111(~~-81(1~~ ~00~~(81008, (1~-0~, 0~-
(1~, (100 (1~-0~. 111~ 1801(11100 18 ~(0~10~0 /)~ (10 101~(81(1~~ 1((10810((0~(. 111~ 0~-
(1~ ~00~~(8100 ~(10 /)~ (1~~0(0~11811~0 /)~ ~~~ 0( (~800(101 08~111(11100. 13(18~0 00
111~ 1~~~ 01 ~00~~(8100 1~~1101()1.1~8(100 111~ 01(~~1100 01 ~0~~( ~001(01, 111~ 0~ ~0~~(
81.1~~11~8 ~(10 /)~ 81.1/)01~10~0 1010 111(~~ 1~~~8~
1. 5~11~11~0-(000~ ~0~~( 81.1~~11~8
2. ~~800(101 ~0~~( 81.1~~11~8
3. 13101(~~1100(11 ~0~~( 81.1~~11~8

111~(~ (1(~ 101.1( ~0(0(000 ~0011~1.1((111008 ~1111111~ 8~11~11~0-(000~ 0( ~~~ 0~~((11100

01111~ 10~~(1~( (0( 0~-(1~ ~00~~(1~() 81(1~~~ 11~/)(1~~, ~1.1811-~1.111, 11(111-/)(10~~, (100 11.111-
/)(10~~. 111~ 01.11~1.11 01111~ 10~~(1~(, ~111~11 18 ~(1(1~0 /)~ (1 ~~~ 1~~1101()1.1~, 18
~00~~(1~0 10 (1 0~ ~011(1~~ /)~ (1 0100~ (~~1111~(. 510~~ 111~ 10~~(1~( ~(10 0~~((11~ (11
(1 ~~(~ 111~111(~()1.1~0~~, 111~ (1~~1~8 00 111~ 0~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~(10 /)~ 1111~(~0 01.11 ~1111
8(0(1111111~(8.
111~ ~1(~1.111 10~010~~ 10( 111~ //)10(1~/( ~00~~(1~( 18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 9-1(1. ~11~0
.
1((1081810( (21 18 11.1(0~0 00, 111~ 81.1~~1~ ~011(1~~ (1~~~(1(8 (1~(088 111~ 1((10810((0~( ~(1(0(1(~
(100 (1 ~0((~8~00010~ ~011(1~~ 181001.1~~010 111~ 8~~000(1(~. ~11~0 (2118011, (1 ~011(1~~

01 0~~0811~ ~01(1(11~ 18 1001.1~~0 10 111~ ~(1(0(1(~ /)~ 111~ 8~~000(1(~ 01.1~ 10 111~ 1((108-
10((0~( (1~1100. 111~ (0101(01.1(0 0~~0-~1(~1.111 ~011(1~~ 01111~ 1((1081810( 18 ~00 = 2~5.
1115 18 111~ (1~~((1~~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01 ~1111 0~~11~1/)1~ (1~~1~ (100 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 18 /( =
50%, 111~ ~~(1~ 1((1081810( ~1.1((~0118 1,, = 1//( = 215. 111~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~0118 ~1.118(1110~
(100 018~001101.101.18. ~111101.11 0100~ 1)2, (1 0~ ~1.1((~01110~8 111(01.1~11111~ 1((10510((0~(.
~11~0 (2118 011, 0100~ 1)2 (100 ~(1~(1~110( ~1 (~8~1111~ 1((10810((0~( ~0(~. ~1 018~11(1(~~8
111(01.1~11 ~1, ~11~0 1)218 011 (100 (10 ~0~(~~ 18 1081 10 ~~~(~ ~~~1~. 11118 ~1(~1.111 18
~~(~ 81(0~1~ (100 18 (~81(1~1~0 10 (1~~11~(111008 /)~10~ 500 ~. 11118 18 (1 10(~(1(0
~00~~(1~( (100 11 (~()1.11(~8 (1 ~011(1~~ ~001(011~~0/)(1~~ 100~.
111~ 1((10810((0~( ~0(~ ~(10 (1180 /)~ (~8~1 /)~ 11(1~10~ (1 (~8~1 ~10010~ (18 8110~0
10 ~1~. 9-1/), ~11~(~ 111~ ~0~(~~ 810(~~ 10 111~ 1((10810((0~( ~0(~ 18 (~11.1(0~0 10 111~
81.1~~1~ (100 111~ ~111~1~0~~ 18 10~(~(18~0. 111~ 0~~0-~1(~1.111 ~011(1~~ 01111~ 1((1081810(
10 ~1~. 9-1/) 18

(9-1)

~11~(~ 1-/,, (100 1-/. (1(~ 111~ 01.1(0/)~( 01 11.1(08 00 111~ ~(1(0(1(~ (100 (~8~1 ~10010~8,
(~8~~~11~~1~. 111~ (~8~111.1(08 ((1110 18 (~1(11~0 10 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ (18

1 - /(
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~0( 3 (01)1 ~)1~1~ 01 /(
= 0.8, 1-/,,/1-/_ = 0.8/0.2 = 4 3110 111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 ~0113~~
0~~0(11~5 1100 = 115(1 + 4) = 5115. 111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 ~0113~~ 01111~ 1(31151510( 15
(110~11 111~11~( 11131 111~ 50~~1)1 ~0113~~.
111~ ~0511-~011 ~01111~0(311011 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 9-1~. ~11~11 (21 15 10(11~0 011,
11., 3~~~3(5 3~(055 011~-11311 01111~ ~(1(113()1. ~11~11 (22 15 10(11~0 011, 11., 15 3~~11~0
3~(055 111~ 0111~( 11311 01111~ 1(311510((11~(. 111~ ~0113~~ 01 3 ~(1(113()1 ~1110111~ 5~111~5
1(0(11 - 11, 10 115. 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~0((~111 111(00~11 111~ 1(311510((11~( 5110010 10~(11)1 0~
2~(0. 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 15

(9-3)

1(31151510(5 (21 3110 (22 0~~(31~ ~1111 3 50% (01)1 ~)1~1~. 111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 ~0113~~,
1100 = 2115, 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~0((~111 01 3 1(31151510(, /,.,, = //2, 3110 111~ ~~3/( 1(31151510(
~0((~111, /,, = /,. 5111~~ 111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 1(31151510( ~0113~~ 15 1~1~~ 111~ 50~~1)1
~0113~~, 11115~01111~0(311011 15 5011301~ 10( 10~-~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115.
111~ 11311-0(10~~ ~1(~01115 5110~11 111~1~. 9-10. ~11~11 (21 15011, 11/2 3~~~3(5
3~(055 111~ 1(311510((11~( ~(1(113()1. ~11~11 (2215011, 3 (~~~(5~ ~0113~~ 0111/2 3~~~3(5
3~(055 111~ 1(311510((11~( ~(1(113()1. 111~ ~(1(113()1 ~0113~~ 5~111~5 1(0(11 - 11/2 10 11,/2.
111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 1(31151510( ~0113~~ 15 1100 = 115 3110 111~ ~~3/( 1(31151510( ~0((~111 15
/,, = 2/,. 111~ 3~~(3~~ 1(31151510( ~0((~11115 /,.,, = /5. 111111~11-~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115,
111~ 11311-0(10~~ ~1(~011 15 ~(~1~(301~ 10 111~ ~0511-~011 ~1(~011. ~11~(~35 10( 10~-
~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115, 111~ ~0511-~011 ~1(~011 15 ~(~1~(301~ 00~ 10 10~ 1(31151510( ~0(-
(~1115. 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 15
_ 1-/5
110=.-2-
17 17
.-1=0111= 5 17
0 .0.-5 (9-4)
1-/,,

111~ 1011-0(10~~ 3((311~~(11~111 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 9-1~. ~11~11 (21 3110 (22 3(~
10(11~0 011, 115 3~~~3(5 111~ ~(1(113()1. ~11~11 (23 3110 (24 3(~ 10(11~0 011, 111~ ~(1(113()1
~0113~~ 15 (~~~(5~0 10 - 115. 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 15

1-/5
110 = 112 = 111 = 0111 = 0115 (9-5)
1-/,,

111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 1(31151510( ~0113~~ 15 1100 = 115 3110 111~ ~~3/( 1(31151510( ~0((~111 15
/,, = /5. 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~0((~111 01 3 1(31151510( 15 0(11)1 /,.,, = /,/2. 01 311111~~01111~-
0(3110115, 11115~1(~011 0~~(31~5 ~1111 111~ (111111(110(11
~0113~~ 3110 ~0((~111 51(~55 01111~
1(31151510(5, 3110 1115 ~~()1 ~0~013( 10( 111~11-~0~~( 3~~11~3110115 300~~ 750 ~.

~,.301()1~ 9-1

111~ 3,,,~(3~~ (0( 0~) 01.11~1.11,,,0113~~ 01111~ ~1.1811-~1.111~1(~1.111111~1~. 9-1~ 18110 = 24 ~

31 3 (~81811,,,~ 1030 01 ~ = 0.8 11. 111~ 011-8131~ ,,,0113~~ 0(0~8 011(31181810(8 3110 0100~8
3(~ 11, = 1.2 ~ 3110 114 = 0. 7 ~, (~8~~~11,,,~1~. 111~ 11.1(118(3110 01111~ 1(311810(111~( 18
(1
= /./5//./,, = 0.25. ))~1~(111111~111~(3) 3,,,~(3~~ 111~1.11 ~1.1((~111,/5~ (0) ~111~1~11~~,11~
(~) 3,,,~(3~~ 1(31181810( ~1.1((~111, /,,., ~ (0) ~~3/( 1(31181810( ~1.1((~111, /,,~ (~) (1118 1(31181810(
~1.1((~111, /~~ 3110 (1) 0~~11-~1(~1.111 1(31181810( ,,,0113~~, 1100. ~~~1~~1 111~ 1088~8 111 111~
1(311810(111~(, 3110 111~ (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 01111~ 1030 3110 111~1.1181.1~~1~ 18 11~~11~101~.

5€~. 9-2 287

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 80)01100 (1 = 1-/)1-/,,= 0.25 1100/0 = ~)8. = 24/0.8 = 30.4...
(11)111~ 0111~01 ~0~~(, ~0 = ~0/0 = 24 )( 30
= 720~. 111~ 5~~00011(~ .,,01111~~,
~2 = ~0 + ~0 = 24 + 0.5 = 24.5~. 111~ ~(1(011(~ .,,0)111~~,~1 = ~2/(1 = 24.5/0.25
= 98~. 111~ 10~111.,,011118~,~5 = ~1 + ~/ = 98 + 1.2, 11110111~111~111~0~~1,
~, = ~5/, = 1.2/,. + 1.2/,. + ~,//0 + ~0
5110511111110~ /,. = /)2 ~1.,,~5

)(
/,(99.2 - 1.2) = 0.5 30 + 720

735
1, = 7.44.4..
98.0 =
(0)~, = ~5/, = 100 )( 7.44 = 744~. 111~~111~1~0~~,11 = 720/744 = 96.7%.
(~) /,. = //2 = 7.44/2 = 3.72.4...
(0)/,, = /5 = 7.44.4...
(~) /~ = --/1( /,, = ~ )( 7.44
)( = 10.52.4...
(1) ~00 = 2~5 = 2 100 = 200 ~.

11111~ .,,(111111100 01111~ 0~ 01.11~1.11 .,,01111~~ 15 001 ~10~, 1~5001101 ~1.115~ 10.,,~11~15 ~110
0~ 1.15~0. 111~ 10.,,~11~1 11~().1.1~0~)1, ~111~11 ~01.110 0~ 111~ 51110~ (15 111~ 1~500(101 11~-
().1.1~0~)1, 15 .,,~1)1111~11, 1100 111~ 10.,,~11~1 01.11~1.11 .,,011(1~~ 15 11110051 5101.15010111. 01.1~
10 1~5001101 05~111111100, 111~ 11(10510110~1 ~01~ 15 (11~11)15 1~5~1 (100 111~1~ 111~ 00 0~
51111.11(11100 ~1001~105. 111~ 11(111-0110~~ (10011.111-0110~~ ~0011~1.111111005 01111~ 1~500(101
10.,,~11~15 (11~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 9-2. 111~ 512~5 01111~ 11110510110~1 1100 01.11~1.111111~1 (11~
1~01.1~~0 01.1~ 10 111~1110.,,~11~1 11~().1.1~0~)1.

~,.3(0())~ 9-2

111~ 11.,,~(11~~ 011(~11( .,,01(11~~ 01111~ 111111-0(10~~ ~1(~111( 10 ~1~. 9-211 15 ~0 = 24 ~ 11( 11
(~51511.,,~ 10110 018. 111~ 10.,,~((~( 0~~(11(~5 11( (11~ (~50011011(~~11~0~~.
= 0.8 0.. 111~

+
+

~0

288

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 ~1(~1111 ~(1((1111~1~(5 (1(~ ~1 =
~2 = ~ = 1 ~~, ~ = 20 ~1-( (11101(. = 0. 111~0~ 111~111
(1(~
~011(1~~ 15 ~, = 100~. 111~ 011-51(11~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~5 011((11151510(5 (1110 0100~5
(/ 0.25. 1)~1~(111111~111~
11~~11~101~. 111~ 111(115((160 01111~ 1((111510(111~( 15 = 1-15/1-1,,=
((1) (1~~((1~~ 111~111~11((~111, /,~ (0) (1~~((1~~ 1((11151510( ~11((~111, //1 ~ (~) ~~(1)( 1((11151510(
~11((~111, /,,~ (0) (11151((11151510( ~11((~111, /~~ (1110 (~) 0~~11-~1(~11111((11151510( ~011(1~~, ~00.
~~~1~~1 111~ 1055~5 111 111~ 1((111510(111~(, (1110 111~ ~11~~1 01 111~ 10(10 011 111~ (~5011(1111
1(~(),11~11~)115 11~~11~101~.

50111~100 111~ (~5011(1111 0.), = 106/~

1(~(),11~11~)1 = 158,113.8 ((10/5 0( 1, =
25,164.61-(2, (/ = 1-1/1-1,,= 0.25, (1110/0 = ~0/1(. = 24/0.8 = 30 ~.
)(
((1) 111~ 0111~111~0~~(, 130 = ~0/0 = 24 30 = 720~. ~(01116(),. (2-59), 111~
(1115 5~~0110(1()1 ~011(1~~, ~2 = 10~ )(2 0) = 1.1107~0 = 26.66~. 111~ (1~~((1~~ 111~111
~11((~111, /5 = 720/100 = 7.2 ~.
(0) 111~ (1~~((1~~ 1((11151510( ~11((~111, //1 = /5 = 7.2~.
(~) ~0( (1 5111115010(11~1115~ 01 ~11((~111 111(011~11111~ 1((11151510(, //1 = /,,(10 (1110 111~
~~(1)( 1((11151510( ~11((~111, /,, = 7.210 = 22.62 ~.
(0) ~1111 (1 5111115010(11~1115~ 01 ~11((~111 ~1111 1800 ~011011~11011, 111~ (1115 1((11151510(
~11((~111,/~ = /,,(2 = 11.31 ~.
(~) ~00 = ~5 = 100~.

111 80111~ 3~~11~3110118, 80~11 35 0311~()1 ~113(~111~ 3110 015~113(~111~, 11 15 0~51(301~ 10

113~~ 0101(~~1101131 ~0~~( 50~ ~3~(01111)1. ~ 0101(~~1101131 ~0~~( 80~~1)115 5110~11
111~1~. 9-3. 111~ 01(~~11011 01111~ ~0~~( 50~ ~111 0~~~110 011 111~ ~310~5 01 ~0, ~5,
3110 10(115 (3110 (0 = 1-/)1-/,,). ~0( ~0~~( 50~ 1(0(11 111~ 500(~~ 10 111~ 1030, 111~
111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 111111~ 111~~(81011 (1100~ 11
~0 ~ 0~5 (9-6)

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3110 111~ ~0((~111 50~ 0~~0(11~5 ~01111110005.
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10 3~~11~311005 ~11~(~ 00(11131 3~ 51.1~~11~5 3(~ 001 3~311301~. 111~ 513000~ ~0~~(
51.1~~11~5 3(~ 3150 /(00~ 35 1.10101~((1.1~1101~ ~0~~( 51.1~~1~ (0~5) 5~51~1115. ~0 3(-
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~113(~~5 111~ 0311~(~. 10 11115 3((30~~111~01 111~ 10~~(1~( 1135 10 0~~(31~ 31 111~ 11.10-
03111~0131 01.11~1.11 1(~().1.1~0~~. ~005~().1.1~011~, 111~ 111~11-1(~().1.1~0~~ ~3~301111~ 01111~
10~~(1~( 15 0011.111112~0 10 (~01.1~10~ 111~ 512~ 01111~ 1(30510(111~(. 51111113( 10 111~ 0~
~0~~( 51.1~~11~5, 111~ 3~ ~0~~( 51.1~~11~5 ~30 0~ ~31~~0(12~0 1010 111(~~ 1~~~5~

1. 5~11~11~0-11100~ 3~ ~0~~( 51.1~~11~5

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111~ 512~ 01111~ 1(30510(111~( 10 ~1~. 9-4 ~30 0~ (~01.1~~0 0~ 111~ 30011100 01 3 111~11-
1(~().1.1~0~~ 0~ 110/( 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 9-5. 111~(~ 3(~ 1~0 10~~(1~(5. 111~ 10~1.11-510~
10~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 ~1111 ~~~ 31 3 ~~(~ 111~111(~().1.1~0~~ 10 (~01.1~~ 111~ 512~ 01 111~
1(30510(111~( 300 111~ 0~ 1111~( 31111~ 10~1.1101111~ 01.11~1.11-510~10~~(1~(. 111~ 01.11~1.11-
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290

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~1111. 0101(~~11011(11 5~11~11.~5 (15 511.0~11 111 ~1~. 9-7. 111.~ ~~~10~011~~(1~( ~011~~(15 111.~
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58~. 9-3 291

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111,,,~(1~( 0~~(31~8 ~1111 311 11111(0((11 ~~~ 0( (011( ~1118~8 ~~( 1131(-~)1~1~. 111~ ~10111 0(
~3~11 ~1118~ 18 0 = 180. 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((118 1030 ~11((~111. 111~ (1~~1~ ,,,0113~~ 011 111~
0111~111 0( 111~ (~~11(1~( 18 11~~11~101~. ~~~1~~1 111~ 1088~8 111 111~ 1(3118(0((11~(, 3110 111~
~((~~1 0( 111~ 1030 011 111~ (~80113111 ((~~11~11~)118 11~~11~101~.

80)111100 111~ ((118 0111~111 ,,,0113~~ 0( 111~ 111~111111,,,~(1~( 18 1/1 = 1/, = 100 ~. 111~
((118 1(3118(0((11~( 8~~01103()1 ,,,0113~~, 1/2 )(
= 01/1 = 0.5 100 = 50~. 111~ 0~ ,,,0113~~
0( 111~ (~~11(1~(, ~0 = 1/2 0 = 180, ~~. (8-18) ~1,,,~8
= 50~. ~1111111~ ~1118~~10111 0(
111~ ((1181030 ,,,0113~~, 1/1.- = 1/0 /~0/70) )(
= 50 /4 18/180 = 31.6~. 111~ ((1181030
~11((~111, 11.- = 1/1.-/~ = 31.6/2.5 12.64~.
=

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9-8 300 111~(~ 3(~ 1011( ~00,,,~(81008~ 3~-0~-3~-0~-3~. 111~ (~~1111~( 300 10,,,~(1~(
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9-9. 111~ 8~11~1110~ 1110~11008 0111118 ~00,,,~(1~( ~30 0~ 8)10111~812~0 10 ~001010~ 10.~
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~00~~(51005 10 ~1~. 9-8 ~(10 0~ ~~(10(01~0 0)1 1~0 10(~~0-~00101111(11~0 ~)1~10~00-
~~(1~(5 (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 9-9.

11111~(~ 15 (10)1 0~ 1010(11(10~~, 111~ 1((10510(01~( ~0(~ 01(1)1 5(1111((11~, (~5111110~ 10 (1 111~11
01(1~0~11210~ ~11((~01. ~010~(11 ~0(~ 51101110 ~)(111011 (1 ~~()1111~11 (~1(111~~ ~~(01~(101111)1
10 111~ 00(01(11 0~~((1110~ (~~100 (100 1100~( 0~ 1010(11(10~~ ~000111005, 11 51101110 001
~0 1010 11(1(0 5(1111((11100. 11115 ~(001~01 01 5(1111((11100 ~(10 0~ 011010112~0
0)1 11(1~10~
1~0 ~~(01~(101111)1 (~~1005 10 111~ ~0(~, 10~ (100 111~11 ~~(01~(101111)1. ~0 (11( ~(1~ 01(1)1
0~ 105~(1~0 (15 5110~0 10 (1 10(010 10 ~1~. 9-10(1, ~11~(~ 111~ 100~( ~(1(1 11(15 111~11
~~(01~(101111)1 (100 111~ 0111~( ~(1(1 11(15 (~1(111~~1)1 10~ ~~(01~(101111)1. 1.) 00~( 00(01(11
0~~((11100 111~ 1111)( 110~5 111(011~11111~ 100~( ~(1(1. 10 ~(15~ 015(1111((11100, 111~ 1111)( 11(15
10 110~ 111(011~11 111~ 0111~( (~~100, ~111~11 11(15 (1 10~~( ~~(01~(101111)1 011~ 10 111~ (11(
~(1~, (100 111~ ~0(~ 00~5 001 ~0 1010 11(1(0 5(1111((11100. 1~0 10(0105 ~1111 111~11 (100
10~ ~~(01~(101111)1 ~(10 0~ ~001010~0 (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 9-100.

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100051(1(11 ~0~~( 50~~11~5 (1(~ 011~0 1)1~~5~ 0~ 50~~11~5 (100 (1~ 50~~11~5. 10 (1 510~1~-
51(1~~ ~00 ~(5100, 111~ 1501(1110~ 1((10510(111~( 113510 0~~(31~ 31111~ 001~011(~()0~0~)1.
10 (~00~~ 111~ 512~ 01111~ 1((10510(111~( (100 111~~1 111~ 100051(1(11 5~~~111~(111005, 11101-
1151(1~~ ~00 ~(51005 (1(~ 00(111(111)1 (~()01(~0. 111~(~ (1(~ (1(1005 ~0~~( 50~~1)1 10-
~010~1~5, 0~~~0010~ 00 111~ 001~01 ~0~~( (~()01(~111~01 (100 (1~~~~1(1~1~ ~0111~1~)(11)1.
~00 ~(1~(5 ~1111 ~101(~~110031 5~11~11~5, ~111~11 (1110~ 111~ ~001(01 01 ~0~~( 110~ 10
~1111~( 01(~~11005, (~()01(~ 5)10111~51210~ 111~ 5~11~1110~ 100~11005 10 0~1(110 111~ 0~51(~0
001~01 ~(1 ~10(1115.

1. ~. 13. 1-1031~/(, /)~5/8/10/ 50//()-5(0(~ ,,0~~,. 5~~~//~5. ~~~ ~ 0(/(~ ~30 ~051(300 ~~10/1010
~0111~(0)1, 10~., 1981.
2. 5. ~30135, 300~. 0. 210~35, ..~ 00~~1510~ ~3~~ 103(-0( (00~~(1~( ~11/1 /11~/11(~()11~0()1
1(30510(111~( 150131100.,, / ~~~ 1,.0/150~(/0/15 0/1 //1()~5(,./0/ ~/~~(,.0/1/~5, ~01. 11332, ~0. 4,
1985, ~~. 430-438.
3. 1(. ~. 1-130030, 1. 1((15/1030, 300 ~. ~3)3~0~31030, ..0( 10 0( (00~~(1~(5 ~11/1 /11~/1
1(~()11~0()1 3( 110/(.,, /~~~ 1,.0/150~(/0/15 0/1 //1()~5(,.)1 .4~~//~0(/0/15, ~01. 1~22, ~0. 2,
1986, ~~. 244-254.
4. ~. 0. 210~35, 5. 1. 1(/130, 300 ~. 1-1. ~35/110, ..~0(1)1515 300 0~51~0 01 ()1(10(00~~(1~(
51(11(111(~5~11/1 1111~(0~~0 1(3051~( (/13(3(1~(1511(5.,, / ~~~ 1,.0/150~(/0/15 0/1 //1()~5(,./0/
~/~~(,.0/1/~5, ~01. 11333, ~0. 3, 1986, ~~. 271-280.
5. 13. 0. ~~1(/111130, ~. 0. 210~35, 300 ~. ~. 51~1300~1(, ..~ 00~~1 01131~(31 ~0~~( (00-
~~(5100 5(/1~111~10( ~3(1301~ 1(~()11~0()1 51311( ~0~~( 511~~11~5.,, /~~~ 1,.0/150~(/0/15 0/1
//1()~5(,.)1.4~~//~0(/0/15,~01. 1~21, ~0. 5, 1985, ~~. 1226-1233.
6. 1. 1. ~11~1, ..~/135~-1110011131~0 (~500301 ~0~~( (00~~(5100 1~(/101()11~5 10( /11~/11(~()11~0()1
110/( 10~~(1~(5.,, /~~~ //1()~5(,.)1 .4~~//~0(/0/15 50~/~()1 ~0/1/~,.~/1~~ 8.~~0,.(), 1985, ~~. 1163-
1172.

9-1. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 00(11131 5~~(111(311005 01 ~0~~( 511~~11~5,,

9-2. ~/131 1/1~ 1)1~~5 01 ~0~~( 511~~11~5 10 ~~0~(31,,
9-3. ~3111~ 1/1(~~ 1)1~~5 01 0( ~0~~( 511~~11~5.
9-4. ~3111~ 1/1(~~ 1)1~~5 01 3( ~0~~( 511~~11~5.
9-5. ~/131 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 01 510~1~-513~~ (00~~(5100,,
9-6. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 015~11(/1~0-11100~ ~0~~( 511~~11~5,,
9-7. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 01 (~500301 ~0~~( 511~~11~5,,
9-8. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 01 0101(~(110031 ~0~~( 511~~11~5,,
9-9. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 0111)103(/( (00~~(1~(5,,

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9-10. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01 ~(1511-~(111 ~011~~(1~(57
9-11. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5
0111311-0(10~~ ~011~~(1~(57
9-12. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~3(10(15 ~01111~(1(3110115 01 (~50113111 0~ ~0,,.,~( 5(1~~11~57

9-13. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01111~11-1(~()(1~11~)11111/( ~0,,.,~( 5(1~~11~57
9-14. ~1131 15 111~ ~~11~(31 3((311~~(11~111 01 0~5 5)151~(1157
9-15. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~(115 01111~ 1(311510((11~( ~0(~7

,
9-1. 111~ 0~ 0(11~(11 ~0113~~ 01111~ ~(1511-~1111 ~1(~(111111 ~1~. 9-1~, 110 = 24 31 3 (~5156~~
1030 01 ~ = 0.4 0. 111~ 011-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0~5 011(31151510(5 3110 0100~5 3(~ 11, = 1.2
, ,, (~5~~~11~~1)1. 111~ 111(115 (3110 01111~ 1(311510((11~(, (1 = ,..,/,..,,, =
3110 11,, = 0.7
0.5. 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (3) 3~~(3~~ 111~(11~(1((~111, /,~ (/)) ~111~1~11~)1,11~(~) 3~~(3~~ 1(31151510(
~11((~111, /~~ (()) ~~3/( 1(31151510( ~11((~111, /,,~ (~) ((115 1(31151510( ~11((~111, /8~ 3110 (() 0~~11-
~1(~(111 1(31151510( ~0113~~, 1100. ~~~1~~1 111~ 1055~5 111 111~ 1(311510((11~(, 3110 111~ (1~~1~
~11((~111 01111~ 1030 3110 111~(11 5(1~~1)115 11~~11~101~.
9-2. ~~~~31 ~(00. 9-110( 111~ ~1(~(111111 ~1~. 9-10, 10( /( = 0.5.
9-3. ~~~~31 ~(00. 9-110( 111~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 9-10.
9-4. ~~~~31 ~(00. 9-110( 111~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 9-1~.
,
9-5. 111~ 0~ 0111~(11 ~0113~~ 01111~ 11311-0(10~~ ~1(~(111 111 ~1~. 9-23, 110 = 24 31 3 1030
(~5151311~~01 ~ = 0.8 0. 111~ 111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 31111~ (~501131111(~()11~11~)1. 111~ ~1(~1111
, ,
~3(3(11~1~(5 3(~ ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 2 ~, 1- = 5 11, 3110 ~ = 0. 111~ 0~ 111~(11~0113~~,
11, = 50 ,. 111~ 011-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0~5 011(31151510(5 3110 0100~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~
1(1(115 (360 01111~ 1(311510((11~(, (1 = ,..,/,..,,, = 0.5. 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (3) 3~~(3~~ 111~111
(()) ((115
~11((~111, /,~ (/)) 3~~(3~~ 1(31151510( ~11((~111, /~ ~ (~) ~~3/( 1(31151510( ~(1((~111, /,,~
1(31151510( ~11((~111, /8~ 3110 (~) 0~~11-~1(~11111(31151510( ~0113~~, 1100. ~~~1~~1111~ 1055~5
111111~ 1(311510((11~(, 3110 111~ ~11~~1 01111~ 1030 011 111~ (~501131111(~()(1~11~)115 11~~11~101~.
9-6. ~~~~31 ~(00. 9-5 10( 111~ 11111-0(10~~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 9-20.
9-7. 111~ 1030 (~5151311~~ 01111~ 3~ ~0,,.,~( 5(1~~11~0 111~1~. 9-4 15 ~ = 1.5 0. 111~ 0~ 111~(11
~0113~~ 15 11, = 24 ,. 111~ 111~(11111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 31 3 1(~()11~11~)1 01400 112 ,,.,1111311
(111/10((11 ~~~ 01 ~1~111 ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111~ ,,.,10111 01 ~3~11 ~1115~ 15 0 = 200.
111~ 011-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0~5 011(31151510( 5,,.,11~11~5 3110 0100~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 1(1(115
,..,/,..,,,
(3110 01111~ 1(311510((11~(, (1 = = 4. 0~1~((11111~ 111~((115 1030 ~(1((~111. ~~~1~~1
111~ 1055~5 111111~ 1(311510((11~(, 3110 111~ ~11~~1 01111~ 1030 011 111~ (~50113111 1(~()(1~11~)1 15
11~~11~101~.
9-8. 111~ 1030 (~5151311~~ 01111~ 3~ ~0,,.,~( 511~~11~5 111~1~. 9-5 15 ~ = 1.5 0. 111~ 0~ 111~111
~0113~~, 11, = 24 ,. 111~ 111~(11 111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 31 3 1(~()(1~11~)1 01 20 /(112 ,,.,1111 3
(111/10((11 ~~~ 0110(1( ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111~ ,,.,10111 01 ~3~11 ~1115~ 15 0, = 400.
111~ 011-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0~5 011(31151510( 5,,.,11~11~5 3110 0100~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 111(115
(360 01111~ 1(311510((11~(, (1 = ,..,/,..,,, = 0.5. 111~ 0111~(11111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 ,,.,11111111110((11
~~~ 01 ~1~111 ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111~ ,,.,1011101 ~3~11 ~(115~ 15 00 = 200. 0~1~((11111~
111~ ((115 1030 ~(1((~111. 111~ (1~~1~ ~0113~~ 011 111~ 0111~111 01111~ (~~611~( 15 11~~11~101~.
~~~1~~1 111~ 1055~5 111 111~ 1(311510((11~(, 3110 111~ ~11~~1 01 111~ 1030 011 111~ (~50113111
1(~()(1~11~)115 11~~11~101~.

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 10

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01.1~ 10 111~1( (01111)110 81.1~~1)13 ~01111111.101.181)1~3(1301~ 0~ ~0113~~, ~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(8
3110 0~ ~110~~~(8 (1130~ 3 (~~011.111011 111 (1100~(11 11101.181(131 ~0111(01 ~().1.11~(11~111 3110
~3(1301~-8~~~0 0(1~~8, ~1111 ~0~~( 1~~~18 (311~111~ 1(0(11 1(3~1101131 110(8~~0~~( 10
8~~~(31 (11~~3~3118. 0~ 0(1~~8 ~311 0~ ~1388111~0, 111 ~~11~(31, 11110 111(~~ 1)1~~8~

1. 5111~1~-~1138~ 0(1~~8
2. 111(~~-~1138~ 0(1~~8
3. ~110~~~( 0(1~~8

296

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+ +

,.~
---) -- ~1~0..~ 10-1 ~~01.,,31~11( ~1(~01( 01 5~))3-
8 (3(~1~ ~)(~1(~0 0~ 1110(0(5.

111~ ~(),1.11.,,111~01 ~1(~1.111 10( 11 8~~11(111~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ (0010( 18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 10-1.
~11~0 11 8~~11(111~1~ ~)(~11~0 (0010( 18 ~)(~11~0 0~ 11 11~10 ~1.1((~01 011/1100 110 11((01111.1(~
~1.1((~01 011,, 110~8 10 111~ 11((01111.1(~ ~1(~1.111, 111~ (0010( 0~.,,~10~8 11 011~~ ~(011100 11
10((),1.1~ 10 0111110~~ 111~ 10110 10((),1.1~ 111 11 ~11(11~1.1111( 8~~~0. 111~ 11~10 ~1.1((~01, 1/, 01
11 8~~11(111~1~ ~)(~11~0 (0010( 18 100~~~00~01 01111~ 11((01111.1(~ ~1.1((~01, 1,,, 1100 110~
~11110~~ 10 111~ 11((01111.1(~ ~1.1((~0111118 00 ~11~~110 111~ 11~10 ~1.1((~01. 111~ 11~10 ~1.1((~01
18 00((01111~ (01.1~111~88 111110 111~ 11((01111.1(~ ~1.1((~01.
111~ ~(),1.11111008 0~8~(1010~ 111~ ~1111(11~1~(1811~8 0111 8~~11(111~1~ ~)(~11~0 (0010( ~110
0~ 0~1~((010~0 1(0(0 ~1~. 10-1. 111~ 10811101110~01.18 11~10 ~1.1((~01, 1/, 18 0~8~(10~0 118

0-1/
1)/ = ~/1/ + 1./ 0-(

111~ (0010( 011~~ ~(01, ~111~1118 11180 ~00~0 118 8~~~0- 1/0/((18~, 18 ~)(~(~88~0 118

1(,,/1)1/
~
/1 =
111~ 10((),1.1~ 0~.,,~10~~0 0~ 111~ (0010( 18

1()
= 1(,1/1,,

111~ 0~.,,~10~~0 10((),1.1~ (01.181 0~ ~(),1.111110 111~ 10110 10((),1.1~~

0-(1)
1()
= 1~ + 8(1)
+ 11-

~11~(~ (1) (0010( 8~~~0, (110/8

8 = .,,18~01.181(1~1100 ~00811101, ~ .(0/(110/8
1(,, = .,,01111~~ ~00811101, ~/ ~-(110/8
1(, = 1(,, = 10((),1.1~ ~00811101
1.,, = 11((01111.1(~ ~1(~1.111 1001.1~1110~~, 1-1

1./ = 11~10 ~1(~1.1111001.1~1110~~, 1-1

~,, 11((01111.1(~ ~1(~1.111 (~8181110~~, ,0

58~. 10-2 297

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 ~, = ~1~10~1(~1111(~8181311~~,11
11- = 103010(~11~, ~.111

0110~( 81~(0)1-8131~ ~01101110118, 111~ 11111~ 0~(1~311~~8111111~8~ ~~113110118 3(~ 2~(0 3110
111~ 81~(0)1-8131~ 3~~(3~~ ~113111111~8 3(~

17, = ~,1, (10~1)

~8 = /(,,0)1, (10-2)
17/2 ~/21/2 + ~8

~,,1/2 + /(,,0)1, (10-3)

111 = /(/,1/2 (10-4)

= 130) + 11- (10-5)

(10-6)
111~ (~13110118111~ 0~1~~~11 111~ ~1~10 ~11((~111, 1,, 3110 111~ 03~~ ~111~, ~8, 18 110111111~3(
011~ 10 1113~11~11~ 83111(311011. 111~ (~13110118111~, ~111~1118 8110~11111 ~1~. 10-2, 18 ~110~11
38 111(1811~(/2(1(/011 ~/7(1,.(1~(~,./5(/~ 0~ 111~ 111010(. ~(0111 ~~. (10-3), 111~ 8~~~0 0~ 3
8~~3(31~1)1 ~)(~11~0 111010( ~311 0~ ~011110 ~(0111

17/2 - ~/21/2 17/2 - ~,,1/2

0)
= /(,,1, /(,, 17,/~,
(10-7)

~~ ~311 11011~~ ~(0111 ~~. (10-7) 11131111~ 111010( 8~~~0 ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 0)1 (1)
~0111(011111~ 111~ 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~, 17/2, ~110~11 38 110/((18~ ~011(,.0/~ (2) ~0111(011111~ 111~
~1~10 ~11((~111, 1,, ~110~11 38 //~/0. ~011(,.0/~ 0( (3) 10(~11~ 0~1113110, ~111~11 ~0((~8~01108
10 311 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111, 1/2, ~0( 3 11)(~0 ~1~10 ~11((~111, 1,. 111~ 8~~~0, ~111~11 ~0((~-
8~01108 10 111~ (31~0 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~, (31~0 ~1~10 ~11((~111 3110 (31~0 3(1113111(~ ~11(-
(~111, 18 ~110~11 38 111~ 0(1$~ $/1~~0..
111 ~(3~6~~, ~0( 3 8~~~0 1~88 111311 111~ 038~ 8~~~0, 111~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 3110
~1~10 ~11((~1118 3(~ 111311113111~0 ~01181311110 111~~1111~ 10(~11~ 0~1113110, 3110 111~ 3(1113111(~
~0113~~, 17/2, 18 ~3(1~0 10 ~0111(01111~ 8~~~0. ~0( 8~~~0 111~11~( 111311 111~ 038~ 8~~~0,
111~ 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~ 18 111311113111~0 31111~ (31~0 ~3111~ 3110 111~ ~1~10 ~11((~11118 ~3(1~0
10 ~0111(01 111~ 8~~~0, 111~ ~0~~( 0~~~10~~0 0)1111~ 111010( 10(~11~ (=)(
8~~~0)

)/1211..~ 10-2 ~3~11~(123(1011 (03..3(((..15-

,, (1(,

298

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 /
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0 5~88~. ,.,

,6.~,.,,8~~~8
~ ~~~~8,,~. ~.
~1 - - - - - - - - - - -+-
~.....-....-
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~11((~111, 3110 ~1~10 ~11((~111 3~311151111~ 5~~~0.
111~ 11~10 0~ 3 0~ 111010( 1113)1 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5 ~1111111~ 3(1113111(~ ~1(~1111
35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-4, 3110 11115 1)1~~ 0~ 111010( 15 ~311~0 3 5€,./€5 1110(0,.. 111~ ~1~10
~1(~1111 15 0~51~11~0 10 ~3(()1111~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111. 111~ 51~(0)1-5131~ 3~~(3~~ ()11311-
1111~5 3(~

(10-8)
(10-9)
(10-10)
(10-11)
130) + 11-
111~ 5~~~0 0~ 3 5~(1~5 111010( ~311 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 ~(0111 ~(). (10-9) ~

~1~11..~ 10-4 ~()(11.,,3)~,,( (1~((11( 0( 0( 5~-

~1~5 1110(0~5.

58~. 10-2 299

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 1- - - - - - - - - -~0~8~. ~0
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/
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0 8~880.,.,
~--80~518~1 . ~-80~518~1_/ ..1~11..~ 10-5 ~113(3~(~(15(1~5 01 0~ 5~(1~5
10~(1(18 ~0~8~ 1110(0(5.

~0 - ~010
(0 (10-12)
= 1()0

111~ 8()~~0 ~30 0~ ~311~0 0)1 ~001101110~ 111~ (1) 311031111~ ~0113~~, ~0, 01 (2) 311031111~
~1111~01, ~111~11 18 3 10~38111~ 01111~ 101~11~ 0~10300. ~~1131100 (10-10) 1001~31~8
11131 3 8~11~8 100101 ~30 ()10~10~ 3 111~11101~11~, ~8()~~1311)1 31 8131110~~ 300 101 11118
1~3800, 8~11~8 1001018 31~ ~0101(001)1118~0 10 113~1100 3()()11~311008.
~01 3 8()~~0 11() 10 111~ 038~ 8()~~0, 111~ 311031111~ ~0113~~ 18 ~311~0 300 111~
101~11~ 18 103101310~0 ~0081301. 00~~ 111~ 131~0 311031111~ ~0113~~ 18 3()()11~0, 111~
8()~~0-101~11~ 1~1311008111() 10110~8 111~ 03111131 ~11313~1~11811~ 01111~ 100101 300 111~
()0~~1 (= 101~11~ )(
8()~~0) 1~103108 ~0081301. ~8 111~ 101~11~ 0~10300 18 1~011~~0,

111~ 8()~~0 10~1~38~8. ~1 3 ~~1)111~111 1030, 111~ 8()~~0 ~01110 0~ ~~1)1111~11 300 11 18
001 30~18301~ 10 1110 3 0~ 8~11~8 100101 00 00-1030. ~1~111~ 10-5 8110~8 111~ ~1131-
3~1~11811~8 01 0~ 8~11~8 1001018.

~,.301())~ 10-1

~ 15-11~ 220- ~ 2000-1~111 8~~3131~))1 ~,.~11~0 0~ 1110101 ~01111018 3 1030 1~~1111111~3 101~11~
0111.- = 45 ~.111 31 3 8~~~0 011200 1~111. 111~ 11~10 ~11~11111~8181311~~ 18 8.1 = 147 11,
111~ 3111131111~ ~11~11111~8181311~~ 18 8.~ = 0.25 11, 3110 111~ ,,,0113~~ ~011813111 01111~ 1110101
18 /(~ = 0.7032 ~/~-130/8. 111~ 11~10 ,,,0113~~ 18 ~1 = 220~. 111~ ,,,18~0118111~11011
3110 110-1030 1088~8 31~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3111131111~ ~1111~1111113)10~ 38811111~0 ~0111111110118
3110 11~~1~ 11~~. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ (3) 03~/( ~1111, ~8~ (0) 1~~1111~0 3111131111~ ,,,0113~~, ~~~
3110 (~) 131~0 3111131111~ ~1111~11101111~ 1110101.

80)01100 8.1 = 147 11, 8.~ = 0.25 11, /(~ = /(( = 0.7032 ~/~-130/8, ~1 = 220 ~,
1,) = 11.-= 45 ~.111, (.0 = 12007(/30 = 125.66130/8,3110/1 = 220/147 = 1.497 ~.
(3) ~101118~. (10-4), /~ = 45/(0.7032 )( 1.497) = 42.75~. ~10111 8~. (10-2),
)( 125.66 )( 1.497 = 132.28~.
~8 = 0.7032
(0) ~101118~. (10-3), ~~ = 0.25 )( 42.75 + 132.28 = 142.97~.
(~) 5111~~111~ 18~~03110 746 ~, /...00 = 15 )( 746/220 = 50.87 ~.

11111~ 311031111~ ~11~1111 01 3 0~ 100101 18 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ 0111()111 01 3 810~1~-()1138~

~0011011~0 1~~1111~1, 111~ 311031111~ ~0113~~ ~30 0~ ~311~0 0)1 ~(1)110~ 111~ 0~13)1 30~1~
01111~ ~00~~11~1, ~0. 111~ 101~~0-~0101011131~0 3~-0~ ~00~~11~18 ~30 3180 0~ 118~0
10 110()10~~ 111~ ()0~~1 13~101 300 10 1~011~~ 111~ 113110001~8. 111~ 0381~ ~11~1111

300

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 +
+

8~~918-()~358
~~~, 8~~9~8-()
3~
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(18(~~111~111 ~0( (1 511181~-~11(15~ ~011~~(1~(-~~0 5~~(1((11~1)1 ~)(~11~0 111010( 15 5110~11 111

~18. 10-6. ~1 (1 10~ 0~1(1)1 (11181~, 111~ (1(111(1111(~ ~11((~111111(1)1 0~ 015~011611110115, (1110

11115 ~01110 111~(~(15~ 111~ 1055~5 111111~ 111010(. ~ 5111001111118111011~10(, 1.,,,,, 15110(111(111)1
~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5 ~1111 111~ (1(111(1111(~ ~1(~1111 10 (~011~~ 111~ (1~~1~ ~11((~111 10 (111
(1~~~~1(101~ 111(181111110~. ~ ~011~~(1~( 15 (1150 (1~~11~0 111 111~ 11~10 ~1(~1111 10 ~0111(01
1/1~ ~1~10 ~11((~111 0)1 ~(1()11118 1/1~ 0~1(1)1 (11181~, 0./. 0~~~1101118 011 1/1~ 1)1~~ 0~ 511181~-
~/1(15~ ~011~~(1~(5, 511181~-~/1(15~ 0(1~~5 111(1)10~ 511001~10~0 11110~

1. 511181~-~/1(15~ 11(11~-~(1~~-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~5

2. 511181~-~/1(15~ 5~1111~011~~(1~( 0(1~~5
3. 511181~-~11(15~ ~1111-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~5
4. 511181~-~11(15~ 011(11-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~5

~ 511181~-~/1(15~ 11(11~-~(1~~ ~011~~(1~( ~~~05 (1 0~ 111010( (15 5/10~11 111 ~18. 10-7(1. 1/1~
(1(111(1111(~ ~11((~11115 (11~(1)15 015~011611110115 11111~55 (1 ~~()11(1(8~ 111011~10( 15 ~01111~~1~0

111 1/1~ (1(111(1111(~ ~1(~1111. ~ ~(~~~/1~~11118 0100~ 15 (11~(1)15 (~~111(~0 ~0( (1 0~ 111010(
10(10 (1110 11 15 (1 011~-~11(10((1111 0(1~~, (15 5/10~11 111 ~18. 10-70. 1/1~ (1~~11~(160115 0~

1/115 0(1~~ (1(~ 1111111~0 10 111~ ~-~~ ~0~~( 1~~~1. ~1811(~ 10-7~ 5/10~5 1/1~ ~(1~~~0(1115
~0( (1 1118/11)1111011~6~~ 10(10. 111~ ~011~~(1~( 111 1/1~ 11~10 ~1(~1111 5/101110 0~ (1 5~1111-
~011~~(1~(. ~ 11(11~-~(1~~ ~011~~(1~( 111 1/1~ ~1~10 ~1(~1111 ~01110 111~(~(15~ 1/1~ 111(1811~11~
1055~5 0~ 111~ 111010( 011~ 10 /118/1 (1~~1~ ~0111~111 011 1/1~ ~1~10 ~)(~11(111011 ~11((~111.
~11/1 (1 511181~-~11(15~ /1(11~-~(1~~ ~011~~(1~( 111 1/1~ (1(111(1111(~ ~1(~1111, ~~. (4-1)
81~~5 1/1~ (1~~((18~ (1(111(1111(~ ~011(18~ (15

17,, = ~~ (1 + ~05 0.,,) (10-13)

~/1~(~ 17,,, 15 1/1~ ~~(1~ ~011(18~ 0~ 111~ (1~ 511~~1)1. ~11/1 (1 5~1111~011~~(1~( 111 1/1~ ~1~10
~1(~1111, ~~. (4-5) 81~~5 111~ (1~~((18~ ~1~10 ~011(18~ (15

(10-14)

$8~. 10-3 301

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+
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0 ,,.
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~ 5111~1~-~0(15~ 5~1111~011~~(1~( 1~~05 10~ (1(111(110(~ ~1(~011 (15 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-8(1.
1115 (1 011~-~0(10((1111 0(1~~ (15 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-8/) (1110 15 1111111~0 10 (1~~11~(1110115 0~
10 15 ~~. 10~ ~011~~(1~( 11110~ 11~10 ~1(~011 500010 (1150 /)~ (1 5~1111~011~~(1~(. 10~
~0((~111 ~(1~~10(1115 10( (1 01~01)111100~11~~ 10(10 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-8~.
~110 (1 5111~1~-~0(15~ 5~1111~011~~(1~( 111 10~ (1(111(110(~ ~1(~011, ~~. (4-5) ~1~~5 10~
(1~~((1~~ (1(111(110(~ .,,011(1~~ (15

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302

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~110 (1 5~1111~00~~(1~( 10 10~ 11~10 ~1(~011, ~~. (4-5) ~1~~5 10~ (1~~((1~~ 11~10 ~011(1~~
(15

11,,,
11/ = (1 + ~05 ~/) (10-16)
70

10~ (1(111(110(~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~(1(1~0 0~ (1 510~1~-~0(15~ 1011-~(1~~ ~00~~(1~( (15 500~0 10

~1~. 10-9(1. 11 15 (1 1~0-~0(10((101 0(1~~ (15 500~0 10 ~1~. 10-90 (100 15 1111111~010
(1~~11~(111005 0~ 10 15 ~~. 00(10~ (~~~0~((1110010( (~~~(510~ 10~ 01(~~1100 01 ~0~~(
110~, 10~ 0(1~~ ~11110110~ 111010( 15 (~~~(5~0 0~ (~~~(510~ 10~ 11~10 ~,.~11(11100. 10~
~00~~(1~( 10 10~ 11~10 ~1(~011 500010 0~ (111.111-~(1~~ ~00~~(1~( 10 (~~~(5~ 10~ ~01(1(11~
0111~10 ~0((~01. 10~ ~0((~01 ~(1~~10(1115 10( (1 01~01~ 1001.1~11~~ 10(10 (1(~ 500~0 10
~1~. 10-9~ 10( ~0~~(10~ (1~1100. ~ 9.5-~~ 40-~ 510~1~-~0(15~ 11.111-~00~~(1~( 0(1~~
15 500~0 10 ~1~. 10-10, ~0~(~ 10~ ~0~~( 51(1~~ 15 00 10~ 0(1~~ 0110~ ~(10~1 (100 10~
~001(01 51~0(115 (1(~ 1111~1~111~01~0 0~ (10(110~ ~1~~1(001~5.
~110 (1 510~1~-~0(15~ 1011-~(1~~ ~00~~(1~( 10 10~ (1(111(111.1(~~1(~1.111,~~. (4-17)
~1~~5 10~ (1~~((1~~ (1(111(111.1(~~011(1~~ (15

2..,,,
110 = - ~05 ~0 (10-17)
70

~110 (1 510~1~-~0(15~ 1011-~00~~(1~( 10 10~ 11~10 ~1(~011, ~~. (4-17) ~1~~5 10~ 11~10
~011(1~~ (15

211,1.
11/ = - ~05 ~/ (10-18)
70

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 ..1~(1..~ 10-10 ~ 9.5-/(~ 3.113.10~-03.5~0
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1~0 $10~1~-()03$~ ~1111-~3~~ ~00~~(1~($ 3(~ ~000~~1~0 35 500~010 ~1~. 10-11. ~110~(
~00~~(1~( 1 0()~(31~5 10 511()()1)1 3 ()05111~~ 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~, ~~, 0( ~00~~(1~( 2
0()~(31~$ 10 511()()1)13 0~~311~~ 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~, - ~~. 1115 3 ~011(-()1130(301 0(1~~
300 ()~(11111$ ~011( 11100~5 0~ 0()~(31100~ ~0(~3(0 ()0~~(10~, ~0(~3(0 0(3~10~ ((~~~0-
~(31100), (~~~(5~ ()0~~(10~, 300 (~~~(5~ 0(3~10~ ((~~~0~(31100). 11 15 1111111~010
3()()11~311005 11() 10 15 ~~. 10~ ()013(11)1 0~ ~1~10 ~11((~0115 (~~~(5~0 011(10~ ~0(~3(0
300 (~~~(5~ (~~~0~(311005. 10~ ~1~10 ~00~~(1~( 5001110 0~ 3 ~1111-~3~~ 00~ 10 3110~
(~~~(510~ 10~ 01(~~1100 0~ ~1~10 ~11((~01.
1~ ~00~~(1~( 10()~(31~5 ~110 3 0~13)130~1~ 0~ (1~1, ~(). (4-31) ~1~~510~ 3(1113111(~
~0113~~ 35

(10-19)

1~ ~00~~(1~( 2 0()~(31~5 ~110 3 0~13)1 30~1~ 0~ (1~2, ~(). (4-32) ~1~~5 10~ 3(1113111(~
~0113~~ 35

(10-20)

~0~(~ (1~2 = 70 - (1~1. ~110 3 ~1111~00~~(1~( 10 10~ ~1~10 ~1(~1111, ~(). (4-17) ~1~~5
10~ ~1~10 ~0113~~ 35

(10-21)

304

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~,.301()1~ 10-2

111~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 01010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~011~011~~(1~(

111 ~1~. 10-83. 111~ 11~10 ~11((~111, ~111~1115 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5~011~011~~(1~(, 15 5~1
10 111~ (13)(1011101 ~055101~ ~3111~. 111~ 3~ 511~~1~ ~0113~~ 10 111~ 3(013111(~ 3110 11~10
~011~~(1~(5 15 011~-~1135~, 208 ~, 601-12. 111~ 3(013111(~ (~5151311~~ 15 ~. = 0.25 0, 111~
11~10 (~5151311~~ 15 ~/ = 1470, 3110 111~ 01010( ~0113~~ ~01151311115 ~~ = 0.7032 ~/,6,.-
(30/5. 111~ 1030 10(().11~ 15 1~ = 45 ~.01 31 1000 (~01. 111~ ~15~0115 1(1~11011 3110 110-
1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 111011~1311~~5 01 111~ 3(013111(~ 3110 11~10 ~1(~11115 3(~
511111~1~111~11011~1110 013~~ 111~ 3(013111(~ 3110 11~10 ~11((~1115 ~01111111101153110 (1~~1~-1(~~.
0~1~(01111~ 111~ (3) 11~10 ~11((~111, 1/~ (0) 0~13~ 311~1~ 01111~ ~011~~(1~( 111111~ 3(013111(~
~1(~1111, (1.~ 3110 (~) 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 01111~ 3(013111(~ ~1(~1111 ~011~~(1~(, ~~.
)( 208 = 294.16~, ~. = 0.25 0, ~/ = 1470, 1,)
801111100 115= 208 ~, 11,,,= -0
= 1~ = 45 ~.01, ~~ = 0.7032 ~/,6,.-(30/5, 3110(0 = 100070/30 = 104.72 (30/5.
(3) ~(001 ~().. (10-16), 111~ (13)(101110111~10 ~0113~~ (3110 ~11((~111) 15 0013111~0 10(
3 0~13~ 311~1~ 01 (1/ = 0 3110
211,,, 2)( 294.16
11/ = - = 187.27 ~
70 70

187.27
1/ = ~ = = 1. 27 4 ~
..
~/ 147

(0) ~(001 ~().. (10-4),

1. = 4~ 50.23,6,.
~)/ = 0.7032 1.274 =
~(001 ~().. (10-2),
)( )(
~8 = ~~(01/ = 0.7032 104.72 1.274 = 93.82 ~
~(001 ~().. (10-3), 111~ 3(013111(~ ~0113~~ 15
)(
11. = 93.82 + 1.~. = 93.82 + 50.23 0.25 = 93.82 + 12.56 = 106.38 ~
)( (1 + ~05 (1.) 3110 11115~1~~5111~ 0~13~
~(001 ~().. (10-15), 11. = 106.38 = (294.16/70)
311~1~ 35 (1. = 82.20.
(~) 11111~ 3(013111(~ ~11((~11115 ~011513111 3110 (1~~1~-1(~~, 111~ 0111~111 ~0~~( 15 ~0
)(
= 11.1. = 106.38 50.23 = 5343.5~. 11111~ 1055~5 111111~ 3(013111(~ ~011~~(1~( 3(~
11~~1~~1~0, 111~ ~0~~( 1(001111~ 511~~1~ 15~. = ~0 = 5343.5~. 111~ (015111~111~11((~111
.
01111~ 3(013111(~ ~011~~(1~( 35 5110~11 111~1~. 10-8~ 15
1/2 1/2

153 = ( 2
2701~, 1~ ()6 ) = 1. (~ )
70 (1.

(1801~082.2)1/2
= 50.23 = 37.03,6,.
)(
3110 111~ 111~111~011-301~~(~ (31111~, ~1 = 11/5. = 208 37.03 = 7702.24. 111~ 111()111
~0~~( 13~10(,

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~)(301()1~ 10-3

10.~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5111~1~-~0.35~ 1111)-~3,,,~

~011,,,~(1~( 111 ~1~. 10-93. 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1111 15 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 11111~011,,,~(1~( 3110
10.~ 11~10 (1.1((~11115 5~110 10.~ 1113)(11111.1111
~055101~ ,,,311.1~. 10.~ 3( 51.1~~1)1,,,0113~~ 10 10.~
3(1113111(~ 3110 11~10 ~011,,,~(1~(5 15 011~-~0.35~, 440 ~, 60 1-(2. 10.~ 3(1113111(~ (~5151311~~
15 8.0 = 0.25 .0, 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1111 (~5151311~~ 15 8., = 175 .0, 3110 10.~ 111010( ,,,0113~~
~01151311115 /(,. = 1.4 ~/~-(30/5. 10.~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 ~0((~5~0110111~ 10 10.~ 1030
0~1113110 15 1~ = 45~. 10.~ ,,,15~0115 1(1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 10.~
111011~1311~~50110.~ 3(1113111(~ 3110 11~10 ~1(~11115 3(~ 511111~1~11110 1113/(~ 10.~ 3(1113111(~ 3110
11~10 ~11((~1115 ~01111111101153110 (1~~1~-1(~~. 1110.~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 3(1113111(~ ~011,,,~(1~(
15 ~~ = 600 3110 10.~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~11115 /,, = 45 ~, 0~1~(111111~10.~ (3) 10(()11~ 0~,,,~10~~0
0)110.~ 111010(, 1(/~ (0) 5~~~0, (11~3110 (~) 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 0110.~ 0(1,,,~, ~~.

)(
80111~100 1/5 = 440~, 1/,,, = ~ 440 = 622.25 ~, 8.~ = 0.25.0,8., = 175.0, ~0
= 600, 3110 /(,. = 1.4 ~/~-(30/5.
(3) ~(0111 8(). (10-16), 10.~ 1113)(111111111
11~10 ,,,0113~~ (3110 ~11((~111) ~01110 0~ 00-
13111~0 10( 3 0~13~ 311~1~ 01 ~, = 0 3110
21/,,, 2 )( 622.25
1/, = = = 396.14 ~
70 70

1/, 396.14
1, =
8., = 175 = 2.26 ~
~(0111 8(). (10-4), 10.~ 0~,,,~10~~0 10(()11~ 15
)( )(
1(/ = 1~ = /(,)/~ = 1.4 2.26 45 142.4 ~.111

~(0111 8(). (10-17), 10.~ 3(1113111(~ ,,,0113~~ 15

21/,,, 2)( 622 . 25

0
1/0 = - ~05 60 = ~05 600 = 198.07 ~
70 70

)(
~/( = 1/0 - 1~0 = 198.07 - 45 0.25 186.82 ~
~ (0111 8(). (10-2), 10.~ 5~~~0 15
~ 186.82
(11
= /(,),2 = 1. 4 )( 226
.
= 59.05 (30/5 0( 564 (~111

(~) ~5511111111~ 10551~55 ~011,,,~(1~(5, 10.~ 10131111~111 ~0~~( 1(0111 10.~ 511~~1)115

/1, = 11010+ 1/,1, = 198.07 )( 45 + 396.14 )( 2.26 = 9808.4 ~

10.~ 111~111~11((~111 0110.~ 3(1113111(~ ~011,,,~(1~( 10( 3 0.1~0.1)1111011~11,,,~ 1030 15 50.0~11 111
~1~. 10-90 3110 115 (1115 ,,,3111~ 15 150 = 10 = 45~. 10.~ (1115 ,,,3111~ 0110.~ 111~111~11((~111
0111~10 ~011,,,~(1~( 15 15, = 1, = 2.26~. 10.~ ~11~~11,,,~ (1115 511~~1)1 ~11((~111 ~311 0~ 101.1110
1(0111

306

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 )(
~110 10~ 111~01 ,,,011-~111~~1~ 1~1111~, ~1 = ~,/, = 440 45.06 = 19,826.4. 10~ 111~01
~0~~1 1~~101,

.,~ = ~, = 9808.4 0.495 (1~~~111~)

.
~1 19,826.4

~,.3111()1~ 10-4

1110~ ~01~111~ 0110~ 1110101 1.1~~)( ~1111111 ~,.~111~1~ 10-3 15 1~,,,~15~0 1.1~ 1~,,,~15111~ (0~
~01~11(~ 01 (0~ 11~10 ~011~11(, 0~(~1111111~ (0~ (~) 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 01 (0~ 11~10 ~11~011 ~011,,,~11~1,
~6 (1.1) 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 01 (0~ ~1111~(01~ ~11~011 ~011,,,~11~1, ~,,, 10 111~111(~11110~ ~1111~(01~
~011~111 ~01151~11( ~1 (0~ 5~111~ ,,,~10~ 01/,, = 45 ~~ ~110 (~) ~0~~11~0 1.1~~)( (0 (0~ 50~~1~
00~ 10 1~~~11~1~(1,,,~ 1.11~)(111~0110~ 1110101.

801011011 (~) ~10111 ~(). (10-18), 10~ ~01~111~ 01 (0~ 11~10 ~011~11( ~0010 1.1~ 1~,,,~15~0
11

2~,,, 2 )( 622.25
~( = - ~05 ~/ = ~05 ~/ = -396.14 ~
70 70

~110 1015 ~1,,,~5 10~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ ~5 ~( = 1800.

(1.1) ~10111 ~~1( (1.1) 01 ~)(~111~1~ 10-3, 10~ 1.1~~)( ~1111~((0~ 11111~01 ~01~11(~ 1~,,,~15~1
158.8 = 186.82 ~ ~110 ~11~1 ~01~11(~ 1~,,,~15~1 8.8 = -186.82~. ~10111 ~(). (10-3),
)(
~,, = 8.,, + /)(, = -186.82 + 45 0.25 = -175.57 ~
~10111 ~(). (10-17),

2~,,, 2 )( 622.25
~,, = - ~05 ~,, = ~05 ~,, = - 175.57 ~
70 70

~110 (015 ~1~105 10~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 01 (0~ ~1111~101~ ~011,,,~11~1 ~5 ~,, = 116.380.
)(
(~) 10~ ~0~~1 1~0 1.1~~)(10 (0~ 50~~1~, ~,, = ~),, = 175.57 45 = 7900. 7 ~.
1-10(€. 111~ 5~~~0 3110 03~/( ~1111 01111~ 1110101 ~111 0~~1~35~ ~111111111~. 11111~
31111.1101~ ~011~111 15 10 0~ 111311113111~0 ~011513111 31 1(1 = 45 ~ 001111~ 1~~~11~136011,
111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 01111~ 311113101~ ~011,,,~11~11135 10 0~ 1~00~~0. 11115 ~0010 1~((011~
3 ~105~0-100~ ~011110110 111311113111 111~ 311113101~ ~011~111 ~011513111 3110 10 (0)051111~
0~13~ 311~1~ ~01161100051~.

111~ 311113101~ ~11~01115 ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 001~111 013 1111~~-~1135~ ~01111011~0 1~~1111~1
01 3 101~~0-~011111111131~0 1111~~-~1135~ 3~-0~ ~011,,,~11~1. 1111~~-~1135~ 011,,,~5 31~
05~0 101 111~11-~0~~1 3~~11~360115 11~ 10 111~~3~3115 ~0~~1 1~,,,~1. 111~ 11~~1~ 11~-
((11~11~~ 01111~ 3111131111~ ,,,0113~~ 15 111~11~1 111311 11131 01 5111~1~-~1135~ 011,,,~5 3110 11
1~((1111~5 1~55 111011~1311~~ 111 111~ 3111131111~ ~11~011 10 1~011~~ 111~ 3111131111~ 11~~1~
~1111~111. 111~ 3111131111~ ~1111~111 15 1110511~ ~0111111110115, 3110 111~1~101~ 111~ 1110101
~~1101111311~~ 15 0~11~1 ~0111~31~0 10 11131 01 5111~1~-~1135~ 011,,,~5. 511111131 10 111~
5111~1~-~1135~ 011,,,~5, 1111~~-~1135~ 011,,,~5 1113~ 3150 0~ 511001,,,10~0 11110~

1. 1111~~-~1135~ 11311-~3,,,~-~011,,,~11~1 011,,,~5

58~. 10-4 307

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 2. 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~.. 0..1~~8
3. 10...~~-()0.~8~ ~1111-~00~~..1~.. 0..1~~8
4. 10...~~-()0.~8~ 011~1-~00~~..1~.. 0..1~~8

~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 0.~1~-~~~~ ~00~~..1~..-~~0 0~ 01010.. 0..1~~ 18 ~ 1~0-~11~0..~01 0..1~~ ~00

~01110 0~ 118~0 10 ~()()11~~11008 11() 10 ~ 40-~~ ()0~~.. 1~~~1. 10.~ ~1~10 ~00~~..1~..
~01110 0~ ~ 810~1~-()0.~8~ 0.. 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~... 10.18 0..1~~ 18 001 00..01~11)1
118~0 10 1001181..1~1 ~()()11~~11008 0~~~118~ 10.~ ~~ 811()()1)1~001~108 0~ ~001()00~018.
~110. ~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 0.~1~-~~~~ ~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~..01~111..~ ~1..~1111, ~~. (4-51)
~1~~8 10.~ ~..01~111..~ ~011~~~ ~8
301/,,,
1/,, = ~08 ~,, ~0.. 0 ~ ~,, ~ 10 (10-22)
210

~0.~..~ 1/,,, 18 10.~ ()~~~ ~011~~~ 0~ ~ )1-~000~~1~0 10...~~-()0.~8~ ~~ 811()()1)1. ~110. ~

10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~1~10 ~1..~1111,~~. (4-54) ~1~~8 10.~ ~1~10 ~011~~~ ~8

301/,,,
1/, = (1 + ~08 ~,) (10-23)
210

~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~..-~~0 0..1~~ 18 ~ 00~-~11~0..~01 0..1~~ ~00 18 110111~0 10

~()()11~~11008 11() 10 115 ~~. 10.~ ~1~10 ~00~~..1~.. 80.01110 ~180 0~ ~ 810~1~-()0.~8~ 0..
10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~...
~110. ~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~..01~111..~ ~1..~1111, ~~. (4-54) ~1~~8
10.~ ~..01~111..~ ~011~~~ ~8

301/,,,
1/,, = (1 + ~08 ~,,) (10-24)
210

~110. ~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~1~10 ~1..~1111, ~~. (4-54) ~1~~8 10.~ ~1~10
~011~~~ ~8

(10-25)

~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ ~1111-~~~~ ~00~~..1~.. 0..1~~ 18 ~ 1~0-~11~0..~01 0..1~~ ~00 18 110111~0 10

~()()11~~11008 11() 10 1500 ~~. 1)11..10~ ..~~~0~..~1100 ~0.. ..~~~..810~ 10.~ 01..~~1100 0~
()0~~.. 00~, 10.~ 0~~~ ~01~ 0~ 10.~ 01010.. 18 ..~~~..8~0 0)1 ..~~~..810~ 10.~ 11~10 ~)(~11~1100.
10.~ ~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~1~10 ~1..~111180.01110 0~ ~ 810~1~- 0.. 10...~~-()0.~8~ ~1111~00~~..1~..
10 ..~~~..8~ 10.~ ()01~..11)1 0~ ~1~10 ~11 ~01. ~ 68-~~ 170-~ 011~..0()..0~~880..-0~8~0
10...~~-()0.~8~ ~1111-~00~~..1~.. 0~ 0..1~~ 18 80.0~0 10 ~1~. 10-12, ~0.~..~ 10.~ ()0~~.. 8~011-
~00011~10.. 81~~~8 ~..~ ~110.~ 0~~~ 0~ 10.~ ()~0~1.

308

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 1/1~0..~ 10-12 ~ 68-/(~ 011~(0))(0~~550(-
035~0 111(~~-))1135~ (011 ~011,,,~(1~(. (~~-
~70(./~~~(./ 0)1 ~~7/1115510/1 0/ 137~,, ~/~~-
(71~(1/ /.1(1~,,1/1~5 1-((./., ~/18/(1/1(./)

~1111 (1 111(~~-111135~ 1011-~3.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~( 111 111~ 3((11310(~ ~1(~011, ~~. (4-57)
81.,,~5 111~ 3((11(110(~ .,,01138~ 35

30~111
~~ = 10
~05 ~~ 10( 0 ~ ~~ ~ 10 (10-26)

~1111 3 111(~~-111135~ 1011 ~011.,,~(1~( 111 111~ 11~10 ~1(~011, ~~. (4-57) 81.,,~5 111~ 11~10
.,,01138~ 35

(10-27)

1~0 111(~~-111135~ 1011-~3.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~(5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 35 111 ~18. 10-143. ~1111~(
~011.,,~(1~( 1 011~(31~5 10 5011111)1 3 1105111.,,~ 3((11310(~ .,,011(18~, ~~, 0( ~011.,,~(1~( 2
0(1.,,~
011~(31~5 10 5011111)1 3 11~8311.,,~ 3((11310(~ .,,01138~, - ~~. 1115 3 100(-~030(3111
3110 15 11(1111~0 10 3111111~3110115 011 10 1500 /(~. 111~ 11013(11)1 01 11~10 ~0((~111 15
(~.,,~(5~0 00(111810(~3(0 3110 (~.,,~(5~ (~8~11~(3110115. 51(11113( 10 511181~-111135~ 0(1.,,~5,

111~ 11~10 ~011.,,~(1~( 5110010 0~ 1011-~3.,,~ 10 3110~ (~.,,~(51118 111~ 01(~~11011 01 11~10
~0((~111.
~ 12-11015~ 3~-0~ ~011.,,~(1~( 10( 3 360-/(~ (11010( 10( 0(1.,,1118 3 ~~(11~111 /(1111 15
5110~11111 ~18. 10-13, ~11~(~ 111~ ~0111(01 ~1~~1(0111~5 3(~ (1100111~0 011111~ ~001~1~ 000(

5€~. 10-4 309

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 ..)~11..~ 10-13 ~ 360-~~ 12-()11)5~ 3.(-0(
(011.,,~(1~( ~0( 0( 0(1.,,~5. (~~/1,0011(..~0 0))
/1~,/11/5.~/0/1 01 8,115/1 ~/~(.(,/~(// /(1(/(/1//1~5
1.-(0., ~/115/(//10)

3110 1/1~ ~1115~ 011~~ 003105 31~ 111011111~0 011 1/1~ 110111 011/1~ 1/1)1115101 513~/(5. 1/1~
~001111~ 13115 31~ 111011111~0 311/1~ 10~ 01 ~3~/1 513~/(. 11 ~011~~11~1 1 0~~131~5 ~11/1 3
0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~01, ~().. (4-57) ~1~~5 1/1~ 3~~13~~ 3111131111~ ~0113~~ 35

30~/,1
~(/ = ~05 ~01 (10-28)
10

11 ~011~~11~1 2 0~~131~5 ~11/1 3 0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~02, ~().. (4-57) ~1~~5 1/1~ 3~~13~~
3111131111~ ~0113~~ 35

(10-29)

~11/1 3 1/11~~-~/135~ 11111 ~011~~11~1 111 1/1~ 11~10 ~11~1111, ~().. (4-57) ~1~~5 1/1~ 3~~13~~
11~10 ~0113~~ 35

(10-30)

~,.3(11))1~ 10-5

1/1~ 5~~~0 01 3 20-11~ 300- ~ 1800-1~111 5~~3131~1)1 ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010, 15 (0111,011~0 ())1 3
(/11~~-~/135~ 11111-(011,,,~11~1 011,,,~. 111~ 11~10 (1111~11115 3150 (01111011~0 0)1 3 1111~~-~/135~
11111-(011,,,~11~1 3110 15 5~1 10 1/1~ (113)(111111111 ~055101~ ,,,3111~. 1/1~ 3( (11))111 15 3 1/11~~-

310

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 ))1135~ ~ -(01111~(1~0 208- ~ 60-1-12 511))))1~. 111~ 3.1113111.~ .~5151311(~ 15 /(, = 0.25 1~,
111~ 11~10 .~5151311(~ 15 8./ = 245 11, 3110 111~111010. .,,0113~~ (01151311115/(,. = 1.2 ~//1..-
.30/5. 111~ 3.1113111.~ 3110 11~10 (11..~1115 (311 0~ 35511111~0 10 0~ (01111111101153110 .1))))1~-
1.~~. 111~ .,,15(01151.1(110111511~~11~101~. 1)~1~.111111~ 111~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~ 01.111~ 3.1113111.~
(011.,,~.1~., ~,,, 11111~ 111010. 511))))11~5 111~ .31~0 ))0~~. 31 111~ .31~0 5))~~0 ~ (0) 110-1030
5))~~0 11111~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 3.~ 111~ 53111~ 35111 ))3.1 (3) 3110 111~ 3.1113111.~ (11..~111 31 110-
103015 10% 01111~ .31~0 .,,3111~~ 3110 (() 5))~~0 .~~111311011.

80101100 8.,, = 0.25 0, 8., = 245 11, /(,, = 1.2 ~/ /1 30/5, 1//. = 208 ~, 3110 (0 =
180010/30 = 188.5 .30/5. 111~ ))1135~ .,,0113~~ 15 1/,, = 1/~/0 = 208/0 = 120 ~ 3110
1/,,, = 120 )( 0 = 169.7~. 5111(~ 1 (1))15 ~()1131 10 746 ~, 111~ .31~0 3.1113111.~
)(
(11..~11115 1,,,.0., = 20 746/300 = 49.73 /1..~ 3110 10.1113)(111111111))055101~ 11~10 (11..~111,
~/ = 0. ~.0111 8(). (10-27),
169.7
1// = 3 0 )(
- = 280.7 ~
10

~. 280.7
1/ = = = 1.146/1..
8./ 245

(3) 1,, = 1,3.00 = 49.73 /1.. 3110

)( )(
~~ = /(,1~ = 1.2 1.146 188.5 = 259.2 ~

)(
1/,, = 259.2 + /,,8.,, = 259.2 + 49.73 0.25 = 271.63 ~
~.0111 8(). (10-26),

301/,,, 30 )(
169.7
1/,, = 271.63 (05 ~,, = (05 ~,,

3110 11115~1.,,~5 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 35 ~,, = 14.590.

(0) 1,, = 10% 0149.73
= 4.973/1.. 3110
)(
~. = 1/,, - 8.,,1,, = 271.63 - 0.25 4.973 270.39 ~
~.0111 8(). (10-2), 111~ 110-1030 5))~~0 15

(00
= ~~, / = 1.2)(270.391.146 = 196.62.30/5 196.62 )( 30
10 = 1877.58 .))111.
(() 111~ 5))~~0 .~~111311011 15 0~1111~0 35

110-1030 5))~~0 - 11111-1030 5))~~0 _ 1877.58 1800

11111-1030 5))~~0 1800
= 0.043 0. 4.3%
~)(3111()1~ 10-6

111~ 5))~~0 01 3 20-(1)) 300- ~ 900-.))111 5~))3.31~1~ ~)((11~0 0( 111010. 15 (0111.011~0 0~ 3

111.~~-))1135~ 11111(011.,,~.1~.. 111~ 11~10 (1.(1111 15 3150 (0111.011~0 0~ 3 111.~~-))1135~ 11111
(011.,,~.1~.. 111~ 3( 111))11110 111~ 3.1113111.~ 3110 11~10 (011.,,~.1~.5 15 111.~~-))1135~, ~-
(01111~(1~0, 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 3.1113111.~ .~5151311(~ 15 8.,,
= 0.25 11. 111~ 11~10 (1.(1111
.~5151311(~ 15 8., = 14511, 3110 111~111010..,,0113~~ (01151311115/(,. = 1.2 ~//1 30/5. 111~
.,,15(0115 1.1(11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 (311 0~ (011510~.~0 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3.1113111.~ 3110
11~10 (11..~1115 3.~ (01111111101153110 .1))))1~-1.~~. (3) 11111~ 11~10 (011.,,~.1~. 15 0))~.31~0
31111~ 1113)(111111111
11~10 (11..~111 3110 111~ 0~.,,~10))~0 10.()11~ 15 1,) = 116 ~.111 31 900 .))111,

58~. 10-4 311

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 0~1~1111111~ 111~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 0( 111~ ~1111~1111~ ~011~~11~1, ~~. (0) 1( 111~(1~10 ~11~1111
~011~~11~1 15 5~1 (01 111~ 111~)(111111111
(1~10 ~1111~111, 111~ 0~~~10()~0 101~11~ 15 1./ = 116
~.111, ~110 111~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 0( 111~ ~1111~1111~ ~011~~11~1 15 ~0 = 0, 0~1~1111111~ 111~5()~~0
0( 111~ 1110101. (~) ~01111~ 5~111~ 10~0 0~111~110 ~5111 ()~11 (0), 0~1~1111111~ 111~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~
0( 111~ (1~10 ~011~~11~11( 111~ 5()~~0 11~5 10 0~ 111~1~~5~0 10 1800 1()111.

8010(100 ~0 = 0.25 0, ~1 = 145 0, /(~ = 1.2 ~/~-1~0/5, ~110 ~1~ = 208~. 111~
()11~5~~011~~~ 15 ~,, = 208/~ )(
= 120 ~ ~110 ~,,, = 0 120 = 169.7 ~.
(~) 1,/ = 116 ~.111 ~110 0.) = 90070/30 = 94.25 1~0/5. ~01111~)(111111111
(1~10 ~1111~111,
~1 = 0. ~10111 ~~. (10-27),
)( )(
3 ~ 169.7
~1= =280.7~
70

280.7
11 = = 1.936 ~
145
~10111 ~~. (10-4),

1,/ 116
10 = .-- = .)( = 49.93 ~
~11 1 2 1.9 36

)( )(
~8 = /()~ = 1.2 1.936 94.25 = 218.96 ~
)(
~0 = ~8 + 1~0 = 218.96 + 49.93 0.25 = 231.44 ~

~10111 ~~. (10-26),

)( )(
3 ~ 169.7
~0 = 231.44= 70
~05 ~0

~110 111~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 15 ~0 = 34.460.

(0) ~0 = 0 ~110
)( )(
3 ~ 169.7
~0 = = 280.7 ~
70

)(
~8 = 280.7 - 49.93 0.25 = 268.22 ~

268.22
0.)
= 1.2 )( = 115.36 1~0/5 01 1101.61()111
1.936

(~) 0.) = 180070/30 = 188.5 1~0/5

)( )(
~8 = 268.22 ~ = 1.2 188.5 11 01 11 = 1.186 ~
)(
~1 = 1.186 145 = 171.97 ~

~10111 ~~. (10-27),

)( )(
3 ~ 169.7
~1 = 171.97 = ~05 ~1
70

312

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~/10~~~.. 0..1~~5 3..~ ~10~1~ 115~0 10 1..3~1100 3~~11~311005 311 0~~.. 1/1~ ~0..10. ~ 0~
~/10~~~.. 15 ~000~~1~0 0~1~~~0 3 11)(~0-~0113~~ 0~ 5011..~~ 300 3 0~ 111010.. 10 ~3..~
1/1~ 3..1113111..~~0113~~. 10 30011100 10 3..1113111..~~0113~~ ~001..01, 3 0~ ~/10~~~.. ~30
~..0~10~ ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3/(10~ 01 1/1~ 111010..5 300 ~30 ..~111..0 ~0~..~~ 03~/( 10 1/1~
511~~1~. 1/115 ~0~..~~-53~10~ 1~3111..~ 15 ~3..11~1113..1~ 311..3~11~~ 10 1..305~0..131100 5~5-
1~1115 ~11/1 1..~~11~01 510~5 (~.~., 111355 ..3~10 1..30511 (~~1)). ~/10~~~.. 0..1~~5 3..~
3150 115~0 10 0311~..~ ~1~~1..1~ ~~/11~1~5 ()3~~5).
111/1~ 511~~1~ 15 000..~~~~11~~ 011..10~ 1/1~ ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3/(10~, 1/1~ 110~ ~0113~~
~01110 10~..~35~ 300 ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3/(10~ 1113~ 001 0~ ~055101~. 10 1/115 ~35~, 30
311~..0311~~ 10..111 01 0..3/(10~ 15 0~~~553..~ (~.~., ../1~051311~ 0..3/(10~). 1/1~ ~055101~
~001..0111100~5 01 3 0~ ~/10~~~.. 0..1~~ 3..~~

1. ~0~~.. (3~~~1~..31100) ~001..01

2. ~~~~0~..311~~ 0..3/(~ ~001..01
3. ~/1~051311~ 0..3/(~ ~001..01
4. ~0111010~0 ..~~~0~..311~~ 300 ../1~051311~ 0..3/(~ ~001..01

1/1~ ~/10~~~.. 15 115~0 10 ~001..011/1~ 3..1113111..~ ~0113~~ 01 3 0~ 111010... 1/1~ ~1..~1111

3 30~~111~01 013 ~/10~~~..-1~0 0~ 5~..1~5 111010..15 5/10~010 ~1~. 10-143. 1/1~ ~/10~~~..
5~11~/1 ~01110 0~ 3 1..3051510.. 0.. 10..~~0-~011111111131~0 1/1~..1510.. ~/10~~~.., 35 015~1155~0
10 5~~1100 7-7. 1/115 15 3 00~-~1130..301 0..1~~, 35 5/10~0 10 ~1~. 10-140. 1/1~
~3~~10..1115 10.. 1/1~ 3..1113111..~~0113~~, 1030 ~11 ~01, 300 10~111 ~11 ~01 3..~ 5/10~0 10
~1~. 10-14~, 3551111110~3 /11~/11~ 10011~11~~ 1030.

+
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~5 0,,, ~. 0
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0
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58~. 10-5 313

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 111~ 3~~(3~~ 3(111310(~ ~0113~~ 15

~0 = /(~, ( 10-31)

(10-32)
~11~(~ /0 15 111~ 3~~(3~~ 3(111310(~ ~0((~01 01111~ 111010( 300 11 15 (11=11=11~-1(~~. ~5-
5011110~ 3 10551~55 ~1101=11=1~(,
111~ 101=1011=10~~( 15 ~/ = ~0 = /(~,1,. 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~310~
01111~ 101=101~0((~01 15

1, = /(/0 (10-33)

111~ ~()01~31~01 101=101 01111~ ~1101=11=1~( 0(1~~ 15

(10-34)

13~ ~3(~10~ 111~ 001~ ~~~1~, /(, 111~ 1=10~~( 110~ 10 111~ 111010( (300 51=1~~0) ~30 0~
~001(011~0. ~0( 3 11011~ 3(111310(~ ~1(~0111000~130~~, ~(). (7-19) ~30 0~ 31=11=111~0
10
1100 111~ 1113)(11110111
1=1~3/(-10-1=1~3/((11=11=11~
~0((~01 35

( 10-35)

~)(301()1~ 10-7

10~ 0( 5~(1~5 111010( 15 ~0~~(~0 0~ (1 0( (00~~~( ((15 500~11111 ~1~. 10-14(1) 1(0111 (1 600-
~ 0( 5011((~. 10~
(1(111(1111(~(~5151(111(~ 15 ~~ = 0.02 11 (1110 10~ 11~10 (~5151311(~ 15 ~/
0(1()( ~1111 (01151(1111 0110~ 111010( 15 1(,
= 0.03 11. 10~ = 15.27 111~/ ((10/5. 10~
(1~~(3~~ 3(1113111(~ (11((~11115 1~ = 250 10~ (1(111(1111(~(11((~11115 (0111111110115(1110 0(15
11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 1110~ 0111~ (~(1~ 0110~ (00~~~( 15 60%, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ (3) 111~111
~0~~( 1(0111 10~ 5011((~~ (0) ~().111~(11~111111~111
(~5151(111(~ 0110~ (00~~~( 0(1,,,~ ~ (() 111010(
5~~~0~ (1110 (0) 0~,,,~10~~0 10(().11~.

80/01100 11, = 600~, 10 = 250 , 3110 /( = 0.6. 10~ 101(11 (1(111(1111(~(1((1111 (~5151(111(~
15~,~ = ~~ + ~/ = 0.02 + 0.03 = 0.05 11.
((1) ~(0111 6().. (10-32),

~, = /(11,1~ = 0.6 )( 600 )( 250 = 90 )(~

)(
(0) ~(0111 6().. (10-34), ~04 = 600/(250 0.6) = 411.
(() ~(0111 6().. (10-31), 11~ )( 0(1()( ~111115
= 0.6 600 = 360~. 10~
)(
~8 = 11~ - ~)~, = 360 - 0.05 250 = 347.5 ~
~(0111 6().. (10-8), 10~ 111010( 5~~~0 15

347.5 30
(1)
= 0.01527 )( 250 = 91.03 ((10/5 91.03 )( -,,. = 869.3 (~111

(0) ~(0111 6().. (10-10),

)( )(
1,1 = 0.01527 250 250 = 954.38 ~.111

314

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(11 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~, 111~ 111010.. (1(15 (15 (1 ~~11~..(110.. (1110 111~ )(111~11( ~11~..~~ 01
111~ 111010.. (111010(10 15 ..~111..11~0 0(1()( 10 111~ 511()()1~. 111~ ()..111(1()1~ 01 ~11~..~~ 1..(11151~..
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11115 ((111 0~ (1()()11~0 111 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ 01 0( 111010..5.
111~ (1()()11((111011 01 0( (110()()~..5 111 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ ((111 0~ ~)(()1(1111~0 ~1111
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111~ 111~..11(1 01 111~ 111010.. ((1110 10(10) ~ (1110 111 ((15~ 01 (1 1..(1115()0..1(111011 5~51~111, 111~
)(111~11( ~11~..~~ 01111~ ~~111(1~ 0.. 1..(1111 ~01110 ..01(11~ 111~ (1..111(1111..~ 511(111. 111~11 11111~
1..(11151510.. 15 5~11(11~0 011, 111~ (1..111(1111..~ (11 ~111 ~111 ..15~ 011~ 10 111~ 5110..1-(1..(1111111~
01111~ 111010.. 1~..111111(115. 11111~ (110()()~.. 15 111..11~0 011, 0100~ 1)/11 ~01110 0~ 111..11~0

011 (1110 111~ ~11~..~~ 510..~0 111 111~ (1..111(1111..~ (1..(1111111011(1(111(~5 ~01110 0~ 1..(11151~ ~0
10 111~ 511()()1~, ()..0~10~0 111(11 111~ 511()()1~ 15 ..~(~()11~~. 11 15 (111 011~-((11(10..(1111 0..1~~
(1110 0()~..(11~5111111~ 5~(0110 ((11(10..(1111 (15 5110~11111 ~1~. 10-150. ~1~11..~ 10-15( 5110~5
111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 (11 ~111 ~(1~~10..1115 (15511111111~111(11111~ (1..111(1111..~(11 ~11115 (0111111110115
(1110 ..1()()1~-1..~~.
111~ (1~~..(1~~ ~011(1~~ (1(..055 111~ (110()()~.. 15

(10-36)

~3 = 10~5(1 - /() (10-37)

111~ ~011(1~~ ~~11~..(11~0 0~ 111~ 5~..1~5 111010.. (1(1111~ (15 (1 ~~11~..(110.. 15

(10-38)

~.
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58~. 10-5 315

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~11~..~ /(1) 15 1113~1110~ ~0051301 300 0) 15 111~ 1113~1110~ 5~~~0 10 ..30/5. 111~..~10..~,
111~ ~()111~31~01 1030 ..~515130~~ 01111~ 111010.. 3~110~ 35 3 ~~0~..310.. 15

~00, = ~5 (1 - /() + ~~ (10-39)

0

)3~ ~3..~10~ 111~ 0111~ ~~~1~, /(, 111~ ~()111~31~011030 ..~515130~~ 5~~0 0~ 111~ 111010.. ~311
0~ ~3..1~0 1..0111 ~~ 10 (~/10 + ~~) 300 111~ ..~~~0~..311~~ ~0~~.. ~30 0~ ~001..011~0.
~..0111 8(). (7-31), 111~ ~00011100510.. ~~..111155101~ ~01~011315 300 ~013..11~ 01111~
1~0 ~0113~~5 3..~

0 ~ (~8 - ~,,110) ~ ~5 (10-40)

~111~11 ~1~~5 111~ 111111111111111
0..3~10~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~..1~5 111010.. 35

~~
- (10-41)
/(1)

300 0) ~ 0)111111. 111~ 1113)(1111111110..3~10~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~..1~5 111010.. ~30 0~ 101100 1..0111
8(). (10-40)~

(10-42)

300 0) ~ 0)1113..
111~ ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3~10~ ~01110 0~ ~11~~11~~ 001~ 11111~ 111010.. 5~~~015 0~1~~~0
111~5~ 1~0 5~~~0 11111115 (~.~., 0)111111~ 0) ~ 0)1113.). ~1 30~ 5~~~0 1~55 11130 0)111111,30
311~..0311~~ 0..3~10~ 3 30~~111~01 ~01110 0~ ..~()111..~0.
~1111011~11 0~ 5~..1~5 111010..5 3..~ 1..3011100311~ 115~0 10.. 1..3~1100 3~~11~3110115 011~
10 111~1.. 111~11 513..110~ 10..()11~, 3 5~..1~5-~)(~11~0 ~~0~..310.. 15 11051301~ ~11~0 ~0..~10~
1010 3 11)(~0 ~0113~~ 511~~1~. 111115 10.. ..110010~ 00 111~ 1..3~1100 511~~1~, 3 5~~3..31~
~)(~1131100 ~001..0115 ..~()111..~0 300 511~11 30 3 30~~111~111 015~..1~5 111010..15, 00..111311~,
5~05111~~ 10 511~~1~ ~0113~~ 1111~111311005 300 3 1351 0~031111~ ..~5~005~ 15 ..~()111..~0 10
~..0~10~ 30 30~()1131~ 0..0~~ ~001..01. 111~ 3~~11~31100 01 3 0~ ~110~~~.. 3110~5 111~
..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3~10~ 01 0~ 5~..1~5 111010..5 011~ 10 115 1351 0~031111~ ..~5~005~.
~ 5~~3..31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010..15 51301~ 10 ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3~10~. 111~ 3..1113111..~
300 11~10 ~30 0~ ~001..011~0 100~~~00~011~ 10 ~..0~10~ 111~ ..~()111..~0 10..()11~ 011..10~
513..110~. ~ ~110~~~..-1~0 5~..1~5 300 5~~3..31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010..5 3..~ 51111301~ 10..
1..3~1100 3~~11~311005.

~)(301())~ 10-8

~ 0~ ~110~~~.. 15 115~0 111 ..~~~11~..311,,,~ 0..3/(111~ 01 3 0~ 8~..1~8 111010.. 38 5110~11 111 ~1~.
10-153. 111~ 0~ 81.1~~1~ ,,,0113~~ 18 600~. 111~ 3..111311.1..~..~8181311~~ 18 ~0 = 0.02 0
3110 111~ 11~10 ..~8181311~~ 18 ~1 = 0.03 0. 111~ 03~/( ~1111 ~01181311118 /(1) = 15.27 111~/

316

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 ~-(~0/5. 10~ ~.,~(~~~ ~(111~11.1(~ (1.1((~11115 111~1111~111~0(01151~111 ~1 /~ = 250~. 10~
~(111~11.1(~ (1.1((~111 15 (01111111.101.15~110 0~5 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 11 10~ 01.11~ (~(1~ 01 10~
(00~~~( 15 60%, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ (~) ~.,~(~~~ .,011~~~ ~((055 10~ (00~~~(, 110~~ (0) ~0~~(
(~~~11~(~1~0 10 10~ 0( 51.1~~1~, ~8~ (() ~~1.11.,~1~11110~0 (~5151~11(~ 01 10~ 111010( ~(1111~
~5 ~ ~~11~(~10(, ~0~ ~ (0) 11111111111.1111
~~(111155101~0(~/(111~ 5~~~0, (.0,,,.0~ (~) 111~)(11111.1111
~~(111155101~ 0(~/(111~ 5~~~0, (.0,,,..~ ~110 (0 111010( 5~~~0.

8011.1~1011 115 = 600~, /~ = 250~, /(~ = 0.01527 ~/~-(~0/5, /( = 0.6, ~110~,,, = ~~

+ ~1 = 0.02 + 0.03 = 0.05 0.
)(
(~) ~(0111 ~~. (10-36), 110~ = (1 - 0.6) 600 = 240~.
)( )(
(0) ~(0111 ~~. (10-37), ~8 = 250 600 (1 - 0.6) = 60 /(~.
(() ~(0111 ~~. (10-39), + 0.05 = 1.01 0.
~0~ = (600/250)(1 - 0.6)
(0) ~(0111 ~~. (10-41), 10~ 11111111111.1111
~~(111155101~ 0(~/(111~ 5~~~0,

0.05 )( 30
(.0,,,.0= 3.274 - = 31.26 (~111
0.01527 = 3.274 (~0/5 70

(~) ~(0111 ~~. (10-42), 10~ 111~)(11111.1111

~~(111155101~0(~/(111~ 5~~~0,

600 0.05
(.0,,,.. = )( + = 160.445 (~0/5 0( 1532.14 (~111
0.01527 250 0.01527
)(
(1) ~(0111~~. (10-38), ~8 = 240 + 0.05 250 = 252.5 ~ ~110 10~ 111010( 5~~~0,

252.5
(.0 = )( = 66.14 (~0/5 0( 631.6 (~111
0.01527 250

1-/0(~. 111~ (11010( 5~~~0 ~01110 0~((~115~ ~111111(11~. 10 (11111011110 111~ 11((1111111(~
~11((~01111111~ 511(11~ 1~.,,~1, 111~ ~11~~11.,,~ 10110 (~5151110~~ 01111~ 5~(1~5 ~~0~(1110( 51101110
0~ 11011151~0 0)1 .,,11()110~ 111~ 0111)1 ~)1~1~ 01111~ ~110~~~(.

10 11 (11~0511111~ 0(11~10~, 111~ ~0~(~)115 01551~111~0 10 11 (11~051111 1100 11 (1111)1001 0~ 11

0~51(1101~ 1~11111(~. 10 (111155 (11~10 1(110511 (~~1) 5)151~(115, 111~ ~0~(~)1 (1111)10~ 115~0
10 11~11110~ 111~ 1(11105. 111~ (11~0511111~ 0(11~10~ 15 11150 ~00~0 115 (/,)11101111~ /)70/(1118.
~0 11((110~~(11~01 10( 111~ (11~0511111~ 0(11~10~ 01 0~ 5~(1~5 (11010( 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 10-
1611. 11115 15 11 00~-()11110(1101 0(1.,,~ 1100 0~~(111~5 10 111~ 5~~000 ()11110(1101 115 5110~0
10 ~1~. 10-160. ~1~11(~ 10-16~ 5110~5 111~ ~11.,~10((115 10( 111~ ~11((~01 1100 .,,01111~~,
115511(1110~ 111111111~ 11((1111111(~ ~11((~01 15 ~00110110115 1100 (1~~1~ 1(~~.
111~ 11.,,~(11~~ ~11((~01 01111~ 0(11~10~ (~51510(,

10 = 1,,(1 -
/() (10-43)
1100 111~ 11.,,~(11~~ .,,01111~~ 11~(055 111~ 0(11~10~ (~51510(,

110 = ~01,,(1 -
/() (10-44)

111~ ~()111.,,111~01 10110 (~5151110~~ 01111~ 5~(1~5 ~~0~(1110(,

110
~0(). = -1,, = ~0(1 - /() + ~,., (10-45)

58~. 10-5 317

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 +
~0

~0
~0 ~.
...0
= ...0~ ~.

0
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...0
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(8) 8~~~~~1
1 ~0~.
0

,. ~~0

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0 .,
(0) 0~80~8~1 (~) ~8...610~~5

(10-46 )

13)1 ~001(01110~ 111~ 0(1)1 ~)1~1~, /(, 111~ ~11~~11,,,~ 1030 (~515130~~ ~3(1 0~ ,,,3(1~0 1(0111
~,,, 10~,,, + ~0~ 300 111~ 0(3/(10~ ~0..,,,~( ~3(1 0~ ~0(11(011~0. 111~ 0(3/(1(1~ (~51513(1~~,
~0, 0~1~(0110~5 111~ (13)(101001 ,,,0113~~ (311(1~ 01111~ ~110~~~(.

~)(301())~ 10-9

~ 0( (110~~~115 115~0111111~051311( 013/(111~ 013 0( 5~11~5 1110101 35 5110~11111 ~1~. 10-163.

111~ 3111131111~ 1~5151311(~ 15 ~,, = 0.02.0 3110 111~ 11~10 1~5151311(~ 15 ~, = 0.03.0. 111~
013/(111~ (~515101, ~,, = 5.0. 111~ 03(/( ~011 (011513111151(,. = 15.27 111~/~-130/5. 111~
3,,,~13~~ 3111131111~(1111~11115111311113111~0 (011513111311,,
= 150~. 111~ 310131111~ (1111~111
15 (0111111110115 3110 1135 11~~11~101~ 11~~1~. 11 111~ 0(11)1 ()1(1~ 01 111~ (110~~~1 15 40%,
0~1~1111111~ 111~ (3) 3,,,~13~~ ,,,0113~~ 3(1055 111~ (110~~~1, ~0,, ~ (0) ~0~~1 01551~31~0 111
111~ 013/(111~ 1~515101, ,,/,~ (() ~()111,,,31~1111030 1~5151311(~ 01111~ 1110101 3(1111~ 35 3 ~~11-
~13101, ~0~~ (0) 010101 5~~~0~ 3110 (~) ~~3/( (110~~~1 ,,,0113~~, ~,,.

80)01100 1,, = 150~, 1(~ = 0.01527 ~/~-130/5, /( = 0.4, 3110 ~,,, = ~,, + 1(, = 0.02
+ 0.03 = 0.05 .0.
(3) ~10111 8(). (10-44), ~0~ = ~,, )( )( (1
= 5 150 - 0.4) = 450~.
(0) ~10111 8(). (10-46), ,,8 )( )( )( (1
= 150 150 5 - 0.4) = 13.5 /(~.
(() ~1001 8(). (10-45), )( (1
1(0~ = 5 - 0.4) + 0.05 = 3.01.0.
(0) 111~ ~~11~131~0 ~011, ~8 = 450 + 0.05 )( 150
= 457.5 ~ 3110 111~ 013/(111~
5~~~0,

457.5
(0
=
0.01527 )( = 199.74130/5 0( 1907.4 1~111
150

318

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 0,,, +

.11

01
8~

~1~11..~ 10-17 ~01110111~0 ..~~~11~..3.(1,,,~

3.110 ../1~05(3.(1~ 0..3.~111~.

10-5.4 ~,..(1~.()~~ 01 ~0~~.(1~~ ~~9~(1~,.81.~~ 8(1~ ~~~05181.~

8,.8~~ ~0(11,.0~

~~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ 15 ~11~..~)1-~111~1~111 0..(1)(111~. 011 111~ 0111~.. 11(1110, 111~ ~11~..~)1
15 01551~(11~0 (15 11~(11111 ..11~051(111~ 0..(1)(111~. 11111~ 50~~1)115 ~(1..11)1 ..~~~~11~~, ~111~11
15 110..111(111)1 111~ ~(15~ 111 ~..(1~11~(11 1..(1~11011 5)151~1115, (1 ~01110111~0 ..~~~11~..(111~~ (1110
..11~051(111~ 0..(1/(~ ~0111..01 ~0010 0~ 111~ 111051 ~11~..~)1 ~111~1~111. ~1~0..~ 10-17 5110~5
(111(1 (111~~111~111111 ~111~11 ..11~051(111~ 0..(1)(111~ 15 ~01110111~0 ~1111 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~.
00..111~ ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~5, 111~ 1111~ ~011(1~~ 15 5~115~0 ~011111100051)1. 1111
~)(~~~05 (1 ~~..1(1111 ~..~5~1 ~(110~, 110..111(111)120% (100~~ 111~ 1111~ ~011(1~~, 111~ ..~~~11~..-
(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ 15 ..~1110~~0 (1110 (1 ..11~051(111~ 0..(1)(111~ 15 (1~~11~0. 11 (1110~5 (111 (11111051
11151(1111(111~005 1..(11151~.. 1..0111 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 10 ..11~051(111~ 0..(1)(111~ 11111~ 1111~ 0~~0111~5
11011..~~~~11~~, ~~~11 1110111~111(1..11)1.
111 ~~~..)1 ~)1~1~, 111~ 10~1~ ~1..~011 0~1~..111111~5 111~
..~~~~11~11)1 01111~ 50~~1)1. 111)1..1510.. 1 ~ 15 10..11~0 --011,, 10 01~~..1
111115 11011..~~~~11~~,
111~ 111010.. ~0 ~111 10 111~ ..~51510.., ~0. 111)1..1510.. 1 ~ 15 5~11-~011111101(11~0 ~11~11
1..(11151510.. (21 15 10..11~0 --011,, 111 111~ 11~)(1 ~)1~1~.

00..111~ ~0~~.. ~0111..01, (1 ~110~~~..-1~0 0..1~~ 0~~..(11~5 111 111~ 11..51 ()0(10..(1111, ~11~..~
111~ (1..111(110..~ ~011(1~~ (1110 (1..111(110..~ ~0 ~111 (1..~ ~05111~~ (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-140.
111 (1 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~, 111~ ~110~~~.. 0..1~~ 0~~..(11~5 111 111~ 5~~0110 ()0(10..(1111,
~11~..~ 111~ (1..111(110..~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~05111~~ (1110 111~ (1..111(110..~ ~0 ~111 15 11~~(111~~, (15
5110~11111 ~1~. 10-150.
1~0-()0(10..(1111 0~~..(111011, (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-18(1, 15 ..~()01..~0 10 (1110~ ~0~~..
(1110 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ ~0111..01. 111~ ~1..~011 (1 (111~~111~111 01 (1 1..(11151510..12~0 1~0-
()0(10..(1111 0..1~~ 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-180.

~0~~,. ~0(11,.0~. 1..(11151510.. (21 (1110 0100~ 1)1 0~~..(11~. ~11~11 (21 15 10..11~0
011, 111~ 50~~1)1 ~011(1~~ 1/, 15 ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 111010.. 1~..111111(115. ~11~11 (21 15 10..11~0
011, 111~ (1..111(110..~~0 ~111 ~111~11110~5 111..00~11111~ 1..~~~11~.~1111~ 0100~ 1)1 0~~(1)15.

~~9~(1~,.81.~~ ~0(11,.0~. 1..(11151510.. (22 (1110 0100~ 1)2 0~~..(11~. ~11~11 (22 15
10..11~0 011, 111~ 5~..1~5 111010.. (1~15 (15 (1 ~~11~..(110.. (1110 111~ (1..111(110..~~0 ~111 ..15~5.

58~. 10-5 319

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 +

~11~11 (22 15 10(11~0 011, 111~ (11010(, 3~1111~ 35 3 ~~11~(310(, (~10(115 ~11~(~~ 10 111~
50.,.,1~ 111(00~11111~ (~~~11~(311~~ 0100~ /)2.
111 1110051(131 3.,.,11~3110115, 100(-()030(3111 0.,~(311011, 35 5110~11 111~1~. 10-193,
15 (~()01(~0. ~ 1(31151510(12~0 100(-()030(3111 0(1~~ 15 5110~11111 ~1~. 10-190.

/=0...~8...~ ~0~9... ~0811...0~. 1(31151510(5 (21 3110 (22 0.,~(31~. 1(31151510(5 (23
3110 (24 3(~ 011. ~11~11 (21 3110 (22 3(~ 10(11~0 011 10~~111~(, 111~ 50.,.,1~ ~0113~~
3.,.,~3(5 3~(055 111~ (11010( 1~((111113153110 111~ 3((11310(~ ~0((~111 (15~5. ~11~11 (21 15
10(11~0 011 3110 (22 15 5111110(11~0 011, 111~ 3((11310(~ ~0((~111 0~~3~5 111(00~11 (22 3110
/)4.

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111~ 50.,.,1~ 111(00~11 /)1 3110 /)2.

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010.~( 0)1 70//1 (18 80.0~11 10 ~1~. 10-20(1, 10.~ (1111~111110~ 0110.~ 10(10 ~11((~01 (1~~1~8
0~~(~(18~8 (100 10.~ (1~~1~ 1(~((11~0~)110~(~(18~8. ~8 (1 (~81111, 10.~ ~0.0~~~(-~~0~((11~0
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()1~)(11)110~01~~0 111 10~(~3510~ 111~ 00010~( 01 ~110~~~(5, 111~(~ 15 001 010~11 (~00~1100
10 111~ ~110()()~(-~~0~(31~0 113(01001~5 10 111~ 50()()1)1 110~ 11 010(~ 11130 1~0 ~110()()~(5
3(~ 05~0 (7). 10 ()(3~11~~, 00111111~ 013~01100~ 300 1(~~0~0~)1 01111~ 110~ ~0((~111
113(01001~5 3(~ 101()0(1301 13~10(5 10 0~1~(0110~ 111~ 1~~~1 011111~(1~(~11~~5 1010 111~
51~031111~ ~1(~0115. 10 01(0)1 (3()10 1(30511 5)151~015, 111~ ()0~~( 300 51~03110~ 110~5 31~
~~()1 ~105~~ 10 111(~~-110~ 5)151~015, 111~)1 ~~~0 5113(~ 3 ~0010100 110~. 111~ 51~03110~
~1(~0115 3(~ 5~05111~~ 10 ()3(11~013( 1(~~0~0~1~5 300 111~ (~00~1100 10 111~ 013~01100~
01 113(010111~5 0)1 05111~ 3 010111~1135~ 0~~(31100 01 ~110()()~(5 ~0010 ~~0~(31~ 1(~-
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50)~~5.

~,.301())~ 10-10

1~0 ~110()()~.5 ~0111.0) ~ 0~ 5~.1~5 01010. ~110 111~~ ~.~ ()11~5~ 511111~0 1110()~.(111011 0~
-../2. 111~ 511()()1~ ~011~~~ 10111~ ~110()()~.0.1~~, ~, = 220~, ~.01~111.~ ~1.~1111.~5151~11~~,
~,,, = 4 0, ~.111~111.~ ~1.~1111 111011~1~11~~, 1-,,,
= 15 11111, ~110 111~ 1.~()11~119 01 ~(1~11
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322

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80)01100 111~ ~11~~11.,,~ ~110~~111~ 1~~()0~11~~ 15/_ = 2 350 = 700 1-12, ~,,, = 4 11,
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5111~~ 42 // 4, 111~ 3~~~0)(111131~ ~()0311011 (10-48) ~311 0~ 05~0, 3110 11115 ~1.,,~5 111~
1113)(11110111~~3)(-10-~~3)( 1030 ~1~~1~ ~0~~~111, /11,, = 220/42 = 5.24 ~.

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~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~ 15 ~0111~011~0 0~ 1~0 1110111~1135~ ~110~~~~5. 111~ 3.,,~~3~~ 3~111310~~

~0~~~111, 10 = 100~. ~ 51111~1~ 1-~-111~011111~~ ~11111-_ = 0.3 1111-13110 ~_ = 4500 ~
15 05~0. ~3~11 ~110~~~~ 15 0~~~31~0 31 3 1~~()0~11~~ 01/ = 350 1-12. 1)~1~~111111~
111~
~1115101103111~11131~0111~011~111 01111~ ~110~~~~-~~11~~31~0113~1110111~ ~0~~~111111 111~ 50~~1~.

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)(
1/(270 ~ 1-_~_) = 136.98 1-12. 111~ ~11~~11.,,~ ~110~~~~ 1~~()0~11~~ 15/_ = 2 350 = 700
1-12. ~~0111111~ ~~50115 01 ~)(3111~1~ 7-13, 111~ ~1115.,,310~ 01111~ 101103111~11131 ~0111~011~111
01111~ ~110~~~~ ~0~~~11115 110 = 45.02~. ~~0111 ~(). (10-49), 111~ 101103111~11131 ~0111-
~011~111 01111~ ~110~~~~-~~11~~31~0 113~1110111~~0~~~11115

45.02
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1 + (2

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10 0()~~31~ 10~
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11101181(131 0(1.,,~8 0()~(31~ 38 ~108~0-100() 1~~003~/( 8~81~1118. ~ ~108~0-100() ~0111(01

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10~ 010~/( 013~(3111 01 3 ~108~0-100() ~011.,,~(1~(-1~0 8~()3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 0.1.,,~
18 800~11 111 ~1~. 10-21. 1110~ 8()~~0 0110~ 111010. 0~~.~38~8 011~ 10 10~ 3()()11~311011
01 30011101131 1030 10.()11~, 10~ 8()~~0 ~..0. ~_ 111~.~38~8. 10~ 8()~~0 ~0111(011~.
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0110~ ~011.,,~.1~(, 3110 111~.~38~8 10~ 3.1113111(~ .,,0113~~ 0110~ 111010.. ~11 111~.~38~0
3.1113111.~ .,,0113~~ 0~.,,~10()8 1110.~ 10.()11~ 10 .~810(~ 10~ 111010. 8()~~0 10 10~ 0.1~11131
.,,3111~. 10~ 0.1.,,~ 110.111311~ ()388~8 10.011~0 3 1.31181~111 ()~.100 111111110~ 0~.,,~10()~0
10(()11~ 18 ~()113110 10~ 1030 10.()11~.

58~. 10-6 323

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 80~~6116~
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(10-52)

(10-53)

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10~ 1((11151~111 0~0(1~10( (0(1)1 0~ (111(11)12~0 0)1 ~0(11181118 10~ 5)151~(0 ~()11(1110115 11110
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53), (1110 (10-55) )11~105

~,,(5) = ~1 ~~(5) (10-56)

~,,(5) = ~1111,,(5)+ 51-,,,1,,(5)+ ~)/01(5) (10-57)
1(/5) = ~,1/1,,(5) = 5101(5) + 1301(5)+ 1~(5) (10-58)

324

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~11~(~ 70 = ~,,/ ~,,, 15 /(110~11 35 111~ (1111€ ~0115((111( 01 (11010( 3((11311.1(~ ~1(~1.111. ~(0(11
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5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-23. 1~0 ~055101~ 01511.1(0311~~5 3(~ ~0111(01 ~0113~~, ~0 3110 1030
10(()1.1~, 1~. 111~ 51~30~-5131~ (~5~0115~5 ~311 0~ 0~1~((11111~0 0~ ~0(110111111~ 111~ 111-
01~101.131 (~5~0115~ 01.1~ 10 ~, 3110 1~.
111~ (~5~0115~ 01.1~ 10 3 51~~ ~11311~~ 111 111~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 0013111~0 0~
5~11111~ 1/_ 10 2~(0. ~(0(11 ~1~. 10-23, ~~ ~311 0013111 111~ 5~~~0 (~5~0115~ 01.1~ 10
(~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 35

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111~ (~5~0115~ 01.1~ 10 3 ~11311~~ 111 1030 10(()1.1~, 1~, ~311 0~ 0013111~0 0~ 5~11111~ ~,
10 2~(0. 111~ 010~/( 013~(3(1110( 3 51~~ ~11311~~ 111 1030 10(()1.1~ 01511.1(0311~~ 15 5110~11
111 ~1~. 10-24.

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/1(0, 01.1~ 10 3 51~~ ~11311~~ 111 ~0111(01 ~0113~~, /1 ~,, 3110 3 51~~ ~11311~~ 1111030 10(()1.1~,

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 .~(5) _ 1
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~11-, ~30 0~ ~01.100 ~(001 ~().5. (10-63) 300 (10-64), (~5~~~11~~1)1, 0)1 51.1051111.1110~
5 = 0.
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111~ 0~ 5~(1~5 01010(5 3(~ 1.15~0 ~)(1~051~~1)110 1(3~1100 3~~11~311005 ~11~(~ 111~
51~(0)1-5131~ 5~~~0 15 0~1~(0110~0 0)1111~ ~(1~1100 300 ~(301~01 ~0(~~5. 13)1 (0)1.15110~
111~ 3(01311.1(~ ~0113~~, 111~ 01010( 013)1 0~ 0~~(31~0 31 3 ~005130110(().1.1~ (0( ~1.1((~01)
1.1~ 10 111~ 035~ 5~~~0, ~111~11 ~0((~5~0005 10 111~ 013)(1011.101 3(01311.1(~ ~0113~~. ~
~110~~~(-~001(011~0 0~ 5~(1~5 01010( 0(1~~ 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 10-25.
111~ 3(01311.1(~ ~0113~~ 15 (~131~0 10 111~ ~001(01 (0( (~~~(~0~~) ~0113~~ 0)1 3
110~3( ~310 0~ 111~ ~110~~~(, ~2. ~551.10110~ 11131111~ 03~/( ~01~ ~0051301 ~,. 00~5 001
~1130~~ ~1111111~ 3(01311.1(~ ~1.1((~01 300 (~013105 ~0051301, 111~ 5)151~01 ~().1.1311005 3(~

1)0 = ~21), (10-67)

~= ~1)00) (10-68)

~1) 0/0
0 = ~,,//0+ 1--/11 + ~~(10-69)
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1(/ = ~11~ (10-70)

(0)
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326

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 1
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10~ 3~~11~311011 011(31151~( 11111~110111~~0111().11~5 ~01110 1101011~~( 0~ ~3110. 1-10~~~~(,
10~5~ ~().113110115 ~311 0~ 1111~3(12~0 0~ ~011510~(111~ 3 5111311 ~~(111(0311011 31 10~ 0~-
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0.) 0.)() + ~0.) 1)~ = ~,-() + ~1)~ 11. = 11.() + ~11.

~~~0~1112111~ 1031 ~/(1 ~0.) 3110 (~/0)2 3(~ ~~(~ 5111311, 1~110111~ 10 2~(0, ~().5. (10-67)
10 (10-71) ~311 0~ 1111~3(12~0 10

(10-72)

~€1/5) 1(,,(10() ~0.)(5) + 0.)() ~10(5)) (10-73)

~ ~0(5) ~~ ~10(5) + 5~~. ~10(5) + ~€1((5) (10-74)

~1,1(5) = 21(,,10()~10(5) (10-75)

~1,1(5) = 51 ~0.)(5) + /3 ~0.)(5) + ~11.(5) (10-76)

10~5~ 11~~ ~().113110115 3(~ 511111~1~111 10 ~51301150 10~ 010~~ 013~(3111 01 3 0~ 5~(1~5
111010( 0(1~~ 35 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-26. 1115 ~~10~1111(0111 ~1~. 10-26 1031 311~ ~0311~~
111 ~110~( (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 0( 1030 10(().11~ ~111 (~51111 111 3 ~0311~~ 01 5~~~0. 10~
010~~ 013~(3111 10( 3 ~0311~~ 111 (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-273 3110 1031
10( 3 ~0311~~ 111 1030 10(().11~ 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-270.

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10 ~1130~~ 111~ 011~0-10011 3((30~~111~01 10 ~1~. 10-22 1010 3 ~108~0-10011 8~81~111, 3

811~~0 8~080( 18 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ 011111111 8113~1. 111~ 011111111 0~ 111~ 8~080(, ~111~1118
11(0110(11003110 111~ 811~~0, 18 31111111~1~0 0~ 3 ~3~10( 0~ 1(1 300 18 ~0111113(~0 ~1111111~
(~~~(~0~~ ~0113~~ ~~ 10 ~0(111 111~ ~((0( ~0113~~ ~€. 111~ ~0111111~1~ 010~)( 013~(3111
18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 10-28.
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111~ (~811008~ 011~ 10 3 ~1130~~ 10 111~ 1030 10(().11~ 11- ~30 3180 0~ 001310~0 ~(0111
~1~. 10-28 0~ 8~1110~ ~~ 10 2~(0.

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1
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328

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 ~()), 01.1~ 10 (1 51~~
05111~ 111~ 1111(11~(111.1~ 111~0(~111, 111~ 51~(10)1-51(11~ (11(111~~ 111 5~~~0,
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101.1110 1(0111 ~()5. (10-77) (1110 (10-78), (~5~~(11~~1)1, 11)1 51.11151111.11111~
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(10-80)

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~ 50-/(~ 240- ~ 1700-(~111 5~~3(31~))1 ~)((11~0 0( 111010( 15 (0111(011~0 0)1 3 (011.,,~(1~( 35

5110~11 111111~ 010()( 013~(3111 ~1~. 10-28. 111~ 11~10 (11((~111 15 111311113111~0(011513111 31

/1 = 1.4 ~ 3110111~1113(11111~ 03(/( ~1111(01151311115/(~ = 0.91 ~/~-(30/5. 111~ 3(1113111(~

(~5151311(~ 15 8.,,, = 0.10 3110 111~ ~15(01151(1(11011 (01151311115 /3 = 0.3 ~.111/(30/5. 111~
3111~1111(311011 01111~ 5~~~0 5~1150( 15 /(1 = 95 111~/(30/5 3110 111~ ~3111 01111~ ~0~~(
(0111(0)1~( 15 /(2 = 100. (3) 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ (31~010(().11~ 01111~ 111010(. (0) 1)~1~(111111~
(() )1111~ (~1~(~11(~
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.,,0113~~ 15 /(~~1 1111(11311~~0, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 5~~~0 ~11~11 111~ 111010( 0~.,,~10~5 111~ (31~0
10(().11~. (0) )1111~ 1030 10(().11~ 15 111((~35~0 0)110% 01111~ (31~0 .,,3111~, 0~1~(111111~ 111~
111010( 5~~~0. (~) )1111~ (~1~(~11(~ .,,0)13~~ 15 (~011(~0 0)1 10%, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 111010(
5~~~0. (1) )1111~ 1030 10(().11~ 15111((~35~0 0)110% 01111~ (31~0 .,,3)11~ 3110 111~ (~1~(~11(~
.,,0)13~~ 15 (~011(~0 0)110%, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 111010( 5~~~0. (~) )1111~(~ ~35 1101~~003(/(
111311 0~~11-)00~ (0111(0), 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 5~~~0 (~~11131101110( 3 (~1~(~11(~ .,,0)13~~ 01 ~7
= 2.31~. (11) 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ 5~~~0 (~~111311011 ~1111 3 (105~0-100~ (0111(01.

80)111100 /, = 1.4~, /(~ = 0.91 ~ ~-(30/5, /(, = 95 111~/(30/5, /(2 = 100, 8.,,, = 0.1
0, /3 = 0.3 ~.111/(30/5, 3110 (,)~0(00= 1700,,-/30 = 178.02 (30/5.
(3) 111~ (31~0 10(().11~, 11- = 50,000/178.02 = 280.87 ~.111.
(0) 8111(~ ~~ = /(2~7, 10( 0~~11-100~ (0111(01 ~().. (10-65) ~1.,,~5
)(
~ _- ~ _ /(,)(
- 8.,,,/3 + (/(,/,)2
0.91 1.4
= 0.1 )( 0.3 + (0.91 )( 1.4)2 = 0.7707
~~ /(2~7

~1 (31~0 5~~~0,
(,)
178.02
~~ =
0.7707 = 0.7707 = 230.98 ~
3110 1~~003(/( .,,0113~~,

/(1(,) )( 10-3 )(
~0= = 95 178.02 = 16.912 ~
)(
~1111 ()05~0-100~ (0111(01, (~7 - ~0)/(2 = ~~ 0( (~7 - 16.912) 100 = 230.98, ~111(11
~1.,,~5111~(~1~(~11(~ .,,0113~~, ~7 = 19.222~.
(() ~7 = 19.222 ~, /111- = 280.87 ~.111, 3110 ~().. (10-80) ~1.,,~5
)(
0.1 280.86
/1(,)
= 0.1
)(
0.3 + (0.91
)( 1.4)2 + 95 )( 10-3 )(
100
)(
0.91
)(
1.4

111~ 5~~~0 31 (31~0 10(().11~,

(,) 175.98 (30/5 0( 1680.5 (~111
= 178.02 - 2.04 =

58~. 10-6 329

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 (0) /111-. = 1.1 )( 280.86 = 308.87 ~.01 3110 ~().. (10-80) 81..,~5
)(
0.1 308.96
/1(0 = )( )( 1.4)2 )( 10-3 )(
0.1 0.3 + (0.91 + 95 100 )( 0.91 )( 1.4

- 2.246 .30/5
111~ 01010. 5))~~0,

(0
= 178.02 - 2.246 = 175.774 .30/5 0. 1678.5 .))01
(~) /1~~ )(
= -0.1 19.222 = -1.9222 ~ 3110 ~().. (10-79) 81..,~5111~ ~113118~ 111
5))~~0,

)( )( )(
100 0.91 1.4 1.9222
)( )(
1.4)2 + 95 )( )( )( )(
0.1 0.3 + (0.91 10-3 100 0.91 1.4

-17.8.30/5

(0
= 178.02 - 17.8 = 160.22 .30/5 0~ 1530 ~))01
(1) 111~ 01010~ 5))~~0 ~311 0~ 0013111~0 0~ ~511185~))~~))05111011~

(0
= 178.02 - 2.246 - 17.8 = 158 .30/5 0~ 1508.5 ~))01

(8) /1~~ = 2.31 ~ 3110 ~().. (10-65) 81..,~5

)( )( )(
100 0.91 1.4 2.31
/1(0 178.02 .30/5 0~ 1700 ~))01
= 0.1 )(
0.3 + (0.91 )(
1.4)2 =

3110 111~ 110-1030 5))~~015 (0 = 178.02 ~30/5 0.1700 ~))01. ~0~ 1~111030, /111 = 280.87
~.01~
)(
0.1 280.87
/1(0 = - )( )( -16.99 ~30/5
0.1 0.3 + (0.91 1.4)2
3110 111~ 1~11-1030 5))~~0,

(0
= 178.02 - 16.99 = 161.03 ~30/5 0~ 1537.7 ~))01

111~ 5))~~0 .~8~136011 ~1111 0))~11-100)) ~0111.0115

1700 - 1537.7
1537.7 = 10.55~0

1700 - 1680.5
1680.5 = 1.16%

~0(€. 13)1 ~105~0-100~ ~001(01, 10.~ 5~~~0 (~~1.11(11100 15 (~01.1~~0 0)1 3 13~10( 01
3~~(0)(1111(11~1)1 10, 1(0111 10.55% 10 1.16%.

~0( ~(~~15~ 5~~~0 ~001(01 01 5~(~0 5)151~1115, ~105~0-100~ ~001(0115 00(111311)11.15~0.

10.~ 5~~~0, ~0.1~0. 15 5~05~0 0)1 30310~ 5~0510~ 0~~1~~5 (~.~., 13~0.0111~1~(), 15 ~0111-

330

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 (8)

0~ (110(0~ 800 ,080

~------------
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(0)

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111 ~1~. 10-293 3110 1/1~ 1(31151~( 11.111~11011010~/( 013~(3(11 15 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 10-290.
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3 ()1.115~-~101/1-(11001.1131~0 01.11()1.11~0113~~ 11~ ~111~/115 ()(0()0(110113110 1/1~ 0111~(~11~~
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~01.110 (~5()0110 1(11(11~0131~1)110 ~3()11/1~ 5()~~0 011/1~ (11010( 111 51.1~/1 3 01(~~11011 3110
1113~11111.10~ 35 10 (~13111 1/1~ 10~/(111~ 011/1~ (~1~(~11~~ 31101~~003~/( 1(~((1.1~11~1~5. 1/1~
(~5()0115~ 011/1~ ()/135~ 0~1~~10( 18 ~~()1 1381. ~8 1011~ 38 1/1~ 1~0 1(~((1.1~11~1~8 3(~

58~. 10-6 331

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10(111~ 111~ ~0111(01 ~(1(1(101~8, 111111(11111~~(01~~11011
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332

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 10~ 8()~~0 8181131 18 ~~0 11110 10~ 1111~(0~0111()111~( 1181118 311 ~/0 (3113108-10-
0181131) ~011~~(1~(. 10 111111110~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 0~ 10~ 111010(, 311 11111~( ~11((~111-
~0111(01100() 18 118~0. 10~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 8181131 ~311 0~ ~~0 11110 10~ 1111~(0~0111-
()111~( 10(01180 311 ~/0 ~011~~(1~( 0( 0)1 83111()11118 10~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111. 10~ 1111~
8)111~0(011121118 ~1(~1111 18 (~().111(~0 10 8)111~0(01112~ 10~ 8~11~(311011 0~ 10~ ~1(1118 ()1118~8
~110 10~ 811()()1)1 1111~ ~(~().11~11~)1. ~11001180 10~ 1111~(0~0111()111~( ~311 ()~(~0(111 10~
~1111~110118 0~ 831~ ()1118~ 8~11~(310( 3110 1081~ ~1(~1111, 10~8~ 3(~ 800~11 0111810~ 10~
1111~(0~0111()111~(. 10~ ()1118~ 3111()11~1~( ()(0~10~8 10~ 11~~~883()11801311011 3110 ()(0011~~8
831~ ()1118~8 0~ (~().111(~0 111381111110~ 3110 011(311011.

111 0~ 0(1~~8, 10~ 3(1113111(~ 3110 ~1~10 ~01138~8 0~ 0~ 111010(8 3(~ ~3(1~0 0)1 ~110~( 3~-
0~ ~011~~(1~(8 0( 0~ ~00()()~(8. 10~ 3~-0~ ~011~~(1~(-~~0 0(1~~8 3(~ 110(111311)1118~0
111 ~3(1301~-8()~~0 3()()11~3110118, ~0~(~38 ~00()()~(-~~0 0(1~~8 3(~ 1110(~ 81111~0 ~0(
1(3~11011 3()()11~3110118. 0~ 8~(1~8 111010(8 3(~ 1110811)1 118~0 111 1(3~11011 3()()11~3110118,
011~ 10 10~1( ~3()301111)1 0~ 0180 813(11118 10(().11~.
0~ 0(1~~8 ~311 0~ ~13881~1~0 0(0301)111110 10(~~ 1)1()~8 0~()~1101118 011 10~ 111()111
811()()1)1~ (1) 811181~-()038~ 0(1~~8, (2) 10(~~-()038~ 0(1~~8, 3110 (3) ~00()()~( 0(1~~8.
~83111 ~3~0 0(1~~ ~01110 0~ 811001~10~0 11110 10(~~ 1)1()~8 0~()~1101118 011 10~ 11100~8 0~
0()~(311011~ (3) 011~-().1130(3111 0(1~~8, (0) 1~0-().1130(3111 0(1~~8, 3110 (~) ~011(-().1130(3111
0(1~~5. 10~ ~11~(8)1-83~1118 ~~3111(~ 0~ ~00()()~(-~~0 0(1~~8 18 ~~()1 311(3~11~~ ~0( 118~
111 1(3118()0(1311011 8)181~1118 (~().111(1118 ~(~().11~111 810()8.
008~0-100() ~0111(01, ~01~0 038 1113(1)1 30~311138~8, 18 118~0 11111101181(131 0(1~~8.
10~ 8()~~0 (~8111311011 0~ 0~ 0(1~~8 ~311 0~ 818111~1~3(111)1 1111()(0~~0 0)1 1181118 ()038~-
10~/(~0-100() (~1.-1.-) ~0111(01. 10~ 3113108 ~0111(01 8~0~111~8, ~01~0 3(~ 03(0~1(~0
~1~~1(0111~5, 3(~ 1111111~0 111 ~~)(101111)1 3110 03~~ ~~(13111 01530~311138~5, ~0~(~35 1111-
~(0~0111()111~( ~0111(01 0(1~~8, ~01~0 3(~ 1111()1~111~111~0 111 50~1~3(~, 3(~ 1110(~ ~~)(101~
3110 ~311 ()~(~0(111 1113(1)1 0~81(301~ ~1111~110115.

1. 1. ~. 1-111083~ 3110 ~. 1-1. 1(38010, ~/~~(,0111~~/1(1/1/~5 (1/10 ~/~~(,/~(1/ ~(1~/1//1~,)1, 811~1~-

~000 01118, ~. 1. ~ ~(~1111~~-1-1311, 111~., 1986.
2. ~. ~. 5~11, 7/1))/./5(0, /)~ /),/1/~5. ~~~ ~0(/(~ 10011 ~11~~ ~ 50118, 111~., 1981.
3. ~. ~. 5~11 3110~. 1-. ~~0011310, ..10~(1810(12~0 0~ 0(1,,,~8 ~110 (~~~11~(311,,,~ 0(3/(111~ 3110
8()~~0 (~,,,~(831.,, /~~~ 7,.(1/15(1~(/0/15 0/1 //10/15(,/(1/ ~/~~(,0/1/~5 (1/10 ~0/1(,0/ //15(,1(111~/1-
((1(/0/1, ~01. 18025, ~0. 4, 1978, ()(). 347-354.

4. ~. 11. 1(38010, ..0~1131111~ (~8()0118~8 01 0~ ~00()()~( ~0111(011~0 8~(1~8 111010(.,, /~~~

7,(1/15(1~(/0/15 0/1//10/15(,/(1/ ~/~~(,.0/1/~5 (1/10 ~0/1(,0/ //15(,/1111~/1((1(/0/1, ~01. 18~128, ~0. 4,
1981, ()(). 323-340.
5. ~. 1-1. 1(38010, ..1(~~~11~(311,,,~ ~03(3~1~(1811~8 01 0~ ~00()()~( ~0111(011~0 8~(1~8 111010(.,,
/~~~ 7,.(1/15(1~(/0/15 0/1 11~/1/~/1/(1, 7~~/1/10/08)), ~01. ~133, ~0. 1, 1984, ()(). 3-13.

333

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 6. 8. ~~1111~~5, ..))~51~(1 ~(1~1)1515 0111111111~11~5~ 0~ ~110~~~~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~.., /~~~ 7,.(1/15-
(1~(10/15 0/1 //1(///5(,.)1 ,,4/1/1/1~(1(10/15, ~01. 1~8, ~0. 2, 1972, ~~. 136-144.
7. ~. 11. ~~51110, ..))~51~(1 011-~ 1(1~111 1111~~ 10~ 11111111~11~5~0~ ~110~~~~5.,, ~,.0~~~(/1/1155
/~~, ~01. 13130, ~0. 1, 1983, ~~. 310-44.
8. )). ~. 0~1~~~, ~/1(15~/0~/( 1-00/15 10,. /)~ 1-40(0,. 5/1~~(/ ~0/1(,.0/. ~~~ )10~/(~ 1011(1 ~11~)1
~ 50(15, 1(1~., 1981.
9. 5. 1(. 150 ~(1011. 1. 110, ..))~01~~1~01111~~0~~0~~550~ 5~11~111~10~ 111)1~1510~~11~5~ ~0(11~01
0111111111~11~5~ ~0(1.,,~~1~~5.,, ~,.0~~~(/1/1155 /~~, ~01. 1322, 1981, ~~. 101-108.

10. 1. 13~51 ~(10 11. ~1115~111~~, ..~0(11~01 01 ~~111~111~~ ~(10 11~10 ~11~~~(11 01 ~ ~110~~~~-1~0 0~
111010~ 0~1.,,~ 0)1 ~ 51(1~1~ ~111~ 1111~~0~0111~111~~.,, 3,.(/ /~,,4 ~ 5)1/11/1051//~/1 0/1 ~0/1(,.0/ 1/1
~0~~,. ~/~~(,.0/11~5 (1/1(/ ~/~~(,.1~(1/ /),.11/~5, 1-,~115~(1(1~, 5~112~~1~(10, 1983, ~~. 515 - 522.

10-1. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ 111~~~ 1)1~~5 01 0~ 0~1.,,~5 0~5~0 0(1 111~ 1(1~111 511~~1)17
10-2. ~11~115 111~ 111~~(1~112~110(1 ~11~~~~1~~1511~ 01 0~ 111010~57
10-3. ~11~1 15 111~ ~11~~05~ 01 ~ ~0(1.,,~~1~~ 1(1 0~ 0~1.,,~57
10-4. ~11~115 ~ 0~5~ 5~~~0 01 0~ 111010~57
10-5. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~~~~111~1~~5 10 0~ .,,~~1~0 10~ 5~~~0 ~0(11~01 01 5~~~~~1~1)1 ~)(~11~0 0~
111010~5 7
10-6. ~111~11 ~~~ 111~ ~~~~111~1~~5 10 0~ .,,~~1~0 10~ 5~~~0 ~0(11~01 01 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~57
10-7. ~11)1 ~~~ 111~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~5 1110511)1115~0 1(1 1~~~110(1 ~~~11~~110(157
10-8. ~11~115 ~ 5~~~0 ~~~111~110(1 01 0~ 0~1.,,~57
10-9. ~11~115 111~ ~~1(1~1~1~ 0151(1~1~-~11~5~ 11111-~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-10. ~11~115 111~ ~~1(1~1~1~ 01111~~~-~11~5~ 5~1111~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-11. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 51(1~1~-~11~5~ 11111-~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~
111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-12. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 51(1~1~-~11~5~ 5~1111~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~
111010~ 0~1.,,~5 7

10-13. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 111~~~-~11~5~ 11111-~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~

111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-14. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 111~~~-~11~5~ 5~1111~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~
111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-15. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 111~~~-~11~5~ 011~1-~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~
111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-16. ~11)115 11 ~~~1~~~01~ 10 115~ (1 5~1111~0(1.,,~~(~~ 10~ 11~10 ~0(11~01 01 5~~(1~(1(~1)1 ~)(~1(~0
1110(0~57
10-17. ~11~115 ~ 0(1~-().11~0~~(11 0~ 0~1.,,~7
10-18. ~11~115 ~ 1~0-().11~0~(1(11 0~ 0~1.,,~7
10-19. ~11(1115 (1 1011~-().11(10~~(1( 0~ 0~1.,,~7
10-20. ~11(1( 15 111~ ~~1(1~1~1~ 01 ~~~~(1~~(111.,,~ 0~(1/(1(1~ 01 0~ ~110~~~~-1~0 0~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~57

10-21. ~11(1( 15 (11~ ~~1(1~1~1~ 01 ~11~051(111~ 0~(1/(1(1~ 01 0~ ~110~~~~-1~0 0~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~57

334

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10-22. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( ~110))))~(-(~0 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-23. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( 111(1111))1135~~110))))~(57
10-24. ~1131 15 111~ ))(111~1))1~ 0( ~105~0-100)) ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~5. 7
10-25. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( ~)05~0-100)) ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-26. ~1131 15 111~ ))(111~1))1~ 0( ))1135~-10~)(~0-100)) ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-27. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( ))1135~-10~)(~0-)00)) ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-28. ~113115 111~ ))(111~1))1~ 0( 1111~(0~0111))(11~( ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-29. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( 1111~(0~0111))(11~( ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-30. ~113115 3 111~~113111~3111111~~011513111 0( 0~ 111010(57
10-31. ~1131 15 311 ~1~~1(1~3111111~ ~011513111 0( 0~ 111010(57

10-1. ~ 5~))3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 5(1))))11~0 ((0111 3 0~ 50(1(~~ 0( 600 ~ 10 ~0111(01111~

5))~~0 0( 3 111~~113111~311030 3110 111~ (1~10 ~(1((~111 15 111311113111~0~011513111. 111~ 3(-
11131(1(~ (~5151311~~ 3110 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. (3) 1( 111~ 1030 10(()(1~ 15 1/ = 550 ~.111
311500 ())111, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 /0. (/)) 1( 111~ 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 (~11131115
111~ 53111~ 35 11131111 ))3(1 (3) 3110 111~ (1~10 ~(1((~111 15 (~0(1~~0 5(1~11 11131 111~ 111010( ((1115
31 3 5))~~0 0( 2800, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 1030 10(()(1~.
10-2. ~~))~31 ~(00. 10-1 1( 111~ 3(11131(1(~ (~5151311~~ 15 ~0 = 0.12 11. 111~ .,,15~0(15 ((1~11011
3110 111~ 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~.
10-3. ~ 30-11)) 440- ~ 2000-())111 5~))3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 111010( 0~ ~0111(015 3 1030 (~()(11(111~ 3
10(()(1~ 0( 1~ = 85 ~.111 311200 ())111. 10.~ (1~10 ~1(~(111(~5151311~~15 ~/ = 294 11, 111~
3(11131(1(~ ~1(~(111 (~5151311~~ 15 ~0 = 0.12 11, 3110 111~111010( .,,0113~~ ~01151311115/(,.
=
0. 7032 ~/ ~-(30/5. 111~ (1~10 .,,0113~~ 15 ~/ = 440~. 111~ .,,15~0(15 ((1~11011 3110 111~
110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 1113~ 0~ 355(1111~0 ~0111111(10(15
3110 (1))))1~-((~~. 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 03~)( ~111(, ~8~ (/)) (~()(11(~0 3(11131(1(~ .,,0113~~,
~0~ (~) (31~0 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 0( 111~ 111010(~ 3110 (()) 5))~~0 (~~(11311011 31 ((1111030.
10-4. ~ 120-11)) 600- ~ 1200-())111 0~ 5~(1~5 111010( ~0111(015 3 1030 (~()(11(111~ 3 10(()(1~ 0( 1 ~
= 185 ~.111 31 1100 ())111. 111~ (1~10 ~1(~(111 (~5151311~~, ~( = 0.06 11, 111~ 3(11131(1(~
~1(~(111 (~5151311~~, ~0 = 0.0411, 3110 111~.,,0113~~ ~011513111,/(~ = 32 111 ~/ ~-(30/5. 111~
.,,15~0(15 ((1~11011 3110 111~ 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 15 ~011-
1111(101153110 (1))))1~-((~~. 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 03~)( ~111(, ~8~ (/)) (~()111(~0 3(1113111(~
.,,0113~~, ~0~ (~) (31~0 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111~ 3110 (()) 5))~~0 (~~(11311011 31 (11115))~~0.
10-5. 10.~ 5))~~0 0( 3 5~))3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5111~1~-))1135~ 5~1111~011.,,~(1~(
111~1~. 10-83. 111~ (1~10 ~11((~11115 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5~1111~011.,,~(1~( 3110 111~ (1~10
~11((~11115 5~110 111~ (113)(111111111
))055101~ .,,3111~. 111~ 3~ 5(1))))1~ .,,0113~~ 10 111~ 3(1113111(~
3110 (1~10 ~011.,,~(1~( 15 011~-))1135~, 208 ~, 60 1-12. 10.~ 3(1113111(~ (~5151311~~ 15 ~0 =
0.12 11, 10.~ (1~10 (~5151311~~ 15 ~/ = 220 11, 3110 10.~ 111010( .,,0113~~ ~01151311115 /(11 =
1.055 ~/~-(30/5. 10.~ 1030 10(()11~ 15 1~ = 75 ~.111 31 3 5))~~0 0( 700 ())111. 111~
.,,15~0115 ((1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3(1113111(~ 3110 (1~10 ~11((~1115
3(~ ~01111111101153110 (1))))1~-((~~. 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) (1~10 ~11((~111, //~ (/)) 0~13~ 311~1~
0( 111~~011.,,~(1~( 111111~3(1113111(~ ~1(~1111, ~0~ 3110 (~) 1(1))111))0~~( (3~10( 0( 111~ 3(1113111(~
~1(~1111.

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 10-6. 10.~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11.111-~3.,,~
~011.,,~(1~( 111~1~. 10-93. 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.11115 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 11.111~011.,,~(1~( 3110
10.~ 11~10 ~1.1((~11115 5~110 10.~ (113)(11111.1111
~055101~ .,,311.1~. 10.~ 3~ 51.1~~1~ .,,0113~~ 10 10.~
3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~011.,,~(1~(5 15 011~-~0.35~, 208 ~, 60 1-12. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~
15 ~,, = 0.50 0, 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111(~5151311~~ 15 ~/ = 345 0, 3110 10.~ 111010( .,,0113~~
~01151311115 /(,, = 0.71 ~/~-(30/5. 10.~ .,,15~01.151(1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~-
11~101~. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ 311011~10 ~1.1((~1115 3(~ ~01111111.101.153110 (1~~1~-1(~~. 1110.~ 0~13~
311~1~ 0110.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~011.,,~(1~( 15 0.,, = 450 3110 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~1.1((~111 0110.~ 111010(
15/,, = 55 ~, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 10(()1.1~ 0~.,,~10~~0 0~ 10.~ 111010(, 7,)~ ())) 5~~~0, (0~
3110 (~) 111~1.11~0~~( 13~10( 0110.~ 0(1.,,~, ~~.
10-7. 1110.~ ~013(11~ 0110.~ 111010( 03~/( ~1111111 ~(00. 10-6 15 (~.,,~(5~0 0~ (~.,,~(5111~ 10.~
~013(11~ 0110.~ 11~10 ~1.1((~111, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111~011-
.,,~(1~(, 0./~ ())) 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~1(~1.111~011.,,~(1~(, 0.,,, 10 111311113111111~
3(111311.1(~ ~1.1((~111 ~011513111 31 10.~ 53111~ .,,311.1~01 /,, = 55 ~ ~ 3110 (~) ))0~~( 1~0 03~/(
10 111~ 51.1~~1~ 01.1(111~ (~~~11~(311.,,~ 0(3/(111~ 0110.~ 111010(.
10-8. 111~ 5~~~0 01 3 20-0.~ 300- ~ 1800-(~111 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~
3 10.(~~-~0.35~ 11.111-~011.,,~(1~( 0(1.,,~. 10.~ 11~10 ~1.1((~111 15 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 111(~~-
~0.35~ 11.111-~011.,,~(1~( 3110 15 5~110 10.~ (113)(11111.1111
~055101~ .,,311.1~. 10.~ 3~ 111~1.111510.(~~-
~0.35~, ~-~01111~~1~0, 208 ~, 601-12. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~, ~,, = 0.35 0, 10.~ 11~10
(~5151311~~, ~/ = 250 0, 3110 10.~ 111010( .,,0113~~ ~011513111111010(, /(,. = 1.15 ~/~-
(30/5. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~1.1((~1115 15 ~01111111.101.15
3110 (1~~1~-1(~~. 10.~ .,,15~01.15
1(1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 1)~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~
3(111311.1(~ ~011.,,~(1~(, 0.,,, 1110.~ 111010( 51.1~~11~5 10.~ (31~0 ~0~~( 31 10.~ (31~0 5~~~0~
())) 110-1030 5~~~0 1110.~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 3(~ 10.~ 53111~ 35 111~3(1 (3) 3110 111~ 3(111311.1(~
~1.1((~111 31110-1030 15 10% 0110.~ (31~0 .,,311.1~~3110 (~) 5~~~0 (~~1.113110(1.

10-9. ~~~~31 ~(00. 10-8 11 0010. 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~1(~1.11153(~ ~0111(011~0 0~ 10.(~~-~0.35~
5~1111~011.,,~(1~(5.

10-10. 10.~ 5~~~0 01 3 20-0.~ 300-~ 900-(~111 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3
10.(~~-~0.35~ 11.111~011.,,~(1~(. 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.11115 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 10.(~~-~0.35~ 11.111
~011.,,~(1~(. 10.~ 3~ 111~1.1110 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~011.,,~(1~(5 15 10.(~~-~0.35~, ~-~011-
11~~1~0, 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~, ~,, = 0.15 0, 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111
(~5151311~~, ~/ = 1450, 3110 10.~ 111010( .,,0113~~ ~011513111, /(~ = 1.15 ~/~-(30/5. 10.~
.,,15~01.15 1(1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~1.1((~1115
3(~ ~01111111.101.15
3110 (1~~1~-1(~~. (3) 1110.~ 11~10 ~011.,,~(1~( 15 0~~(31~0 3110.~ (113)(11111.1111
11~10 ~1.1((~111 3110 10.~ 0~.,,~10~~0 10(()1.1~ 15 7,) = 106 ~.111 31 750 (~111, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~
0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~011.,,~(1~(, 0.,,. ())) 1110.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111~011.,,~(1~( 15 5~110
10.~ (113)(11111.1111
11~10 ~1.1((~111, 10.~ 0~.,,~10~~0 10(()1.1~ 15 7,) = 108 ~.111, 3110 10.~ 0~13~
311~1~ 0110.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~011.,,~(1~( 15 0.,, = 0, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ 5~~~0. (~) ~0( 10.~ 53111~
1030 0~1113110 35 111~3(1 (0), 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111~011.,,~(1~(
1110.~ 5~~~0 0.35 10 0~ 111~(~35~0 10 1800 (~111.
10-11. ~~~~31 ~(00. 10-10 11 0010. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~1(~1.11153(~ ~0111(011~0 0~ 10.(~~-
~0.35~ 5~1111~011.,,~(1~(5.
10-12. ~ 0~ ~0.0~~~( ~0111(015 10.~ 5~~~0 01 3 0~ 5~(1~5 111010(. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~, ~,,
= 0.04 0, 11~10 ~1(~1.111(~5151311~~, ~/ = 0.06 0, 3110 03~/( ~1111 ~011513111, /(,,
= 35
111~/(30/5. 10.~ 0~ 111~1.11.,,0113~~ 0110.~ ~0.0~~~(, ~5 = 600~. 111115
(~()1.11(~0 10
1113111131113 ~011513111 0~.,,~10~~0 10(()1.1~ 01 7,) = 547 ~.111, ~101 10.~ 01.11~ ~~~1~, /(, 01
10.~ ~0.0~~~( 3~31115110.~ 111010( 5~~~0.
10-13. ~ 0~ 5~(1~5 111010( 15 ~0~~(~0 0~ 3 0~ ~0.0~~~( 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 10-1431(0111 3 600-
~ 0~ 501.1(~~. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~ 15~,, = 0.03 0 3110 10.~ 11~10 (~5151311~~15~/

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 = 0.05 11. 111~ 0~~/( ~1111 ~01151~111 01111~ 111010~ 15 /(~ = 15.27 111~/~-~~0/5. 111~
~.,,~~~~~ ~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~111,/,, = 450~. 111~ ~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115~01111111.101.15
~110 11~5
11~~11~101~ ~1~~1~. (1111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 01111~ ~110~~~~ 15 75%, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ (3) 111~1.11
())) ~~1.11.,,~1~111111~1.11~~5151~11~~ 01 111~ ~110~~~~ 0~1.,,~ ~ (~)
~0 ~~ 1~0111 111~ 501.1~~~~
111010~ 5~~~0~ ~110 ((() 0~.,,~10~~0 10~~1.1~ 01111~ 111010~.
10-14. 111~ 0~1.,,~ 111 ~1~. 10-15~ 15 0~~~~1~0
111 ~~~~11~~~6.,,~ 0~(1/(111~ 01 ~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~.
111~ 0~ 51.1~~1~ .,,011~~~ 15 600~. 111~ ~~111~11.1~~~~5151~11~~, ~~ = 0.0311 ~110 111~11~10
~~5151~11~~, ~/ = 0.05 11. 111~ 0~~/( ~1111 ~01151~111 01111~ 111010~, /(,. = 12 111~/~-
~~0/5. 111~ ~.,,~~~~~ ~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115 111~1111~111~0~01151~111 ~1 /~ = 350~. 111~
~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115 ~01111111.101.15
~110 11~5 11~~)1~101~ ~1~~1~. (1111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 01111~
()))
~110~~~~ 15 50%, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ (3) ~.,,~~~~~ .,,011~~~ ~~~055111~ ~110~~~~, ~/,~ ~0 ~~
~~~~11~~~1~0 10 111~ 0~ 51.1~~1~, ,,8~ (~) ~~1.11.,,~1~11110~0 ~~5151~11~~ 01111~ 111010~ ~~611~
~5 ~ ~~11~~~10~, ~0~ ~ ((() 11111111111.1111~~~111155101~ 0~~/(111~ 5~~~0, 0),,,.0 ~ (~) 111~)(11111.1111
~~~111155101~ 0~~/(111~ 5~~~0, 0),,,3~~ ~110 (() 111010~ 5~~~0.
10-15. ~ 0~ ~110~~~~ 15 1.15~0 111 ~11~051~11~ 0~~/(111~ 01 ~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~ ~5 5110 11 111 ~1~.
10-14. 111~ ~~111~11.1~~~~5151~11~~, ~,, = 0.03 11 ~110 111~ 11~10 ~~5151~11~~, ~/ = 0.05
11. 111~ 0~~/(111~ ~~51510~, ~0 = 5 11. 111~ 0~~/( ~1111 ~01151~111, /(,. = 14 111~/~-~~0/
5. 111~ ~.,,~~~~~ ~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115 111~1111~111~0~01151~111 ~1 /~ = 250~. 111~ ~~-
111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115 ~0116111.101.15~110 11~5 11~~11~101~ ~1~~1~. (1 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 01 111~
()))
~110~~~~ 15 60%, 0~1~~111111~111~ (3) ~.,,~~~~~ .,,011~~~ ~~~055111~ ~110~~~~, ~0~~ ~0 ~~
01551~~1~0 111111~ ~~51510~, ,,0~ (~) ~~1.11.,,~1~11110~0 ~~5151~11~~ 01111~ 111010~ ~~611~ ~5 ~
~~11~~~10~, ~0~~ ((() 111010~ 5~~~0~ ~110 (~) ~~~/( ~110~~~~ .,,011~~~, ~,,.

10-16. 1 0 ~110~~~~5 ~0111~01 (1 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~ ~5 5110 11 111~1~. 10-20~ ~110 111~~ ~~~ ~11~5~
511111~0 1110~~~~6011 0~ 70/111, 11~~~ 11115 111~ 111.11110~~011111.116~11~5~ ~110~~~~5. 111~
51.1~~1~ .,,011~~~, ~, = 440 ~, ~~111~11.1~~~1~~1.111~~5151~11~~, ~~ = 8 11, ~~111~11.1~~~1~~1.111
11101.1~1~11~~,~~, = 121111-1, ~110111~ 1~~~1.1~11~~01 ~~~11 ~110~~~~,.1 = 2501-12. ~~1~1.11~1~
111~ 111~)(11111.1111
.,,~11.1~01 ~~~/(-10-~~~/( 10~0 ~1~~1~ ~1.1~~~111.

10-17. ~0~ .,~00. 10-16 ~101111~ 111~)(11111.1111

.,,~11.1~01 ~~~/(-10-~~~/( 10~0 ~1~~1~ ~1.1~~~111~~~11151
111~ 111.11110~~011111.1111~11~5~ ~110~~~~5.

10-18. ~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~ 15 ~0111~011~0 0~ 1 0 1111.116~11~5~~110~~~~5. 111~ ~.,,~~~~~ ~~111~11.1~~

~1.1~~~111,/~ = 250~. ~ 51111~1~~~-111~1.111111~~ 1111~0 = 0.35 1111-1~110 ~0 = 5600 ..,.,~
15 1.15~0. 8~~11 ~110~~~~ 15 0~~~~1~0 ~1 ~ 1~~~1.1~11~~,.1 = 250 1-12. ()~1~~111111~ 111~ ~1115
11.1110~111~111~1~0111~011~111 01111~ ~110~~~~-~~11~~~1~0 11~~1110111~~1.1~~~111111111~ 51.1~~1~.

10-19. ~0~ .,~00. 10-18, ~101 111~ ~1115 11.1110~111~111~1~0111~011~111 01111~ ~110~~~~-~~11~~~1~0
11~~1110111~~1.1~~~111111111~ 51.1~~1~ ~~~11151 111~ 111.11110~~011111.116~11~5~ ~110~~~~5.

10-20. ~ 40-11~ 230- ~ 3500-~~111 5~~~~~1~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010~ 15 ~0111~011~0 0~ ~ 1111~~~ ~011-
.,,~~1~~ 01 ~~111 /(2 = 200. 111~ 1110111~11101111~~6~ 01111~ 111010~ 10~0, 1 = 0.156 ~ .111/
~~0/5, .,,15~01.151~1~11011~01151~11115 11~~11~101~, ~~111~11.1~~~~5151~11~~, ~~ = 0.04511, ~110
~~111~11.1~~11101.1~1~11~~, ~~= 730 1111-1. 111~ 0~~/( ~1111 ~01151~11115 /(~ = 0.502 ~/~-
~~0/5 ~110 111~ 11~10 ~1.1~~~11115 111~1111~111~0~01151~111 ~1 // = 1.25~. (3) 001~111 111~
())) ~~1~1.11~1~
0~~11-100~ 1~~1151~~ 11.111~110110)(5 )/~,(5) ~110 0)(5)/1 ~(5) 10~ 111~ 111010~.
111~ 111010~ 51~~0~-51~1~ 5~~~0 11111~ ~~1~~~11~~ .,,011~~~ 15 ~, = 1 ~ ~110 111~ 10~0 10~~1.1~
15 60% 01111~ ~~1~0 .,,~11.1~.
10-21. ~~~~~1 .,~00. 10-20 1111~ ~105~0-100~ ~0111~0111111~ ~111~1111~~6011 01 5~~~0 5~1150~,
/(. = 3 111~/~~0/5.
10-22. 111~ 111010~ 111.,~00. 10-2015 ~0111~011~0 0~ ~ 1111~~~~011.,,~~1~~ 01 ~~111 /(2 1111~ ~105~0-
100~ ~0111~01. (1111~ ~111~1111~~6011 01 5~~~0 5~1150~ 15 /(. = 3 111~/~~0/5, 0~1~~111111~
111~ ~~111 01111~ ~011.,,~~1~~ /(2 10 1111111111~ 5~~~0 ~~~1.11~6011 ~1 11.11110~0 10 1 %.

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10-23. ~ 60-/1~ 230- ~ 1750-(~111 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 ~011~~(1~( 35
5/10~11 1111/1~ 010~)( 013~(3111 111~1~. 10-28. 1/1~ 11~10 ~11((~11115 111311113111~0~011513111
31 /( = 1.25 ~ 3110 1/1~ 1113~/1111~ 03~)( ~1111~011513111,1(,. = 0.81 ~/~-(30/5. 1/1~
3(1113111(~ (~5151311~~, ~~ = 0.02 0 3110 1/1~ ~15~0115 1(1~11011 ~011513111. 13
= 0.3 ~ .111/
(30/5. 1/1~ 3111~1111~311011011/1~ 5~~~0 5~1150(, 1(1 = 96 111~/(30/5 3110 1/1~ ~3111 011/1~
~0~~( ~0111(011~(, 1(2 = 150. (3) 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (31~0 10(()11~ 01 1/1~ 111010(. (/))
0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ ~, 10 0(1~~ 1/1~ 111010( 31 1/1~ (31~0 5~~~0. (~) 11
1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 )(~~1 1111~/1311~~0, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 5~~~0 ~/1~11 1/1~ 111010( 0~-
~~10~5 1/1~ (31~0 10(()11~.
10-24. ~~~~31 ~(00. 10-23. (3) 11 1/1~ 1030 10(()11~ 15 111~(~35~0 0~ 20% 011/1~ (31~0 ~3111~,
0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 111010( 5~~~0. (/)) 11 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 (~011~~0 0~ 10%, 0~1~(-
111111~1/1~ 111010( 5~~~0. (~) 11 1/1~ 1030 10(()11~ 15 (~011~~0 0~ 15% 01 1/1~ (31~0 ~3111~
3110 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 (~011~~0 0~ 20%, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 111010( 5~~~0. (()) 11
1/1~(~ ~35 110 1~~003~)(, 35 111 311 0~~11-100~ ~0111(01, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 5~~~0 (~~111311011
10( 3 (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~, ~,
= 1.24~. (~) 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 5~~~0 (~~111311011 ~11/1 3
~105~0-100~ ~0111(01.
10-25. ~ 40-/1~ 230- ~ 3500-(~111 5~.1~5 ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 1111~3( ~011~~(1~(
01 ~3111 1(2 = 200. 1/1~ 1110111~111 01 111~(11301 1/1~ 111010( 1030, 1 = 0.156 1-/.111/
(30/5, ~15~0115 1(1~11011 ~01151311115 11~~11~101~, 3(1113111(~ (~5151311~~, ~,,,
= 0.0450, 3110
3(1113111(~ 111011~1311~~, 1-,0 = 730 1111-1. 1/1~ 03~)( ~1111 ~011513111 15 1(, = 340 111~/~-
(30/5. 1/1~ 11~10 (~5151311~~, ~/ = 0.035 0 3110 6~10 111011~1311~~, 1-( = 450 1111-1. (3)
00131111/1~ 0~~11-100~ 1(31151~( 11111~11011(0(5)/~,(5) 3110 (0(5)/11.(5) 10( 1/1~ 111010(. (/))
~31~11131~ 1/1~ 111010( 51~30~-5131~ 5~~~0 11 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~, ~, = 1 ~ 3110 1/1~
1030 10(()11~ 15 60% 01 1/1~ (31~0 ~3111~.
10-26. ~~~~31 ~(00. 10-25 ~11/1 ~105~0-100~ ~0111(0111 1/1~ 3111~1111~31101101 5~~~0 5~1150(, 1(1
= 3 111~ /(30/5.

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 1 1

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111 111(11)111101151.-131 3~~11(3110115.
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(311 (0111.-01111~ 1.-~~11~11()1, ~0113~~, 3110/0.- (11 ~11110 111~~1111~ 0.-1~~ .-~~111.-~111~1115.
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5 = (11-4)

111~ ~()111~31~01 ~1(~111110( 00~ ~1135~ 01111~ (010( 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 11-13, ~11~(~ ~~
15 111~ (~515130~~ ~~( ~1135~ 01111~ (010( ~10010~5, %~ 15 111~ 1~3/(3~~ (~3~130~~ ~~(
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~5 300 %5 3(~ 111~ ~~( ~1135~ (~515130~~ 300 1~3/(3~~ (~3~130~~ 01111~ 51310( ~10010~.
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15 111~ 111.3~0~11210~ (~3~130~~. 111~(~ ~111 ~~ 51310( ~0(~ 1055, ~11~0 111~ 511~~1~ 15
~000~~1~0 300 111~ (010( ~0(~ 1055 0~~~005 00 111~ 511~. 111~ 1(1~1100 300 ~1003~~
1055, ~00 10301,~)(1515 ~11~0 111~ 111.3~1110~(0131~5. 111~ ~0(~ 1055, ~0 111.3~~~ 10~1110~0
35 3 ~3(1 01 (013110031 1055, ~ 00 10301.

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10 ~1~. 11-1~ ~11~(~ ~~ 300 %~ 3(~ (~1~((~0 10 111~ 51310( ~10010~5. 00~~ 111~ ~3111~5
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35 10110~5~
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(11-6)

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 ( 11-9)

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(11-11)

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11 ~8 ~~ (~0 + ~5,,) 3110 ~0 ~~ ~00 1030, 111~ ~111~1~11~~ 0~~0111~5

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10 51111~111~10(111~(~ 1111515 5110~11 111~1~. 11-2.

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 -1

10~ 10~111 1111~~030~~ 0110~ 111010(,

%,,,(%5 + %~) + /%,,,(~, + ~)8)

~./ = - (11-15)
~, + ~)8 + /(%,,, + %5 + %~)

300 10~ ~0~~( 13~10( 30~1~ 0110~ 111010(,

_ , 1 ~5 + ~~/8 %,,, + %5 + %~
- + 130-1
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8(). (11-17) 10 8()5. (11-9) 300 (11-123) )11~105

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11 10~ 111010( 15 511~~11~0 1(0111 3 11)(~0 ~0113~~ 31 3 ~0051301 1(~()11~0~)1, 10~

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/)~ 0~1~(11110~0 1(0111 8(). (11-18). ,4. 1)1~1~31 ~101 01 0~~~10~~0 10(()11~ 35 3 1110~1100
01511~ 0( 5~~~0 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 11-3. 10~(~ 3(~ 10(~~ (~~1005 010~~(31100~ (1)
111010(111~ 0( ~0~~(10~, 0 ~ 8 ~ 1~ (2) (~~~0~(31100, 8 ~ 0~ 300 (3) ~111~~111~, 1 ~
8 ~ 2. 10 111010(10~, 10~ 111010( (0131~5 10 10~ 53111~ 01(~~1100 35 10~ 11~10~ 300 35
10~ 511~ 10~(~35~5, 10~ 10(()11~ 3150 10~(~35~5 ~011~ 10~ 31(-~3~ 1111)((~11131115~0051301.
00~~ 10~ 10(()11~ (~3~0~5 115 1113)(111111111~3111~, 1,,, 31 8 = 8/~,, 10~ 10(()11~ 0~~(~35~5,
~110 10~ 10~(~35~ 10 511~ 011~ 10 (~011~1100 0110~ 31(-~3~ 1111)(.

$8~. 11-2 343

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 111 (~~~11~(116.011, 111~ 8~~~0 18 ~(~111~( 1111111111~ 8)111~11(01101.18 8~~~0, ~1111 0),,,
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11~~116.~~. 11118 (11~11118 111111~0~~( 18 0~111~ 1~0 011~~ 1(0(11 111~ 8111111 11110 111~ (010(
~1(~1.111 3110 111~ (11010( 0~~(31~8 38 3 ~~11~(310(. 111~ (11010( (~11.1(118 ~0~~( 10 111~
81.1~~1)1 8)181~(11. 111~ 10(~1.1~-8~~~0 ~113(3~1~(186.~ 18 81(11113( 10 11131 01 (11010(111~, 01.11
1111~111~ 11~~1111~~ ~1111.1~ 0110(~1.1~.
111 ~11.1~~111~, 111~ 8~~~0 18 0~~0811~ 10 111~ 01(~~6.011 01111~ 11~10 3110 111~ 811~ 18
~(~111~( 11111111.11111)1. 11118 (113)1 113~~~11 11 111~ 8~~1.1~11~~ 01 111~ 81.1~~1_ 801.1(~~ 18
(~~~(8~0, ~1111~ (11010(111~, 80 111111111~ 01(~~11011 01111~ 11~10 18 11180 (~~~(8~0. 111~
0~~~10~~0 10(~1.1~, ~111~1118 111 111~ 83(11~ 01(~~6.011 118 111~ 11~10, 0~~08~8 111~ (11011011
3110 3~18 38 0(11~111~ 10(~1.1~. 5111~~ $ ~ 1, 111~ (11010( ~1.1((~1118 ~111 0~ 111~11, 01.11111~
0~~~10~~0 10(~1.1~ ~111 0~ 10~. 111~ ~11~(~)101.1~ 10 ~11.1~~111~ 0(3~~ (111.1810~ 01881~31~0
~1111111 111~ (11010( 3110 11118 (1111)1~31.18~ ~)(~~881~~ 11~36.11~ 01111~ (11010(. 11118 1)1~~ 01
0(3~111~ 18 1101 110((11311)1 (~~0(11(11~110~0.
~1 813(6.11~, 111~ (113~11111~ 8~~~0 18 0),,, = 0 3110 $ = 1. 111~ 813(111~ 10(~1.1~
~1111 0~ 101.1110 1(0(11 .8~. (11-18) 0)1 8~16.11~ $ = 1 118
3~~~~
1 (11-19)
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.8~. (11-18) )11~108

$,,, = ~ (11-20)
(~~ + (%~~+ %~)2)1/2
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(11010(111~, ~111~1118 3180 ~1111~0 17/1//-0/1( (0,.()/1~ 0( /),.~(//(00~11 (0,.()/1~,

3~2
1,,,,,, =
2 0).(~ . + ~~2. . + .+ (% % ~ )2)
(11-21)

11110 111~ (113)(1(111.1(11(~~~11~(1111~~ 10(~1.1~ ~1111 0~ 101.1110 1(0(11 .8~. (11-18) 0)1 1~16.11~

3~.12
1,,,~ = (11-22)
20).( _~. + ~~~.+ (%. + %~)2)
11 ~. 18 ~011810~(~0 8(11311 ~0(11~3(~0 10 0111~( ~1(~1.1111(11~~01111~~8, ~111~1118 1.181.1(11)13
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~)(~(~8810118 0~~0(11~

3~~~~
1(/ = (11-23)
$0).((~~/$)2 + (%. + %~)2)

3~~~~
1. = (11-24)
0). (~~2 + (%. + %~) 2)

(11-25)

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 3~~
1/11/11 = -1/11~ = (11-26)
2(05 ( %5 + %~ )

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1,) _ 2~~(%5 + %~) -

(11-27)
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15 2~~(%5+ %~) _ ~
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11 5 ~ 1, 52 ~~ 5~ ~00 ~().. (11-27) ~~0 0~ ~~~(0)(1111~1~0 10

1,) 25 2((05 - (0/11)

= = (11-29)

(11-30)

11 ~~0 0~ 0011~~0 1(0111 ~().8. (11-29) ~00 (11-30) 10~1 11111~ 111010( 0~~(~1~8 ~110
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~110 10(().1.1~. 111~ 8~~~0 ~00 10(().1.1~ 011001.1~1100 111010(8 ~~0 0~ ~~(1~0 0~ 00~ 01
10~ 10110~10~ 111~~08~

1. 51~10( ~011~~~ ~001(01

2. ~010( ~011~~~ ~001(01

3. ~(~().1.1~0~~ ~001(01
4. 51~10( ~011~~~ ~00 1(~().1.1~0~~ ~001(01
5. 51~10( ~1.1((~01 ~001(01
6. ~011~~~, ~1.1((~01, ~00 1(~().1.1~0~~ ~001(01

10 111~~1111~ 10(().1.1~-8~~~0 01.11~~~~1~ 01 ~ 0(1~~, 10~ ~011~~~, ~1.1((~01 ~00 1(~().1.1~0~~

~001(01 ~(~ 00(111~11~ 1.18~0.

~)(3111())~ 11-1

~ 111(~~-~1135~ 460- ~ 60-1-12 101.1(-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 11101.1~11011111010( 1135 111~ 10110.,.,111~

~~1.11,,,31~111-~1(~1.111~3(3111~1~(5~ 8., = 0.42 .0, 8.,
= 0.23 .0, %, = %, = 0.82 .0, 3110
%,,, = 22.0. 111~ 110-1030 1055, .,.,111~1118 ~00 10.~ = 60~, 1113)10~ 3851.1111~0~011513111.
111~ (010( 5~~~0 15 1750 (~111. 05~ 111~ 3~~(0)(111131~ ~~1.11,,,31~111~1(~1.111111~1~. 11-2 10
0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 8)111~11(01101.155~~~0, (0, ~ (0) 811~, -5~ (~) 111~1.11~1.1((~111, /.~ (0) 111~1.11
~0.,.,~(, ~.~ (~) 111~1.11~0.,.,~( 13~10( 01111~ 51.1~~1)1, ~~,~ (1)
~3~ ~0.,.,~(, ~8~ (~) (010(
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()() 513(1111~ ~1.1((~111, /,,, 3110 513(1111~ 10(~1.1~, 15~ (1) 511~ 10( 1113)(11111.1111
10(~1.1~, -5,,,~ (111)
1113)(11111.1111
0~,,,~10~~0 10(~1.1~ 111111010(111~, 1 ,,,,,,~ (11) 1113)(11111.1111
(~~~11~(311,,,~ 0~,,,~10~~0
10(~1.1~, 1,,,,~ 3110 (0) 1,,,,,, 3110 1,,,,11 8.,18 11~~1~~1~0.

80)01100 / = 60 1-12, ~ = 4, 8., = 0.42 .0, 8., = 0.23 .0, %, = %, = 0.82 .0, %,,,
=

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 22 0, 3110 ,., = 1750 ~11111. 111~ 111138~,,,0113~~ 18 11, = 460/~3 265.58 ~,
(.0 = 270 )( 60 = 377 ~30/8, 3110(.0,,,= 1750 70/30 = 183.26 ~30/8.
(3) ~~0111 ~().. (11-1), (.0, = 2(.0/~ = 2 )( 377/4 = 188.5 ~30/8.
(0) ~~0111~().. (11-4),5 = (188.5 - 183.26)/188.5 = 0.028.
(~) ~~0111~().. (11-15),

7,., = - 22(0.82 + 0.82) + 122(0.42 + 0.23/0.028) = 7. 732 ~ 30 90

0.42 + 0.23/0.028 + 1(22 + 0.82 + 0.82)
11, 265.58
1, =_ 2, = 7.732 /. -3090= 3435
. / -30 .90 ~

(0) 111~ 110~~~ 13~10~ 01111~ 111010~18

~~,,, = ~08 (-30.90) = 0.858 (13~~111~)

~~0111 ~().. (11-13),

~, = 3 )( 265.58 )(
34.35
)(
0.858 = 23 482 ~
(~) 111~ 110~~~ 13~10~ 01111~ 11111018(11111)118~~, = ~~,,, = 0.858 (13~~111~)~111~11
18 111~83111~38 111~111010~110~~~ 13~10~, ~~,,,, 0~~308~ 111~8(11111)11881110801031.
(1) ~~0111 ~().. (11-17), 111~~010~ ~0~~~11118

265.58
1, = = 30. 1 ~
((0.42 + 0.23/0.028)2 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)1/2

~~0111 ~().. (11-9),

)( 30.12 )(
3 0.23
~8 = = 22,327 ~
0.028
(~) ~~0111 ~().. (11-7), ~,./ = 3 )( 30.12 )( 0.23 = 625~.
(11) 111~ 81310~ ~01111~~1088, ~,,/ = 3 )( 30.12 )( 0.42 = 1142~.
(1) ~~0111 ~().. (11-123), 1.1 = 22,327/188.5 = 118.4 ~.111.
()) ~() = ~8 - ~,~ - ~00 (030 = 22,327 - 625 - 60
= 21 ,642 ~.
(/() ~0~ 5
= 1, ~().. (11-17) ~1,,,~8111~813~1111~~010~ ~0~~~111,
265.58
1,, =
((0.42 + 0.23)2 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)1/2 = 150.5 ~

~~0111 ~().. (11-19),

)( )(
3 0.23 150.52
1, = = 82.9 ~.111
188.5
(1) ~~0111 ~().. (11-20), 111~8111110~1113)(11110111
10~().0~ (0~ 110~~~),

0.23
5,,, = +- (0.422 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)1/2= +
-
0.1359

(111)~~0111 ~().. (11-21), 111~1113)(11110111

0~,,,~1011~0 10~().0~,
)( 265.582
3
1 ,,,,,, = 2)(
188.5(0.42 + ~0.422 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)

= 265.64 ~.111

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 (11) ~(0111 6().. (11-22), 10~ (113)(111111111
(~/5~11~(311~~ 10(().11~ 15
)(
3 265.582
1 ,,,~ =- )( 188.5(
2 - 0.42 + ~0.422 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)

= 440.94~.111
(0) ~(0111 6().. (11-25),

0.23
+
- 0.82 + 0.82 ~0.1402

~(0111 6().. (11-26),

)(
3 265.582
7,71111= - 1,,,~ = 2 )(
188.5(0.82 + 0.82) = 342.2 ~.111

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01 6. 10~ 11011115 011111~(5~(11011 ~110 10~ 10(10 1111~ 0~1111~ 10~ 51(101~ 011~((11111~
11011115. 111 (111~ (11(1~11~11( (1((1.111, 10~ 11101.1(~0 ~011(1~~ 15 11(0110(11011(11 10 111.1)( (1110
1(~()1.1~11(~, (1110 10~ ((115 (11(-~(111111.1)( ((111 0~ ~)(11(~55~0 (15

(1 ~= 6~5 1(,,,0)~
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0.8

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0.6 0.8

111~0~~ 11-4 10~()11~-5))~~0 ~03~3~1~~1511~5 ~110.,,3~1301~ 51310~ .,,0113~~.

58~. 11-2 ~1101.1~1~011 ~010~ 0~~.,85 347

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~11~(~ 1(,,, 15 (1 ~0051(101 (10~ ~~11~0~5 00 111~ 011(00~( 01111(05
01111~ 51(110( ~10~10~.
(1(~ (1150 (~~11~~~.
~5 111~ 51(110( 011(1~~ 15 (~~11~~~, 111~ (11(-~(111 511)( (10~ 111~ 10(~11~
011(1~~, 111~ ~11((~01 ~111 0~ 11~(1~10~
(11 (1 51111 0150 111~ ((10~~ 01 = ~.
~1 (1 10~~( (0010(,
(0(1)(1(011(0 10(~11~, 5,,,. ~0( (1 10~-51111
511~~~ ~001(01 ~~11~0~5 00 111~ 5111110(
~()1 0(1((0~. 11115 1)111~ 01 011(1~~ ~001(0115 001 51111(101~ 10( (1
111~ 511~~~ ((10~~ 15
00((0(111)1 (1111111~~ 10 (1111111~(111005 (~~111(10~ 10~ 51(1(110~
~0051(101-10(~11~ 10(1~ (111~ 15
(11 (1 (~1(111 ~1)110~ 51111.
10(~11~ (10~ (1 0(1((0~ ((10~~ 01 511~~~
(1(1~~ 0)1111(~~-1111(15~ (1) (1~ 011(1~~ ~001(011~(5,
111~ 51(110( 011(1~~ ~(10 0~
~(, ~11~
(1(1(101~ ~~ 110~ 10 ~(1~(5, 0( (3) ~~~ 10 ~(1~(5. 110~~
(2) 011(1~~-1~~ (1(~ 00((0(111)1115~~
10 11(011~~ 511~~~ ((10~~ (~~111(~(0~1115, 111~ (1~ 011(1~~ ~001(011~(5
(1(~ ~()1 51(0111~. 110~-
10 11(0 1~~ 111~ 011(1~~ ~001(01. 111~ (1~ 011(1~~ ~001(011~(5 1(1~10( 01111~ ~001(011~(5
(1(~ 111~11 (10~ 111~ 1011111110~~(
~ ~(, 111~ 11(1((0001~ ~001~015
(0(1101)110 10~ 110~~( (1111111~(111005, 511~11 (15 1(105, 010~~(5,
15 10~. 111~)1 (1(~ 115~~
(10~ ~~01(1111~(111111(0115, ~11~(~ 111~ 51(1(110~ 10(~11~ 15 10~. 111~)1 (1(~ (1150 115~~ 10(
(0010(5 10 11(011111~ 10-(11511 ~11((~01.
51(1(110~ 111~11-110~~( 10~11~1100

~1(3111()1~ 11-2
~_~01111~~1~011101.1~11011111010~ 11(15111~ 10110~111~
/1.. 111~~~-1111(15~460-~ 60-1-1~ 101.1~-1101~
= 1.30,)(, = 1.940, (1110)(,,, = 43.5
11(1~(1111~1~~5~~5 = 1.01 0, ~, = 0.690,)(5
0. 111~ 110-10(10 1055, 11001030, 15 11~~11~101~. 111~ 10(10 10~().1.1~, ~111~1115 11~0110~11011(11
10111~ 511~~0 5().1.1(1~~0,15 41 ~.111 (111740 ~11111. 11111~ 111010~ 511~~015 1550 ~11111,0(0)
~1~~111111~
111010~
111~ ((1) 10(10 10~().1.1~, 1(.~ (0) ~010~ ~1.1~~~111,1,~ (~) 51(110~ 51.111111~
~011(1~~, ~0~
111(1)(11111.1111~1.1~~~111, 50~ (~)
(~) 111010~ 111111.11110~~~, 11,~ (1) 5111110~
111111.11~1.1~~~111, 1,~ ()),,~ (1110 (1) 10~().1.1~
(11) 511~~0 (11111(1)(11111.1111 ~010~ ~1.1~~~111,
111(1)(11111.1111 ~010~ ~1.1~~~111, 1,(,,,3.)~

(11 111~ 111(1)(11111.1111 ~1.1~~~111, 1,,.

= 265.58~, ~5 = 1.01 0, ~, = 0.690,

8011.11100 ~ = 4, / = 601-1~, ~5 = 460/0 ()),
43.50, ()) = 2,,.
)(
60 = 377 ~(10/5,(1110 =
)(5 = 1.30,)(, = 1.940, (1110)(,,,=
)( 2/4 188.5 ~(10/5. 5111~~ 10~().1.1~15 11~0110~11011(1110 511~~0 5().1.1(1~~0,
377 =
(11-32)

1(,,, = 41/
/1..1()),,, = 1740,,./30 41 ~.111 (1110~().. (11-32) ~1~105
= 182.2 ~(10/5, 1(. =
)( 10-3 (1110()),,, 1550,,./30 = 162.3 ~(10/5. ~~0111 ~().. (11-4),5 =
182.22 = 1.235 =
(188.5 - 162.3)/188.500 = 0.139.
)( 10-3 )( 162.32 = 32.5 ~.111.
((1) ~~0111 ~().. (11-32), 1(. = 1.235
(0) ~~0111 ~().5. (11-10) (1110 (11-32),

(11-33)

1/2

1, =
(
51(.()),,,

3~, (1 - 5) ) )(
.
1/0
(11-34)
)( 162.3
( 0.139
3 )(
32.5
0.69 (1 - 0.139) ) = 20.28 /1..

348

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 (~) 111~ 51310~ 511~~1~ ~0113~~,
2
~1/2
~. = 1.( (~. + ~.) + (%. + %.)2
(11-35)
2 11/2
0.69
= 20.28 (( 1.01 + 0.139 ) + (1.3 + 1.94)2~ = 139.34

(0) ~~01118~. (11-15),

-43.5(1.3 + 1.94) + 143.5(1.01 + 0.69/0.139)
7../ = . ~ 35740
= 628
1.01 + 0.69/0.139 + 1(43.5 + 1.3 + 1.94)

~. 139.34 0 0
1, = / -35.74 = 22.2 / -35.74 .4..
7.., = 628
(~) ~~,,, = ~05 (-35.740) = 0.812 (13~~111~). ~~0111 8~. (11-13),
11, = 3 )( 139.34 )( 22.2 )( 0.812 = 7535.4 ~

(1) 511/)5111111111~
00,,, = 00. (1 - 5) 3110 1~ = /(,,,~ 1118~. (11-34) ~1~105

51~00,,, 11/2 _ ) 5/(,,,00. 1/2

1~ =
( 3~.(1 = (1 5 00.
- 5)~
(11-36)
( ) 3~~

111~ 511~ 31 ~111~11 1~ /)~~0111~5 (113)(111111111

~(111 /)~ 0/)13111~0 /)~ 5~11111~ ()1~/ ()5 = 0, 3110
11115~1~105

(11-37)

(11-38)
1/2
188.5
) = 24.3 .4..

(11) 111~ 5~~~0 31 111~ (113)(111111111 ~11~~~111,

00. = 005(1 - 5.) = (2/3)005 = 0.6667005 (11-39)

)(
= 188.5 2/3 = 125.27 ~30/5 0~ 1200 ~~111
(1) ~~0111 8~5. (11-9), (11-123), 3110 (11-36),

(11-40)
)( 0.69
= 9 24.32 )(
188.5 = 19.45 ~.111

111 3 ~0000-(010( 111010(, 30 ~)(1~(031111(~~-~1135~ (~51510( 1113)11)~ ~000~~1~0 10 115

511~ (10~5 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 11-53. 111~ 0~~~10()~0 10~~0~ 1113)11)~ ~3(1~0 1))1~3()110~
111~ (~515130~~, ~.(. 1~~.( 15 (~~~((~0 10 111~ 51310( ~10010~ 300 300~0 10 ~0 8~.

58~. 11-2 349

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(11-18) 111(1~ 0~ (1~~11~0 10 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 0~~~10~~0 10(()1.1~. 111~ 1~~1~(1110(()1.1~-
5~~~0 ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 10( ~(1(1(1110115 111 (010( (~5151(111~~ (1(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-50.
11115 111~11100 111~(~(15~5111~ 51(1(1111~ 10(()1.1~ ~1111~ 1111111111~111~ 51(1(1111~ ~1.1((~111. 1-10~-
~~~(, 11115 15 (111 111~111~1~111 111~11100 (1110 111~(~ ~01.110 0~ 1.1110(11(111~~5 111 ~011(1~~5 (1110
~1.1((~1115 11111~ (~5151(111~~5 111 111~ (010( ~1(~1.111 (1(~ 1101 ~()1.1(11.
111~ 111(~~-~11(15~ (~51510( 111(1~ 0~ (~~1(1~~0 0~ (1 111(~~-~11(15~ 0100~ (~~1111~( (1110
(1 ~110~~~( (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-6(1, ~11~(~ 111~ 010 0~~((11~5 (15 (1 ~110~~~( 5~11~11.
111~ 11101.1~10(, ~,,, (1~15 (15 (1 ~1.1((~111 501.1(~~, /,,, (1110 111~ ~110~~~( ~(1(1~5 111~ ~11~~11~~
(~5151(111~~, ~111~11 ~(111 0~ 101.1110 1(0111 ~(). (10-45) ~

~~ = ~(1 - /() (11-41)

~11~(~ /( 15 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 01111~ ~110~~~(. 111~ 5~~~0 ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~(1(~111~
111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~.
111~ 511~ ~0~~( 111 111~ (010( ~1(~1.111111(1~ 0~ (~11.1(11~0 10 111~ 51.1~~1~ 0~ (~~1(1~111~
111~ ~110~~~( (1110 (~5151(111~~, ~, ~1111 (1 111(~~-~11(15~ 11.111~011~~(1~( (15 5110~11 111 ~1~.

11-60. 111~ ~011~~(1~( 15 0~~((11~0 111 111~ 111~~(51011 11100~ ~1111 0~1(1~ ((111~~ 01 -../2
~ (1 ~ -.., 111~(~0~ (~11.1(11111~ ~11~(~~ 10 111~ 501.1(~~. 111~ ~(1(1(111011 01111~ 0~1(1~ (111~1~
~~(111115 ~0~~( 110~ (1110 5~~~0 ~0111(01. 11115 1~~~ 01 0(1~~ 15 /(110~11 (15 (1 5((1(1~
/(,(1111€, 0(1~~. ~~(1111, 0~ (~~1(1~111~ 111~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~(5 0~ 111(~~ 111(~~-~11(15~ 01.1(11
~011~~(1~(5 (0( ~~~10~011~~(1~(5) (15 5110~11111 ~1~. 11-6~, 111~ 511~ ~0~~( 110~ 111 ~1111~(
01(~~11011 15 ~055101~ (1110 11115 (1(((111~~111~111 15 ~(111~0 (1 5((1(1~ 5~/1€,01/15 0(1~~. 111~
51(111~ 1(((1111~( (1110 5~11~(011.15 0(1~~5 (1(~ 1.15~0 111 1(1(~~ ~0~~( ~1.1111~ (1110 010~~(
(1~~11~(1110115 ~11~(~ 1111111~0 ((111~~ 01 5~~~0 ~0111(0115 (~()1.11(~0. 5111~~ 111~ 111010( 15
~01111~~1~0 01(~~11~ 10 111~ 501.1(~~, 111~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( 01111~5~ 0(1~~5 15 ~~11~((111~ 111~11.

~,.3(11()1~ 11-3

~ 111(~~-~11(15~ 460- ~ 60-1-12 51)(-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 ~01.1110-(010( 11101.1~11011(11010( ~1105~

5~~~0 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 511~ ~0~~( (15 5110~11111 ~1~. 11-6(111(15 111~ 10110~111~ ~(1((1111~1~(5~
/( = 0.041 0, ~~ = 0.044 0, ~5 = 0.29 0, ~~ = 0.440, (1110 ~,,, = 6.1 0. 111~
11.1(115((1110 01111~ (010( 10 51(110( ~1110111~5 15 11~~.= /-/)/-/, = 0.9. 111~ 11101.1~1(111~~~,)
15 ..,~(~ 1(1(~~ (1110 /15 ~1.1((~111 /.1 11(1511~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 111~ ..,(111.1~501 ~5, ~,, %,, (1110
~~ 10( 111~ ~().1.11..,(11~111
~1(~1.111111~1~. 11-2 ~(1110~ ~011510~(~0 11~~11~101~ ~0111~(1(~0 10 111~
~11~~11..,~ 1111~~0(111~~ 01 ~,). 111~ 110-10(10 1055 01111~ (11010( 15 11~~11~101~. 111~ 1055~5
111111~ (~~1111~(, 11101.1~10( ~,) (1110 111~ 010 ~110~~~( (1(~ (1150 11~~11~101~.

350

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 -~0

+ 1...0 +

(3,-0
1,/0 8 1,/00

+ +

8~~~ ~0~8~ (0~0~~8~(~008.~)

(~) 8(8.(~~ 8~~8~0,~5 0~~__8

111~ 1030 10(().11~, ~111~1115 ~(0~0(60113110 5~~~0 5().113(~0, 15 750 ~.111 31 1175
(~111. (3) 11111~ 111010( 1135 10 0~~(31~ ~1111 3 111111111111111
5~~~0 01 800 (~111, 0~1~(111111~
111~ (~5151311~~,~. ~111111115 ,,,3111~ 01 ~, 11111~ 0~51(~0 5~~~0 15 1050 (~111, ~31~11131~
111~ (0) 111011~10( ~11((~111, 1,)~ (~) (111)1 ~)1~1~ 01111~ ~110~~~(, /(~ (0) 0~ ,,,0113/2,~, ~,)~ (~)
~111~1~11~)1~3110 (1) 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 01111~ 0(1,,,~, 1-~5.

58~. 11-2 351

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 )(
8010~100 ~0 = 460/~3 = 265.58 ~, 11 = 6, 0) = 2 70 60 = 377 (((0/5, ((110 0)5 =
)(
2 377/6 = 125.66 (((0/5. 10.~ ~((111~((1~11~~1(~111~ 01 ~0.~ 0(1~~ 15 50.0~11 111 ~1~. 11-
7((, ~0.1~0. 15 (~011~~0 ~0 ~1~. 11-70 ~(0~10~0 ~0.~ 1110~0( ~(((((111~~~(5 (((~ 11~~1~~~~0.
~(0111 ~((. (11-41), ~0.~ 0~ ~01~((~~ ((~ ~0.~ (~~1111~( 0111~11115

(11-42)

(11-43)

~0( (( ~0.(~~-~0.((5~ (~~~111~(, ~((. (2-77) (~1((~~5 ~. ((110 ~,, ((5

~,, = 1.6542 )( -0~. = 2.3394~.

~(0111 ~((. (11-43),

(11-44)
11 11. 15 ~0.~ 511~ ~0~~(, ~0.~ ~((~ ~0~~(,
11.
11
8 = 5

((110 ~((. (11-9) ~1~~5 ~0.~ 0~~~10~~0 ~0~~( ((5

11,, = 3(118 - 11.) = 3 (~. - 11.) (11-45)

(11-46)

~. ,. )(,,
~~$
~~~.-
~,- + ~.

~. ~~,
1 ..1~
/

+ ~,

~.

1
~098( 1~8,,$10~1119~

(0) ..6.~~~0)(~111819 9~()~1/8~9,,1 ~1~~()~1

..1~0..~ 11-7 ~().0)1/31~,,( ()((0)(5 (0( ~)(3111~1~ 11-3.

352

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 51105111111111~ ~(). (11-44) 111 ~(). (11-46) 3110 501~111~ ~0~ /0 ~1~~5

_ 11..(1)5
/0 - (11-47)
2.3394~511,,,

~111~1111101~31~5 11131111~ 111011~10~ ~11~~~11115 1110~~~110~111 0~ 111~ 5~~~0. ~()1131111~ ~().

(11-42) 10 ~(). (11-44) ~1,,,~5

2.3394.5~511 = /08.(1 - /()

/08.(1 - /()
.5 = (11-48)
2.3394~511,,,

111~ 5~~~0 ~311 0~ ~011110~~0~ ~(). (11-48) 35

_ (1)5(1 _ .5)
_ _ /08.(1 - /() (11-49)
(1
(1),,, (1)5
- - 2.3394~511,,, )
_ 11..(1)58.(1- /()
_
-
(1)5
(
1
(2.3394 ~511,,,)2 ) (11-50)

~0~ 3 ~1)(~0 ,,,3111~ 0~ 0111~ ~~~1~, 111~ 5~~~0 0~~~~35~5 ~11111030 10~()11~. 8~ ,,,3~~111~ /(
~~0~ 0 10 1, 111~ 5~~~0 ~311 0~ ,,,3~1~0 ~~0~ 3 ~1111~11~ ,,,3111~ 10 (1)5.
(3) (1),,, = 80010/30 = 83.77 ~30/5. ~~0~ ~(). (11-32) 111~ 10~()11~ 31 900 ~~~ 15
2
800
11.. = 750)( ( )=
1175
347.67 ~.~

)(
347.67 125.66
/0 = 78.13 ~
2.3394 )(
265.58 )(
0.9 =
111~ 5~~~0 ~111 0~ ~1111~11~ ~11~11 111~ 0111~ ~~~1~ /( 15 2~~0 3110 ~(). (11-49) ~1,,,~5 111~
~1111~11~ 5~~~0,

83.77 = 125.66 ( 1 -
2.3394 )(
78.138.
265.58 )(
0.9 )
3110 11115~1~105 8. = 2.38560.
(0) ~1 1050 ~~~
2

11.. = 750)(
( ) 1050
1175
= 598.91 ~.~
)(
598.91 125.66
/0 = 2.3394 )( 265.58 )(
0.9 = 134.6 ~
(~) (1),,, = 105010/30 = 109.96 ~30/5 3110 ~(). (11-49) ~1~~5
_ 134.6 )(
2.3856(1 - /()
109.96 = 125.66 1
( 2.3394 )(
265.58 )( 0.9 )

58~. 11-2 353

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 (0) 511~,

1)
125.66 - 109.96_-.1 0 25
= 125.66
~~001 ~(). (11-44),
)( )( )(
17,/ = 2.3394 0.125 265.58 0.9 = 69.9 ~
(~) 10~ ~0~~~ 1055,

111 = 17,/1,/ = 69.9 )( 134.6 = 9409 ~

)(
110 = 1~()),,, = 598.91 109.96 = 65 856 ~

~ ~
)( )(
1~ = 1,/11,,, = 134.6 0.9 = 98.9 ~

10~ ~010~ ~0~~~~ 1055, 11~~ = 3 )( 0.044 )( 98.92

= 1291 ~, ~110 10~ 51~10~ ~0~~~~
1055, 11$~ = 3 )( 0.041 )( 98.92 = 1203~. 10~ 111~111~0~~~,
11, = 65,856 + 9409 + 1291 + 1203 = 77,759 ~

10~ ~111~1~11~~15 65,856/77,759 = 85%.

(1) ~~001 ~(). (4-62), 10~ 111110~01~111~1
~001~011~1110110~ ~010~ ~111~~111~~1~~1~0
10 10~ 51~10~ 15

1~1 = 0.77971,/ = 0.77971,/11,,,

~~

= 94.45 ~

17. 265.58
1,,, = )(,,, = 6.1 = 43.54 ~

2)1/2
11 = ((0.77971,/11,,,)2+
(~~) (11-51)
= (94.452 + 43.542)1/2 = 104 ~
10~ ~0~~~ 1~~10~ ~11~1~ 15 ~1~~11 0~

17))(,,,
6,,, = -1~11- 1
0.77971,/11,,,
(11-52)
_ -1 43.54
1~11 -- / -24740
.
94.45
10~ 111~111~0~~~ 1~~10~, ~~$ = ~05 ( - 24.740) = 0.908 (1~~~111~).

354

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 ~1 ~5 ~5~~, ,~, -~~ ~. ~~~~2
+ 1
+ + + (..~ + +
~,,,

))(,,,
~~5 ~, ~~~~0
1 ~~~5

,,,,010~ ,..~8~510~016~

..1~11..~ 11-8 ~()111.,,31~(11 ~1(~1111(0( 51311~ 1((3((1~( 0(1.,,~.

~~301~1~ 11-4

111~ 1(1011~110(1111010..1(1 8)((1111~1~ 11-3 18 ~0(11..011~0 0~ (1 81(111~1(..(1111~.. 0..1.,,~ (18 8110~(1

1(1 ~1~. 11-60. 111~ 111..(18..(1110 01111~ ~0(1.,,~..1~.. (1~ .,,011(1~~ 10 811~~1~ .,,011(1~~ 18 11. =
/+././/+./0 = 0.40. 111~ 10(10 10..((11~ 18 750 ~.111 (111175 ..~111. 11111~ 111010.. 18 ..~((111..~0
10 0~~..(11~ (11(18~~~0 011050 ..~111, ~(11~111(11~111~ ((1) 1(1011~10.. ~11 ~(11, 1,,~ (0) 0~ .,,011(1~~,
~,,~ (~) 0~1(1~ (1(1~1~ 01111~ ~0(1.,,~..1~.., ~~ (0) ~111~1~(1~~~ (1(10 (~) 1(1~111 ~0~~.. 1(1~10.. 01
10~ 0..1.,,~, ~~5. 111~ 1088~8 1(1 111~ 0100~ ..~~1111~.., ~0(1.,,~..1~.., 1..(1(1810..111~.. (1(10 1(1011~10..
1-,, (1..~ (1~~11~101~.

80101100 ~. = 460/~ = 265.58 ~, /1 = 6,00 = 2,..

.
)( 60 = 377..(10/8,005
= 2
)(
377/6 = 125.66..(10/8, (1(1000,,,= 1050,../30 = 109.96 ..(10/8. 111~(1
125.66 - 109.96
5 = = 0 . 125
125.66
2
1050
1 ~ = 750 )(
( )
1175 = 598.91 ~.111

((1) 111~ ~((111.,,(11~(11~1..~111101111~ 0..1.,,~ 18 8110~(11(1 ~1~. 11-8, ~11~..~ 111~ 111010..
~(1..(1111~1~..8 (1..~ (1~~1~~1~0. ~..0111 8((. (11-47), 111~ 1(1011~10.. ~11 ~(1118

598.91)( 125.66 ,,.

1,, -- )( )( -- 134 .6 ~
2.3394 265.58 0.9

(0) ~..0111 8((. (11-44),

)( )( )(
~,, = 2.3394 0.125 265.58 0.9 = 69.9 ~
(~) 81(1~~ ~. = 11.~5, 8((. (4-57) ~1.,,~8 111~ (1.,,~..(1~~ .,,011(1~~ (11111~ 0~ 810~ 01111~
~0(1.,,~..1~.. (18

(11-53)

81(1~~ ~,, = ~0., 8((8. (11-44) (1(10 (11-53) ~1.,,~

2.33945~511,,, = -2.339411.~$ ~08 ~

(11-54)

58~. 11-2 355

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 10~ 8~~~0, ~01~0 18 1110~~~110~111 0110(().11~, 0~~0111~8

110
(0,,,
= (0$(1 - 5) = (0$
(1 + ~~8 ~)
(11-55)
109.96 = 125.66 (1 +
0.4 ~08

0.9
~
)
3110 10~ 0~13)1 311~1~, ~ = 106.30.
(0) 10~ ~0~~( 1~0 03~/(,
)(
~1 = ~,/1,/= 69.9 134.6 = 9409 ~

)(
~0 = 1~(0,,, = 598.91 109.96 = 65,856 ~

~ ~
)( )(
1~ = 1,/11,,, = 134.6 0.9 = 98.9 ~

~~~ = 3
)(
0.044 )(
98.92 = 1291 ~

~$~ = 3
)(
0.041 )(
98.92 = 1203 ~
~, = 65,856 + 1291 + 1203 = 68,350 ~
10~ ~~1~1~11~)11865,856/68,350 = 96%.
(~) ~(0111 ~3(1 (1) 111~)(3111~1~ 11-3, 1~1 = 0.77971,/11,,, = 94.45~, 1,,, = 265.58/
6.1 = 43.54 ~, 311011 = 104 / -24.740. ~(0111 ~)(3111~1~ 4-9, 10~ (1118~11((~1111~0
03~/( 10 10~ 811~~1)118

~ ~
)( )(
12 = 1,/110 / - ~ = 134.6 0.4 / - ~ = 41.98 / -106.30

10~ ~~~~6~~ 111~111~11((~111 0110~ 00~~ 18

1, = 11 + 12 = 104 /-24.740 + 41.98 /-106.30 = 117.7 /-45.40 ~

10~ 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 18 ~~$ = ~08 (-45.40) = 0.702 (13~~111~).

1-10(~. 10~ ~16~1~11~~ 01 1018 0(1..,~ 18 01~0~( 10(11110(11 01 10~ (010( (~81810(
~0111(01 0~ (1 ~00~~~(. 10~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( 18 0~~~110~111 011 10~ 11.1(118((1110 0110~
1((111810((11~((~.~., 1111~ = 0.9, ~ = 97.10 (1110 ~~5 = 0.51).

10~ 10(()1.1~ (1110 8~~~0 0111101.1~11011 (11010(8 ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~0(111~111~ 10~ 81.1~~1~
1(~()1.1~11~~. ~~ ~(111 11011~~ 1(0(11 ~(). (11-31) 10(11 (1110~ ((11~0 ..,011(1~~ (1110 ((11~0
1(~()1.1~11~~, 10~ 111.1)(~111 0~ 10~ ((11~0 ..,(111.1~. 1110~ ..,011(1~~ 18 (11(11111(1111~0 11)(~0 (11
118 (31~0 ..,(1111~ ~011~ 10~ 1(~()1.1~11~~ 18 (~01.1~~0 0~10~ 118 ((11~0 ..,(111.1~, 10~ 1/1.1)( ~111
111~(~(18~. 1018 ~01.110 ~(11.18~ 8(111.1((1110110110~ (11(-~(1~ 111.1)(, (1110 10~ (11010( ~(1((1(11~1~(8
~01.110 1101 0~ ..,(1110 111 0~1~((11111111~ 10~ 10(()1.1~-8~~~0 ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8. ~1 10~ 1(~-

356

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~11~11~)1, 10~ (~(1~1(111~~8 ~111 0~~(~(18~ (1110 10~ (11010( ~11((~111 (11(1)1 0~ 100 01~0. 1018
1)1~~ 0~ ~(~~11~11~)1 ~0111(0118 1101 110((11(111)1118~0.
1~ 10~ ~(~~11~11~)118 111~(~(18~0 (100~~ 118 ((11~0 ~(1111~, 10~ ~11~ (1110 10(~11~ ~01110
0~~(~(18~. 1~ 10~ 8)111~0(0110118 8~~~0 ~0((~8~0110111~ 10 10~ ((11~0 ~(~~11~11~)118 ~(111~0
10~ 005€ 5/1€€0, ())6, 10~ 8)111~0(0110118 8~~~0 (11 (111)1 010~( ~(~~11~11~)1 0~~0(11~8

())5
= ~())6

~())6
- ()),,,
5 = ~())6
(11-56)

10~ 10(~11~ ~~~(~881011111 ~~. (11-18) 0~~0(11~8

_ 3~.17~
1 /1 - (11-57)
5~())/7((~5 + ~./5)2 + (~%5 + ~%.)2)
10~ 1)1~1~(1110(~11~-8~~~0 ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8 (1(~ 800~11 111~1~. 11-9 ~0( ~(1(10118 ~(1111~8
0~~. 10~ 10(~~-~0(18~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-5(1 ~(111 ~(1()1 10~ ~(~~11~11~)1 (11 (1 ~1~~0
~011(1~~. 1~ ~5 18 11~~11~101~, ~~. (11-26) ~1~~8 10~ (11(1~1(1111(1110(~11~ (11 10~ 0(18~
8~~~0 (18

~
,,,
1/7-
_ 3 17~ (11-58)
2())/7(%5 + %.)
10~ (11(1~1(1111(11 10(~11~ (11 (111)1 010~( ~(~~11~11~)118
2
3
1 ,,, =
2())/7(%5 + %.) (~ )
170
(11-59)

(1110 ~(0(11 ~~. (11-25), 10~ ~0((~8~0110111~ 811~ 18

(11-60)

1.0 - - --
~
~
0.8 -.. ,.,.,,~
/,.,.,,(32 ~0051801
= =
~
0.6 -...
-...

0.4

0.2

58~. ,,-2 357

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 ~0(111311210~ ~(). (11-59) ~110 (~811~~110 ~(). (11-58) )11~108

_
- ~
1(/1
(11-61)
1(/10 ~2

(11-62)
101.18 1(0111 ~()8. (11-61) 300 (11-62), 11 ~30 0~ ~00~11.10~0 103110~ 1113)(11111.111110(()1.1~
18 10~~(8~1)111(0110(11003110 1(~()1.1~0~)1 8()1.13(~0, 300 1,,,(32 (~1113108 ~0081301, 81111113(
10 10~ 0~03~10( 01 0~ 8~(1~8 111010(8. 10 1018 1)111~ 01 ~001(01, 10~ 111010( 18 8310 10
0~ 011~(31~0 10 31/~/0--)1)~(1/(~(1/(18 11100-~.

~,.301().~ 11-5

~ 10(~~-~035~ 11.2-/(~ 1750-(~111 460- ~ 60-1-12101.1(-~01~ )1-~01111~~1~011101.1~11011111010.

035 10~ 10110~111~ ~3.3111~1~.5= ~5 = 0, ~,
= 0.38 0, %5 = 1.14 0, %, = 1.71 0, 3110
%,,, = 33.2 0. 10~ 111010. 15 ~0111.011~0 0~ ~3.~111~ 10~ 51.1~~1~ 1.~()1.1~11~~. 1110~
0.~3/(00~1110.()1.1~ .~()1.11.~111~11115 35 ~.111, ~31~1.1)31~ 10~ (3)
51.1~~1~ 1.~()1.1~11~~, 3110 (0)
5~~~0, ((),,,.

80.1.11100 ((),, = 2,,. )( 60 = 377.30/5, () = 4, ~0 = 11,200~, 1,,,,, )(

1750,,./30 =
11,200,1,,,,, = 61.11 ~.111, 31101~, = 35 ~.111.
(3) ~.0111~(). (11-62),

/1,,,,, /61.11
1) = = .
= 1321
~ 1,,, ~ 35
(()5 1)((),, )(
377 = 498.01.30/5
= = 1.321
~.0111 ~(). (11-1), 10~ 51.1~~1~ 1.~()1.1~11~~ 15
)(
(() 4 ~98.01
= = 996.2 .30/5 0. 158.55 1-12
(0) ~.0111 ~(). (11-60), 10~ 511~ 10.(113)(11111.111110.()1.1~ 15

~,(1) 0.38/1.321
5 ,0 = %, + %, = 1.14 + 1.71 = 0 . 101

((),,,
= 498.01(1 - 0.101) = 447.711.30/5 0. 4275 .~111

1110~ (3110 01 ~0113~~ 10 1(~()1.1~0~)118 /(~111 ~0081301, 10~ 111.1)(10 ~(). (11-31) (~1113108
~0081301. ~()1.131100 (11-59) 1001~31~8 1031 10~ 1113)(11111.111110(()1.1~, ~01~0 18 100~-
11~00~01 011(~()1.1~0~)1, ~30 0~ 1113101310~0 31111(0)(111131~1)1 ~0081301. ~1 3 10~ 1(~-
()1.1~0~)1, 10~ 31(-~311111.1)( 18 (~01.1~~0 01.1~ 10 10~ 0(011 10 10~ 81310( 111111~030~~ 300
10~ ~0113~~ 038 10 0~ 10~(~38~0 10 1113101310 10~ 10(()1.1~ 1~~~1. 1018 1)111~ 01 ~001(01
18 1.181.1(11)1/(00~0 38 110/(5//1~,(2 ~001(01.
/1 (05 = (3(00, 300 10~ ~0113~~-10-1(~()1.1~0~)1 (3110 18 ~0081301 80 1031

~(1

(05
= 0- (11-63)

358

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50051110110110~ 8~. (11-56) 1118~. (11-57) )11~105

_ 3~~(20)~(~0)/1 - 0),,,) (11-64)

10 - + %~))2
0)~(~, + ~~)2 + ((~0)/1 - 0),,,)(%,

~~ (11-65)
5,,, =
(~~ + ~2(%, + %~)2)1/2

111~ 1)1~1~(11 10(~0~-5~~~0 ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 (1(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-10. ~5 111~
~(~~0~11~)115 (~00~~0, ~ 0~~(~(15~5 (1110 111~ 511~ ~0( (11(1)(1(110(11 10(~0~ 111~(~(15~5. ~0(

(1 ~1~~11 10(~0~ 0~(11(1110, 111~ 5~~~0 ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 (1~~0(0111~ 10 8~. (11-64) 0)1
~11(111~111~ 111~ ~(~~0~11~)1. 111~(~~0(~, 0)1 ~(1()1111~ 00111 111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~(~~0~11~)1,
111~ 10(~0~ (1110 5~~~0 ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0. 111~ 10(~0~ 15 110((11(111)1 (11(11111(1111~0 ~011-
51(1111 ~1111~ 111~ 5~~~0 15 ~(1(1~0. 111~ ~011(1~~ (11 ~(1(1(101~ ~(~~0~11~)1 ~(111 0~ 001(1111~0
~(0(11 111(~~-~11(15~ 111~~(1~(5 0( ~)1~10~011~~(1~(5. 111~ ~)1~10~011~~(1~(5 (1(~ 05~0 111
~~()1 1(1(~~ ~0~~( (1~~11~(1110115 (~.~., 10~0(11011~~5 (1110 ~~(11~111 (111115), ~11~(~ 111~
~(~~0~11~)1 (~~01(~(11~111 15 011~-11(11~ 0( 011~-1111(0 0~ 111~ 1111~ ~(~~0~11~)1.
111(~~ ~055101~ ~1(~011 (1(((111~~(11~1115 ~0( 001(1111111~ ~(1(1(101~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~(~-
~0~11~)1 (1(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-11. 111 ~1~. 11-11(1, 111~ 0~ ~011(1~~ (~(11(11115 ~01151(1111
(1110 111~ ~~~ 1~~11111~0~5 (1(~ (1~~11~0 10 ~(1()1 00111111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~(~~0~11~)1 ~1111111

111~ 111~~(1~(. 00~ 10 0100~ (~~11~1~(, (~~~11~((111011 15 1101 ~055101~ (1110 111~ 111~~(1~(
~0010 ~~11~((11~ 11(1((110111~5 11110 111~ (1~ 50~~1)1. 111 ~1~. 11-110, 111~ ~110~~~( ~(1(1~5
111~ 0~ ~011(1~~ 10 111~ 111~~(1~( (1110 111~ 111~~(1~( ~0111(015 111~ ~(~~0~11~)1. 00~ 10 111~
~110~~~(, 111~ 11(1((110111~ 111)~~11011 11110 111~ (1~ 50~~1)115 (~00~~0. 111 ~1~. 11-11~, 111~
0~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~(1(1~0 0)1 111~ 00(11 ~011~~(1~(
(1110 ~(~~0~11~)1 15 ~0111(011~0 ~1111111 111~
111~~(1~(. 11115 (1(((111~~(11~111 ~~((11115 (~~~11~((111011 ~ 110~~~~(, 111~ 111~01 ~0~~( ~(1~10(

0~ 111~ ~011~~(1~( 15 10~, ~5~~~1(111)1 (11 (1 111~11 0~1(1)1 (111~1~.

~)(310()1~ 11-6

~ 111(~~-()1135~ 11.2-)( ~ 1750-(()111 460- ~ 60-1121011(-()01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 111011~11011111010(

= 0.380, %, = 1.140, %, = 1.71
1135 111~ 10110~111~ ()3(3111~1~(5~ 8., = 0.660,8.,
0, 3110 %.~ = 33.2 0. 111~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ ~3(~111~ 00111 111~ ...0113~~ 3110
1(~~11~11~~. 111~ ~0115/11~(12 (3110, ~111~11 ~0((~5()01105 10 111~ (31~0 ...0113~~ 3110 (31~0
1(~~11~11~~, 15 111311113111~0~011513111. (3) ~31~11131~ 111~ 1113)(111111111
10(~11~, 1,~, 3110 111~
~0((~5()0110111~ 5()~~0, ()).~, 10( 60112 3110 30112. (0) ~~()~31 ()3(1 (3) 118.,1511~~11~101~.

359
58~. 11-2

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 ~~,88-~~858
8~~~~~

~~,88-~~858
5~~~~~

0~8~ ~0,,~9,-(9,
(~) .,,8,~80~9 0~ 1,0~ 0~8~ ~0,,~9,-(9, 8,,0 ~,,~9,-(9,

80)01100 = 4, 1/. = 460/~

~ = 265.58 ~, (0 = 2 70 )( 60 = 377130/8, 3110110111
)(
~~. (11-1), (00 = 2 377/4 = 188.5 130/8. ~10111 ~~. (11-63), (/ = 265.58/188.5 =
1.409.
(3) ~1 60 1-12,(00 = (05 = 188.5 130/8, ~ = 1, 31101/. = (/(05 = 1.409 )( 188.5
= 265.58~. ~10111~~. (11-65),
0.38
5,,, =
(0.662 + (1.14 + 1.71)2)1/2 = 0.1299
(0,,, = 188.5 )(
(1 - 0.1299) = 164.01 130/8 01 1566 111111
~10111 ~~. (11-21), 111~ 1113)(11110111101~11~ 18
)(
3 265.582
1,,, =
2 )( 188.5(0.66 + 0.662 + (1.14 + 1.71)2) = 156.55 ~.111
)( )(
~1 30 1-12, (05 = 2 2 70 30/4 = 94.25 130/8, ~ = 30/60 = 0.5, 31101/.
(/(0, )(
= 1.409 94.25 = 132.79~. ~10111 ~~. (11-65), 111~ 811111011113)(111111111101~11~
18

0.38
5,,, =
(0.662 + 0.52(1.14 + 1.71)2)1/2 = 0.242

360

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 )(
(0,,, = 94.25 (1 - 0.242) = 71.44 (3.0/8 0( 682 (~111

1,,, = 125.82 ~.111

(0) ~1601-12, (06 = (0$ = 188.5 (3.0/8 3.110~. = 265.58 -..,,. ~(0111~~. (11-60),
0.38
5,,, = = 0.1333
1.14 + 1.71
)(
(0,,, = 188.5 (1 - 0.1333) = 163.36 (3.0/8 0( 1560 (~111

~(0111 ~~. (11-59), 1/1~ 1113.)(11111.111110(~1.1~ 18 1,,, = 196.94 ~.111.

-..,,. ~(0111~~.
~1 30 1-12,(06 = (0$ = 94.25 (3.0/8, ~ = 0.5, 3.110~. = 132.79
(11-60),
0.38/0.5
5,,, = = 0 .2666
1.14 + 1.71
)(
(0,,, = 94.25 (1 - 0.2666) = 69.11 (3.0/8 0( 660 (~111

~(0111 ~~. (11-59), 1/1~ 1113.)(11111.111110(~1.1~

181,,, = 196.94 ~.111.

~((0( 1010~ 10(()0~ ~51111131100,

1-/0(~. ~~~1~~110~ ~5(113)1101(000~~ 3 51~0111~301
~5~~~1311)1 31 10~ 1(~()0~0~)1.

10~ 10(()0~ 011000~1100 111010(5 ~30 0~ ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~3()110~ 10~ (010( ~0((~01.
10~ 10~01 ~0((~01, ~01~0 15 (~3011)1 3~~~55101~, 15 ~3(1~0 1051~30 0110~ (010( ~0((~01.
~0( 3 11)(~0 10~01 ~0((~01, 10~ (010( ~0((~111 0~~~005 011 10~ 10~ (~1311~~ ~310~5 01
10~ 1113~0~11210~ 300 (010( ~1(~0111111~~0311~~5. ~(0111 ~1~. 11-2 10~ (010( ~0((~01
~30 0~ 10000 35

..
1)(~1/
= = 1~ ~ 8 (11-66)
~
~5 + ~~/5 + 1()(~ + )(5 + )(~)

~(0111 ~()5. (11-9) 300 (11-123), 10~ 0~~~10~~0 10(()0~ 15

_ 3~~()(~1,)2
(11-67)
1 (/ -
5(1)5 ((~5 + ~~/5)2 + ()(~ + )(5 + )(~)2)

3~~()(~1,)2
15 = (11-68)
(1)5((~5 + ~~)2 + ()(~ + )(5 + )(~)2)

~~
5~ = (11-69)
(~~ + ()(~ + )(5 + )(~)2)1/2
=+=

58~. 11-2 361

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 ..)~11..~ 11-12 10(()11~-5))~~0 ~1111(11~1~(-
0
1511~5 0)1 ~11((~111 ~0111(01.

%5 ~111 /)~ ~011513111 311,. ~~81~~11118111~ ~310~5 01 ~5 3110 %5, 8().. (11-69) /)~~0111~5

~~
5 ,,., = + (11-70)
- %,,., + %~

5,,.,, 8().. (11-67) 81~~5 111~ 1113)(1111011110(().0~,

3%~ 31-~
1 ,,., = 12/ = 12/ (11-71)
20)5(%,,.,+ %~) 2(1-,,., + 1-~)

11 ~311 /)~ 11011~~0 1(0111 8().. (11-71) 11131111~ 1113)(11110111 10(().0~ 0~~~1105 011 111~
5().03(~ 01111~ ~0((~111 3110 15 3~~(0)(111131~1)1 1110~~~110~111 01111~ 1(~().1.1~11~)1. 111~
1)1~1~3110(().0~-5~~~0 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~18. 11-12. 5111~~ %,,., 15 13.-8~ 35
~0111~3.-~0 10 %5 3110 %~, 111~ 513.-11118 10.-().0~ 15 10~. ~5 111~ 5~~~0 111~.-~35~5 (0.- 511~
0~~.-~35~5), 111~ 51310.- ~01138~ .-15~5 3110 111~ 10.-().0~ 111~.-~35~5. 111~ 10.-().1.1~ ~311 /)~

~11~88-~11858 -~0
511~~~~

~11~~8111
5011~~8
,111/8,..8~

~11~88-~11858
511~~~~

~11~~8111
0,,, 5011~~8
~111/8,..8~

362

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~001(011~0 ~~ 111~ 51310( ~0((~01 300 511~. 10 )(~~~ 111~ 31(-~3~ (10)( ~0051301 300
10 3~010 5310(31100 00~ 10 111~11 ~0113~~, 111~ (0010( 15 00((0311~ 0~~(31~0 00 111~
0~~311~~ 510~~ 0( 111~ ~().01~31~0110(().0~-5~~~0 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 ~1111 ~0113~~ ~001(01.
111~ 0~~311~~ 510~~ 15 10 111~ 00513~1~ (~~100 300 111~ (0010( (0051 ~~ 0~~(31~0 10
~105~0-100~ ~001(01. ~1 3 10~ 511~, 111~ 1~((01031 ~0113~~ ~0010 ~~ ~)(~~551~~ 300
111~ (10)( ~0010 5310(31~. 00~ 10 5310(31100, 111~ 10(().0~ ~~3)(10~ 35 5110~0 10 ~1~.
11-12 ~111 ~~ 1~55 11130 11131 35 5110~0.
111~ ~0051301 ~0((~01 ~30 ~~ 50~~11~0 ~~ 111(~~-~1135~ ~0((~01 500(~~ 10~~(1~(5.
111~ ~0((~01-(~010~~(1~( 1135 111~ 30~3013~~5 0( (3011 ~0((~01 ~001(01 300 111~ ~0((~01

15 1~55 5~05111~~ 10 111~ (0010( ~3(3(0~1~( ~3(1311005. 1-10~~~~(, 111~~ ~~0~(31~ 113(-
(0001~5 300 10(().0~ ~01531100. 1~0 ~0551~1~ ~00(1~0(311005 0( ~0((~01-(~0 10~~(1~(
0(1~~5 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 11-13. 10 ~1~. 11-133 111~ 1000~10( 3~15 35 3 ~0((~01 500(~~
300 111~ ~001(011~0 (~~11(1~( ~001(015 111~ ~0((~01 500(~~. 111~ 10~01 ~0~~( (3~10(
0( 11115 3((30~~(0~0115 ~~(~ 10~. 10 ~1~. 11-13~ 111~ ~110~~~( ~001(015 111~ ~0((~01
500(~~ 300 111~ 10~01 ~0~~( (3~10( 15 111~11~(.

~,.301()1~ 11-7

~ 111(~~-~1138~ 11.2-/(~ 1750-(~01 460- ~ 60-1-121011(-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0111011~11011 01010(

1138111~10110~111~~3(3111~1~(8~~. = 0.66 0, ~~ = 0.38 0, )(. = 1.14 0, )(~ = 1.71
0, (110)(,,, = 33.2 0. 111~ 110-1030 1088 18 11~~11~101~. 111~ 111010( 18 ~0111(011~0 0)1 3
~11((~111-8011(~~ 111~~(1~( 3110 111~ 111~111~11((~11118 111311113111~0~011813111 31 20~. 11111~
1(~().11~11~)118 40 1-12 3110 111~ 0~~~10~~0 10(().11~ 18 55 ~.111, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 811~ 10(
1113,.11111111110(().11~,5,,,, 3110 (113)(11111111110(().11~,1,,,~ (0) 811~, 5~ (~) (010( 8~~~0, (0,,,~ (0)
1~(11111131~0113~~ ~~( ~1138~, ~.~ 3110 (~) ~0~~( 13~10(, ~11,,,.

80101100 ~.(,.,00) = 460/0 = = 265.58 ~, 1,

11- = = 55 ~.111, 3110/1 = 20~, 1,)
4. ~1 40 1-12,(0 = 2... )( 40 = 251.33 (30/8, (0. = 2 )( 251.33/4 = 125.66 (30/8, ~.
)(. = 1.14 40/60 = 0.76 0, )(~ = 1.71 40/60 = 1.14
)( )(
= 0.66 0, ~~ = 0.380,
)(
0, (110)(,,, = 33.2 40/60 = 22.130.
(3) 11(01118().. (11-70),5,,, = 0.38/(22.13 + 1.14) = 0.01632. 110(5 = 5,,,, 8()..
(11-71), ~1~~81,,, = 94.64 ~.111.
(0) 11(0111 8().. (11-67),

3(~~/5)(22.13 )( 20)2
1 ,) = 55 =
125.66((0.66 + ~~/5)2 + (22.13 + 0.76 + 1.14)2)

~5
-5 = 76.144 0( 7. 581

31105 = 0.00499 0( 0.0501. 8111~~ 111~ 111010( 18 110(111311)10~~(31~0 ~1111 3 13(~~ 811~
111111~ 11~~311~~ 810~~ 01111~ 10(().11~-8~~~0 ~113(3~1~(1811~,

5 = 0.0501

(~) (0,,, = 125.656(1 - 0.0501) = 119.36 (30/8 0( 114011101.

(0) 11(0111111~. 11-2, 111~ 111~1111111~~0311~~ ~311 0~ 0~(1~~0 38

7., = ~, + 1)(, = (~~ + ~)1/2 ~ = 2, ~

56~. 11-2 363

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 ~(~5 + ~,/5)
~, = (11-72)
(~5 + ~,/5)2 + (%,,, + %5 + %,)2

= 6.26 0
%,,,((~5 + ~,/5)2 + (%5 + %,)(%,,, + %5 + %,))
%, = (11-73)
(~5 + ~,/5)2 + (%,,, + %5 + %,)2

= 3.899 0

= 31.90 (11-74)
2, = (6.262 + 3.8992)1/2= 7.380
11. = 2/, = 7.38 )( 20 = 147.6 ~
(~) ~~,,, = ~08(31.90) = 0.849 (13~~111~).
,.,0(~. 11111~ 1113)(11111.111110~().1.1~ 18 ~31~1.1131~0 1~0111 .8().. (11-71), 1,,,
= 100.49
300 11,, (315 = 5,,,) 18 313~. ~0~ 3 81.1~~1)11~~().1.1~0~)1
0190 112, ~~~31~1.11311008
01
111~.,,311.1~8~1.,,~ (05 = 282.74 ~30/8, %5 = 1.71 0, %, = 2.565 0, %,,, = 49.80,
5,,, = 0.00726, 1,,, = 96.1 ~.111, 5 = 0.0225, 11,, = 316~, 300 11,, (315 = 5,,,) =
699.6~. 11 18 ~.,,10~01 11131 31 111~111~~().1.1~0~)1 300 10...,, 811~, 111~ 1~~1111031 .,,0113~~
...,,01.110 ~)(~~~0 111~ ~31~0 .,,311.1~ 300 8311.1~31~0 111~ 31~-~3~ 111.1)(.

111~ 10~().1.1~-8~~~0 ~113~3~1~~1811~8 011001.1~1100 111010~8 0~~~00 00 111~ 1)1~~ 01 ~00-

1~01. 111113)1 0~ 0~~~883~)110 .,,3~)1111~ .,,0113~~, 1~~().1.1~0~)1, 300 ~1.1~~~0110 111~~1111~
10~().1.1~-8~~~0 ~~().1.11~~111~018 38 8110...,,010~1~. 11-14, ...,,11~~~ 111~~~ 3~~ 111~~~ ~~~1008.
10 111~ 11~81 ~~~100, 111~ 8~~~0 ~30 0~ .,,3~1~0 0)1.,,0113~~ (0~ ~1.1~~~01) ~001~0131 ~0081301
10~().1.1~. 10 8~~000 ~~~100, 111~ 111010~ 18 0~~~31~0 31 ~0081301 ~1.1~~~01 300 111~ 811~
18 .,,3~1~0. 10 111~ 1111~0 ~~~100, 111~ 8~~~0 18 ~001~011~0 0)11~~().1.1~0~)1 31 3 ~~01.1~~0
81310~ ~1.1~~~01.

0
1.5
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11-1 311015 (110(~ ~0(11111~)( 10311 0~ (11010(5. 10~ 0~51~11 011~~003~~-10011113(3(11~1~(5
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(1100~1111~ 01 3~ 0(1~~5 3(~ 0~)10110 10~ 5~011~ 011015 1~)(1~ 3110 0111)1 50(11~ 0110~ 0351~
5~313( 1~~003~~ 1~~0111().11~5 3(~ 015~1155~0 111 1015 5~~11011.
~ ~0111(01 5)151~(11 15 ~~11~(311)1 ~03(3~1~(12~0 0)1 10~ 01~(3(~0)1 0110~ ~0111(01
100115, ~0~(~ 10~ 0111~( 10011 ~0111(015 10~ 11111~( 100115. 10~ 11111~( 100115 3(~ 0~51~11~0
10 ~)(~~111~ 11(0~(~551.,,~1)11351~(. 10~ 100115 3(~ 110((11311)1 0~51~11~0 10 03.,,~ 11(1111~0
~0(11(113110 ~)(~11(51011. ~1~11(~ 11-153 500~5 311 3((311~~(11~11110( 51310( .,,0113~~ ~011-
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(~111-11(1111 10011 5~15 10~ 10(().11~ 11(1111 11101(~~11)1. 10~ ~11((~111 11(1111~( 11151~30 01
~11((~111 ~13(1111111~ 035 10~ 30~31113~~ 011~~0111~ 03~~ 10~ 500(1-~1(~1111 ~11((~111111 ~35~
01 131111. 10~ 511~~0 ~0111(011~(, /(1, (113)1 0~ 3 51(11111~ ~3111 (11(0110(1101131 1)111~),
11(0110(1101131-1111~~(311)111~, 0( 3 1~30-13~ ~0(1111~115310(. ~ 187-~~ 10(~~-11035~ 3~
~0113~~ (~~111310( (0( ~0111(011~() 10( 3 ~1(~-0(3~111~ (113~0111~ 15 500~11 111 ~1~.
11-16, ~0~(~ 10~ ~0111(01 ~1~~1(0111~5 3(~ (11011111~0 011 10~ 510~ 11311~1.
10~ 3((311~~(11~111111 ~1~. 11-153 ~311 0~ ~)(1~110~0 10 ~011/0~(12 ~0111(01 ~110
10~ 300111011 01 3 ~0111(011~0 (~~1111~( 3110 0~ .,,0113~~ ~0111(0110011 35 500~11 111 ~1~.
11-150. ~11~( 10~ ~11((~11111(1111~(, 10~ 53(11~ 51~1131 ~~11~(31~5 10~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~)1
3110 11(0.,,10~5 1111111110 10~ 0~ 1111~ ~3111 ~0111(011~(, /(3. ~ 5(11311 ~0113~~ ~0 15 300~0
10 10~ 0~ .,,0113~~ (~1~(~11~~ 10 ~0(1111~11531~ 10( 10~ 51310( (~5151311~~ 0(011 31 10~
1(~().11~11~)1. 10~ 0~ ~0113~~ ~.1 3~15 35 10~ (~1~(~11~~ 10( 10~ ~0113~~ ~0111(01 0110~
~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(. 111 ~35~ 01 ~~~ 111.,,~(1~(, 10~(~ 15 110 11~~0 0110~ ~0111(011~0
(~~1111~( 3110 10~ 51~1131 ~.1 ~0111(015 10~ 111.,,~(1~( .,,0113~~ 01(~~11)1. ~0( ~11((~111 (11011-
110(111~, 1015 3((311~~(11~111 (~().111(~5 3 5~1150(, ~01~0 1111(0011~~5 3 0~13)1111 10~ 5)151~(11
(~5110115~. ~111~~11 10(~~0-~0(11(1111131~0 111~~(1~( ~1101~1~5 10( ~0111(011111~ 10~ 11110~(-
~(31~ ~001~( 13115 01 3 ~~(11~111 ~1111 3(~ 500~11111 ~1~. 11-17, ~0~(~ ~3~0 11111115 (31~0
31 100 ~~.
5111~~ 10~ 10(().11~ 01111011~11011 (11010(5 15 11(0110(1101131 10 10~ 51111 1(~().11~11~)1,
())51 5())$, 10~ 511111(~().11~11~)111151~30 0110~ 51310( ~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~0111(011~0. 10~
=
511~~0 ~((0( ~~11~(31~5 10~ 511111(~().11~11~)1 ~0(11(113110 35 500~11 111 ~1~. 11-15~, ~0~(~
10~ 5111111(11115 5~110~ 10(().11~ 11(11115. 10~ 11111~11011 ~~11~(310(, ~01~0 11(0011~~5 ~0(11-
(113110 51~11315 10( .,,0113~~ ~0111(01 111 (~5110115~ 10 10~ 1(~().11~11~)1, ())$, ~311 13~~ 11110
3~~011111 10~ ~0(1111~11531111~ 0(011 31 10~ 1(~().11~11~)1. 1-10~~.,,~(, 10~ ~0(1111~11531111~
0(011 ~0 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 11-15~. ~0( 3 51~11 ~0311~~ 111 10~ 511~~0 ~0(11(113110, 10~
(11010( 3~~~1~(31~5 0( 0~~~1~(31~5 ~110111 10~ 10(().11~ 11(1111510 3 51~(0)1-5131~ 51111~3111~

56~. 11-2 365

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 ~~~~~5(0~
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366

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 ..1~11~~ 11-16 ~ 187-/(~ 111~~~-111135~3~ ~01138~ ~~8111310~. (~~~700/./~~0 0)1 ~~7-
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~0((~5~0110111~ 10 111~ 1030 10(().0~. 11115 3((311~~111~111 ~0111(015 111~ 10(().0~ 11101(~~11)1
~1111111 111~ 5~~~0 ~0111(01100~ 3110 00~5 1101 (~().01(~ 111~ ~0((~111 5~1150(.
/1,. 51111~1~ 3((311~~111~111 ~0( ~0((~111 ~0111(0115 5110~11111 ~1~. 11-18. 111~ 5~~~0
~((0( ~~11~(31~5 111~ (~1~(~11~~ 51~113110( 111~ 0~ 1111~ ~0((~111. 111~ 511~ ~(~().0~11~)1,
0.).1 = 0.)5 - 0.),,,, 15 ~1~~0. ~1111 3 51~~ 5~~~0 ~01111113110, 111~ 1113~11111~ 3~~~1~(31~5
~1111 3 111~11 ~0((~111 ~111~1115 ~(0~0(110113110 111~ 10(().0~. 111 111~ 51~30)1 5131~ 111~

..1~11~~ 11-17 ~.11~~11 10~~~0-~011111111131~0 .11~~~1~~ ~110.~1~5 10~ 3 ~~111~111

/(.111. (~~~700/./~~0 0)1 ~~7/71/55/0/1 0/ /37/15/1 5/~~(7/~(1/ 1-4(1~/1//1~5 /..,(0., 5/1~/(1/10)

367
58~. ,,-2

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 ~..~ 11-18 ~(1((~11( ~011((01 ~1(11 ~011-
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111010( ~1.1((~01 18 10~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ (11(-/5(1~ ((1.1)( ((1.1~11.1(11~8, (100 01.1~ 10 ~(1()110/5
((1.1)( (11 0111~(~01 0~~((1110/5 ~01018, 111~ ~~(10(111(10~~ 0111118 0(1~~ 18 ~00(.

~ ~((1~11~(11 (1(((10/5~111~01 10( ~1.1((~01 ~001(01, ~11~(~ 111~ ((1.1)( 18 111(1101(110~0

~0081(101, 18 8110~0 10 ~1/5. 11-19. 111~ 8~~~0 ~((0(
/5~0~((11~8 111~ 811~ 1(~().1.1~0~)1,
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/5~0~((110( ~(001.1~~8 111~ ~1.1((~01 ~0111111(100 10 111(1101(110 111~ (11(-/5(1~ ((1.1)(
~0081(101,
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100~ ~(10 0~ (1~~11~0 10 (1 81(111~ 1(((1111~( 0(1~~ (18 8110~0 10 ~1/5. 11-20, ~11~(~ 111~
10(().1.1~ 18 ~(0~0(1100(1110 111~ 0~ 110~ ~1.1((~0110. 111~ 8~~~0 ~((0( /5~0~((11~8 111~ 0~
110~ ~1.1((~01 ~0111111(100. ~ 81~~ 10~(~(18~ 10 8~~~0 ~1(1111~8 111~ ~1.1((~01 10 111~ 111(1)(-
11111.1111
~(111.1~ (100 111~ 111010( (1~~~1~((11~8 (11 (1 ~0081(101 10(().1.1~ ~111~11 ~0((~8~0008 10
111~ 111(1)(11111.1111
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2~(0 (100 111~ 111010( 0~~~1~((11~8 01.1~ 10 111~ 10(10 10(().1.1~. ~ 110-~~ 81(111~ 1(((1111~(
0(1~~ 10( 1(108 10 ~~111~01 ~0(~8 18 8110~0 10 ~1/5. 11-21.

368

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5~~~~~

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111(110(~, (100 (1 11~10 ~10010~ ~(1((~10~ (1 0~ ~0((~01 00 111~ (010(. 111~(~ (1(~ 1~0
1111111$10.,..01.,..~0~ 00~ 00~ 10 111~ 11~10 ~0((~01 (100 0111~( 00~ 10 111~ (1(111(110(~ ~0((~01.

58~. 11-3 369

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111~ (~81111110.1 111111( ~(0011~~8 111~ 10(().11~. 111~ 11(11111111(~ 18 10~0.11~111 10 111~ 811110(
0( 10.011~1100. 111010(8, 0111 111~(~ 18 0.0 10.011~1100. 10. 111~ (010(. /4. 8)10.~11(00.0118 111010(
18 11 ~00.81110.1-8~~~0 11111~1110.~ 110.0 111~11)18 (01111~8 ~1111 2~(0 811~ 111 111~ 8)10.~11(00.0118
8~~~0, ~111~11 0~~~0.08 00. 111~ ((~().11~0.~~ 110.0 111~ 0.111110~( 0( ~01~8, 118 ~1~~11 0~ ~()..
(11-1). /4. 8)10.~11(00.0118 111010( ~110. 0~ 0~~(111~0 118 11 111010( 0( 8~0.~(1110(. 111~
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110.0 10.~~(1~(8 11(~ ~10~0.10.8 111~ 11~~11~111100.8 0( 8)10.~11(00.0118 111010(8 10. ~11(11101~-
8~~~0 0(1~~8. 111~ 8)10.~11(00.0118 111010(8 ~110. 0~ ~111881(1~0 10.10 (011( 1)1~~8~

1. ~)1110.0(1~111 (010( 111010(8

2. 51111~0.1-~01~ 111010(8
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1111~~ 11 110.1(0(111 111( 811~. 111~ (~11~1110.~~8 11(~ 1110~~~0.0~0.1 00. 111~ (010( ~0811100..
111~ ~().111~111~0.1 ~1(~1111 ~~( ~11118~, 0.~81~~110.8 111~ 0.0-10110 1088, 18 8110~0. 10. ~18.
11-2211, ~11~(~ 8.,, 18 111~ 11(11111111(~ (~81811111~~ ~~( ~11118~ 11110 )(. 18 111~ 5)111~/7,0110/13
,€(1~((111~€ ~~( ~11118~. 11/, ~111~11 18 0~~~0.0~0.1 00. 111~ (1~10 ~11((~0.1, 18 ~0.0~0. 118
€~~1((1(1011 0( /1€/0. ~011118~.
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8110~0. 10. ~18. 11-23. ~0( 111~ 811111~ 11(11111111(~ ~11((~0.1, 111~ ~0~~( (11~10( ~01110 0~
1118810.8 0( 1~11010.8, 0~~~0.010.8 00. 111~ ~)(~11111100. ~11((~0.1, 1/.
1( 6,., 18 111~ 1118810.8 (11~10( 110.81~, ~18. 11-2211 81~~8

~/ = 11,,~ - /,, (8.,, + /)(.) (11-75)

11,,~ - 1,, (~08 6,., - /810. 6,.,)(8.,, + /)(.)
(11-7511)

(11-750)

(11-76)

~,
(0) ~~8$0~ 0~89~801

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 ~~0181(1~8 ~(1~~801. ~.

(..899~09

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0
~ ~
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(10.0

~/= ((~~ -1~%5810.6,,, -1~~~~086,,,)2 + (175~086,,, -1~~~810.6,,,)2)1/2 (11-77)

(10.0 111~ ~11(180( 01(1~((111110. ~1~. 11-220 ~1~108

~/ = ~/(~08 ~ + )810. ~) (11-78)

- _ ~~ - ~/ _ (~~ - ~((~08 ~ + )810. ~))(~~ - )%5) (11-79)

1~ - 0 .~ - 02 ~2
~~ + 1~5 ~~ + ~5

111~ (~(11 ~(1(1 01 ~().. (11-79) 0~~0111~8

~~(~~ - ~/ ~08 ~) - ~/%5 810. ~

1~ ~08 6,,, = 02 ~2 (11-80)
~~ + ./1.5

111~ 10.~111 ~0~~( ~(10. 0~ 0~1~(11110.~0 1(0111 ~().. (11-80),

/1, = 3~~1~ ~08 6,,,

(11-81)
3(~~(~~ - ~~~/ ~08 ~)
~~ + %~
111~ 81(110( (0( (1(111(1111(~) ~0~~~( 1088 18

/1.,. = 31~~~ (11-82)

(11-83)
11 (05 18 111~ 8~0.~11(00.0118 8~~~0, ~111~1118 111~ 8(1111~ (18 111~ (010( 8~~~0, 111~ 0~.,,~10~~0
10(().11~ 0~~0111~8

(11-84)

11111~ (1(111(1111(~ (~8181(10.~~ 18 0.~~11~101~, ~().. (11-84) 0~~0111~8

3~~ ~/ 810.~
1(/ = (11-85)
%5(05

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 6

~0..~ 11-24 10(().0~ 3831/15( (0(().0~

3/181~ ~1(/1 ~~11/10(1~31 (0(0(.

(11-86)

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(100 (1 ~00$1(101 ..,011$/11~(12 ~001(01 ~111 ~(0..,10~ $~~~0 ~001(01 (11 (1 ~00$1(10110(().1.1~.
1111..,, 11,, (100 0 (~111(110 11,.~0, 111~ 10(().1.1~ 0~~(~(1$~$ ~1111111~ $~~~0 300 111~ 111010(
0~~((11~$ 10 111~ 11~10 ~~(1/(~010~ 11100~.
110 = 900, 111~ 10(().1.1~ 0~~0111~$111(1,.11111.1111 (100 111~ 111(1,.11111.11110~..,~10~~0 10(().1.1~,
~111~111$ ~(111~0 111~ ~11//-011( (0,()11€, 0~~0111~$

(1/-87)

111~ ~101 01 0~..,~10~~0 10(().1.1~ (1~(110$1111~ (10~1~, 0 1$ $110~0 10 ~1~. 11-24. ~0(
$1(101111~~00$10~((11100$, 111~ 111010( 1$ 0~~((11~0 10 111~ ~0$111..,~ $10~~ 011(/-0 ~11(1(-
(1~1~(1$11~$ (100 1111$1111111$111~ ((10~~ 0110(().1.1~ (10~1~, - 900 ~ 0 ~ 900.

~,(301))1~ 11-8

~ 111(~~-~11(18~ 460- ~ 60-1-1.2 81,.-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0 ~~11110(1~(11(010( 8~/1~11(0/101.18 111010(

11(18 (1 8~11~11(01101.18
= 2.5 11 (1110 111~ (1(111(111.1(~(~8181(111~~ 18 11~~11~101~.
(~(1~1(111~~ 01 %$

111~ 10(10 10(~1.1~, ~111~11 18 ~(0~0(6011(11 10 111~ 8~~~0 8~1.1(1(~0, 18 11. = 398 ~.111 31
1200 (~111. 111~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( 18 111(11111(1111~0
(11 1.11111~0~ 11~10 ~0111(01 (1110 (11~ .,,011(1~~-
10-1(~~1.1~11~~ ((160 18 )(~~1 ~01181(1111(11111~ ((11~0 .,,(111.1~. 11111~ 111.,,~(1~( 1(~~1.1~11~~ 18 36
1-1.2(1110111~111010( 8~~~018 720 (~111, ~(11~1.11(11~111~ ((1) 111~111~1.11.,,011(1~~, 110~(0) (1(111(111.1(~
~1.1((~111, 1~~ (~) ~)(~11(16011 .,,011(1~~, 11/~ (0) 10(~1.1~ (111~1~, 8~ (1110 (~) ~1.111-01.1110(~1.1~, 1,,.

80/01100 ~~ = ~08 6,,, = 1.0, 6,,, = 0, 11~(,.(.0)= 110 = 460/-0 = 265.58 ~, /1 =

6, (0 = 2 70 )( 60 = 377 ((10/8, (00 = (0$= (0,,, = 2 )( 377/6 = 125.67 ((10/8 0( 1200
(~111, (11100 = 11,/(06 = 265.58/125.67 = 2.1133. ~1720 (~111,
2
720
11. = 398)(
( )=
1200
143.28 ~.111 (0$ = (0,,, = 720 )( 70

30 = 75.4 ((10/8
,,0 = 143.28 )( 75.4
= 10,803 ~
((1) 11~= 0(0$ = 2.1133 )( 75.4 = 159.34 ~.

372

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 )(
(0) 110 = 3~.1. ~~ = 10,803 0( 1. = 10,803/(3 159.34) = 22.6 ~.
(~) ~(0111~~. (11-75),

~/ = 159.34 - 22.6(1 + 10)(12.5) = 169.1 / -19.520

(0) 111~ 10(~11~ (111~1~,() = -19.520.
(~) ~(0111 ~~. (11-87),
)( )(
-,, 3 159.34 169.1 .,.,.
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2.5 75.4

111~ 3(1113111(~ 01 8311~111-~01~ 111010(8 18 81111113( 10 11131 01 ~~11110(1~31 (010( 111010(8.

1-10~~~~(, 011~ 10 8311~11~~, 111~ 31( ~3~ 18 1101 1111110(111 3110 111~ (111)( 18 0~~~110~111 011
111~ ~08111011 01111~ (010(. 111~ 11~10 ~1110111~ 18 110(111311~ ~011110 011 111~ ~01~ ~1~~~8.
111~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 3110 111~ (~3~1311~~8 ~311 0~ (~801~~011110 01(~~1 3110 ()1130(3111(~
3)(18 ~0111~011~1118. 1() 3110 1~ 3(~ 111~ ~0111~011~1118 01111~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 111 111~
01(~~1 (0( ~) 3)(18 3110 ()1130(3111(~ (0( ()) (1)(18, (~8~~~11~~1~. )(() 3110 )(~ 3(~ 111~
~-3)(18 (~3~1311~~ 3110 ()-3)(18 (~3~1311~~, (~8~~~11~~1~. 111~ ~)(~11311011 ~0113~~ 0~-
~0111~8
- - -
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~0( 11~~11~101~ 3(1113111(~ (~8181311~~, 111~ ~11380( 013~(3111 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 11-25.
~(0111 111~ ~11380( 013~(3111,

1() = 1,, 8111(8~ - 8) (11-88)

1~ = 1,, ~08 (8~ - 8) (11-89)

1())(() = ~,,~08 8 - ~/ (11-90)

1~~ = ~,,8111 8 (11-91)

51108111111111~1~ 1(0111 ~(). (11-89) 111~(). (11-91), ~~ 113~~

~,, 81118 = )(/,, ~08 (8~ - 8)

(11-92)
= )(/,,( ~08 8 ~08 8~ + 8111 8 8111 8~)

)/1~ ~ 11-25 ~11015~ 0101~(01111(0( 50111-

~(11-()01~ 5~(1~11(0(10115 111010(5.

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31181~ ~1111 5311~111-(101~ (010(.

01~10111~ 00111 810~8 0~ ~08 8 3110 801~111~ 10( 8 ~1~~8

1,)(~ ~08 8/11

8 = -1311-1 (11-93)
~(1 - 1,)(~ 81118/11

~11~(~ 111~ 11~~311~~ 81~11 81~11111~8 11131 ~/ 13~8 ~(1. 11111~ 1~(0111131 ~0113~~ 18 (~801~~0
11110 3 0-3)(18 3110 3 /1-3)(18,

~(1(/ = - ~(1 8111 8 3110 ~0~ = ~(1 ~08 8

111~ 111~111 ~0~~( 0~~001~8

~ = - 3(1(/~(1(/ + 1~~(1~)
(11-94)
=31(/~(181118 - 31~~(1~088

81108111111111~1(/ 1(001 8(). (11-90) 31101~ 1(001 8(). (11-91) 1118(). (11-94) ~1~108

3~(1~/ . 3~~ %(/ - %~

~ (/ = - - 8111 8 811128 (11-95)
%(/ 2 %(/%~

01~10111~ 8(). (11-95) 0~ 8~~~0 ~1~~8 111~ 0~~~10~~0 10(()11~ 38

_ 3~(1~(.,, 3~~ %(/ - %(/ .

~
~ (/ - - 8111 0 ~ ~ 8111 28 (11-96)
%~5 2(1)5 ~(/~~

111~ 10(()11~ 1118(). (11-96) 1138 1~0 ~001~011~018. 111~ 11(81 ~001~00~0118 111~ 8301~
38 11131 01 ~~1100(1~31 (010( 11 %(/ 18 (~~13~~0 0~ %5 300 111~ 8~~000 ~001~00~111 18
011~ 10 111~ (010( 8311~0~~. 111~ 1~~1~31 ~101 011(/ 3~3108110(()11~ 30~1~ 18 8110~0 10
~1~. 11-26, ~11~(~ 111~ 10(()11~ 1138 3 (13)(1011101 ~3111~ 31 8 = 2= 8/11. ~0( 81301111~ 111~

10(()11~ 30~1~ 18 110111~0 111 111~ (30~~ 01 - 8/11 ~ 8 ~ 8/11 300 10 11118 81301~ (30~~, 111~
810~~ 011(/-8 ~113(3~1~(1811~ 18 111~11~( 11130 11131 01 ~~1100(1~31 (010( 01010(.

111~ (~111~130~~ 01010(8 3(~ 8101113( 10 111~ 8311~01-~01~ 01010(8, ~)(~~~111131 111~(~ 18
00 11~10 ~10010~ 00 111~ (010(. 111~ 3(013111(~ ~1(~1111, ~111~11 ~(0011~~8 (013110~
013~0~11~ 11~10 10 111~ 31( ~3~, 10011~~8 3 11~10 10 111~ (010(, ~111~111138 3 1~00~0~~ 10

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311~0 ~1111111~ 3(111311.1(~ 11~10. 111~ (~11.1~130~~ 111010(8 3(~ ~~()1 81111()1~ 300 3(~ 1.18~0
10 3()()11~311008 ~11~(~
3 01.11110~( 01111010(8 3(~ (~().1.11(~0 10 (0131~ 10 8)10~11(0018111.
111~8~ 111010(8 113~~ 10~ 13~~10~ ()0~~( 13~10(, 1)1()1~311)110 111~ (30~~ 0.65 10 0.75.
~1111 ~/ = 0, 8().. (11-96) ~30 0~ 3()()11~0 10 0~1~(11110~ 111~ (~11.1~130~~ 10(().1.1~,

3~~ )((/ - )( ,,
1(/ = )()( 810 23 (11-97)
20)5 (/ ,,

(11-98)

(11-99)

111~ ()~(11130~01-1113~0~1 111010(8 3(~ 81111113( 10 11131 01 8311~01-()01~ 111010(8, ~)(~~()1

11131 111~(~ 18 00 11~10 ~10010~ 00 111~ (010( 300 111~ 11~10 18 ()(0~10~0 0)1 ()~(11130~01
1113~0~18. 111~ ~)(~1131100 ~0113~~ ~30001 0~ ~3(1~0. ~0( 111~ 83111~ 1(3111~ 812~,
()~(11130~01-1113~0~1 111010(8 113~~ 111~11~( ()1.111-01.11 10(().1.1~. 111~ ~().1.1311008 10( 111~
8311~01-()01~ 111010(8 1113)1 0~ 3()()11~0 10 ()~(11130~01-1113~0~1111010(8 11111~ ~)(~1131100
~0113~~, ~/, 18 3881.1111~0 ~0081301.

~~301())~ 11-9

~ 111(~~-~1138~ 230-~ 60-11~ 101.1(-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0 (~11.1~1311~~ 111010( 11(8)(,) = 22.5

0 3(10)(~ = 3.5 0. 111~ 3(111311.1(~ (~8181311~~ 18 11~~11~101~. 111~ 1030 10(().1.1~ 18 1~ =
12.5 ~.111. 111~ ~0113~~-10-1(~().1.1~11~)1 (3110 18 111311113111~0~011813111 31111~ (31~0 ~311.1~.
11111~ 81.1~~1)11(~().1.1~11~)118 60112, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 10(().1.1~ 311~1~, 8~ (0) 1111~~1.1((~111,
/. ~ 3110 (~) 111~1.11~0~~( 13~10(, .,~.

80)01100 1~ = 12.5 ~.111, ~.(,3(00) = ~0 = 230/0 = 132.79~, ~ = 4, (0 = 210 )(

60 = 377 (30/8, (00 = (0$
= (0,,, = 2
)(
377/4 = 188.5 (30/8 0( 1800 (~111, 0 = ~0/(00
132.79/188.50 = 0.7045, 3110~. = 132.79~.
(3) (0$ = 188.5 (30/8. ~(0111 ~().. (11-97),

12.5 )( 2 )( 188.5 )( 22.5 )(

3.5
811128 = - )( )(
3 132.792 (22.5 - 3.5)

3110 8 = -10.840.
)(
(0) ~0 = 12.5 188.5 = 2356~. ~(0111 ~().. (11-98),

1311(10.84 0) = 3.5/. ~08 6,,,

132.79 - 3.5/. 81116,,,
)(
3110 ~0 = 2356 = 3 132. 79/. ~08 6,,,. ~(0111 111~8~ 1~0 ~().113110118, /. 3110 6,,, ~311 0~

58~. 11-3 375

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 0~1~...11111~0 /)~ 311 11~.-36,,,~ 111~11100 0~ 801116011, ~111~11 ~1~108 /. 9.2 /-.. 3110 9,,,
49.980.
(~) ~~ = ~08 (49.980) = 0.643.

111~ 1)1~1~31 ~113.-3~1~.-1511~5 0( 10.-~11~, ~0 ~111, 3110 ~,.~11311011 ~0113~~ 3~311151 (.-~-
~0~11~)1 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-27. 111~(~ 3(~ 1~0 (~~10115 0( 0~~(311011~ ~011513111
10(~0~ 3110 ~011513111 ~0~~(. 111111~ ~011513111-10(~0~ (~~1011, 111~ ~0115/11~(1215 1113111-
13111~0 ~011513111, 3110 111 111~ ~011513111-~0~~( (~~1011, 111~ 10(~0~ 0~~(~35~5 ~1111 ((~-
~0~11~)1. 51111113( 10 11100~11011 111010(5, 111~ 5~~~0 0( 5)111~11(011005 111010(5 ~311 0~
~0111(011~0 0)1 ~3()1111~ 111~ ~0113~~, ((~~0~11~)1, 3110 ~0((~111. 111~(~ 3(~ ~3(1005
~011(1~0(3110115 (0( ~105~0100~ ~0111(010( 5)111~11(011005 111010(5. ~ 0351~ 3((311~~111~111
(0( ~011513111 ~0115/11~(12 ~0111(010( 5)111~11(011005111010(515 5110~11111 ~1~. 11-28, ~11~(~
111~ 5~~~0 ~((0( ~~11~(31~5 111~ ((~~0~11~)1 3110 ~0113~~ ~01111113110 (0( 111~ ~~~ 111-
~~(1~(. ~ 3.3-~~ 50(1-513(1 5)151~111 (0( 5~11~11(011005 111010( ~0111~(~550( 0(1~~5 15

~0,,518,,1
10,(/(,/8
- 1--+- ~0,,518,,1 ~01/,/8,

1/.
1~

...1~8..~ 11-27 10(().11~-5~~~0 ~113(3~1~(-

1511~5 0( 5~(1~11(0(10115 111010(5.

1...

~0,,1,01~80 1/0~1898-50(,/,~8
,8~1~(~8, ~,,..8,.8,
~.

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 1/1~0..~ 11-29 ~ 3.3-~~ 5~11~11~011005
111010~~011111~~550~0~1~~. (~~~,00/-/(~0 0)1
~~,,,,/55/011 0/ /1,/-/5/1 5/~((,/(/1/ /.1/1(/1/11~5
/..,(0., 5118/(1110)

5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-29, ~11~(~ 1~0 111(~~-))1135~ 513~~5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ))3(311~110 ~1~~
12-))1115~ 0))~(311011. 111~ ~0111(01 ~1101~1~ 10( 111~ 0(1~~ 111 ~1~. 11-29 15 5110~11 111
~1~. 11-30.

~1111011~11 3~ 0(1~~5 (~~111(~ 30~311~~0 ~0111(01 1~~11111~11~5 10( ~0111(01 01 ~0113~~,

1(~~11~11~~, 3110 ~11((~111, 111~~ 113~~ 30~31113~~5 0~~( 0~ 0(1~~5. 111~ ~0113~~ 3110
1(~~11~11~~ ~311 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~0113~~-5011(~~ 111~~(1~(5. 111~ ~11((~111 3110 1(~-
~11~11~~ ~311 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~11((~111-5011(~~ 111~~(1~(5. 111~ 511)) ))0~~( (~~0~~(~
5~11~111~5 115~ ~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(5 10 (~~0~~( 111~ 511)) ))0~~( 01111011~11011 111010(5.
111~ 111051 ~0111111011111~11100 01 ~105~0-100)) ~0111(0101111011~11011111010(515 ~0115/11~(12,
1111)(, 0( 511)) ~0111(01. )30111 5~111((~1-~3~~ 3110 ~011110-(010( 111010(5 3(~ 115~0 111
~3(1301~-5))~~0 0(1~~5. ~ ~0113~~-5011(~~ 111~~(1~( ~311 511))))1~ 3 11111110~( 01111010(5
(
~01111~~1~0111 ))3(311~1, ~11~(~35 3 ~11((~111-5011(~~ 111~~(1~( ~311 511))))1~ 0111~ 011~ 111010 .
5~11~11(0110115 111010(5 3(~ ~011513111-5))~~0 1113~11111~5 3110 111~1( 5))~~05 ~311 0~
~0111(011~0 0~ ~0113~~, 1(~~11~11~~, 3110 /0( ~11((~111. 5~11~11(0110118 111010(5 3(~ 011011(
1~))~5~ ~~11110(1~31 (010(5, 5311~111 ))01~5, (~111~1311~~, 3110 ))~(111311~1111113~11~15. 111~(~
15 30111103111 111~(3111(~ 011 3~ 0(1~~5, 50 0111~ 111~ 1111103111~111315 3(~ ~0~~(~0 111 1015
~03))1~( .

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 1/1~11..~ 11.30 ~0111(0) (1101()~ ~0( 111~
0(1...~ 111~1~. 11-29. (~~()70~/1~~~ 0)1
()~7111/.55/0/1 0/ 87/15/1 ,,,/~~(7/~0/ ),10~/1//1~5
/..,(~., ,,,/1/5/0/1~)

1. 13. 1(. 1308~, ~0~~,. €/~((,.0111(5 (/110./1(7 /),.11/~5. 811~1~~000 01~~8, ~.1.~ ~1~1111~~-1-1311,
111~., 1986.
2. 13. 1(. 1308~, ./101/.1.5((/0/~./1(7 /),.11/~5, ~~~ ~01~~ 1888 ~1~88, 1980.
3. 5. 13. 0~~311, 0. 13. 51~111011, 3110 ~. 511311~0.~11, ~0~~,. 5~1111(0110(.(((0,. /),.11/~5. ~~~
~01~~ 100.11 ~11~~ 8.. 50118, 111~., 1984.
4. ~. 1.,~0110.310, ..~0111101 0~ 3~ 1113~0.111~8~110.10.~ 0.~1~ 0~ ~1~~110111~8.,, 3,.0 /~./1(7 5)1111-
/1051(.(111 011 (7011(,.0/ 111~0~~,. €/~((,.0111(5 (/110 €/~((,.1((// /),.11/~5, 1.,311831111~, 5~112~(13110,
111101131 5~881011, 5~~1~1110~1 1983, ~~. 35-58.
5. ~. 1.,~0110.310, (7011(,.0/ 0/ €/~((,.1((// /),.11/~5. ~~~ ~01~~ 5~1111~~1-~~113~, 1985.

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 6. ~. )). 1.3/10311, ~0(1/1(11)~ ~011(70/. ~~~ ~0(/(~ ~3(~~1 ))~/(/(~(, 1/1~., 1979.
7. 1-1. 1.~-1-111~, ~. ~~((~(, 3/10 )). ~0~~, ..~1~(0~(0~~880( ~0/1((01 01 3 ~11((~/1(-1~0 5~/1-
~0(0/10118 1110(0( 0(1.,,~.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€()/ ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1980,
~~. 562-569.
8. ~. 13(1~/(~~00~, ..~1~(0~(0~~880(-038~0 303~11.,,~ 8~~~0 3/10 ~081110/1 ~0/1((0110( ~1~~-
((1~310(1.,,~8.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€()/ ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1984, ~~. 411-
417.
9. 1(. ~383(0, ~. ~3/10, 1. 1(31111~3/13, 3/10 5. ~3/10, ..~1~(0~(0~~580(-038~0 .,,~~(0( ~0/1((01
8~8(~11110( 1/1011~110/11110(0( 0(1.,,~8 ~1(0 (0(0( 11111~~0/15(3/1( 10~/11111~3(10/1.,, /~~~ 77(1115-
(1~/1011 011 /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115, ~0. 1~22, ~0. 3, 1986, ~~. 453-459.
10. 5. 1(. 1318~38, 5. 530(13/(111113(, 3/10 1. ~1(03~3(011, ..1-11~0 ~111~1~/1~~ 01(~~( (0(~11~ ~0/1((01
5~0~111~ 10( ~511~0 1/1011~110/11110(0(.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€/)1 ~0111~7€11~€
~~~070, 1986, ~~. 216-221.
11. ~. ~(3830, 1. ~. 1.1/1083~, 3/10 ~. 1-1. ~38010, ..~3(3111~(~( ~8111113110/1 3/10 0~/131111~
~~(10(1113/1~~ 01 ~~(1113/1~/1( 1113~/1~( 8~/1~0(0/10118 1110(0(8.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115
50~1€/)1 ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1985, ~~. 627-633.
12. 1. 1. ~. ~111~(, ..~0/1.,,~((~( .,,01(-3111~~(~ (~~111(~111~/1(8 01 (0~ 8~1(~0~0 (~111~(3/1~~ 1110(0(
0(1.,,~.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€()/ ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1984, ~~. 813-819.
13. ~. ~3/1~, )). ~. ~0.,,01/1~, 3/10 1. ~. 1.1~0, ..~/1 311(01113(~0 (0(0( 11111~~0/15(3/1( 111~38-
11(~111~/1( 8~8(~11110( 1/101(~~111~10 0(1~/1(~0 0(1.,,~8.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€()/
~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1986, ~~. 140-146.
14. ~. 1((180/13/1 3/10 ~. ~1113~, ..5~/18111.,,1(~ 3/131~818 3/10 ~0111~3(180/1 01 ~3(3111~1~( ~0111~~/1-
83110/1 8~0~111~ 1/1 .,,~~(0( ~0/1((011/1011~110/1 1110(0( 0(1.,,~8.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115
50~1€/)1 ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1986, ~~. 155-161.
15. 13. 1(. 1308~, ..51101/1~ 11100~ ~0/1((01 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115
50~1€/)1 ~0111€7€11~€ ~~~070, 1985, ~~. 479-486.
16. ~. 51111(0, ..5(311~ 5~0~(01118 8~8(~111 011/1011~110/1 111010( 8~~~0 ~0/1((01.,, ,,70~€€011185
/~~, ~01. 124, 1977, ~~. 557-565.

11-1. ~113( 3(~ (0~ (~~~8 011/1011~(10/1 1110(0(87

11-2. ~03( 18 3 8~/1~0(0/10118 8~~~07
11-3. ~03( 18 3 811~ 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87
11-4. ~03( 18 3 811~ 1(~~11~/1(~ 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87
11-5. ~03( 18 (0~ 811~ 3( 8(3(11/1~ 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87
11-6. ~03( 3(~ 10~ (0(~11~-8~~~0 ~03(3~(~(1811~8 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87

11-7. ~03( 3(~ .,,300118 111~3/18 10( 8~~~0 ~0/1((01 011/1011~(10/11110(0(87

11-8. ~03( 3(~ (0~ 30.,,3/1(3~~8 01.,,01(8/0~((2 ~0/1((017

11-9. ~03( 18 3 038~ 1(~~11~/1~~ 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87
11-10. ~03( 3(~ (0~ 30.,,3/1(3~~8 01 ~11((~/1( ~0/1((017

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11-11. ~/131 15 5~313. ~0111.017
11-12. ~/13115 ~~~10. ~0111.017
11-13. ~/13115 303~6~~ ~0111.017
11-14. ~/13115 3 5136~ 1(.3111~. 0.1~~7
11-15. ~/13115 3 5136~ 5~/1~.01115 0.1~~7
11-16. ~/13115 3 11~10-~~3/(~11111~ 11100~ 01111011~11011 111010.7
11-17. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ ~11~~15 011.~().11~11~~ ~0111.01 01111011~6011 111010.57
11-18. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 30~31113~~5 011111)( ~0111.017
11-19. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ ~3.10115 1~~~5 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-20. ~/131 15 1/1~ 10.().11~ 311~1~ 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-21. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 0111~.~11~~5 0~1~~~11 5311~111-~01~ 111010.5 3110 .~111~1311~~ 111010.57
11-22. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 0111~.~11~~5 0~1~~~115311~111-~01~ 111010.5 3110 ~~.111311~111-1113~11~1111010.57
11.23. ~/13115 3 ~1111-011110.().11~ 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-24. ~/13115 1/1~ 513.1111~ 10.().11~ 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-25. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 10.().11~-5~~~0 ~/13.3~1~.1511~5 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-26. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ ~-~11.~~5 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-27. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 30~31113~~5 01 ~0113~~-5011.~~ 111~~.1~.-1~0 0.1~~57
11-28. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01.~111~1311~~ 111010. 0.1~~57
11-29. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01 ~~.111311~111-1113~11~1111010.57

11-1. ~ 1/1.~~-~/135~ 460-~ 60-1-12 ~1~/11-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0 111011~6011111010. /135 ~5 = 0.08

0, ~~ = 0.1 0, %5 = 0.62 0, %~ = 0.920, 3110 ~,,,
= 6.7 0. 1/1~ 110-1030 1055,
1100 1030 = 300~. ~1 3 111010. 5~~~0 01 850 .~111, 115~ 1/1~ 3~~(0)(111131~ ~().111~31~111
~1.~1111111 ~1~. 11-2 10 0~1~.111111~ 1/1~ (3) 5~11~/1.0110115 5~~~0, ().)5~(/)) 511~, 5~ (() 111~111
~11..~111, /.~ (().) 111~111~0~~., 11.~ (~) 111~111~0~~. 13~10. 011/1~ 511~~1~, ~~5~ (1) ~3~
~0~~., 118~ (~) .010. ~0~~~.1055, 11~~~(11) 51310. ~0~~~.1055, 11$~~(1) 0~~~10~~010.().11~,
10~ 0) ~111~1~11~~~ (/(.) 513.611~ .010. ~11..~111, /~$~ 3110 513.611~ 10.().11~, 15~ (1) 511~ 10.
1113)(11111111110.().11~,5,,,~ (01) 1113)(111111111111010.111~
0~~~10~~0 10.().11~, 1 ,,,,,,~ 3110 (11) 1113)(-
111111111.~~~.36~~ 0~~~10~~0 10.().11~, 1,,,~.
11-2. ~~~~31 ~.00. 11-111 ~$ 15 11~~11~101~.
11-3. ~~~~31 ~.00. 11-1111/1~ 111010. /135 1~0 ~01~5 3110 1/1~ ~3.3111~1~.5 3.~ ~$ = 1.020,
~~ = 0.35 0, %5 = 0.72 0, %~ = 1.08 0, 3110~,,, = 60 0. 1/1~ 110-1030105515
1100 1030 = 70 ~ 3110 1/1~ .010. 5~~~0 15 3450 .~111.
11-4. ~ 1/1.~~ ~/135~ 460- ~ 60-1-12 51)(-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0 111011~6011111010. /135 ~$ = 0.320,
~~ = 0.18 11, %5 = 1.04 0, %~ = 1.60, 3110 %,,, = 18.8 0. 1/1~ 110-1030 1055,
1100 1030, 15 11~~11~101~. 1/1~ 1030 10.().11~, ~/11~/115 ~.0~0.60113110 5~~~0 5().113.~0, 15
180 ~.111 311180 .~111. 111/1~ 111010. 5~~~015 950 .~111, 0~1~.111111~ 1/1~ (3) 1030 10.().11~
0~1113110, 1~~ (/)) .010. ~11..~111, /~~ (() 51310. 511~~1~ ~0113~~, ~.~ (().) 111010. 111~111
~11..~111, /.~ (~) 111010.111~111 ~0~~., 11.~ (1) 511~ 10(1113)(111111111~11..~111, 5.~ (~) 1113)(111111111
.010. ~11..~111, /~(,,,~)~ (11) 5~~~0 (11113)(111111111.010. ~11..~111, ().).~ 3110 (1) 10.().11~ 311/1~
1113)(111111111 ~11..~111, 1..

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11-5. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-411~, 18 11~~11~101~.
11-6. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-411111~ 111010( 11381011( ~01~8 3110 111~ ~3(3111~1~(8 3(~ ~5 = 0.250,
~~ = 0.140, %5 = 0.7 0, %~ = 1.050,3110 %,,, = 20.6 0. 111~1030 10(().11~18121
~.111 311765 (~111. 111~ 111010( 8~~~018 1525 (~111.
11-7. ~ 111(~~-~1138~ 460- ~ 60-1-12 81)(-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 ~011110-(010( 111011~11011111010( ~1108~
8~~~018 ~0111(011~0 0~ 811~ ~0~~( 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 11-631138111~ 10110~111~ ~3(311131~(8~
~$ = 0.11 0, ~~ = 0.090, %$ = 0.4 0, %~ = 0.60,3110 %,,, = 11.6 0. 111~ 111(118
(3110 01111~ (010( 10 81310( ~1110111~8 18 /1,,, = 1-/~/1-/5 = 0.9. 111~ 111011~1311~~ ~,/ 18
,,,~(~ 13(~~ 3110 118 ~11((~111, 1,/, 1138 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 111~ ,,,3111~8 01 ~$, ~~, %,, 3110
%~ 10( 111~ ~().111,,,31~111~1(~1111 111~1~. 11-2 ~311 0~ ~011810~(~0 11~~11~101~ ~0111~3(~0 10
111~ ~11~~11,,,~ 1111~~0311~~ 01 ~,/. 111~ 110-1030 108818 275~. 111~ 1030 10(().11~, ~111~11
18 ~(0~0(110113110 8~~~0 8().113(~0, 18 455 ~.111 311175 (~111. (3) 11111~ 111010( 1138 10
0~~(31~ ~1111 3 111111111111111
8~~~0 01750 (~111, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (~8181311~~,~. ~111111118
,,,3111~ 01~, 11111~ 0~81(~0 8~~~018 950 (~111, ~31~11131~ 111~ (1)) 111011~10( ~11((~111, 1,/~ (~)
((() 0~ ,,,0113~~, ~,/~ (~) ~111~1~11~~~ 3110 (1) 111~111~0~~(
0111~ ~~~1~ 01111~ ~110~~~(, /(~
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8~~~018 650 (~111.
11-9. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-7 11111~ 111010( 1138 ~1~111 ~01~8 3110 111~ 111010( ~3(3111~1~(8 3(~ ~$ =
0.08 0, ~~ = 0.1 0, %5 = 0.62 0, %~ = 0.92 0, 3110~,,, = 6.7 0. 111~ 110-1030
1088 18 1100 (030 = 300~. 111~ 1030 10(().11~, ~111~1118~(0~0(110113110 8~~~0, 18 604
~.111 31 885 (~111. 111~ 111010( 113810 0~~(31~ ~1111 3 111111111111111
8~~~0 01 650 3110 111~
0~81(~0 8~~~0 18 750 (~111.
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~1108~
8~~~0 18 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 81311~ 1((3111~( 0(1,,,~ 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 11-60 1138~ ~$ = 0.11
0, ~~ = 0.09 0, %5 = 0.4 0, %~ = 0.60, %,,, = 11.6 0. 111~ 111(118(3110 01111~
(010( 10 81310( ~1110111~8 18 /1,,, = 1-/~/1-/$ = 0.9. 111~ 111011~1311~~, ~,/, 18 ,,,~(~ 13(~~ 3110
118 ~11((~111, 1,/, 1138 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 111~ ,,,3111~8 01 ~5, ~,, %$, 3110 %~ 10( 111~
~().111,,,31~111~1(~1111111 ~1~. 11-2 ~311 ~ ~011810~(~0 11~~11~101~ ~0111~3(~0 10 111~ ~11~~11,,,~
1111~~0311~~ 01 ~,/. 111~ 110-1030 1088 18 275~. 111~ 111(118(3110 01111~ ~011,,,~(1~( 3~
,,,0113~~ 10 811~~1~ ,,,0113~~ 18 /10 = 1-/)1-/~ = 0.5. 11111~ 111010( 18 (~().111(~0 10 0~~(31~
31 3 8~~~0 01950 (~111, ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 111011~10( ~11((~111, 1,/~ (1)) 0~ ,,,0113~~, ~,/~ (~)
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1175 (~111.
11-11. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-10 10( /10 = 0.9.
11-12. ~0( ~(00. 11-10 ~101111~ ~0~~( 13~10( 3~311181111~ 111(118(3110 /10.

11-13. ~ 111(~~-~1138~ 56-/( ~ 3560-(~111 460- ~ 60-1-12 1~0-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 111011~11011111010(

1138 111~ 10110~111~ ~3(3111~1~(8~ ~$ = 0, ~~ = 0.180, %$ = 0.13 0, %~ = 0.20,3110
%,,, = 11.4 0. 111~ 111010( 18 ~0111(011~0 0~ ,,,3(~111~ 111~ 811~~1~ 1(~().11~11~~. 11111~
0(~3/(00~11 10(().11~ (~().111(~111~11118 160 ~ .111, ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 811~~1~ 1(~().11~11~~, 3110
(1)) 8~~~0, 00,,,.

11-14. 11 ~5 = 0.07 0 3110 111~ 1(~().11~11~~ 18 ~11311~~0 1(0111 60 1-12 10 40 1-12 111 ~(00. 11-13,
0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~11311~~ 1110(~3/(00~11 10(().11~.
11-15. 111~ 111010( 111~(00. 11-13 18 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 ~011813111 ,,,0118/11~(12 (3110 ~0((~8~0110111~
10 111~ (31~0 ,,,0113~~ 3110 (31~0 1(~().11~11~~. ~31~11131~ 111~ (113)(11111111110(().11~,1,,,, 3110
111~ ~0((~8~0110111~ 8~~~0, 00,,,, 10( 811~~1~ 1(~().11~11~~ 01 (3) 601-12, 3110 (1)) 30 1-12.
11-16. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-15 11 ~$ 18 0.2 0.
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10110~111~ ~3(3111~1~(8~ ~$ = 0.19 0, ~~ = 0.220, %$ = 1.2 0, %~ = 1.80,3110 %,,,

381

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40 1-12 (1110 10.~ 0~~~1011~0 10~().~~ 15 200 ~.111, 0~1~~111111~ 10.~ (3) 5111110~ 111(1)(1111~111
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~011(1~~ 11~~ 110.(15~, 1/0~ (1110 (~) 110~~~ 13~10~, ~~~,.
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0.(15 (1 5~11~0.~0110~5 ~~(1~1(111~~ 01 %, = 0.8 0 11~~ 110.(15~ (1110 10.~ (1~111(11~~~~~5151(111~~
15 11~~11~101~. 10.~ 10(10 10~().~~, ~0.1~0.1511~0110~11011(1110 10.~ 511~~0 5().~(1~~0, 15 11- =
1250 ~.111 (11 720 ~11111. 10.~ 110~~~ 1(1~10~ 15 111(11111(1111~0 (110.8 1(1~~111~0~ 11~10 ~0111~01
(1110 10.~ ~011(1~~-10-1~~().~~11~~ ~(16015 /(~111 ~01151(1111(1110.~ ~(11~0 ~(11~~. 1110.~ 111~~~1~~
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11~11-0~110~().~~, 1,,.
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111010~ 0.(15 %,) = 2.5 0 (1110 %4 = 0.4. 10.~ (1~111(11~~~~~5151(111~~15 11~~11~101~. 1110.~
111010~ 011~~(11~5 ~110. (111 11111~1110~~~ 01 25 /(~ (11 (1 1~(10111~ 110~~~ 1(1~10~ 01 0.86,
0~1~~111111~ (3) 10~().~~ (111~1~, 0~ (/)) ~)(~11(16011 ~011(1~~, 1/6 (1110 (~) 10~().~~, 1,/.
11-21. ~ 10.~~~-110.(15~ 230- ~ 60-1-12 10-1101~ ~-~01111~~1~0 ~~1~~1(111~~ 111010~ 0.(15 %,) = 18.5 0
(1110 %4 = 3 0. 10.~ (1~111(11~~~~~5151(111~~ 15 11~~11~101~. 10.~ 10(10 10~().~~, ~0.1~0.15
11~0110~6011(1110 511~~0, 15 11~ = 12.5 ~.111. 10.~ ~0113~~-10-1~~().~~11~~ ~(160 15 111(1111-
1(1111~0 ~01151(1111(1110.~ ~(11~0 ~(11~~. 1110.~ 5~11111~1~~().~~11~~ 15 60 1-12, 0~1~~111111~ 10.~
(3) 10~().~~ (111~1~, 0~ (/)) 1111~~~~~~111, /0~ (1110 (~) 11111~1110~~~ 1(1~10~, ~~,,,.

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 12

~~ 113~~ 8~~0 10 111~ ~(~~1008 ~113~1~(8 11131 ~0~~( 8~1111~0000~10( 0100~8 ~13~ 3
81~0111~301 (01~ 10 ~0~~( ~1~~1(001~8 ~1(~0118. ~ 0100~ 3~18 38 3 8~11~11 10 ~~(10(111
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383

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58~. 12-3 387

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= ~(10) + 1,./=, ~0~(~ 118 10~
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400

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 12, 10... 1~5..,9. 111~ /2( (~110~ 18 ~ 01~~81.1(~ 01111~ 01~)(1011.101 10~~(0 000-

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1.1 - 0.6
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200

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0.47
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0.47

58~. 12-4 401

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 111~ ..31~ 011311 01 ~1.1 ~111 31 111~ 2~..0 ~..088111~ 01111~ 0100~ ~1.1 ~111 (0)(
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240
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1088 ..~~1.11..~8111~111~11-1..~~1.1~11~)1
0313 01111~ 0~~1~~. ~0.. 1,, = 1,,/04= 1000.3 ~ 3110
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(12-14)

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 (12-15)

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(12-16)

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11(11~ 0~ (77 = 50 ,.,..8 (1110 111~ ((118 .,,(1111~0~ 11111111.,,011(1~~ 18 ~. = 120 ,. 0~1~((11111~
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11(11~, 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 011111111.,,011(1~~ ~01110 0~ (~011~~0 (1110 111~ 011111111.,,011(1~~ ~(1.,,~~0((11
18 8110~11 111~1~. 12-10.
1~ 111~ 1011111 .,,011(1~~ 18 1) = ~,,, 8111 (,)( = ~ ~. 8111
(,)(,
111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 011111111 .,,011(1~~

(~011~11011 18
(,,
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17
77
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120 = 169.7 ,
~11110111 (111~ (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~(~ 11(11~, 8~. (2-59) ~1.,,~8 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 011111111 .,,011(1~~ ~00

= 0.6366~,,, = 108.03 ,.
((1) ~0( (77 50 ,.,..8 (1110,. = 2000 1-1~, 111~ (~011~1100 0~ 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 011111111
.,,011(1~~ 18

= 0.061~,,, = 10.3 , 0( 9.51% 0~~00

58~. 12-5 405

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 ~0

(/)) ~0~ 1__

= 50 /1-5 3110/, = 60 1-12, 01~ ~~011~11011 01111~ 0111~111 0~ ~0113~~
~,,, )( 10-5
~__ = (1 - ~05 271/,1__) = 5.65 ~,,,
71

)( 10-3 ~ 0~ 8.88)( 10-3% 01 ~00

= 9.6
1-/0/~. 111~ ~11~~1 01 /__15 51~0111~(10110( 111~11-1(~~11~0~)1 5011(~~ (100 10( 111~ ~(15~
0100(111(11 60-1-12 5011(~~, 115 ~11~~1 ~(10 0~ ~00510~(~0 0~~11~101~.

~,.301()1~ 12-5

111~ ~110~~~~ ~1~~1111111~1~. 12-93 15 0~~~31~0 31 3 1~~~11~11~)1 01/, = 2 /(1-12 3110 3 (111)1
~)1~1~ 01/( = 50%. 111~ 1030 15 111~111)1111011~11~~ 3110 0~3~5 3 ~11~~~111 01/0 = 400 ~.
111~ 1~~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ /),,, 151~ 1)1~~ ~23~~, 300~, 800~. 110//01 1111111111~
111011~10~
15 1-, = 4 /1-1-1, 0~ 111~111 ~0113~~ 15 ~, = 200 ~, 3110 111~ )1111~11011 1~111~~~3111~~ 15
111311113111~0311~ = 1250~, 0~1~~111111~
111~(3) ~~3/( 5~11~11~11~~~111,/,,~ (/)) ~3111~01~,
10 1111111111~~~3/( ~~~~~5~ ~0113~~ 010100~ /),,, 10 350 ~~ 3110 (~) 3~~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055~5
111111~0100~ /),,,, ~ 1).

801011011 ~, = 200 ~, 1-, = 4 /1-1-1, /, = 2000 1-12,/( = 0.5, ~0 = 350 ~, 3110/0 =

400~. ~~0111~~. (12-11), 01/01 = 200/4 = 50 ~/1-5.
(3) ~0~ //0,., = /0 = 400 ~ 31101~ = 1250, ~1~. 12-6. 7 ~1~~5/8.8. = 50~. ~~0111
~~. (12-13),
/,, = /0 + /8.8. = 400 + 50 = 450 ~
(/)) ~~0111 ~~. (12-14), 111~ ~)(~~55 ~11~~~)1011~ 10 ~~~~~5~ ~~~0~~~)111111~ 15
)(
4 )( 10-6 )( (4502 )(
~8. = 0.5 - 4002) = 85,000 10-61
~~0111 ~~. (12-16),
)(
2 85,000 )( 10-6
~, = = 1.39 /1-~
3502
(~) ~0~ 31~~~~11~~1111~ ~11~~~11101/0 = 400~, ~1~. 12-6.3 ~1~~5 111~111513111311~0115
10~3~0 ~0113~~ 0~0~, 1)/0 = 1.25~. 111~ 111513111311~011510~~3~0 ~0~~~ 1055 /)~~0111~5
1.25 )( 125 = 500~. 111~ 3~~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055 15 ~ 1) /( )(= 500 = 0.5 )(
500 =
250~.

10 111(10)1111~11-~011(1~~ (1~~11~(111005 (~.~., 1-1~0~ 1((105111155100 110~5), 00~ ~0111111~(-

~1(111)1 (1~(111(101~ 0100~ ~(10001111~~1111~ (~~111(~0 ~011(1~~ ((1110~ (100 0100~5 (1(~ ~00-
0~~1~0 10 5~(1~5 10 10~(~(15~ 111~ (~~~(5~ 010~~10~ ~(1~(1011111~5.

406

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111 111~ ~(001.1~11011 ~(0~~88. ~1~1.1(~ 12-110 8110~8 1~0 1)-( ~113(3~1~(1811~8 ~0( 81.1~11
0100~8. 111 111~ ~0(~3(0-0138~0 ~0110111011, 00111 0100~8 ~01101.1~1 111~ 83(11~ 3(1101.1111
0~ ~1.1((~111 3110 ~0(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0(0~ 0~ ~3~11 0100~ ~01.110 0~ 31(11081 ~~1.131. 1-10~-
~~~(, 111 111~ (~~~(8~ 010~~111~ ~0110111011, ~3~11 0100~ 1138 10 ~3((~ 111~ 8(1(11~ 1~3~3~~
~1.1((~111, 3110 38 3 (~81.111111~ 010~~111~ ~0113~~8 0~ 0100~8 ~01.110 01~~~( 81~111~1~31111~.
~ 81(11~1~ 8011.111011 10 11118 ~(001~(11, 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 12-123, 18 10 ~0(~~ ~~1.1(11
~011(1~~ 811(1(111~ 0~ ~01111~~1111~ (1 (~81810( (1~(088 ~(1~11 0100~. 01.1~ 10 ~~1.1(11 ~011(1~~
811(1(111~, 111~ 1~(1~(1~~ ~1.1((~111 0~ ~3~11 0100~ ~01.110 0~ 01~~~(~111 (1110 11118 18 8110~11 111
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(~81810( ,
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11111~ (~8181311~~8 3(~ ~((1131, ~ = ~1 = ~2 3110 111~ 1~0 0100~ ~0113~~8 ~01110 0~
0111~(~111 811~1111)1 0~~~110111~ 011 111~ 01881(11113(111~8 01111~ 1~0 1)-/ ~113(3~1~(186.~8.
111~ ~3111~8 01 ~ 1)1 3110 ~ 1)2 ~311 0~ 0~1~((11111~0 1(0(11 ~((8. (12-20) 3110 (12-21)~

~ 1)1 ~ 1)2
+ ~ = + (12-20)
151 152
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111~ ~0113~~ 8113(111~8 11110~( 1(31181~111 ~01101110118 (~.~., 011~ 10 8~11~11111~ 10308, 11116.31
3~~11~36.0118 01 111~111 ~0113~~) 3(~ 3~~0(11~11811~0 0)1 ~01111~~1111~ ~3~3~110(8 3~(088
~3~110100~, ~111~1118 8110~11111 ~1~. 12-13. ~511(11118 111~ (31~ 01 (18~ 01111~ 010~~111~
~0113~~.

111111~11-~0~~( 3~~11~36.0118, 0100~8 3(~ ~01111~~1~0111 ~3(311~110111~(~38~ 111~ ~11((~111-

~3(()1111~ ~3~3(1111)110 (11~~1111~ 0~81(~0 ~11((~111 (~((111(~(11~1118. 111~ ~11((~111 8113(111~8
01 0100~8 ~01110 0~ 111 3~~0(0111~ 10 111~1( (~8~~~11~~ 10(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0(0~8. ~
1111110((11 ~11((~111 8113(111~ ~311 0~ 3~111~~~0 0)1 ~(0~10111~ ~((1131111011~1311~~8 (~.~., 111
111~ 1~308) 0( 0)1 ~01111~~1111~ ~11((~111-8113(111~ (~81810(8 (~111~11 (113)11101 0~ ~(3~6.~31
011~ 10 ~0~~( 1088~8)~ 3110 1111818 0~~1~1~0111 ~1~. 12-14. 1118 ~088101~ 10 (111111(1112~
11118 ~(001~(11 0)1 8~1~~6.11~ 0100~8 ~1111 ~((113110(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0(0~8 0( 0100~8 01111~

~03
02 01 +
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83 82 81

~11..~ 12-14 ~3~311~0-(01111~((~0

0100~5.

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53111~ 1~~~. 5111~~ 111~ 0100~5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0111 ~3(311~1, 111~ (~~~(5~ 010~~111~ ~0113~~5
01 ~3~11 0100~ ~01110 0~ 111~ 53111~.

111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01 ~(3~11~31 0100~5 0111~( 1(0111 11131 0110~31 0100~5. 111~ (~~~(5~
(~~0~~(~ 11111~ ~13~5 3 51~11111~3111 (01~, ~5~~~1311~
31 111~11-5~~~0 5~11~11111~ 3~~11~3-
110115. 0100~5 ~311 0~ ~1355111~0 11110 111(~~ 1~~~5~ (1) ~~11~(31-~11(~05~ 0100~5, (2)

1351-(~~0~~(~ 0100~5, 3110 (3) 5~11011~~ 0100~5. ~1111011~113 5~11011~~ 0100~ 0~113~~5
35 3 ))11-)1111~11011 0100~, 111~(~ 15 110 ~11~51~31 )1111~11011~ 3110 35 3 (~51111 3 5~11011~~
0100~ 15 3 1113)0(11~ ~3((1~( 0~~1~~. 011 111~ 0111~( 113110, 3 ))11-)1111~11011 0100~ 15 00111
3 1113)0(11~ 3110 3 1111110(11~ ~3((1~( 0100~.
111~ 1113111113~111(~(5 ~(0~10~ 3 0313 511~~1 0~5~(10111~ 111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 1111~(1115
01 ~~(13111 ~~(10(111311~~ ~3(3111~1~(5. 111~ )1111~11011 1~111~~(3111(~ 1111111~11~~5 111~5~
~3(3111~1~(5 51~11111~31111~.
11 0100~5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5 10 111~(~35~ 111~ 010~~111~ ~0113~~ ~3~301111~,
~0113~~-5113(111~ 11~1~0(~5 11110~( 51~30~-5131~ 3110 1(31151~111 ~01101110115 3(~ (~().111(~0.
~11~11 0100~5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~3(311~1 10 111~(~35~ 111~ ~11((~111-~3((~111~ 301111~,
~11((~111-5113(111~ ~1~111~1115 3(~ 3150 11~~~553(~.

12-1. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 1)111~8 01110~~( 0100~87

12-2. ~11(1118 (1 1~(1~(1~~ ~11((~111 01 0100~87
12-3. ~11(1118 (1 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~ 01 0100~87
12-4. ~11(1118 (1 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()1 ~11((~111 01 0100~87
12-5. ~11(1118 (1 801111~88 1(1~10( 01 0100~87
12-6. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (~~0~~()11)111~8 01 0100~87
12-7. ~11(1118 111~ ~(1118~ 01 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~ 111(11711-)1111~110110100~7
12-8. ~11(11 18 111~ ~11~~1 01 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~7
12-9. ~11)118 1111~~~88(1()110 118~ 1(181-(~~0~~()1 0100~8 10( 111~11-811~~0 8~11~11111~7
12-10. ~11(11 18 (1 10(~(1(0 (~~0~~()111111~7

12-11. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 111(11110111~(~11~~8 0~1~~~111711-)1111~11011 0100~8 (1110 5~11011~)1 0100~87
12-12. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 1111111(1110118
01 5~11011~)1 0100~8 7
12-13. ~11(1118 111~ 1)1111~(11(~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~ 01 ~~11~((11-1111(1108~ 0100~87
12-14. ~11(1118 111~ 1)1111~(11(~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~ 011(181-(~~0~~()1 0100~87
12-15. ~11(1118 111~ 1)1111~(11111(1)(111111111
)1111~110111~11111~((1111(~01 0100~87
12-16. ~11(1118 111~ 1111(1108~ 01 (1 ~11((~111-1111111111~
111011~10(7

12-17. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 11(001~1118 01 8~(1~8-~01111~~1~0 0100~8, (1110 ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 11088101~ 80111-
1101187
12-18. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 11(001~1118 01 11(1((111~1-~01111~~1~0 0100~8, (1110 ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 11088101~
801111101187

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12-19. 111~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0 1115~11~5 ~11/1 ~(,/1131-~0113~~ 5/131111~5, ~/1)1 00 1/1~ 0100~
1~3/(3~~ ~1111~1115 0111~17

12-1. 1/1~ 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1)111111~ 01 3 0100~ 15 (,,

= 5 ~5 3110 1/1~ 131~ 011311 011/1~ 0100~
~1111~111 15 ()//()( = 80 ~/~5. 111/1~ 501111~5513~101 15 5~ = 0.5, 0~1~1111111~1/1~ (3)
51013~~ ~/131~~, (2~~~ 3110 (/)) ~~3/( 1~~~15~ ~1111~111, /~~.
12-2. 1/1~ ~~3/( 111~111~0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-~/135~ /1311-~3~~ 0100~ 1~~1111~1 15 ~ ~ = 169 ~ 31
60 1-12 3110 1/1~ 1030 1~5151311~~
1.2 0. 15 ~~ =
1/1~ 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1)111111~ 15 (,, = 4
~5. 111/1~ 501111~5513~10115 5~ = 0, 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) 51013~~ ~/131~~. (2~~~ 3110 (/))
~~3/( 1~~~15~ ~1111~111, /~~.
12-3. ~0111 1~ 300-~ 800- ~ 0100~5 011)1~~ ~23~~ 31~ 115~0 101 1/1~ 5111~1~-~/135~ 0110~~
1~~1111~1 111~1~. 2-153. 1/1~ 11115~3111~ 011/1~ 15 ~, 111~111~0113~~
= 120 ~ 31 2 /(1-12
3110 1/1~ 1030 1~5151311~~ 15 ~
= 0.2 0. 1/1~ 11111~110111~111~~131111~ 3110 311101~111
31~ 1) = 1250~ 31101/1
1~111~~131111~
= 400~, 1~5~~~11~~1)1. 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) 3~~13~~
~0~~11055. ~ 0~ (/)) 111513111311~0115101~310 ~0113~~ 010~, 1)~~ (~) 1~~0~~1)1 ~/131~~, (2~~~
(()) 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1)111111~, (,,~ (~) ~35~ 1~111~~131111~, 1~~ 3110 (0 1/1~1111311~5151311~~ 01
/1~31 5111/(, ~(0$/1. ~5511111~ 001101~-510~0 ~001111~ 3110 ~35~-10-5111/( 1/1~1111311~5151311~~
01 ~(0~8 = 0.0300~.
12-4. ~~~~31 ~100. 12-3111) = 250~ 3110 1/1 = 00~.
12-5. 51)( 1~ 300-~ 800-~ 0100~5 011)1~~ ~23~~ 31~ 115~0 111 1/1~ 1/11~~-~/135~ 1~~1111~1 01
~1~. 2-18. 1/1~ 11115~3111~ 01111~1111111~ ~0113~~ 15 ~5 = 208 ~ 31 60 1-12 3110 1/1~ 1030
1~5151311~~15 ~ = 0.3 0. 1/1~ 11111~110111~111~~131111~ 3110 311101~111 1~111~~131111~ 31~
1) = 1250~ 3110 1/1 = 250~ 1~5~~~11~~1)1. 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) 3~~13~~ ~0~~1 1055,
~ 0~ (/)) 111513111311~0115101~310 ~0113~~ 010~~ 1)~~ (~) 1~~0~~1)1 ~/131~~. (2~~~ ~(()) 1~~~15~
1~~0~~1)111111~. (,,~ (~) ~35~ 1~111~~131111~. 1 ~~ 3110 (0 1/1~1111311~5151311~~ 01 /1~31 5111/(,
~(0.~/1. ~5511111~ 001101~-510~0 ~001111~ 3110 ~35~-10-5111/( 1/1~1111311~5151311~~ 01 ~(~(.8 =
0.030~~.
12-6. ~ 1~ 0100~, 300~. 800~, 1)1~~ ~23~~, 15115~0101 ~/131~~ 1~~~1531111 3 ~0111111111311011
~11~1111, 3110 1/1~ ~(,/111~31~111 ~11~1111 15 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 12-7. 1/115 ~/131~~ 1~~~1531 15
1~~~31~0 31 3 11~(,/11~11~)1 01/, = 1.5 /(1-12. ~ = 80 ~~. 1.- = 20 ~1-1, 3110 ~,.
= 220
~. 111/1~ 0100~ 513115 ~011011~1111~ 31 ( = 0, 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) ~~3/( 0100~ ~1111~111.
/,,~ (/)) ~101/1 011/1~ ~1111~111 ~1115~, (,~ 3110 (~) 5~11~/1111~ 1055, ~5.
12-7. 1/1~ ~1111~111~3~~101111 1/11011~/1 3 1~ 0100~, 300 ~, 800 ~, 1)1~~ ~23~~, 15 5/10~11111
~1~. ~12-7. 1/1~ 11~(,/11~11~)15~11~/1111~151, = 2 /(1-12. 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ 5~11~/1111~ 1055, ~5.

.,1~(1..~ ..12-7

12-8. 1/1~ 0100~5 111 111~ 1/11~~-~/135~ 0110~~ 1~~1111~1 01 ~1~. 2-183 /13~~ 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1)1
11111~, (,, = 50 ~5 3110 1/1~ 11115~3111~ 01111~1111111~ ~0113~~, ~5 = 208~. 0~1~1111111~

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 111~ ~11~~1 01111~ 1~.,~15~ 1~~0.,~1~ 11111~011 111~ 3.,~13~~ 0~1~~1 .,0113~~ 11111~ 5~~~1~
11~().~~11~~ 15 (3) 1, = 2 /(1-(2, 3110 (/)) 1, = 60 1-(2.
12-9. 111~ ~110~~~1 ~11~~11 01 ~1~. 12-93 15 0~~131~0 31 3 11~().~~11~~ 011, = 1.5 /(1-(2 3110 3
0~1~ ~~~1~ 01 /( = 25%. 111~ 1030 15 111~111~1110~~11.,~ 3110 013~5 3 ~~11~111 0110 =
750~. 111~ 11~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 1),,, 15 1~ 1~~~ ~23~~, 300 ~, 800~. 11 0.1/0./
1111111111~1110~~101, ~, = 10 /1-5, 0~ 111~~1 .,0113~~, ~, = 400 ~, 3110 111~ 1~11~11011
1~111~~131~1~ 15 111311113111~031 1) = 1250~, 0~1~1111111~ 111~ (3) ~~3/( ~~11~111 01 111~
5~11~11, 1/,~ (/)) .,31~~ 01 ~, 10 1/11111111~ ~~3/( 1~.,~15~ .,0113~~ 01 0100~ 1),~ 10 600 ~~
3110 (~) 3.,~13~~ ~0~~1 1055~5 111111~ 11~~~11~~1111~ 0100~, 11().
12-10. 1~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0 1115~11~5 3110 111~ .,0113~~ 3~1055 ~3~11 0100~ 15 111311113111~0
111~ 53111~ 0~ ~01111~~1111~.,0113~~-51131111~ 1~515101, 5~~1111131 ~ 01 = ~()2
= 2000 ~ 3110
~1 = 100 /(11. 111~ 1)-1 ~11313~1~11511~ 01111~ 0100~5 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. ~12-10. 0~-
1~1111111~111~ 1~3/(3~~ ~~11~1115 01 ~3~11 0100~ 3110 111~ 1~5151311~~ ~2 3~1055 0100~ 1)2.

150

100

50
2200 2000 1600 800 400 200

./
./
,/
/
/
/
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)~0..~ ..12-10

12-11. 1~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0111 ~31311~13110 111~ 101~310 .,0113~~ 010~ 3~1055 ~3~11 0100~
15 1.5~. 111~ 1)-1 ~11313~1~11511~5 01 0100~5 31~ 5110~11 111~1~. ~12-10~ 0~1~1111111~ 111~
101~310 ~~11~1115 11110~~11 ~3~11 0100~.
12-12. 1~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~31311~1 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 12-/4, ~1111 ~~11~111-51131111~
1~5151311~~5. 111~ 1)-1 ~11313~1~11511~5 31~ 5110~11111 ~1~. ~12-10. 111~ 10131 ~~11~11115
1.,. = 200~. 111~ .,0113~~ 3~1055 3 0100~ 3110/15 1~5151311~~ 151) = 2.5~. 0~1~1111111~
111~ .,31~~5 011~5151311~~5 ~1 3110 ~2 11111~ ~~11~111 15 51131~0 ~().~311~ 0~ 111~ 0100~5.
12-13. 1~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~11~5 35 5110~11 111~1~. 12-12. 111~ 1~5151311~~ 3~1055
111~ 0100~5 31~ ~1 = ~2 = 10 /(11. 111~ 111~1110~ .,0113~~ 15 5 /(~. 111~ 1~3/(3~~
~1111~111531~ 1,1 = 25 111~ 31101,2 = 40111~. 0~1~1111111~ 111~.,0113~~ 3~1055111~ 0100~5.

411

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 13

~0~~( 1((11181810(8 11(1~~ ~0111(011~0 11.1(11-011 (1110 11.1(11-011 ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8. 111~ 1((111-
81810(8, ~111~11 (1(~ 1.18~0 (18 8~11~11111~ ~1~(11~1118, (1(~ 0~~((11~0 111111~ 8(111.1((111011 (~~1011,
(~81.111111~ 111(110~ 011-81(11~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~. 111~ 8~11~11111~ 8~~~0 01 (1100~(111((11181810(8
18 (111.1~11111~11~( 111(111111(11 01111)1(1810(8 (1110 111~)1 (1(~ ~)(1~1181~~1)1 ~(11~10)1~0 111 0~-0~
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11011(11 ~1.1((~111 110~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~1( ~011(1~~ (1110 ~1.1((~111 ((11111~8 (1(~ 10~~( 111(111
11108~ 01 111)1(1810(8 (1110 1((11181810(8 (1(~ 110((11(111)1 1.18~0 111 10~ 10 (11~011.1(11 ~0~~(
(1~~11~(1110118. 111~ ~0~~( 1((11181810(8 ~(111 0~ ~1(188111~0 0(0(101)111110 111(~~ ~(11~~0(1~8~

1. 131~01(1( 11.111~110111((11181810(8 (13118)

2. ~~1(11-0)(10~-8~(111~01101.1~10( 11~10-~11~~1 1((11181810(8 (~05~~18)
3. ~~1(11-0)(10~-8~(111~01101.1~10( 11181.11(11~0-~(11~ 1((11181810(8 (~051018)

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~)(~1(1111 111~ ~0~~( ~011~~(81011 1~~11111()1.1~8. 11 18 00~101.18 111(11 (1 1((11181810( 8~11~1118
(111.1~1181(11~1~( 111(111 (1 10(~~0-~0(11(111.11(11~0 111)1(1810( 8~11~11. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~1101~~
0~1~~~11 (1 1311 (1110 (1 ~05~~1111 111~ ~011~~(1~( ~1(~1.1118 ~(18 1101 00~101.18 (1110 111~)1
~~(~ 8110~11 81(11~1)1 10 0~(1101181((11~ 111(11 ~1111~( 01 111~(11 ~(111 (~~1(1~~ (1 111)1(1810(,
~(0~10~0 111(11 111~1( ~011(1~~ (1110 ~1.1((~111 ((11111~8 (11~~1 111~ 01.11~1.11 (~()1.11(~(11~1118 01

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51510(5 113~~ ~~(1310 1111111311005 300 3(~ (~51(1~1~0 10 50111~ 3~~11~311005. 111~ ~113(-
3~1~(1511~5 300 (3110~5 0~ ~3~111~~~ 51101110 0~ ~)(311110~0 10 0~1~(11110~ 115 51111(/01111~
10 3 ~3(11~1113( 3~~11~31100.

~ 01~013( 1(3051510( 15 ~0(111~0 0~ 30010~ 3 5~~000 ~- 0( 11-(~~100 10 3/111-)110~1100

0100~. ~11111~0 11-(~~1005 300 00~ /1-(~~100, 1~0 )110~11005 3(~ ~0(111~0 300 1115
~00~0 35 3 11/111-(,.(111515(0,.,35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-13. ~11111~0 /1-(~~1005 300 00~
11-(~~100, 1115 ~311~0 35 3/111/1-(,.(1115/5(0,., 35 5110~010 ~1~. 13-10. 111~ 111(~~ 1~(11110315
3(~ 03111~0 35 ~0//~~(0,., ~1111((~,., 300 /)(15~. ~ 01~013( 1(3051510( 1135 1~0 )110~11005,
~011~~10(-035~ )110~1100 (~131) 300 035~-~111111~( )110~1100 (13~1). ~~~ 1(3051510(5
0~ ~3(10115 512~5 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-2.

~1111011~11 111~(~ 3(~ 111(~~ ~055101~ ~00~1~11(311005-~011111100-~011~~10(, ~011111100-

035~, 300 ~011111100-~111111~(-111~ ~011111100-~111111~( ~00~1~11(31100, ~111~1115 5110~0
10 ~1~. 13-33 ~0( 3 11/111-1(3051510(, 15 ~~0~(311~ 115~0 10 5~11~1110~ 3~~11~311005. 111~
1~~1~3110~111 ~113(3~1~(1511~5
0~ 035~ ~11((~01, 18, 3~31051 035~-~111111~( ~0113~~, 11810,
3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-30. ~1~11(~ 13-3~ 5110~5 111~ 1~~1~31 0111~111 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 0~
~011~~10( ~11((~01, 1~, 3~31051 ~011~~10(-~111111~( ~0113~~, 11~10. ~0( 3/111/1-1(3051510(,
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10 111~ ~1110~~ (~~100, 111~ 1(3051510( 15 0~~ 0( 111~ 035~ ~11((~0115 001 ~0011~1110 111(0
11 00 300 00111 )110~11005 3(~ (~~~(5~ 0135~0. 10 111~ 3~11~~ (~~100, 111~ 1(3051510(
3~15 35 30 3111~1111~(, ~11~(~ 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 15 3111~11~1~0 0~ 3 ~310 300 111~
~011~~10(-~111111~( ~0113~~ 0~~(~35~5 ~1111 111~ 035~ ~11((~01. 111~ ~131 15 (~~~(5~
0135~0 300 111~ 13~115 ~0(~3(0-0135~0. 10 111~ 53111(31100 (~~100, 111~ 035~ ~11((~01
15 511~~1~1~011~ 111~11 50 11131 111~ ~011~~10(-~111111~( ~0113~~ 15 10~ 300 111~ 1(3051510(

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10(5. (~0/./,(~$)1 0/ /10~~,~~, 1~~.)

3~15 3$ 3 5~11~11. 80111 )1111~110115 (~131 3110 8~1) 3(~ 10~3(0 0135~0. 111~ 1(31151~(
~113(3~1~(1511~, ~111~1115 3 ~101 01 ~~10 3~3111511/3, 15 5110~11111 ~1~. 13-4.
111~ (1100~1 01 3 11)711-1(31151510( 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 13-5 11110~( 13(~~-51~1131 0~
0~~(311011. 111~ ~~11311011 (~131111~ 111~ ~11((~1115 15

~8

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~(.8101/ ~_~~1~.,,8_ ~-881(.8~81~0~

8
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0 ~
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001~01 ~0((~111. 10~ (3110 0110~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111, 1~, 10 035~ ~0((~111, 18, 15 )(110~11
35 10~ ~11,.,.~11( 8(1111, ~~
1~
~ = /7~~ = -18 (13-2)

10~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111 035 1~0 ~0(11~011~1115~ 011~ 00~ 10 10~ 035~ ~0((~111 3110 010~(
011~ 15 10~ 1~3)(3~~ ~0((~111 0110~ ~)31.

1~ = ~18 + 1~~0 (13-3)

~0~(~ 1~~0 15 10~ ~011~~10(-10-~(11111~( 1~3)(3~~ ~0((~111 ~110 035~ 0~~11 ~1(~011 3110
~311 0~ ~011510~(~0 11~~11~101~ ~0(11~3(~0 10 ~18.
~(0(11 ~~5. (13-1) 3110 (13-3),

1~ = 18(1 + ~) + 1~~0 (13-4)

= 18(1 + ~) (13-43)
_ ~+1
1~ = 1~( 1 + 1 (13-5)
~) - ~ ~
10~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111 ~311 0~ ~,.~(~55~0 35

1~ = 0.1~ (13-6)

~0~(~ 10~ ~011513111 0. 15 (~131~0 10 ~ 0)1

0.=-
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~-- (13-8)
1 - 0.

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88

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1.~1118 ~0081(/~( 111~ ~1(~1111 01 ~1~. 13-6, ~11~(~ 111~ 1(3081810( 18 0()~(31~(/ 38 3
8~11~11.

(13-9)

(13-10)

(13-11)
.8().1131100 (13-11) 10(/1~31~8 11131 38 100~ 38 1100 ~ 11810, 111~ ~131 ~111 0~ (~~~(8~
0138~(/ 30(/ 111~ 1(3081810( ~111 0~ 10 111~ 3~11~~ (~~100. 111~ (03)(1(011(0 ~011~~10(
~11((~01 10 111~ 3~11~~ (~~100, ~111~11 ~30 0~ 001310~(/ 0)1 8~1110~ 11
~8 0 30(/ 11810 =
= 11~10, 18

/ ~/14 -
_ 11 ~~ - 11~10 _- 11 ~~ - 11810
(13-12)
~~ ~~
30(/ 111~ ~0((~8()00(/10~ ~3111~ 01 038~ ~11((~01

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(3
11111~ 038~ ~11((~0118 10~(~38~(/ 300~~ /8/14, 11810 10~(~38~8 30(/ 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01
~11110~(~38~ 30(/ 111~ 11~10 ~1111311 0~10~ 11810. 11118 ~111 ~0011011~ 110111111~ ~13118
10~3((/ 0138~(/ ~1111 118~ 01 300111 0.4 10 0.5~. 111~ 1(3081810( 111~0 ~0~8 1010
83111(31100. 111~ (,.((11515(0,. 5(((/1,.(((1011 (03)1 0~ (/~110~(/ 38 111~ ()0101 300~~ ~111~11 (0)1
10~(~38~ 10 111~ 038~ ~11((~01 (/0~8 00110~(~38~ 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 81~0111~(011)1.
10 111~ 83111(31100, 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 (~(03108 31(0081 ~0081301. 11111~ ~01-
1~~10(-~(0111~( 83111(31100 ~0113~~ 18 11~10($3(), 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~0118

(13-14)

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(1110 10.~ ~0((~5~0110111~ ~(110~ 01 0(15~ ~0((~111 15

1~,5
1/35 = - (13-15)
~
~0((11(111)1, 111~ ~1(~011 15 0~51~11~0 50 10.(111/3 15 0.1~0.~( 10.(111 1 /35. 10.~ ((1110 011/3 10

1/35 15 ~(111~0 10.~ 01)~,0111)~ 1(1~(0,, 00~~

00~ = ~ (13-16)
1/35

(1110 10.~ ((1110 011~5 10 1/3 15 ~(111~0 (1510,~~(/ ~, ~/ ~0.~(~

_ 1~5
(.1.
~/ -
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1/3

10.~ 101(11 ~0~~( 1055 111 111~ 1~0 )011~110115 15

~ -, = ~ /3101/3 + ~ ~101~ ( 13-18)

~ 0.1~0. ~(110~ 01 0~~(0(1~~ 1(1~10( ~111 1101 (~00~~ 10.~ ~011~~10(-~(11111~( ~011(1~~
51~11111~(11111)1.1-10~~~~(, ~ /310~111111~(~(15~ 00~ 10 111~(~(15~0 0(15~ ~0((~111, (~5011111~
111111~(~(15~0 ~0~~( 1055 11110.~ 1381.

~)(801()1~ 13-1

10.~ 01~013( 1(31181810( 111 ~1~. 13-6 18 8~~~111~() 10 0.3~~ 11110.~ (311~~ 8 10 40. 10.~ ~
103() (~8181311~~ 18 ~~ = 11 0. 10.~ ()~ 811~~1)1 ~0113~~ 18 ~ ~~ = 200 , 311()10.~111~111
,.
11 ~ 00(..() = 1.0 , 311()~ 810(,.()= 1.5 ,,
~0113~~ 10 10.~ 038~ ~1(~111118~ 8 = 10
1111()10.~ (3) ~3111~ 01 ~ 8 10.31 (~811118 111 83111(311011 ~110. 311 0~~(()(1~~ 13~10( 01 5 ~ (0)
10(~~()
~ ~ 311() (~) ~0~~( 1088 111 10.~ 1(31181810(, 11.,.

80101100 ~~~ = 200 ,, ~01.0= 8, ~01.. = 40, ~~ = 11 0, 00~ = 5, ~8 = 10 ,,

~~10(..()= 1.0 ,, 311()~810(,.()= 1.5 ,. ~(01116~. (13-14), /~5 = (200 - 1.0)/11=
18.1~. ~(0111 6~. (13-15), /85 = 18.1/~01.0 = 18.1/8 = 2.2625~. 6~11311011
(13-16) ~1~~8 10.~ 038~ ~11((~11110( 311 0~~(()(1~~ 13~10( 01 5,
)(
/8 = 5 2.2625 = 11.3125 ~

(3) 6~11311011 (13-9) ~1~~8 10.~ (~~111(~() ~3111~ 01 ~8,

~8 - ~810(..() 10 - 1.5
~8 = = = 0.75140
/8 11.3125
(0) ~(01116~. (13-17), ~/ = 18.1/11.3125 = 1.6.
(~) 6~11311011 (13-18) )11~1()8 10.~ 10131 ~0~~( 1088 38
)( )(
11., = 1.5 11.3125 + 1.0 18.1 = 16.97 + 18.1 = 35.07 ~

1-/0(~. ~0( (1110~~(0(1~~ 1(1~10( 0110, 1/3 = 22.265 ~ (1110 10.~ ~0~~( 1055 ~111
)( 22.265 + 18.1 = 51.5~. 011~~ 10.~ 1((11151510( 15 5(110((11~0, 10.~
0~ ~-, = 1.5
~011~~10(-~(11111~( ~011(1~~ 15 1101 (~00~~0 111 (~1(111011 10 10.~ 111~(~(15~ 111 0(15~ ~0((~111.
1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0~~( 1055 15 111~(~(15~0. ~1 (1 0.1~0. ~(110~ 01 0~~(0(1~~ 1(1~10(, 10.~

417
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~11110~(~(15~, (~5111110~ 10 10~(~(15~0 ~0~~( 1055.

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~(1~(1~11(10~~ (100 (1 0111115100 ~(1~(1~11(10~~. 00 111.~ 0111.~( 11.(100, (1 (~~~(5~-01(15~01711-
)110~1100 11.(15 0(1)1 0~~1~1100 ~(1~(1~11(10~~. 000~( 51~(10)1-51(11~ ~000111005, 111.~5~
~(1~(1~11(10~~5 00 001 ~1(1)1 (10)1 (01~. 110~~~~(, 1100~( 1((1051~01 ~000111005, 111.~)1
~001(10111~ 10 111.~ 111(0-00 (100 111(0-011 0~11.(1~10( 01111.~ 1((1051510(.
111.~ (000~1 01 (1 1((1051510( 1100~( 1((1051~01 ~000111005 15 511.0~0 10 ~1~. 13-7,
~11.~(~ ~~/) (100 ~/)_ (1(~ 111.~ ~11~~11~~ ~(1~(1~11(10~~5 01111.~ ~131 (100 13~1, (~5~~~11~~1)1.
111.~ (,(1115~0110-/4~((111~~, 8,,,, 01 (1 131115 0~110~0 (15 111.~ ((1110 011~ 10 111310. 111.~5~
~(1~(1~11(10~~5 (1(~ 0~~~00~01 00 111.~ )110~1100 ~011(1~~5 (100 ~11.)151~(11 ~0051(11~1100 01
111.~ 1((1051510(. ~~/) (111~~15 111.~ 10~111 ~(1~(1~11(10~~ 51~0111~(1011)1 011~ 10 111.~ ~111~(
,
(011111~11~(11100 ~11~~1 (6). ~10 (100 , 1310 (1(~ 111.~ (~5151(10~~5 01 ~011~~10( 10 ~(0111~(
(100 0(15~ 10 ~(0111~(, (~5~~~11~~1)1.
011~ 10 111.~ 101~(0(11 ~(1~(1~11(10~~5, 111.~ 1((1051510( 00~5 001 111(0 00 1051(1011)1.
~1~11(~ 13-8 1111151((11~5 111.~ ~(1~~10((05 (100 5~11~11.10~ 11(0~5. ~5 111.~ 10~111 ~011(1~~
1)13 (15~5 1(0(0 2~(0 10 111 (100 111.~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 (15~5 101131, 111.~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 00~5
001 (~5~000 1(0(0~01(11~1)1. 111.~(~ 15 (1 0~1(1)1, )(00~0 (15 0-~/(1)1 (1111~, ((/ 0~10(~ (10)1
~011~~10( ~11((~01 110~5. 111.15 0~1(1)115 (~()111(~0 10 ~11.(1(~~ 11~ 111.~ ~(1~(1~11(10~~5 01
111.~ 13~110 111.~ 10(~(1(0-01(15 ~011(1~~ 111310((1~~(0)(1(0(11~1)10.7 ~). ~11~( 111.150~1(1)1,
111.~~011~~10( ~11((~01 (15~5 10 111.~51~(10)1-51(11~ ~(1111~ 011~5. 111.~ (15~ 11(0~, (~, 0~~~005
00 111.~ 11(0~ ~0051(101 0~1~((010~0 0)110~111 ~(1~(1~11(10~~5.
111.~ 0(15~ ~11((~0115 00((0(111)1 (00(~ 111.(10111.(11(~()111(~0 10 5(1111((11~ 111.~1((1051510(.
~5 (1 (~51111, 111.~ ~)(~~55 (0100(11)1 ~(1((1~( ~11.(1(~~ 15 510(~0 10 111.~ 0(15~ (~~100. 111.~
11.1~11.~( 111.~ 0~~(0(1~~ 1(1~10(, 00~, 111.~ ~(~(11~( 15 111.~ (1(001101 01 ~)(1((1 ~11.(1(~~ 510(~0
10 111.~ 0(15~. 111.15 ~)(1((1 ~11.(1(~~, ~11.1~11.15 ~(111~0 111.~5(1(/4,(1(1118 ~/1(1,8~, 15 ~(0~0(1100(11
10 111.~ ~)(~~55 0(15~ 0(1~~, 1_~

1~5
=
1_ 113 -
(3 = 00~ . 1135 - 1135 = 1135(00~ - 1) (13-19)

,8
8
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418

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~
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3110 111~ 8310..31111~ ~113..~~ 18 ~1~~11 0)1

(2. = --)~ = --)85(00~ - 1) (13-20)

~11~..~ __. 18 ~110~11 38 111~ 5(0,(./8~ (1111~ ~0115((./11( 0~ 111~ 1..31181810...
~11~11 111~ 111~01 ~0113~~ 18 ..~~~..8~0 ~..0111 ~1 10 - ~2 3110 111~ 038~ ~0 ~111 18
3180 ~11311~~0 10 - 182, 111~ ~011~~10.. ~0 ~111 00~8 1101 ~11311~~ ~0.. 3 11111~, (., ~311~0
111~ 5(0,(./8~ (1111~. (. 18 ..~().01..~0 10 ..~1110~~ 111~ 8310..31111~ ~113..~~ ~..0111 111~ 038~.
5111~~ 1)8~ 18 81111 ~08111~~ ~1111 3~~..0)(111131~1)1 0.7 ~, 111~ 038~ ~0 ~111 ..~~~..8~8 118
01..~~11011 00~ 10 111~ ~11311~~ 111 111~ ~013..11)1 0~ 1)8 ~..0111 ~1 10 - ~2. 111~ ..~~~..8~
~0 ~111, - 182, 11~1~8 10 018~113..~~ 111~ 038~ 3110 ..~1110~~ 111~ ~)(1..3 ~113..~~ ~..0111 111~
038~. ~1111001 - 182, 111~ 8310..31111~ ~113..~~ 1138 10 0~ ..~1110~~0 ~1111..~1)1 0)1 ..~~0111-
0111311011 3110 111~ 810..3~~ 11111~ ~0010 0~ 1011~~...
011~~ 111~ ~)(1..3 ~113..~~ 18 ..~1110~~0, 111~ 13~1 ~3~3~11311~~ ~113..~~8 10 111~ 111~01
~0113~~, - ~2, 3110 111~ 038~ ~0 ~111 ~3118 10 2.~..0. 111~ ~31111111~, (,, 0~~~1108 011 111~
11111~ ~011813111, ~111~1118 0~1~..111111~0 0)1111~ ~3~3~11311~~ 0~ 111~ ..~~~..8~-0138~0 13~1.
~1~0..~ 13-93 8110~8 111~ ~)(1..3 810..3~~ ~113..~~ 111 111~ 038~ 0~ 3 8310..31~0 1..311-
81810... 00..111~ 10..11-0~~, 11118 ~)(1..3 ~113..~~ 18 ..~1110~~0 ~1..81111 11111~ (. 3110 111~ ~113..~~
~..0~11~ 18 ~11311~~0 ~..0111 (./ 10 ~ 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 13-90. 00..111~ ~31111111~, 111~ ~113..~~
~..0~11~ 0~~..~38~8 ~..0111 ~..0~11~ ~ 011111 311 ~113..~~8 3..~ ..~1110~~0.

58~. 13-2 419

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 8856

(0) 8~8~96 ~~011~6 0()~1~9

1()~~-011

(100. 111~ 11.1(0-0~~ 11111~, (0~~, 18 111~ 81.11110~ 810((1~~ 10111~, (5, (100. ~(111 11111~, (/,

(0~~ = (5 + (/

~1(301())~ 13-2

111~ ~3,,,~~0~1118 0~ 111~ 1~31181810~ 8~11~11111 ~18. 13-6 3~~ 8110~11 111 ~18. 13-10. 111~
~3~3111~1~~8 3~~ ~~~ = 250 ~, ~810(53,)= 3 ~, /8 = 8 ~, ~~10(,31)= 2 ~, 1~.5= 100
~, ((/ = 0.5 (.1-8, (_ = 1 (.1-8,(5 = 5 (.1-8,(, = 3 (.1-8,3110/5 = 10 ~1-12. 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 18
/( 50%. 111~ ~011~~10~-10-~111111~~1~3~38~ ~1.1~~~111 18 /~100 = 3 111~. ))~1~~111111~
=

~
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 111~ ~0~~( 1055 01.1~ 10 ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111 (3) 01.1(111~ 11.1(11-011, (00 = (,1 + (,~ (/)) 01.1(111~
~01101.1~11011 ~~(100, (~~ (~) 01.1(111~ 11.1(11-011, (011 = (, + (/~ (0) 01.1(111~011-11111~,(0~ 3110
(~) 10131 3,,,~(3~~ ~0~~( 1055~5, 11,. (1) ~101111~ 111513111311~01.15~0~~( 01.1~ 10 ~01.1~~10(
~1.1((~111, 110(().

80)01100 1 = 1//, = 100 ~5, /( = 0.5, /(1 = (,1+ (, + (~ = 50 ~5, (~ = 50 - 0.5

1 = 48.5 ~5, (1 - /()1 = (, + (/ + (,, = 50 ~5, 3110(,, = 50 - 5 - 3 = 42 ~5.
(3) 01.1(111~ 0~13)111111~, 0 ~ ( ~ (0~

10(() = /~/00

1)~/0(() = 11~~

111~ 111513111311~01.15~0~~( 01.1~ 10 111~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111 15

110(()
= (01)~/0 = /~/0011~(..
)( 10-3 )(
= 3 250 = 0.75 ~

1 (,0
110 = ~)() 110(() 0.(
= / ~/0011 ~~(0/,
(13-21)
)( )( )( )( )( )(
= 3 10-3 250 0.5 10-6 10 103 = 3.75 111~

(
.
110(() = /~1)~/0= /~5~ ( 11~~ + (11~/0(,.()- (13-22)

111~ ~0~~( ~11~11 (

11~(() ~111 0~ 1(13)(11111.1111 = (,,,, ~11~(~
(, 11
~~
( ,,, =
2(~ ~~ - ~ ~/0(,.()) (13-23)
250
= 1
)(
2(250
_ 2) = 0.504 ~5
3110 8~. (13-22) )11~105111~~~3/( ~0~~(

(13-24)

(13-25)

58~. 13-2 421

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 (13-26)
= 0.00375 + 42.33 = 42.33 ~
(0) 10.~ (011011(6011 ~~~100, 0 ~ ( ~ (0~

/0(() = /~5

)( 100 = 200 ~
= 2
((.
1
(10 = (10(() 0(
7)0 = 11~/0(,31/~5(0~ (13-27)

)( )( )( 10-6 )( )( 103
= 2 100 48.5 10 = 97 ~
(() 10.~ 810~(18~ ~~~100, 0 ~ ( ~ ($~

/0(() = /~5

)( 100 = 200 ~
= 2
((,
(1$ 1
= 7)0 (10(1) 0( = 11~/0(53,/~5(~ (13-28)
)( )( )( 10-6 )( )( 103
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)~~1~0 10 ~(~31~( ~0~~( 01551~31100 1030 1031 500~0 0)110~ ~1350~ ~1.1(~~.
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0~ 0( ~001101.101.15~1.1((~01 0~~(31100, 11(5111(01115 10~ ~~3/( ~1.1((~01 (~.~., /~/.1 = 100
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58~. 13-2 433

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 ..

...1~0~~ 13-13 1/1~~11131 ~~111~31~111 ~1~-

~1111 0( 3 1~31151510~.

~0~8.. ~8..8~.09. 111~ 111~(111(11~~111~(11~01 ~1(~111118 8110~0 10 ~1~. 13-13. 11

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1~ = 11 - ~1~1~

(13-36)

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111~ 111(1)(111111111
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111~ (111101~1111~111~~((1111(~ 18 10~(~(18~0 10 1 ~ = 11(,.,.,3~) = 1500~, 111~ 1((11181810( ~(111
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~ 1080= 111~ 111(1)(111111111 ~011(1~~ 0~1~~~11 111~ ~111111~( 1~(111111(11 (1110 0(18~ 1~(111111(11
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1~(111111(11 (11 (1 8~~~111~0 11~~(111~~ ~011(1~~ (1~~11~0 0~1~~~11 0(18~ (1110 ~111111~(.
~ ~100(808)= 111~ 111(1)(11111111181181(110111~ ~011(1~~ 0~1~~~11 111~ ~011~~10( 1~(111111(11
(1110 ~111111~( 1~(111111(11 ~1111111~ 0(18~ 0~~11 ~1(~1111~0. 11118 ((11111~ 18 8~~~111~0 (11 111~
111(1)(111111111
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434

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(),7 ),7
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0(18~ ~0((~111, 111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111 ~111 0~8111 10 1(111 (1110 (1 .,,011(18~ 011..(0-1/0-() ~111
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~111 0~ 8(0)~~1~0 10 (1 1((11181~111 .,,011(18~. 11 11118 .,,011(18~ (~(1~11~8 111~ 8081(11111118
.,,011(18~ 1~.,,~1, 111~ ~011~~10( .,,011(18~ (~111(11118 (1~~(0)(1111(11~1)1 ~01181(1111 (1110 111~ ~011~~10(
~0((~111 ~1111(111. ~11~( (1 8111(11111111~, 111~ 1((11181810( ~111 0~ 111 111~ 011-81(11~ (1110 111~
10(11-01110(10 1111~ 18 8110~11 111 ~18. 13-140 0)1111~ ~(1111 ~/).4.

~)(301~1~ 13-4

)1111~110111~111~~(~111(~ 0~ ~ 1(~1151510( 15 1~ = 1500~ ~110 111~~11101~111

111~ 111~)(111111111
1~111~~(~111(~ 15 1/1 = 250~. 1~ 111~ 111~(111~11111~~0~11~~5 ~(~ ~~~ = 0.400~, ~~.~ =
0.100~, ~110 ~8/1 = 0.500~, ~~1~111~1~ 111~ (~) 111~)(111111111
~0~~( 01551~~11011, (0) ~~5~
1~111~~(~111(~, ~110 (~) 111~(111~1 ~110 5~~0110 0(~~/(00~11 0~(~1111~ ~~~10(5 ~(0111 ~1~.
13-12.19.

80101/00 (~) 1~ - 1/1 = ,,,(~~~ + ~~8 + ~8/1) = ,,,~~/1, ~~/1 = 0.4 + 0.1 + 0.5
1.0,,,, ~111~11 ~1,,,~5 111~ 111~)(111111111
~0~~( 01551~~11011 ~5 ,,,
= 1.0, ~110 150 - 25 = =
125 ~.
(0) 1~ = 1~ - ,,,~~~ = 150 - 125 )(
0.4 = 1000~.
(~) ~0(
1~ = 1000~, ~1~. 13-12.19 ~1,,,~5 ~ 111~(111~10~(~1111~ ~~~10( 0~ 40% ~110
5~~0110 0(~~/(00~11 0~(~1111~ ~~~10( 0~ 73%.

~)(3111~1~ 13-5

~ 01~01~( 1(~1151510( 0~ 1)1~~ 0670~ 15 115~0 ~5 ~ ~110~~~( 5~11~11 ~0( ~ (~51511,,,~ 10~0.
111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~11115 / ~ (3,,,
= 50 ~ ~1 ~ ~0(~~0 (3 0~ = 25. 1~ 111~ )1111~11011 1~111~~(~111(~
15 1~ = 1500~, ~~1~111~1~ 111~ (~) 11~10(03()~(0) 11810(,3()~(~) 111(11-01111111~, (00~ (0) 111(11-0~~
11111~,(0~~~(~) 0~5~ ~11((~11110 0(1,,,~ 111~ 1(~1151510( 11110 5~111(~11011, /85~ ~110 (~) 0,,,~(0(1,,,~
~~~10(, 00~.

80101/00 (3,,, = 25 ~110 /(. = 50~.

(~) ~1~11(~ 13-12.5 ~1,,,~5 11~10($3()
= 0.95~.
(0) ~1~11(~ 13-12.7 ~1,,,~5 11810(03.)
= 1.7~.

58~. 13-2 435

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 (() ~1~11~~13-12.9 ~1~~5, (~ = 0.4 ,..,..5,(,/ = 0.085 ,..,..5~111~~~10~~,(00 = (,/ + (~ =
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(0) ~1~11~~ 13-12.10 ~1~~5 (/ = 1.8 ,..,..5,(5 =
6 ,..,..5~111~~~10~~, (0(( = (5 + (/ =
6 + 1.8 = 7.8,..,..5.
(~) ~1~11~~ 13-12.3 11101((11~5 111(11 (11 /~ = 50 ~ 111~ 1~(11151510~ ~111 0~~~(11~ 111 111~
5(1111~(111011 ~~~1011 11111~ 0(15~ (11~~~11115 (1~~~0)(1(11(11~1)1, /88 = 0.4 ~.
(1) 11~.. = 25 = 50//81 = /~//8(, /81 = /8 = 2~. 111~~~10~~,111~0~~~0~1~~
1(1(10~ 15 00~ = /8//88 = 2/0.4 = 5.0 ~.

111~ 5~11~1110~ 5~~~0 ~(10 0~ 10~~~(15~0 0~ ~~011~10~ 111~0-00 11(11~, (00, (100 111~0-011
1101~, (0((. (00 ~(10 0~ ~~011~~0 0~ (1110~10~ 0(15~ ~11~~~01 ~~(1~10~ 011~10~ 111~0-00,
~~5111110~ 10 10~ ~0~~~0 ~(~10) (11111~ 0~~10010~. ~~1~( 111(0-00, ~10 ~(10 0~ 10~(~(15~0
10 (1 511~~~1~1~011~ 111~11~(1111~ 10 01(1101(110 111~ 1((1051510( 10 111~ ().11(151-5(1111((11100 (~~100.
(0(( ~(10 0~ (~011~~0 0~ (~~~(510~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 (100 (1110~10~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 ~~(1~10~
011(10~ 111(0-0~~. 10~(~(1510~ 111~ .,,(1111~ 0~ 1 /32 0~~(~(15~5 111~ 510((1~~ 1101~. ~ 1~~1~(11
~(1.,,~~0(01 ~0( 0(15~ ~11((~01 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-15.
~~(1(1 ~(001 (1 11)(~0 511(1~~ 0~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 (15 10 ~1~. 13-15, 111~ ~0(~~0 ~ 01(1~
0~ ~001(011~0 ~001101101151~ 10 01(11~11111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 .,,(1(/(111005. 111~ ~001-
01001~ 115~0 1~~1101().11~5~0( 0~11011210~ 111~ 0(15~ 0(1.,,~ 0~ (1 1((1051510( (1(~ ~

1. 111(0-00 ~001(01
2. 111(0 0~~-~001(01
3. ~(0~0(1100(11 085~ ~001(01
4. ~0115(1111((11100 ~001(01

1~,.(1-0(1 ~0(11,.0~. 111~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 ~~(1~10~ ~(10 0~ ~(0.,,10~0 0~ 111~ ~1(~1111
10 ~1~. 13-16. ~11~0 111~ 10~111 .,,011(1~~ 15 111(0~0 00, 111~ 0(15~ ~11((~0115 110111~0 0~
(~51510( .8.1 (100 111~ 10111(11 .,,(1111~ 0~ 0(15~ ~11((~0115

1.71 - 1.7/3~
1/30 = (13-37)
.8.1

(100 111~ ~10(11 .,,(1111~ 0~ 111~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 15

1.71 - 1.7/3~
1/31 -- (13-38)
.8.1 + .8.2

..1~11..~ 13-15 8115~ 0(1..,~ ~11((~11(~11..,~-

- ~82- - - - - - - - ~0((11.

436

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111~
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442

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462

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463

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13-43. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01 ~0510157
13-44. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 11131110111~(~11~~5 0~1~~~11 ~05~615 3110 81157
13-45. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 ~3(311~1 0~~(36011 01 81157
13-46. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 ~3(311~1 0~~(36011 01 ~05~6157
13-47. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 ~3(311~1 0~~(311011 01 ~0510157
13-48. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 5~(1~5 0~~(36011 01 81157
13-49. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 5~(1~5 0~~(360115 01 ~05~6157
13-50. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 5~(1~5 0~~(3110115 01 ~0510157

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13-51. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ ~11~~05~5 01 5/1111115111100~~ 1111~31151510~57
13-52. ~/131 18 1/1~ ~11~~05~ 01 8~~1~5 5111100~~ 1111~31151510~57
13-53. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 011~311510~111~~ ~31~ 15013110117
13-54. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01830,,,31113~~5 01 0~10~011~1~0 ~31~ 18013110117

13-1. 1/1~ 0~13 ((3) 0101~013~ 1~31151810~ 111~1~. 13-6 ,,,3~1~51~01111010 60. 1/1~ 1030 ~~5151311~~
18 8.~ = 5 0.
1/1~ 0~ 811~~1~,,,0113~~ 15 ~ ~~ = 100 ~ 3110 1/1~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 10 1/1~
035~ ~1~~111115 ~8 = 8~. 11 ~00(,3,)
= 2.5 ~ 3110 ~8~(,3,) = 1.75 ~, 111101/1~ (3)
,,,3111~ 01 8.8 1/131 ~111 ~~51111 111 53111~311011 ~11/1 311 0,,,~~0~1,,,~
13~10~ 01 20~ (.,) 10~~~0
(3~ 3110 (~) ~0~~~ 1055 1111/1~ 1~31151510~, ~7.
13-2. 1/1~ 0~13 ((3) 0101~013~ 1~31151510~ 111~1~. 13-6 ,,,3~1~51~01111210 75. 1/1~ 1030 ~~8151311~~
15 8.~ = 1.5 0. 1/1~ 0~ 511~~1~,,,0113~~ 15 ~ ~~. = 40 ~ 3110 1/1~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 10 1/1~
035~ ~1~~111115 ~8 = 6~. 11 ~~~(,3,) = 1.2 ~, ~8~(,3,) = 1.6~, 31108.,, = 0.70,
0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ (3) 0,,,~~0~1,,,~ 13~10~, 00~~ (.,) 10~~~0 (3~ 3110 (~) ~0~~~ 1085 111 1/1~
1~31151510~, ~ 7.
13-3. ~ 0~ 1~31151510~, 1~~~ 0670~ ~11/10313 5/1~~1111 ~1~. 13-12, 15 115~0 35 3 5~11~/1 3110
1/1~ ~3,,,~10~1115 3~~ 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 13-9. 1/1~ ~3~3111~1~~5 3~~ ~
~~ = 200 ~, ~ ,,~(,3,)
= 3 ~, /8 = 8 ~, ~~~(,3,) = 2 ~, /~5 = 100~, (,/ = 0.5, 5, (_ = 1 , 5, (5 = 5 , 5,
(, = 3 , 5, 3110~ = 10 /(1-12. 1/1~ 0111~~~~1~15/(
= 50%. 1/1~ ~011~~10~-~111111~~
1~3/(3~~ ~11~~~11115 /~~0 = 3 111~. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ ~0~~~ 1055 011~ 10 1/1~ ~011~~10~
~11~~~111(3) 011~111~111~11-011, (00
= (,/ + (_~ (.,) 011~111~~011011~11011 ~~~100, (~~ (~) 011~111~
111~11-011(0.. = (5 + (,~ (()) 011~111~ 011-11111~, (0~ 3110 (~) 10131 3,,,~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055~5, ~.,..
(1) ~1011/1~ 111513111311~0115~0~~~ 011~ 10 1/1~ ~011~~10~ ~11~~~111, ~0(/).

13-4. 11111~110111~111~~~3111~~ 011/1~ 01~013~ 1~31181510~ 111~~00. 13-3 15 1~ =

1/1~ (113)(111111111
1500~ 3110 1/1~ 311101~111 1~111~~~3111~~ 15 1~ = 250~. 111/1~ 1/1~~11131 ~~5151311~~5 3~~
8.~~ = 0.40~~ 3110 8.~5 = 0.0500~, ~31~11131~1/1~ (3) 1/1~~11131~~5151311~~01 /1~31
5111/(, 8.5~~ 3110 (.,) 5~~0110 0~~3/(00~11 0~~31111~ 13~10~. (1//1/(.. ~~~1~~11/1~ ~0~~~ 1058
011~ 10 035~ 0~1,,,~.)
13-5. ~0~ 1/1~ ~3~3111~1~~5111 ~~001~11113-3, ~31~11131~ 1/1~ 3,,,~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055 011~ 10 1/1~ 035~
~11~~~111, ~ 8.
13-6. ~~~~31 ~~00. 13-311 ~8~(,3,) = 2.3~, /8 = 8~, ~~~(,3,) = 1.4 ~, (,/
0.45 ,
5, (5 = 3.2 ,
5, 3110 (, = 1.1 5. , = 0.1 5, =
(_
,
13-7. ~111~-~05~~11~~~ 1~~240 ~11/10313 5/1~~1111~1~. 13-2915 115~0 35 3 5~11~/1. 1/1~
~3~3111~1~~5 3~~ ~1)1) = 40 ~, /1)
= 35 ~, 8.1)5 = 28 1110, ~05 = 10~, (,/(00) = 25
(_
115, 60 115, (,/(0..) = 70 118, (, = 25 115, /5 = 20 /(1-12. 1/1~ 0~3111-5011~~~ 1~3/(3~~
~11~~~11115
=
/1)55 = 250 ~. ,
1/1~ 0111~ ~~~1~ 15 /(
= 60%. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ ~0~~~ 1055
011~ 10 1/1~ 0~3111 ~11~~~111 (3) 011~111~ 111~11-011(00
= (,/(0) + (_~ (.,) 011~111~ ~011011~11011
~~~100, (~~ (~) 011~111~ 111~11-011, (0.. = (,/(0..) + (/~ (()) 011~111~ 011-11111~, (0~ 3110 (~) 10131
3,,,~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055~5, ~7.
13-8. 1/1~ (113)(111111111 11111~11011 1~111~~~3111~~ 011/1~ ~05~~1111 ~~00. 13-7 15 1~ = 1500~
3110 1/1~ 311101~111 1~111~~~3111~~ 18 1~ = 300~. 111/1~ 1/1.~~11131 ~~5151311~~5 3~~ 8.~~ =
101(/~, 3110 8.~5 = 10~, ~31~11131~ 1/1~ 1/1~~11131~~5151311~~ 01/1~315111/(, 8.5~. (~01~~
01( 0~ + 273).
=

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 13-9. ~ 01()01~111~11515101 010~ 1~()~ 1)671)~ 15 115~0 ~ ~110()()~1 5~11~11101 ~ 1~51511.,,~ 10~0.
111~ ~011~~101 ~1111~111 15 /~ = 80 ~ ~1 ~ 101~~0 ~
01 ~/ = 50. 11 111~ )1111~11011
(()) ~ 8.0(5.1)~ (~) 111111-011 11111~,
1~111()~1~1111~ 15 1) = 1500~, ~~1~111~1~ 111~ (3) ~ ~.0(5.1)~
011.,,~ 111~ 11~1151510111110 5~1111~11011, /8~
(00~ (/1) 111111-01111111~, (0((~ (~) 0~5~ ~1111~11110
~110 (1) 0.,,~1011.,,~ 1~~101, 01)~.
13-10. 111~ 0~5~ 011.,,~ ~11~1111111 ~~~ = 4 0, ~,/1 = 3.6~, ~,/2
~1~. 13-1911~5 ~~~ = 400~,
= 0.9 ~, ~8.0(5.1)= 0.7 ~, ~8 = 15 ~, ~8 = 1.1 0, ~110~ = 12. ~~1~111~1~111~
(())
(3) ~011~~101 ~1111~111 ~11110111 ~1~111()111~~ ~011~~101 ~1~111()111~.,,011~~~, ~ ~6 ~110 (~)

~011~~101 ~1111~111 ~1111 ~1~111()111~.

13-11. ~11 1~-~05~~11~()~ 1~~2,40 15 0()~1~1~0 ~5 ~ 5~11~11. 111~ )1111~110111~111()~1~1111~
15 1) = 1500~ ~1 ~ ~~5~ 1~111()~1~1111~ 01 1 ~ = 950~. 111~ ~~1~-10-50111~~ .,,011~~~ 15
~ 0$ = 10 ~. 111~ 0~ 511()()1~.,,011~~~ 15 ~ 1)1) = 40 ~. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ (3) 111~)(111111111
(()) 111~)(111111111()0~~1 01551()~11011, 111) ~ (~) 011-51~1~ 1~5151-
~0111111110115 01~111 ~1111~111, / 1)
~
~11~~, ~1)$~ (/1) ~~1~ .,,011~~~ 0.,,~1011.,,~ 1~~101, 01)~~ (~) 011-51~1~ 01 5~1111~11011 .,,011~~~,
~ 1)$~ ~110 (1) ~~1~ ()0~~11055~5 11111~ ~05~~115 0()~1~1~0 ~1 ~ 11~().11~11~~ 0120 /(1-12.
13-12. 1~0 8115 ~1~ ~01111~~1~0 111()~1~11~1 5111111~110 ~1~. 13-33. 111~ 101~110~0 ~1111~111 01
/, = 200~. 111~ ~011~~101-~111111~1 .,,011~~~ 0111~11515101 (2. 15 ~~.01 = 1.5 ~ ~110
111~1 0111~11515101 (22 15 ~~.02 = 1.1~. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ ~011~~101 ~1111~111 01 ~~~11
11~11515101 ~110 0111~1~11~~ 111 ~1111~111 511~1111~ 11111~ ~1111~111 511~1111~ 5~11~5 1~5151~11~~5
(()) ~_1
~1~ (3) ~_1 = 10 1110 ~110 ~_2 = 20 1110, ~110 = ~_2 = 20 1110.
13-13. ~ 01()01~1 11~11515101 15 0()~1~1~0 ~5 ~110()()~1 5~11~11 ~1 ~ 11~().11~11~~ 01/, = 20 /(1-12.
111~ ~11~1111~11~11~~111~11115 5110~11111 ~1~. 13-36~. 111~ 0~ 111()111.,,011~~~ 01111~ ~110()()~1
15 ~, = 400 ~ ~110 111~ 10~0 ~111~11115 /1.. = 100~. 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11111~5~1~ (, = 1
(()) ~,~ (~) ~, 101 ~1111~~11~ 0~111()~0
, ,5 ~110 (/ = 3 , ,5. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ .,,~111~5 01 (3) 1.,,~
~0110111011~ (/1) ~, 11111~ 015~11~1~~ 11111~15 1111111~010 011~-111110 015~11~11111~ ()~1100~ (~)
~, 11 ()~~/( 015~11~1~~ ~1111~11115 1111111~010 5 % 0110~0 ~1111~111~ ~110 (1) ()0~~1 1055 011~
10 ~~ 5111100~1, 11__ 11~~1~~1111~ 111~ ~11~~1 01111011~101 1.,, 011 111~ .,,011~~~ 01 5111100~1
~~()~~1101, ~,. ~5511111~ ~(~.0(5.1) = 0.
13-14. ~ ~05~~115 0()~1~1~0 ~5 ~110()()~1 5~11~11 ~1 ~ 11~().11~11~~ 011, = 50 /(1-12. 111~
~11~1111~11~11~~111~111 15 5110~11 111~1~. 13-36~. 111~ 0~ 111()111.,,011~~~ 01111~ ~110()()~1
15 ~5 = 30 ~ ~110 111~ 10~0 ~1111~11115 /1.. = 40~. 111~ 5~11~11111~11111~5~1~ (, = 60
(()) ~,~ (~) ~, 101 ~1111~~11~ 0~111()~0
115 ~110 (/ = 25 115. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ .,,~111~5 01 (3) 1.,,~
~0110111011~ (/1) ~, 11111~ 015~11~1~~ 11111~15 1111111~010 011~-111110 015~11~11111~ ()~1100~ (~)
~5 11 ()~~/( 015~11~1~~ ~1111~11115 1111111~010 5 % 0110~0 ~1111~111~ ~110 (1) ()0~~1 1055 011~
10 ~~ 5111100~1, 11,, 11~~1~~1111~ 111~ ~11~~1 01111011~101 1.,, 011 111~ .,,011~~~ 01 5111100~1
~~()~~1101, ~5. ~5511111~ ~ ~.0(5.1) = 0.

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 14

~ 111)1(1510( 15 111~ 1110511111))0(131111)1))~ 01 ))0~~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0~~1~~5. 111)1(1510(5

3(~ ~)(1~1151~~1)1 115~0 111 ))0~~( ~1~~1(0111~ ~1(~11115. 111~)1 3(~ 0))~(31~0 35 0151301~
5~11~11~5 1(0111 11011~011011~1111~ 5131~ 10 ~011011~1111~ 5131~. ~1111011~1110( 111~ 0~~~1-
0))111~111 01 ))0~~( ~011~~(51011 1~~11111~11~5 111 ~3(11~( ~113))1~(5, 111)1(1510(5 3(~ 35511111~0
35 10~31 5~11~11~5, 111~ ))(3~11~31 111)1(1510(5 ~)(111011 ~~(13111 ~113(3~1~(156~5 3110 111111-
1360115.

~ 111)1(1510( 15 3 1011(-13)1~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0~~1~~ 01 ~11~11-51(11~111(~ ~1111 111(~~ ~11-

)1111~110115. 11 1135 111(~~ 1~(111111315~ 31100~, ~311100~, 3110 ~31~. ~1~11(~ 14-1 5110~5
111~ 5~~1101131 ~1~~ 01111(~~ ~11-)1111~11005 3110 111~ 5)1111001 01111)1(1510(. 111)1(1510(5
3(~ 1113111113~111(~0 0)1 01111151011.
~11~11 111~ 31100~ ~0113~~ 15 ))0516~~ ~1111 (~5))~~110 111~ ~311100~, 111~ )1111~110115
11 3110 13 3(~ 10(~3(0 0135~0. 111~ )1111~11011 12 15 (~~~(5~ 0135~0, 3110 0111)1 111~
1~3/(3~~ ~11((~111110~5 1(0111 31100~ 10 ~311100~. 111~ 111)1(1510( 15 111~11 5310 10 0~ 111
111~ /0,.~(1,.0 0/0~/(/118 0( 0//-5((1(~ ~0110111011 3110 111~ 1~3/(3~~ ~11((~11115 /(110~11 35 0//-

468

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 ,. ,.,,0~9

~.)1
~. ,,
(3
~(3 .)2
/( (3819 ~.)3
,,
..1~(1..~ 14-1 111(~~ /111-)1111((10115 8110
/( ~81~0~9 (11~(15(0( 5~(11001.

5((1(~ ~/./1,.~11(, 1(). 1~ 111~(11100~-10-~(111100~ ~011(1~~, ~ ,4/(, 15111~(~(15~0 10 (1511~11~1~1111~

1(1(~~ ~(1111~, 111~ (~~~(5~-01(15~0 )1111~1101112 ~111 0(~(1~. 11115 15 ~110~11 (15 (11,)(1/(111~/1.~
0,.~(1/(0.011/11 (1110 111~ ~0((~5~0110111~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~(111~0 /0,.11/(1,.0. 0,.~(1/(0.011/11 1,)0/((18~,
~ 80. 5111~~ 111~ 0111~( )1111~11011511 (111013 (1(~ (11(~(10~ ~0(~(1(0 01(15~0, 111~(~ ~111 0~
~(~~ 1110~~111~111 0~ ~(1((1~(5 (1~(055 (111 111(~~ )1111~110115, (~51111111~ 111 1(1(~~ ~0(~(1(0
(11100~ ~11((~111. 111~ 0~~1~~ ~111 111~11 0~ 111 (1 ~0110././.~(/118 5((1(~ 0( 011-5((1(~. 111~
~011(1~~ 0(0~ ~01110 0~ 011~ 10 111~ 0111111~ 0(0~ 111 111~ ~011( 1(1~~(5 (1110 11 15 5111(111,
1~~1~(111~, 1 ~. 111 111~ 011-51(11~, 111~ (11100~ ~11((~11115 1111111~0 0~ 111~ ~)(1~(11(111111~~0-
(111~~ 0( (~5151(111~~, ~~, (15 5110~11111 ~1~. 14-2(1. 111~ (11100~ ~11((~1111111151 0~ 1110(~
111(111 (1 ~(1111~ ~110~11 (15 /(1(~/1./118 ~/./.,.,.~11(, 1~, 10 111(11111(1111111~ (~()111(~0 (1111011111 0~
~(1((1~(5 ~0~ (1~(055 111~ )1111~11011~ 0111~~15~, 111~ 0~~1~~ ~111 (~~~(110 111~ 010~~111~
~0110111011 (15 111~ (11100~-10-~(111100~ ~011(1~~ 15 (~011~~0. 111~ 7)-/ ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 0~
(1 111~(1510( 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-20.
011~~ (1 111~(1510( ~011011~15, 11 0~11(1~~5 11~~ (1 ~011011~1111~ 0100~ (1110 111~(~ 15 110

~0111(01 0~~( 111~ 0~~1~~. 111~ 0~~1~~ ~111 ~011111111~ 10 ~011011~1 0~~(1115~ 111~(~ 15 110
0~~1~110111(1~~( 011111~ )1111~1101112 011~ 10 111~ ~(~~ 1110~~111~1115 0~ ~(1((1~(5. 1-10~~~~(,
1~ 111~ ~0(~(1(0 (11100~ ~11((~11115 (~011~~0 0~10~ (11~~~1 ~110~11 (15 111~ /1.0/0./118 ~/./.,.,.~11(,
11/, (1 0~~1~11011 (~~1011 ~01110 0~~~10~ (1(011110 )1111~1101112 011~ 10 111~ (~011~~0 11111110~(
0~ ~(1((1~(5 (1110 111~ 111~(1510( ~01110 0~ 111 111~ 010~~111~ 51(11~. 111~ 11010111~ ~11((~111
15 111 111~ 0(0~( 0~ 1111111(1111~~(~5 (1110 15 1~55 111(111111~ 1(11~11111~ ~11((~111, 1 ~.
~11~11 111~ ~(111100~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~05111~~ ~1111 (~5~~~110 111~ (11100~, 111~ )1111~11011
12 15 ~0(~(1(0 01(15~0 (1110 )1111~11011511 (111013 (1(~ (~~~(5~ 01(15~0. 11115 15 ~()111~(11~111

89~9~59
0~98/(~01(-/,,
~0~(899

58~. 14-2 469

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 10 1~0 5~(1~5-~000~~1~0 0100~5 ~1111 (~~~(5~ ~0113/5~ 3~(055 111~01. 111~ 111)1(1510(
~111 0~ 10 111~ (~~~(5~ 010~~10/5 5131~ 300 3 (~~~(5~ 1~3~3/5~ ~0((~01 /(110~11 (/5 ,~.,,~,5~
~/1,,~11(, 18., ~0010 110~ 111(00/511111~ 0~~1~~.
~111100/511 3 111)1(1510( ~30 0~ 10(0~0 00 0)1 10~(~3510/5 111~ 10(~3(0 ~0113/5~
0~)1000 ~80, 50~113 10(0-00 ~0010 0~ 0~51(0~6~~. 10 ~(3~6~~, 111~ 10(~3(0 ~0113/5~
15 013101310~0 0~10~ ~ 80 300 111~ 111)1(1510( 15 10(0~0 00 0)1 3~~1)110/5 3 ~0516~~
~0113/5~ 0~1~~~0 111~ /531~ 300 111~ ~311100~. 11115 15 5110~0 10 ~1/5. 14-20. 00~~ 3
111)1(1510( 15 100~0 00 0)1 3 /5360/5 51/5031 300 115 3000~ ~0((~01 15 /5(~31~( 11130 111~
1101010/5 ~0((~01, 111~ 0~~1~~ ~001100~5 10 ~0000~1 00~ 10 ~0516~~ 1~~003~~, ~~~0 11
111~ /5360/5 51/503115 (~010~~0.

14-3 ..,,,,,0-1~.4~5~510~ ~0()~(. 0~ 1~~~~510~

111~ (~/5~0~(36~~ 0( 131~1110/53~1100 00~ 10 ~05111~~ 1~~003~~ ~30 0~ 0~010051(31~0

0)1 0510/5 3 1~0-1(3051510( 0100~ 0(111)1(1510(. ~ 111)1(1510( ~30 0~ ~00510~(~0 35 1~0
~001~1~01~013()11(3051510(5, 00~ /111/1-1(3051510(, (21, 300 0111~( 11/111-1(3051510(, (22,
35 5110~0 10 ~1/5. 14-33.
111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~01, 1~, 01 3 111)1(1510( 15 (~131~0, 10 /5~0~(31, 10 111~ ~01111~(
~0((~01, 15, 300 1~3~3/5~ ~0((~01 01111~ ~011~~10(-035~ )00~1100, 1~80, 35

1~ = 0.15 + 1~80 (14-1)

300 111~ ~0111111011/)(/5~ ~/1,,~11( /5310 15 0~110~0 35 0. == 1~/15. ~0( 1(3051510( (21,
~011~~10( ~0((~0115 111~ 3000~ ~0((~01, 1~, 300 111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~01 ~30 0~ 10000
1(001 ~~. (14-1)~

(14-2)
~11~(~ 0.1 15 111~ ~0((~01 /5310 300 1~801 15 111~ 1~3~3/5~ ~0((~0110( (21. ~0( 1(3051510(
(22, 111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~01 1~2 15

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...)~0..~ 14.3 1~0-1(3(151510( ((100~1 01 (0)1(1510(,

470

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~~~0(010~ 10 ~().. (14-5), 01~0 ~001.1~0 ~311.1~$ 011~1301 300 1~1302 (03~ ~31.1$~ (~1 +

58~. 14-3 471

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 ..1~11..~ 14-5 1~0-1(31151510( 1(31151~111
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(1~010~0.

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(1110~(101~ 0.1)/0.( 0110~..1$10..$.

~8~8 ~ 8 ~. 11 (1 10~..1$10.. 1$ 10..~(1..0 0(1$~0, 10~ 1111~~1101101 ~(11~ ~11 ~111

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~01110

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11.1(0-00111~ 111)1(1810(. ~8111~ ~31~ ~1.1((~011810~(~38~0, 111~10(~3(0 010~~10~ ~0113~~

18 0~~(~38~0 38 8110~0 10 ~1~. 14-6.
~1~1.1(~ 14-7 8110~8 111~ ~3~~10(01 01111~ 3000~ ~1.1((~01, 10110~10~ 111~ 3~~11-
~31100 01 ~31~ 81~031. 111~(~ 18 3 1101~ 0~13)1 ~00~0 38 (/1711-011 (1111~, (00., 0~1~~~0
111~ 3~~11~31100 01 ~31~ 81~031 300 111~ ~0001.1~1100 013 111()11810(. (00. 18 0~110~0 38
111~ 1101~ 101~(~31 0~1~~~0 10% 0181~30)1-8131~ ~31~ ~1.1((~01 (0.11(1) 300 90% 01111~
81~30)1-8131~ 111)1(1810( 00-8131~ ~1.1((~01 (0.91,,). (00. 18 111~ 81.10101 (/~/(1)1 (1111~,((/, 300
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30010% 01111)1(1810( 00-8131~ ~1.1((~01 (6~11,,). (.18111~ 1101~ (~~1.11(~010( 111~ 3000~
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(0.91,,). 111~8~ 1101~8 3(~ 0~~1~1~0 10 ~1~. 14-7.
111~ 10110~10~ ~01018 81101.110 0~ ~00810~(~010 0~81~010~ 111~ ~31~ ~001(01 ~1(~1.111~

1. 111~ ~31~ 81~031 ~30 0~ (~010~~0 311~( 111~ 111)1(1810( 18 11.1(0~0 00. ~ ~00-
1101.101.18 ~3110~ 81~031 ~01.110 10~(~38~ 111~ ~0~~( 1088 10 111~ ~31~ )1.10~1100.
2. ~1111~ 111~ 111)1(1810( 18 (~~~(8~0 0138~0, 111~(~ 81101.110 0~ 00 ~31~ 81~031~
0111~(~18~, 111~ 111)1(1810( 013)11311 01.1~ 10 10~(~38~ 1~3~3~~ ~1.1((~01.

~,
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 3. 111~ ~10111 01 ~31~ .,1118~, (0, 11111810~ 1011~~( 111311 111~ 11111~ (~()111(~0 10( 111~
31100~ ~11((~11110 (18~ 10 111~ 11010111~ ~11((~111 ~3111~. 111 .,(3~11~~, 111~ .,1118~ ~10111,
(0, 18 110(111311)111130~ 1110(~ 111311 111~ 111(11-011 11111~ 01111~ 111)1(1810(, (011.

~,.301.,)~ 14-1

10~ 0010111~ ~11((~111 0110~(1810(8 11110~ 8111~1~-~0~8~ 11111~011.,,~(1~( 01 ~1~. 14-3~ 18 ///
= 500 01~ ~110 10~ 0~1~~ 601~ 18 (,) = 1.5 ).1.8. 10~ ~011.,,~((~( 18 811~~11~0 1(0111 ~ 120-
~ 60-1-12 811~~1~ ~110 0~8 ~ 10~0 011. = 10 1111-1~110 ~ = 10 0. 10~ ~011.,,~(1~( 18
011~(~(~0 ~1(0 ~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 01 ~
= 300. 0~(~(111111~ (0~ 111111111111111 .,,~111~ 01 ~~1~ ~1118~
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80)111100 /// = 500 111~ = 0.5 ~, (,)

= 1.5 ).1.8, ~ = 300 = 70/6, 1. = 10 1111-1,~110 ~
= 10 0. 10~ 1118(~11(~11~0118 .,,~111~ 01(0~ 111~11(.,,011~~~ 18 11(() ())(, ~0~(~
)( 120 = ~,,, 8111 ~,,,
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110.//0.( 18 ~8811111~0 ~0118(~11(10( ~ 800(( 6111~ ~1(~( 10~ ~~(~ ((1~~~(111~, (0~ 6111~ (~~111(~0
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=/// 8485 = 0.5 ~1101018 ~1.,,~8(1 = 0.5/8485 = 58.93 ).1.8. 10~(~10(~,
10~ 111111111111111~1010 01 ~~1~ ~1118~ 18

(0
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1~111.,~(3111(~.
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111813111311~01181)1 3110 038 110 0.//0.( 1111111. 1311110~ .,(3~11~31 0~~1~~8 11111810~ .,(01~~1~0

474

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3~31051 01~0 0,1/0,(. ~5 30 ~)(3111))1~, 1~1 115 ~00510~( 10~ ~00))))~( ~1(~1111 10 ~1~.
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15 11(~0 ~0~0 1)/11 15 51111~00011~110~, 0,1/0,( ~30 0~ ~~()1 01~0 300 1111111~0001)1 0)110~
51(3)110011~130~~ 0110~ ~1(~1111. ~0~0 11 15 00 300 12 15 11(~0 10 111(0-01111, 10~
015~03(~10~ ~11((~01 01 10~ ~011111111131100~3))3~110(, ~, 15 1111111~00)1 10~ 51(3)1 10-
011~130~~ 0110~ 100)) 10(111~0 0)111, 12, 300~. 1015 (~~~(5~ 0,1/0,( 0110)1(1510( ~01110
3150 0~ ~~()1 01~0.
10 ))(3~11~~, 10~ 0,1/0,( 15 1111111~00)1 30010~ 3 5~(1~5 10011~10(, 1-,, 35 500~0 10
~1~. 14-8. 10~ 10(~3(0 0,1/0,( 15

0,1 ~5
= (14-7)
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1-5

~0~(~ 1-5 15 10~ 5~(1~5 10011~130~~, 10~111010~ (0)1 51(3)1 10011~130~~.

0,1/0,( 15

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~0~(~ 1-/1115 10~ (~~~(5~ 0,1/0,( 111111110~10011~130~~ 300 ~0 15 10~ ~011111111131100~3-

))3~110( ~0113~~. ~0( ~5 = 300 ~ 300 10(~3(0 0,1/0,( = 100 ~//-/-5, 10~ (~~111(~0
~3111~ 01111111110~ 10011~130~~ 15 1-5 = ~/(0,1/0,() = 300/(100 10-6) = 3 /-/-1-1.
)(

011~ 10 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()111111~, (77, 010100~ 1)/11, 10~ ~)(~~55 ~0~(~)1, ~01~0 ~111
0~ 510(~0 10 10011~10( 1-5, ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 1(0111 ~~. (12-15) 0)1 (~))13~10~ /0 ~110
//11. 1015 ~0~(~)11111151 0~ 3050(0~0 0)1 ~3))3~110( ~2, ~01~015 ~000~~1~0 3~(055 0100~
1)/11 35 500~0 10 ~1~. 14-8. ~0( 3 1030 ~11((~01 01 //11, ~~. (12-15) ~30 0~ 3))))11~0
10 ~31~11131~ 10~ ~)(~~55 ~0~(~)1, ~01~0 ~111 0~ 510(~0 10 10011~10( 1-/11 011~ 10 10~
(~~~(5~ (~~0~~()111111~, (77, 0110)1(1510( 11,
2
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300 1015 ~0~(~)11111151 0~ 3050(0~0 0)1 ~3))3~110( ~1 ~000~~1~0 3~(055 11 35 500~0

10 ~1~. 14-8.
10~ ~11~~15 01 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()1 11111~0110)1(1510(5 300 0100~5 00 10~ 0,1/0,(
10011~10(5 5001110 0~ 30(1)12~0, ~5))~~1311)1 31 01~0 ~11((~01 1~~~1. 10~ 3))))(0))(131~

58~. 14-5 475

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 ~3111~5 0( ~0~(~~-3050(010~ ~3~3~110(5 3~(055 111~ 0~~1~~5 51101110 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 10
1111111111~ ~0113~~ 51(~55 00 111~ 0~~1~~5 011~ 10 5~11~1110~ 1(3051~015.

1( 111~ 5~11~11 51 10 ~1~. 14-9315 ~105~0 31 (

= 0, 3 51~~ ~0113~~ ~111 0~ 3~~11~0 3~(055
111~(1510( 11 300 0,1)/0,( 1113~ 0~ 111~11~0011~1110 111(0 00 111~ 0~~1~~. 111~ 0,1)/0,( ~30
0~ 1111111~00~ ~000~~110~ ~3~3~110( ~5, 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 14-93. ~11~0 111~(1510( 11
15 111(0~0 00, 111~ 015~113(~~ ~11((~01 0( ~3~3~110( 15 1111111~00~ (~51510( ~5 35 5110~0
10 ~1~. 14-90.
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0~011311~ 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 14-9~ 300 111~ ~1(~11110,1)/0,( ~30 0~ (01100 ((0111

0.632~5 0.632~5
,. = (14-10)
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111~ ~3111~0( 501100~( 11111~~0051301 ,. (= ~5~5) ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 ((0111 ~().. (14-
10) (0( 3 ~00~0 ~3111~ 0( 0,1)/0,(. 111~ ~3111~ 0( ~515 (01100 ((0111111~ 015~113(~~ ~11((~01
/7/).

~5 ~
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0.632~5 - - -

~ 0
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476

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 14-90. 111~ (/1)/(/( 151111111~0 0)1 ~1 (100 ~.. (~1 + ~2) 11111115111~ 015~11(1(~10~ ~1.1((~01

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11.
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111~ 10(10 ~(10 10(111 (1 5~(1~5 ~1(~1.111 ~1111 111~ 501.100~( 0~1~0(~ (15 5110~0 10 ~1~.
(1 5~~000-0(0~( ~().1.1(111011
14-9~. ~(0111 8().5. (2-23) (100 (2-24), 111~ 0(1111~10~ ((1110 01
15

~. +~ / ~.
5 = 52-
0)0
= 2 ~ 1,. + 1,
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10 1111111111~ ~~(1~ ~011(1~~ 0~~(511001 (1~~11~0 (1~(055 111~ 111)1(1510(, 111~ 0(1111~10~
((111010 111~ ((10~~ 0.5 10 1.015 1.15~0. 11111~ 10(101001.1~1(10~~ 15111~11, ~111~1115 1.151.1(111)1
111~ ~(15~, ~. ~(10 0~ 111~11 (100 ~. ~(10 0~ 5111(11110 (~1(110 111~ 0~51(~0 ~(111.1~ 01 0(1111~10~
((1110. ~ 111~11 ~(111.1~ 01 ~. ~111 (~01.1~~ 111~ 015~11(1(~~ ~1.1((~01 (100 (1 10~ ~(111.1~ 01 ~.
(~01.1~~5 111~ 501.100~( 1055. 111~ ~1(~1.1115 10 ~1~.
51101.110 0~ 11.111)1(10(11)12~0 10 14-9
0~1~(11110~ 111~ (~().1.11(~0 ~(111.1~ 01 0(1111~10~ ((1110 10 1111111 111~ (/1)/(/( 10 111~ 0~51(~0
~(111.1~. 00~~ 111~ 0(1111~10~ ((1110 15 ~00~0, ~. (100 ~. ~(10 0~ 101.100. 111~ 5(1111~ ~~
0~1~0(~ 0( 501.100~( 15 00(111(111)1 1.15~0 10( (/1)/(/( ~(01~~1100 (100 10 51.1~~(~55 111~
1((1051~01 ~011(1~~ 01.1~ 10 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()111111~. 111~ 1((1051~01 ~011(1~~ 51.1~~(~55100
15 11.111)1(10(11)12~0 10 $~~1100 15-4.

~,.310()1~ 14-3

111~ 111~1.11 ~011(1~~ 111 ~1~. 14-9~ 15 ~5 = 200 ~ ~111110(10 (~5151(111~~ 01 ~ = 5 0. 111~
10(10 (1110 51((1)111101.1~1(111~~5(1(~ 11~~11~1111~(1110 111~ 111)1(1510( 15 0~~((11~0 (11 (1 1(~()1.1~11~)1
()1)/()( 15 100 ~/~5 (1110 111~ 015~11(1(~~ ~1.1((~111 15 10 11~
01/, = 2 )(1-12. 11111~ (~()1.11(~0
11(1111~0 10 100 ~, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((1) ..(111.1~501 ~5 (1110 ~5, (11) 5111.11111~(1055, (1110 (~)
~0~~( ((11111~ 01 5111.11111~((~51510(.

8011.111011
()1)/()(
= 100 ~/~5, 1,0 = 100~, ~ = 50,1- = 1-5 = 0, (1110~5 = 200~.
((1) ~(0(11 ~1~. 14-9~ 111~ ~11(1(~111~ ~1.1((~111 01111~ 5111.11111~(~(1~(1~110( ~(111 11~ ~)(-
~(~55~0 (15

~1111111111(11 ~0110111011 1)0 (( = 0) = 0, 111~ ~11(1(~111~ ~1.1((~11115 101.1110 (15

/(()
=
~ ~-,/~ (14-14)
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(14-15)

477
58~. 14-6

www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com
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011 11~,.) - 1)~0) 0.368~115

0( = ,. = (14-16)
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(14-16) ~1.,,~8
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(0) 10.~ 8111.100~( 1088,

115 = 0.5~511~1.
(14-17)
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= 0.5 0.075 10-6 2002 2000 = 3~
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(31111~ 0~ 10~ 8111.100~( (~81810( 18 3 ~.

~ 111)1(1510(, ~111~11 15 111 111~ 011-5131~, ~311 0~ 11.1(11~0 0~~ 0)1 (~01.1~111~ 111~ ~0(~3(0
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11.1(11111~0~~ 3 111)1(1810(, ~111~11 3(~ 015~1.155~0 111 ~113111~( 3. 111 311111~ ~01111111.11311011
1~~11111()1.1~5, 111~ 31100~ ~1.1((~111 15 111311113111~0 0~10~ 111~ 11010111~ ~1.1((~111 ~0( 3 81.1~-
~1~1~1111)1 1011~ 11111~, 50 11131 311 111~ ~)(~~88 ~3((1~(8 111 111~ ~01.1( 13)1~(8 3(~ 5~~111 01.11
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0~ 51111113( 10 11131 0~ 3 0100~, ~)(111011111~ (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~()111111~, (~~, 311011~31( (~.,,~(5~
(~~0..,,~()1 ~1.1((~111, 11/1/. 11/1/ ~311 0~ 1111.1~11~(~31~( 111311 111~ 110(11131 (~.,,~(5~ 010~1(111~
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38 5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-103, 3 (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ 31111~3(8 3~(058 111~ 111)1(1510( 1111111~0131~1)1
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110115 11 3110 13. ~()1.13110115 (12-6) 3110 (12-7) ~311 0~ 3111111~0 10 ~31~1.1131~ (~~ 3110
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11.1(11-0~~ ~113(3~1~(1811~5 3(~ 5110~11111 ~1~8. 14-1033110 14-100 ~0( 31111~ ~01111111.1131~0
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(1510( 01.1(111~ 11.1(11-0~~ 11(0~~55.

478

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..~~01110111~ 111~ ~)(~~88 1111110..11~ ~11 1~(8 111 111~ ~1111100~ 151(11105.

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111~ ~111~ 11110 ~1111100~. ~1~11..~ 14-21.18 8110~8 111~ ~11..111110118 01 (/1)/ (/( ~1111 111~
11~~1111~~ ~111~ 01118 11110 ~111~-~1111100~ (~81811111~~. ~0( ~)(11111~1~, 11 ~111~-~1111100~
..~81811111~~ 01 2 0 ~1~~8 (/1)/(/(
= 400 ~//-18 11110 10( ~111~ 01118 ~01111~~ 01 - 1 ~,
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11110 111~ ..~11~~11~0 (/1)/(/( 18 0111)11111111~0 0)1111~ 8111100~.. ~11~11~111111~~. 011~~ 11 (110
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11118 11111111111111111
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502

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1(151 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()1. ~//(/,( 51100.10 0~ ~~()1111~1110( ~0.1~~ 1((11151~( 01 (11100~ ~0.((~111
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015~11(1(~~ ~0.((~111111(00.~11 010 10 (111 (1~~~~1(101~ ~(110.~. 111 (100111011 10 01551~(11111~
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.~51511,,,~ 1030 01 ~~ = 1.333 0. 111~ 0~ 111~1.11,,,0113~~ 15 ~, = 800~. 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~

15 /( = 50% 3110 111~5~11~11111~1.~~1.1~11~~151, = 2 ~1-12. 111~ 5111.100~.~3~3~11311~~ 15

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(0) 11.1.11-011 ~31~ ~1.1..~111, 10(2~ (~) 131111111~, /,~ (0) 11.1.11-011~0~~.1055~5, ~00~ (~) 11.1.11-
011 ~0~~.1055~5, ~0((~ (1) 10131 ~0~~.1055 01010, ~,~ (~) ~0111.011301~ 011-5131~ ~1.1..~111,
1,0(2~ (11) ~31~ ~1.1..~111, 10. 3110 ~31~ ,,,0113~~ ~ 0,~ 3110 (1) 111~ ,,,311.1~01111~ ~31~-~311100~
.~5151311~~ 10 1111111111~~.111~31 01)/0/10 800 ~/~5. ~551.1111~ 3 )1.111~110111~111~~.311.1.~ 01
1~ = 1250~.
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3110 111~ 011-5131~ ~1.1..~111, 1~ = 800/1.333 = 600~.
(3) ~0.1, = 1~ = 600~, ~1~. 14-21.10 ~1,,,~5/00 = 7.8 ~5.
(0) ~0.1, = 600~, ~1~. 14-21.11 ~1~~5111~11.1.11-011
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(0) ~0.1, = 600 ~ 3110 ~1) = ~, = 800 ~, ~1~. 14-21.13 ~1,,,~5111~11.1.11-011
)( 2000 = 560~.
~11~.~~, ~00 = 2801111 3110~00 = ~00/, = 0.28
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1~ = 250~, ~1~. 14-21.9(3) ~1,,,~510, = 2 ~ 3110~0, = 1 ~.
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011.6
0 3110 3 11~~311~~~31~-~311100~ ~0113~~ 011 ~.

503
58~. 14-9

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 011-51816

1/1~11..~ 14-23 0((-5131~ ~/13(3~1~(1511~5

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3110 011-5131~ ~01101110115. 111~ ~0113~~ 5113(111~ 15 110((11311)1 3~~0(11~11511~0 0)1 ~011-
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5113(111~, 111~ 011-5131~ ~1.1((~1115 0111~( 35 5110~11 111 ~1~_ 14-25. 1.,~1 111~(~ 0~ 11.
111)1(1510(5 111 111~ 51(111~. 111~ 011-5131~ ~1.1((~111 01111)1(1510(
11 15 101 3110 11131 01
0111~( 111)1(1510(5 3(~ ~()1.13151.1~1111131102 = 103 = 10/1 3110101 ~
102- 5111~~ 111)1(1510(
11 1135 111~ 1~351 011-5131~ ~1.1((~111, 11 ~111 5113(~ 111~11~( ~0113~~.
11 11 15 111~ ~1.1((~111 111(01.1~11 111~ (~51510( 3~(055 11 3110 111~ ~1.1((~1115 111(01.1~11
0111~( (~51510(5 3(~ ~()1.131 50 1113112 = 13 = 1/1, 111~ 011-5131~ ~1.1((~1115~(~30 15

/110 = 101 - 102 = 17 - 12 - 17 + 11 = 11 - 12 0( 12 = 11 - /110

111~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 11 15 ~ 01 = ~11. 1)5111~1(1(~1111011,5
~0113~~13~,
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~01 + (11. 1)11~ (11. - 1)~ /110 (14-19)

= 11. ~ 01 - (11. - 1)~ /110

~1 ~1

~01 ,. 1 ~02

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+ - + -

504

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 ~02
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501~111~ ~(). (14-19) 10( 111~ ~01111~~ 11~(088 11,

11. + (11. - 1)~ /111)

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(14-20) ~1~~8 111~ ~0(81-~118~ 81~110~-81111~ ~01111~~ 11~(088 11,

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111~ )011~11011 ~11~11~111111~~8 ~111~11 ~0111(01111~ 1(111181~111 ~01111~~ 0181(100110118 ~1111101
0~ 110~()0111~ 11110 11 18 110(1111111~ 11~~~8811(~ 10 ~01111~~1 11 ~11~11~110(, ~1 11~(088 ~11~11
111(~1810( 118 8110~11 111 ~1~. 14-24. ~1 11111118111~ 018~1111(~~ ~0((~111. 111~ 811111~ ~~
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~,.

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 111~ 1((11181~111 ~011(1~~ (1~(088 11 ~(111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 ~(0111 ~().. (14-20) 0)1 (1~-
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(22 - (21 ~(2

~ ~ = ~ ~10 = = (14-22)
~1 ~1
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(,,5 - ~(2)
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111~ ~0(81-~(18~ 1((11181~111 ~011(1~~ 811(1(111~ ~111~11 ~111 0~~0( ~11~11 (21
= (22 18

(14-24)

~ 0~((1110~ ~(1~10( ~111~1118 110(111(111)1 08~0 10 111~(~(18~ 111~ (~11(101111)1 0~ 111~ 81(111~ 18

0~~111~0 (18

0~~ = 1 (14-25)

~~301())~ 14-7

1~11 10.)1(1810(8 3(~ 118~0 111 3 81(111~ 10 ~110.813110 3 0~ ,,,0113~~ 011/$

= 15 )(~. 10.~
1113~111111111
1~3)(3~~ ~11((~111 3110 (~~0,,,~()1 ~0.3(~~ 0111~(~11~~8 0110.)1(1810(8 3(~ 10 111~
3110 150 ~~, (~8~~~11,,,~1)1. ~3~0. 10.)1(1810( 0.38 3 ,,,0113~~ 80.3(111~ ((0~181311~~ 01 ~ = 56
)(0 3110 ~3~3~11311~~ 01 ~1 = 0.5 ~~. 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 1113)(11111111181~30)1-8131~,,,0113~~
80.3(111~, 1/ 05(,,-,..)~ (0) 81~(0)1-8131~ ,,,0113~~ 0~(31111~ 13~10(~ (~) 1113)(1111111111(31181~111 ,,,011-

3~~ 80.3(111~, 1/07(,,-,..)~ 3110 (0) 1(31181~111 ,,,0113~~ 0~(31111~ 13~10(.

80)01100 11$
= 10, 1/$ = 15 )(~, ~/0 = /02 = 10 111~, 3110 ~(2 = (22 = 150 ~~.
(3) ~(0111 ~().. (14-21), 10.~ 1113)(111111111 81~(0)1-8131~ ,,,0113~~ 80.3(111~ 18

15,000 + (10 - 1) )( 56 )( 103 )( 10 )( 10-3 _

1/05(,,-,..)--
10 - 20 04 ~

(0) ~(0111 ~().. (14-25), 10.~ 81~(0)1-8131~ 0~(31111~ 13~10( 18

15,000
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2004 = 25.15%
(~) ~(0111 ~().. (14-24), 10.~ 1113)(1111111111(31181~111 ,,,0113~~ 80.3(111~ 18

15,000 + (10 - 1) )( 150 )( 10-6/(0.5 )( 10-6) _

1/07(,,-,..) --
10 - 1770 ~

(0) ~(0111 ~().. (14-25), 10.~ 1(31181~111 0~(31111~ 13~10( 18

15,000
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1~~11111().0~ 10( ~0((~111 8113(111~ 011(31181810(8 18 10 08~ ((13~11~11~311)1 ~00~1~0 11100~10(8
38 8110~11 111 )=11~. 14-270. 11111~ ~0((~111111(00~11111)1(1810( 11 111~(~38~8, 3 ~0113~~
01 0~~0811~ ~013(11)1 ~111 0~ 11100~~0 111 111~ ~1110111~8 01111)1(1810( 12 3110 111~ 1((1~~0-
311~~ 111(00~11 111~ ~3111 01 12 ~111 0~ (~00~~0, 111~(~0)1111~(~38111~ 111~ ~0((~111 110~
111(00~11 12.

1,. 81 ~, .1 81 .1 ~1 ~,.

82 ~2 .2 82 .2 ~2

(8) 8(8(~~ ~~~~8,,(

5~8~~,,9 (~) 0~,,801~~ ~~~,8,,(
5~8~~,,9

1(1111)1(1810( ~011~~(1~(8, 0111~(~111 ~01~1111318 ~)(181 31 ~3(1008 1~(((1111318. ~111801311011

~1(~011 18 (~().01(~0 0~1~~~11 311 11101~10031 111)1(1810( 3110 118 ~31~-~018~ ~~11~(31111~
~1(~011. 111~ 1801311011 ~311 0~ 3~~0((1~11811~0 0)1 ~1111~( ~018~ 1(311810(((1~(8 0( 0~10-
~00~1~(8. ~ 0~10~00~1~( ~0010 0~ 3 ~110101(31181810( 0( ~11010-5~~ 38 8110~11 111
)=11~. 14-28. ~ 8110(1 ~018~ 10 111~ 111~01 013111111(3(~0 11~111-~((1111111~ 0100~ (11-~1)),

81,- - - - - - - ,~
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0110~ 11(10~ ~1(~1111.
~ 81111~1~ 1801(11100 (1(((10~~111~01 ~110 ~1118~ 1((10810(111~(8 18 800~0 10 ~1~.
14-29(1, ~0~0 (1 ~1118~ 18 (1~~11~0 10 10~ 0(18~ 01 8~11~010~ 1((1081810(, (21, 10~
1((1081810( 8(1111((11~8(100 10~ 0~ ~011(1~~ ~~~ (1~~~(1(8 (1~(088 10~ 1((10810(111~( ~(1111(1(~,
10011~10~ (1 ~1118~0 ~011(1~~ 00 10~ 1((10810(111~( 8~~000(1(~, ~01~0 18 (1~~11~0 0~1~~~0
10~ 10~(1810( ~(11~ (100 ~(11000~ 1~(11110(118. ~0~0 10~ ~1118~ 18 (~1110~~0 1(0111 10~
0(18~ 011((1081810( (21, 10~ 1((1081810( 111(08 011 (100 (1~011(1~~ 01 0~~0811~ ~01(1(11~18
10011~~0 (1~(088 10~ ~(1111(1(~ (100 10~ 1(~~~0~~110~ 0100~, 1),,,, ~00011~18. 10~ ~11((~01
011~ 10 10~ 1((10810(111~( 111(1~0~11~~0~(~~ 0~~(1~8 10(011~0 1),,, 10 2~(0, 1)11(10~ 1018
1((1081~01, (1 ~0((~8~00010~ (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~ 18 10011~~010 10~ 8~~000(1(~. 10~ ~1118~
~1010 ~(10 0~ 111(10~100~~( 0~ ~000~~110~ (1 ~(1~(1~110( ~(088 10~ (~81810(, ~, (18 800~0
10 ~1~. 14-290. 10~ 1((10810(111~( ~(1((1~8 110101(~~1100(11 ~11((~01 (100 10~ 111(1~0~11~
~0(~ ~111 8(1111((11~, 10~(~0~ 111111110~10~ ~1118~ ~1010. 1018 1~~~ 01 ~1118~ 1801(11100
18 81111(101~10( ~1118~8 011~~1~(111~ 50 /.18.
10 111(10~ ~0~~( ~00~~(1~(8 ~110 10011~11~~ 10(10, 10~ ~00011~1100 ~~(100 01 (1
10~(1810( 0~~~008 00 10~ 10(10 ~0~~( 1(1~10(~ 10~(~10(~, 10~ 0~~10010~ 0110~(1810(
~00011~1100 18 001 ~~11 0~110~0. 10 1018 81111(11100, 11 18 011~0 0~~~88(1(~ 10 1(1~~~(
10~ 10~(1810(8 ~001101101181~. 1-10~~~~(, ~00110110118 ~(1110~ 10~(~(18~8 10~(1810( 1088~8.

508

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89 ~9

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(0)

~ ~015~ 1(3111 ~111(11 15 ~(~1~(301~ (311 0~ 0013111~0 ~1111 311 30)(1113()1 ~1110111~, 35
5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-29(. ~11~11 1(31151510( ~1 15 10(11~0 011, 3 .,,0113~~ 15 3150 11100(~0
111 111~ 30)(1113()1 ~1110111~ 31111~ 035~ 011(31151510( ~ 1, 50(1111131 0100~ /)1 15 (~.,,~(5~
0135~0 3110 ~1 10(115 011. 111 111~ ((1~31111((1~, (3~3(110( ~1 (113(~~5 0~ 111(00~11 ~1

3110 10(115 011 ~1 3~3111. 11115 ~(0(~55 0110(11-011 3110 10(11-011 (01111110~5 35 1011~ 35
111~(~ 15 311 111~01 51~1131 10 111~ 1501310(. 11151~30
01 05111~ 111~ 30)(1113()1 ~1110111~ 35
11((1~() (0010 ~~11~(31~
010(~111~ 05(111310(, 311 ~~1)-10~1( ~31~ ~1111 311 05(111310( (0( 3
3 ~015~ 1(3111 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-290. 111 ~(3(11(~, 111~ ~~1) ~31~ (3111101 0(1.,,~
1(31151510( ~1 01(~(11)1, 3110 3 0011~( 513~~ 15 110(((1311)1 (01111~(1~0 0~10(~ 111~ 1(31151510(.
111~ 001~01 01 ~1~. 14-28 0( ~1~. 14-29 15 110(((1311)1 (01111~(1~0 0~1~~~11 111~
~31~ 3110 (311100~ 31011~ ~1111 0111~( ~31~-~(01~(1111~ (0((1~011~1115, 35 5110~11 111 ~1~.
0,1)/0,( (3~301111)101111~ 111)1(1510(,
14-30. 111~ (~51510(, ~8, 111~1~. 14-303111((~35~5 111~
(~00(~5 111~ 10(11-01111((1~, 3110 111((~35~5 111~ 11010111~ 3110 131(11111~ (0((~1115. 111~
(3~3(110(, ~8, 111 ~1~. 14-300 (~((10.,,~5 111~11-1(~()0~11()111015~ (0((1~011~1115 3110 111-
((~35~5 0,1)/0,( (3~301111)13110 ~31~ 0~13)111((1~. 111~ 0100~, /)8, 111~1~. 14-30( ~(01~(15
111~ ~31~ 1(0((1 11~~311.,,~ .,,0113~~. 1-10~~.,,~(, 10( 35)1((1((1~1(1(31 5~~5, 1115 0~51(301~
1((1~(0.,,~ 111~ 0,1)/0,( (3~301111)1 3110
10 113.,,~ 50((1~ 3((100111 0111~~311.,,~ ~31~ .,,0113~~ 10
3150 10 (~00(~ 111~ 10(11-01111((1~. ~11111~5~ 1~310(~5 (311 0~ (0((10111~0 35 5110~11 111
03((1~5 001 3(1)1
~1~. 14-300, ~11~(~ 0100~ /)1 3110~5
0(11)1111~ ~05111.,,~ ~015~5 3110 ~1
1(31151~111 05(111311011 3110 11((1115 111~ ~31~ (0((~111.

111~(~ 3(~ ~1~1111)1~~5 01111)1(1510(5. 0(11)1111~ 0105 3110 5111-15 3(~ ~31~ 10(11-011
0~.,,1(~5. ~3(11 1)1~~ 1135 30.,,31113~~5 3110 01530.,,31113~~5. 111~ (113(3(1~(1511(5 01
~(3(11(31111)1(1510(5 0111~( 51~11111(31111)11(0((1 11131 0110~31 0~.,,1(~5. ~111100~11111~(~
3(~ .,,3(1005 ((1~3115 0110(11111~ 011 111)1(1510(5, 111~ ~31~ (0111(0115 111~ ((1051 ~(3(11(31.
1)0~ 10 111~ )011(11011 (3~3(11311(~5 3110 10(11-011 11((111, 111)1(1510(5 ((1051 0~ ~(01~(1~0
1(0((1111~11 0,1,/0,( 3110 0,1)/0,( 13110(~5. ~ 511000~( 11~1~0(~ 15 110(((1311)1 05~0 10 ~(01~(1
1(0((1111~11 0,1)/0,(. 1)0~ 10 111~ (~(0.,,~(~0 (113(~~, 50((1~ ~11~(~)115 510(~0 111 111~ 0,1,/0,(

3110 51(3)1 11100(10(5 ~ 3110 111~ 0~.,,1(~5 ((1051 0~ ~(01~(1~0 1(0((1 11115 510(~0 ~11~(~)1.
111~ 5~11(11111~ 1055~5 01 0105 3(~ ((10(11111~11~( 111311 11105~ 01110(((131 5~~5. 111~
511000~( (0((1~011~1115 01 0105 3(~ ~(111~3110 111~1( ~~(10(((1311~~.
1)0~ 10 111~ 0111~(~11~~5 111 111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01111)1(1510(5 01111~ 53((1~ 1)1~~,
111~ 5~(1~5 3110 ~3(311~1 0~~(3110115 01111)1(1510(5 (~()01(~ .,,0113~~ 3110 (0((~111-5113(111~
11~1~0(~5 10 ~(01~~1 111~((1 0110~( 51~30)1-5131~ 3110 1(31151~111 (01101110115. 1501311011

509

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 0~1~~~0 10~ ~0~~( (1((1.111 300 ~31~ 51~0315 15 0~(~553()1. ~ ~1.115~ 1(30510((0~(
150131100 15 51(0~1~. ~0( 1001.1(11~~ 10305, 3 ~1.115~ 1(310 1031 (~01.1(~5 10)1(1510( 1055
15 00((0311)11.15~0 10( ~3110~ 10)1(1510(5 1051~30 01 3 (001101.101.15 ~1.115~.

1. 0~11~(~181~~111~, 50~. ~(1111.-1(1/,61/1 ~0., 0. ~. 0(~111~(11 ~110~. )3. 0010~11, ~05. 811~1~~000
01~~5, ~.1.= ~(~1111~~-1-1~11, 111~., 1982.
2. 0. 0(~111 ~110 ~. 1-10110~, .4./1/1/)11118 111(~711(1(1011(1/~~~(111~7,5 0(1(~ 71.-1711-0117/1)1715(075,
~~~11~~6011 ~01~ ~0. ~~-315~, 81 5~~111100, ~~11~.= 1111~(11~6011~1 ~~~6~1~(.
3. ~. 1(. 0111, ~. )3. 5~15~)(, ~110 0. ~. ~~1~2~)(, ..1-11~/1 ~0~~( ~5~(11(11~1(1~~11/1~(1510(5.,,
1~~~ 1110,1.-15(7)1
.4./1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1~/)1 ~0111~7~11~~ ~~~070,, 1985,
~~. 267-272.
4. 0. 1-1~5/11(11010, 1-1. 1(1(1/1~1~, ~. ~~1~11~0~, ~. ~15/1111(~, ~110 5. 1~~~(111, ..111(11-011 ~110
111(11-0~~ ~/1~(~~1~(1511~5 0~ ~ 4.5-1(~ 3000-~ ~~1~ 111(11-0~~ 1/1~(1510(.,, 1~~~ 77(1115(1~(/0115
0111110,1.-15(7)1.4./1/1/1~(1(10115, ~01. 1~22, ~0. 3, 1986, ~~. 478-482.
5. 0. 1-1~5/11(11010, ~. 1~)(~/1~5/11, ~. ~~1~11~0~, 0. ~=~0~, ~1101. ~11)1/11(~, .,2.5-)(~,
2000-
~ (110110111/11~ ~~1~ 111(11-0~~ 1/1~(1510(.,, 1~~~ 1110,1.-15(7)1
.4./1/1/1~(1(10115 506~()1 ~0111~7~11~~
~~~070,, 1986, ~~. 388-392.
6. 8. ~. 1-10, ~110~. ~. 5~11, ..8~~~~10~ ~~1~ 0(1~~ 011 0101/1~(1510( ~/1~(~~1~(156~5.,, 1~~~
77(1115(1~(10115 0111110,1.-15(71(1/~/~~170111~5, ~01. 1833, ~0. 3 (~11~1151) 1986, ~~. 325-331.
7. 1-1. ~11)(111, 1-1. ~(11~110, ~110 1-1. ~1~~, ..~~(~11~1111~ 0~ ~~1~ 111(11-0~~ 10~(1510(5.,, 1~~~
1110,/.-/5(7)1.4./1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1~/)1 ~0111~7~11~~ ~~~070,, 1982, ~~. 741-746.
8. ~. ~~)(~(1111(~, 1-1. 1~0~110, ~. 1~)(1~~~~, 1. 1~~(~5/11, ~110 1. ~15/112~~~, .,~~(~ /11~/1 5~~~0
51~6~ 111011~6011 1/1~(1510(.,, 1~~~ 77(1115(1~(10115 011 1110,1.-15(7)1
.4./1/1/1~(1(10115, ~01. 1~22,
~0. 6, 1986, ~~. 1000-1006.

14-1. ~/1~115 1/1~ 1)-1 ~/1~(~~1~(156~ 0~ 1/1~(1510(57

14-2. ~/1~115 ~11 0~~-51~1~ ~0110111011 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
14-3. ~/1~115 ~11 011-51~1~ ~011016011 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
14-4. ~0~115 ~ 1~1~/1111~ ~11((~111 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
14-5. ~/1~115 ~ /1010111~ ~11((~111 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
14-6. ~/1(1115 1/1~ 1~0-1((11151510( (1100~1 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
14-7. ~/1(11 (1(~ 1/1~ (11~~115 0~ 111(11111~-0111/1~(1510(57
14-8. ~/1(1115 111(11-011 6(11~ 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
14-9. ~/1(1115 1/1~ ~11(~05~ 0~ 0,1/0,( ~(01~~60117
14-10. ~/1(11 15 1/1~ ~0(11(11011 (11~1/100 0~ 0,1/0,( ~(01~~60117
14-11. %(1115 1/1~ ~11(~05~ 0~ 0,1)/0,1 ~(01~~60117
14-12. ~/1(1115 1/1~ ~0(11(11011 (11~1/100 0~ 0,1)/0,( ~(01~~110117
14-13. ~/1(1115 111(11-0~~ 6(11~ 0~ 1/1~(1510(57

510

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14-14. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 1)1~~5 01111)1(1510(57
14-15. ~1131 15 311 5~~ 7
14-16. ~113115 111~ 0111~(~11~~ 0~1~~~11 311 5~~ 3110 3 1~1,6.~7
14-17. ~113115 111~ 111(11-011 ~113(3~1~(1511~ 01111)1(1510(57
14-18. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~311138~5 3110 01530~311138~5 0101057
14-19. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~311138~5 3110 01530~311138~5 01 5111-157
14-20. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~311138~5 3110 01530~311138~5 01 ~~157
14-21. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~311138~5 3110 01530~311138~5 011-,6.5~~57
14-22. ~113115 3 5111100~( 11~1~0()(7
14-23. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 0~51811 ~011510~(3110115 01 5111100~( 11~1~0()(5 7
14-24. ~113115 111~ ~01111110111~~11111().11~10( ~01138~ 5113(1118 01 5~(1~5-~01111~~1~0 111)1(1510(57
14-25. ~1131 3(~ 111~~01111110111~~11111().11~510(~11((~111 5113(1118 01 ~3(311~1-~01111~~1~0 111)1(1510(57
14-26. ~113115 111~ ~11~~101 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()16111~ 011111~ 1(31151~111~01138~ 5113(1118 01 ~3(311~1-
~01111~~1~0 111)1(1510(57
14-27. ~1131 15 3 0~(36118 13~10( 01 5~(1~5-~01111~~1~0 111)1(1510(57

14-1. 111~ 110101118 ~11((~111 01111)1(1510(5 111111~ 111(~~-~1135~ 11111~011~~(1~( 111~18. 4-93 15 /,1
= 200 111,6. 3110 111~ 0~13)1 11111~15 2.5 (.1-5. 111~ ~011~~(1~( 15 511~~11~0 1(0111 3 111(~~-
~1135~ ~)1~-~01111~~1~0 208- ~ 60-1-12 511~~1)1 3110 1135 3 1030 011.. = 8 1111-13110 8. = 2
0~ 1115 0~~(31~0 ~1111 3 0~13)1 31181~ 01 ~ = 600. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 111111111111111
~10111 01
831~ ~1115~ ~10111, ((1.

14-2. ~~~~31 ~(00. 14-1111.. = 0.

14-3. 111~ 110101118 ~11((~111 01111)1(1510( 11 111 111~ ~110~~~( ~1(~1111 111 ~18. 7-15 15 /,, = 200
111,6. 3110 111~ 0~13)1 6111~ 01 11 15 1.5 (.1-5. 111~ 0~ 111~111~01138~ 15 220 ~ 3110 5011(~~
111011~1311~~ 1.., 15 11~8118101~. 111135 3 1030 011.. = 101111-1 3110 8. = 2 0. 0~1~(111111~
111~ 111111111111111
~10111 01 831~ ~1115~ ~10111, ((1.
14-4. 111~ )1111~11011~3~3~11311~~ 01 3 111)1(1510( ~311 0~ 35511111~0 10 0~ 1110~~~110~111 01 011-
5131~ ~01138~. 111~ 1111116118~3111~ 01 ~113(81118 ~11((~11110 111(11011 111~ 111)1(1510( 15 12
111,6.. 11111~ ~(16~31 ~3111~ 010.1)/0.( 15 800 ~/(.1-5, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ )1111~11011~3~3~11311~~.
14-5. 111~ )1111~11011~3~3~11311~~ 013 111)1(1510( 15 ~12 = 20 ~~ 3110~3110~ 35511111~01110~~~110~111
01 011-5131~ ~01138~. 111~ 1/111111118~3111~ 01 ~113(81118 ~11((~11110 111(11011 111~ 111)1(1510(
15 15 111,6.. 11 3 ~3~3~110( 01 0.01 (.1-~15 ~01111~~1~0 3~(055 111~ 111)1(1510(, 0~1~(111111~ 111~
~(111~31 ~3111~ 010.1)/0.(.

14-6. ,6. 111)1(1510( ~1(~111115 5110~11 111~18. ~14-6. 111~ )1111~6011 ~3~3~11311~~ 01111)1(1510( 15
~12 = 15 ~~ 3110 ~311 0~ 35511111~010 0~ 1110~~~110~11101111~ 011-5131~ ~01138~. 111~

~1

511

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 11(1111111~~3111~ 01 ~/131~111~ ~1111~111 10 111111011 1/1~ 1/1~115101 15 5 (11~ 3110 1/1~ ~1111~31
~3111~ 01 ()1)/()( 15 200 ~/,..,5. 1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ ~3111~ 01 ~3~3~11311~~ ~, 501/1311/1~ 1/1~115101
~111 1101 0~ 111111~0 011 011~ 10 ()1)/()(.
14-7. 1/1~ ~/10~~~1 ~11~1111111~)(3(11~1~ 7-11115~5
1/1~ 51(11~1~ 8.~ 5111100~111~1~01~, 35 5/10~11
111 ~1~. 14-90, 101 1/1~1151015 1/, 111/1~ ()1)/()( 01 311 1/1~1151015 15 1111111~0
12, 3110 13.
10 200 ~/,..,5 3110 1/1~ 015~/131~111~ ~1111~1115 31~ 11(1111~010 10% 011/1~111~5~~~11~~ ~~3/(
~3111~5, 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) ~3111~5 01 5111100~1 1~5151015 3110 ~3~3~11015, 3110 (/)) ~0~~1
131111~5 011~5151015. 1/1~ ~11~~15 01 1030 ~11~1111 3110 50111~~ 111011~1311~~ ~, ~311 0~
11~~1~~1~0.
14-8. 1/1~ 111~111~0113~~ 111 ~1~. 14-9~ 15 ~, = 200 ~ ~11/1 3 1030 1~5151311~~ 01 8.
= 10.0
3110 3 1030 111011~1311~~01 ~ = 50 ,..,1-1. 111/1~ 03(11~111~131/0 150.7 3110 1/1~ 015~/131~111~
~1111~11101 ~3~3~1101 15 5 ~, 0~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ (3) ~3111~5 018., 3110 ~,, 3110 (/)) (113)(111111(11
()1)/()(.

14-9. ~~~~31 ~100. 14-8 111/1~ 111~111~0113~~ 15 3~, 1), = 179 5111377(.
14-10. 1/1~ ~/10~~~1 ~11~1111111~)(3(11~1~ 7-11115~51/1~ 1~ 1/1~115101 011~~~ 530~~ 1011/1~115101
1/.1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ (3) 5~11~/1111~ 1055~5 011/1~115101, ~,~ (/)) 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1~ ~/131~~
011/1~115101, (2~~~ (~) 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1~ ~0~~11055 011/1~115101, ~~~ 3110 (().) 1/1~111131
1~5151311~~ 011/1~ /1~31 5111/( 111/1~ )1111~110113110 3(1101~1111~(11~~131111~5 31~ 1)
= 1250~
3110 1/1 = 250~, 1~5~~~11~~1~. ~5511(11~ ()//()(
= 200 ~/,..,5.
14-11. 1/1~ 1~ 1/1~115101 011~~~ 530~~ ~3111~5 3 ~1111~111 35 5/10~11 111 ~1~. ~14-11. 1/1~
5~11~/1111~ 11~()11~11~~ 15/, = 50 1-12. 1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ (3) 3~~13~~ 011-5131~ ~0~~1 1055,
~,~ (/)) 011-5131~ ~0113~~, ~,~ (~) 111111-01111(11~, (4~ 3110 (().) 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1~ ~/131~~,
(2~~. ~5511(11~ 1/ = 1250~.

14-12. 1/1~ ~/10~~~1 ~11~1111111~1~. 14-22 115~5 3111~-010 011~~~ 350~11 3110 /135 3 1~51511~~
1030 = 1.5.0.
01 8.~ 1/1~ 0~ 111~111~0113~~ 15 ~, = 600~. 1/1~ 0111~ ~~~1~ 15 80%
3110 1/1~ 5~11~/1111~ 11~()11~11~~ 15/, = 1 /(1-12. 1/1~ 5111100~1 ~3~3~11311~~ 15 ~,
= 2 ,..,~
3110 5111100~1 1~5151311~~ 15 8., = 5.0. 1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ (3) 111111-01111(11~, (00~ (/)) 111111-
011 ~31~ ~1111~111, 10(2~ (~) 131111(11~, (1~ (().) 111111-011~0~~11055~5, ~00~ (~) 111111-011~0~~1
1055~5, ~0,,~ (0 10131 ~0~~11055 01010, ~,~ (~) ~01111011301~ 011-5131~ ~1111~111, 1,0(2~
(11) ~31~ ~1111~111, 10,, 3110 ~31~ ~0113~~, ~ 0,,
31 1) = 250~~ 3110 (1) 1/1~ ~3111~ 011/1~
~31~-~31/100~ 1~5151311~~ 10 11(11111/1~ ~1111~31 ()1)/()( 10 800 ~/,..,5. ~5511(11~ 3 )1111~~1011
1~(11~~131111~ 011) = 1250~.
14-13. 1/1~ 1~50113111 ~1115~ 111~~11~1 111 ~1~. 8-273 115~5 311 1~ 010 011~~~ 350~11. 1/1~
111~~11~1 /135 3 0~ 511~~1~ ~0113~~, ~,
= 200~, ~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 80 ,..,~, 111011~1311~~,
~ = 12.8 ,..,1-1, 3110 11~~11~101~ 1~5151311~~. 1/1~ 11111131~3~3~1101 ~0113~~, ~,,()
= 200
~ 3110 1/1~ 5~11~/1111~ 11~()11~11~~, 1, = 4 /(1-12. 1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ 1055~5 01 010.
14-14. ~ 511111~ 011/1~1151015 31~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~11~5 10 ~11/1513110 3 0~ ~0113~~ 01 ~, 15
=

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 )(~. 111~ 111(1)(111111111
1~(1)((1~~ ~11~~~111 (1110 ~~~0..,~~~ ~11(1~~~ 0111~~~11~~5 01111~~1510~5
(1~~ 10 111~ (1110 150 ~~, ~~5~~~6..,~1~. 111~ 0~~(11111~ 1(1~10~ 0120% 15 (1~~11~0 10~ 111~
51~(10~-51(11~ (1110 1~(11151~111..,011(1~~ 511(1~111~501111~~1510~5. 11111~ 111(1)(111111111
51~(10~-
51(11~ ..,011(1~~ 511(1~111~15 1000 ~, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ (3) 51~(10~-51(11~ ..,011(1~~ 511(1~111~~~5151-
(111~~, ~, 10~ ~(1~11111~~1510~~ (1110 ())) 1~(11151~111..,011(1~~ ~(1~(1~11(111~~, ~1, 10~ ~(1~11111~-
~1510~ .
14-15. 1~0 111~~1510~5 (1~~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~(1~(111~110 511(1~~ (1101(1110(10 ~11~~~111 01/1- = 600 ~.
111~ 011-51(11~ ..,011(1~~ 0~0~ 01 011~ 111~~1510~ 15 ~,1 = 1.0 (11 300 ~ (1110 111(11 01 0111~~

111~~1510~5
15 ~ ~ = 1.5 ~ (11 300~. ()~1~~111111~111~..,(1111~501 5~~1~5 ~~5151(111~~5
10
10~~~ ~11~~~111511(1~111~~111110% 0111~~~11~~. 101(11 ..,011(1~~,1) = 2.5 ~.

513

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 15
/=1,,0~80~10/1 0( 08~1085 8/10
01,,0()1~5

011~ 10 111~ (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()1 ~(0~~55 01 ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 ~110 5~11~11111~ ~~110115 111 111~
~(~5~11~~ 01 ~1(~1111 111011~1~11~~5, ~011~~~ 1(~1151~1115 0~~11( 111 111~ ~011~~(1~( ~1(~11115.
.8~~11111 ~~(~11111)1 0~51~11~0 ~1(~11115, 5110(1-~1(~11111~1111 ~01101110115 01~)1 ~)(11, (~51111111~
111 ~11 ~)(~~551~~ ~11((~111110~ 111(011~11111~ 0~~1~~5. 111~ 11~~1 ~(0011~~0 ~)11055~5 111
~ 5~011~011011~10( 0~~1~~ 011151 ~~ 01551~~1~0 511111~1~1111)1 ~110 ~11~~11~~1)1 10 0~~(~1~
111~ 0~~1~~ ~1111111115 11~~~( 1~01~~(~111(~ 110111. 111~ (~11~~1~ 0~~(~11011 01 ~ ~011~~(1~(
~01110 (~().111(~ ~11511(111~ 111~1 ~1 ~11 1101~5 111~ ~1(~1111 ~01101110115 00 1101 ~)(~~~0 111~
(~1111~5 01111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5, ~)1 ~(0~10111~ ~(01~~11011 ~~~11151 0~~(~011~~~, 0~~(-
~11((~111, ~110 0~~(11~~1111~. 111 ~(~~11~~, 111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 ~(~ ~(01~~1~0 1(001 (1)
111~(01~1 (1111~~)1 ~)1 11~~1 5111~5, (2) 111~11.0-1)/0-( ~110 0-//0-( ~)1 51111~~~(5, (3) (~~~(5~
(~~0~~()11(~1151~1115, (4) 511~~1)1 ~110 10~0 510~ 1(~1151~1115, ~110 (5) 1~1111 ~01101110115 ~)1
1115~5.

011~ 10 011-51~1~ ~110 5~11~11111~ 1055~5, 11~~1 15 ~~11~(~1~0 ~1111111 111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~.
11115 11~~1 011151 ~~ 1(~1151~((~0 1(001 111~ 0~~1~~ 10 ~ ~001111~ 01~011101 10 01~1111~111
111~ 0~~(~1111~ )1111~11011 1~01~~(~111(~ ~1111111 111~ 5~~~111~0 (~11~~. ~1111011~1111115 11~~1

514

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 ...120..~ 15-1 81~~1(1~31 30310~ 0( 11~31
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)1.111~11011 1~111~~((111.1(~ 0~ (1 0~~1~~, 1./, 18 81~~11 0)1

1./ = 11-4(~./~. + ~~.5 + ~5-4) (15-1)

~11~(~ ~./~ = 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ ~(0111 )1.111~11011 10 ~(18~, 00~

~~5 = 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ ~(0111 ~(18~ 10 8111~, 0~~

~5-4 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ ~(0111 8111~ 10 (111101~111, 00~

0~
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11101.1111~0 0~~1~~8, ~)(~~881~~ 11101.1111111810(().1.1~8 111(1)1 ~(11.18~ 111~~11(1111~(110(1111(18~ 0~
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5€~. 15-2 515

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~1118~ 011(~6.011 18 811~~11~0 0~ 111~ 0~~1~~ (11~11111~~111(~(8 ~8 ~ ~~(1 01 0~1~ 811~~1 ~8
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(15-2)
~11~(~ 7(11 18 111~ 111~(1113111(11~ ~011813111 01111~ 0~~1~~. 11111~ ~0~~( 1088 18 ~(/, 111~
11181~111~11~0118 11111~6.011 1~(11~~(~111(~ (18~ ~00~~ 111~ ~~8~ 18

11 = ~(/2(() (15-3)

11111~ ~0~~( 1088 18 ~1118~0 1~~~ 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 15-7, 8~. (15-3) ~311 0~
~~~11~0 10 ~101111~ 81~~ (~8~0118~8 01111~ 11111~6.0111~(11~~(3111(~, 11((). 11 (,, 18 111~
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3110 ~110 0111111 ~1118~ 3(~ 20 = 2(( = 0) = 0 31102,, = 2 (( = (,,), (~8~~~11~~1~.
111~ 111~((11~1 1(11~~0311~~ 2,, = 2(( = (,,) ~0((~8~0110111~ 10 111~ 011(311011 01 (,, ~311
0~ 1011110 1(0(11 111~ 1(31181~111 111~((1131 1(11~~0311~~ ~113(~~1~(1811~8 (81(11113( 10 ~1~.
14-18.11). 11 ~1, ~2, ~3, . . . ~(~ 111~~0~~( ~1118~8~1111~2 = ~4 = . . . = 0, 111~
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(15-4)
111

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11(() = ~10 + 21~1 + 22(~2 - ~1) + 23(~3 - ~2) + . . . (15-5)

,,,
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111~ ()0~~( 1055 111 311 1~ (11~(15(0(, (~()~ 83013~, 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 15-9. ~10( (11~
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8010.(100 111 = 800 ~, 113 = 1200~, 3110 115 = 600~. ~0( (1 = (3 = (5 = 1 (115,
~1~. 14-18.11 ~1~~5

2 (( = (1) = 21 = 23 = 25 = 0.03500~
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2 (( = (2)
= 22 = 24 = 26 = 0.02500~

1200

800
600
... ~ -4 +- .....-.-
0.5 1 0.5
0

58~. 15-2

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40

30 26

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,
~7./ (/ = 1 ()15) = 1./ (/ = 1 ()15) - 1./0 = 21~1 = 0.035 )( 800 = 280~
/11./ (/ = 1.5 ()15) = 28 - 22~1 = 28 - 0.025 )( 800 = 80~

/11./ (/ = 2.5 ()15) = 8 + 23~3 = 8 + 0.035 )( 1200 = 500~

/11./ (/ = 3 ()15) = 50 - 24~3 = 50 - 0.025 )( 1200 = 200~

/11./ (/ = 4 ()15) = 20 + 25~5 = 20 + 0.035 )( 600 = 410~

/11./ (/ = 4.5 ()15) = 41 - 26~5 = 41 - 0.025 )( 600 = 260~

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(/1 1
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(/( + ~1 + ~.1 1 (/( + 1)~ (( = 0) (15-6)

(15 -7)

(/1
1) = ~ 5 - 1,-(/(

~11111(1111(11 ~0(101110(1$ 1(( = 0) = 1~ (1(10 1)~ (( = 0) = 0. ~~ 11(1.,,~ $~~(11(1 5~~110(1

2-3 111(11 111~ 10(111 01111~ $0111110(1 10( ~().. (15-6) 0~~~(10$ 0(1 111~ .,,(1111~$ 01 ~1,~.

.,,1~0..~ 15-12 ~().01~(11~111 ~1(~011 00(111~

(~~0~~(~ .

~
~~ - - - -

58~. 15-4 521

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 (15-8)

~
~ = (15-9)
2/...,
10~ 011011111~~0 111110(1111(~()0~11~)115

(15-10)

8~~~~~ (15-11)

11110 10~ 011111~~0 111110(1111(~()0~11~)115

(0
= ~ (06 -
~2 = (00 ~ (15-12)
0111~(~11111111118 ~(). (15-8) )11~105

(02 ~2
= (~5 - ~/8.) (2~ ~05 (0( + 5111 (0()~-,,,(
~~
= (15-13)
/8. ~. (
+~ (~05 (0( - ~ 5111(0( ) ~-,,,

10~ 111111111(~~~(5~ ~011118~ 11110 (/7)/(/( ~1111 0~ 100110 1(0111 ~()5. (15-8) 11110 (15-13) 0)1
(
5~111118 = 0
7) ((
= 0) = ~/8. (15-14)
(/7)
= ( ~5
_ ~/ ) /8. (~5 - ~/8.)~ /8.
(/( (~0
8. 2~ + ~ = /...,
+
~
~

~5(00(23 - 4(/32 + (/) (15-15)

(/ /8. ~ /8.
= ~5 ~~ = /,, (15-16)

1110~ 111111111(/7)/(/( 111 ~(). (15-15) 15 11~81111~~, 10~ 111111111111~~(5~ ~011118~ ~/8. 15 10~
111(1)(1111011111110 1015 111(1)1~(000~~ 11 0~51(0~11~~ (/7)/(/(. ~0( ~05111~~ (/7)/(/(,
~5(00(23
- 4(/32 + (/) ~ 0 0(
1 + ~1 + 4(/2
3~ (15-17)
4(/

522

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 (
3110 111~ (~~~(8~ ~01138~ ~111 ~~ 1113)(11111.111131 = (1. 111~ 11111~ (1, ~111~11 ~311 ~~

0~13111~0 ~)1 8~111118 8~. (15-13) ~~1.13110 2~(0, 18 ~01.1110 38

(0(115 - ~1~)2~ + 1~/~)

1311 (0(1 = (115
_ ~1~)((02
_ ~2)
_ ~1~/~ (15-18)

3110 111~ ~~3~ ~01138~ ~311 ~~ ~01.1110 ~(0111 8~. (15-8)~

11/1 = 11 (( = (1) (15-19)

111~ ~~3~ (~~~(8~ ~01138~ 0~~~1108 011111~ 03111~1118 (3110,0, 3110 111~ ~1.1((~111 ~3~10(,
0. ~0( 3 81~~11 ~311.1~ 0~ 0, 111~(~ 18 311 0~111111.1111~311.1~ 0~ 03111~1118 (3110, 00, ~111~11
~111111111111112~ 111~ ~~3~ ~01138~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ 011/ 0( ~3(1~8 ~1111 0 3110 1111111111121118
111~ ~~3~ ~01138~ 1113)11101111111111112~ 111~ 011/0(. 1118 11~~~883()110 1113~~ 3 ~0111~(011118~
~~1~~~11 111~ ~~3~ ~01138~, 11/1, 3110 011/0(. ~~~1.1((3)1 (1) ~(0~08~0 10 111111111112~
111~ ~(001.1~1 11/1(011/0() 3110 111~ 0~111111.1111
0~81811 ~1.1(~~8 3(~ 8110~11 111 ~18. 15-14,

10

6 ~/
/ /~.
4
./
/ ,,.-
,,.-
(~)0 .)/
/ ,,.-
,,.-/
2 ,,.-
./
~..........~
~~- ,,.- (~..,/~1)0
,,.- 1,/.(00
...-

0.8 - .............
0.6 --- ~~........

0.4 ~............00

0.2

~~--........
............
.........
0.1
4
~-
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 6 8 10
1,,~.~8.~
~()~~6,,.18.~0~. ~0

..-1~11..~15-14 011.1/1111/115111100~~ 1111(11/11~.~(5

~0( ~0/1111(0/1115~0~51~11. (~~11(0011~~0
~(0/11 ,,,,,. ~~~11((11~. ..01111/1111/11 5111100~(5~0( 110~~( 5~/111~011011~10(5,,.1~~~ 7,(//15-
(/~(/0/15 0/11/111/1.5(,~.4/1/1//~(/(/0/15. ~01. 1~8. ~0. 5, 1972, 1111.503-510.101~. 7. (91972
0~ 1~~~)

58~. 15-4 523

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 +

~11~(~ (/1)/(/( 15 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~3111~ 0~~( 11111~(1 300 (/015 111~0~1111111111
~3111~ 01 ~11((~01
13~10( .
111~ ~0~(~)1 510(~0 10 111~ 10011~10(, 1.,, ~111~11 15 1(3051~((~0 10 111~ 501100~(
~3~3~110(, ~, 15 01551~31~0 (110511)1 10 111~ 501100~( (~51510(. 11115 ~0~~( 1055 15
0~~~00~01 00 111~ 5~11~1110~ 1(~~11~0~)1 300 1030 ~11((~01. ~0( 111~11-~0~~( ~00-
~~(1~(5, ~11~(~ 111~ 501100~( 1055 15 51~0111~301, 3 00001551~311~~ 501100~( ~111~11115~5
30 ~0~(~)1 (~~0~~()1 1(30510(111~( 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-15 ~30 1111~(0~~ 111~ ~1(~1111
~111~1~0~)1. ~11~0 111~ ~(11113()1 ~11((~01 (15~5, 111~ 10011~~0 ~0113~~ ~2 15 ~05111~~ 300
0100~ 1)1 15 (~~~(5~ 0135~0. 11111~ (~~0~~()1 ~11((~01 01 0100~ 1),,, 513(15 10 1311, 111~
10011~~0 ~0113~~ ~2 0~~0111~5 0~~311~~ 300 0100~ 1)1 ~00011~15, (~111(010~ ~0~(~)110
111~ 0~ 511~~1)1.

~~3111()1~ 15-2

111~ (~~0~~(~ ~11((~111 01 3 0100~ 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 15-1218/8. = 20.4. 3110 111~~1(~1111
111011~1311~~ 18 1. = 50 ~11. 111~ 111~111~0113~~ 18 ~$ = 220~. 111118 11~~~883(~ 10
1/11111111~ ~~3/( 1(31181~111 ~0113~~ 10 1.5 11111~8 111~ 111~111~0113~~, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3)
0~1111111111~3111~ 01 ~11((~111 13~10( (10~ (0) 0~111111111103111~111~ 13~10(, 00~ (~) 8111100~(
~3~3~11311~~, ~~ (0) 8111100~( (~8181311~~, ~~ (~) 3~~(3~~ 0.1)/0.1~ 3110 (1) 11111131(~~~(8~
~0113~~.

80101100 /8. = 20.4.,1. = 50 ~11, ~$ = 220 ~, 3110~~ = 1.5 )( 220 = 330~.

~~/~$ = 1.5, ~1~. 15-14 ~1~~8~
(3) 111~ 0~1111111111 ~11((~11113~10(, 0.0 0.75.
=
(0) 111~ 0~1111111111 03111~111~ 13~10(, 00 = 0.4.
(~) ~(0111 ~(). (15-16), 111~ 8111100~( ~3~3~11311~~ (~1111 0. = 0.0) 18
2

~ = 1. (~ )
0.~$
2
(15-20)

= 50 ( 20
0.75)( 220 ) = 0.735 ~~

(0) ~(0111 ~(). (15-11), 111~ 8111100~( (~8181311~~ 18

~ = 20
~ (15-21)

= 2
)(
0.4 /~0.735 = 6.6 0
524

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 (~) ~~0111~~. (15-10),
106
(00 = 164,957 ~(10/8
~50 )(
0.735 =
~~0111 ~1~. 15-14,

(/1)
)( )(
220 164,957 = 31.9 ~/,.,..8
(/( = 0.88~5(00= 0.88
(1) ~~0111 ~~. (15-14), 10.~ 1016(11 ~~~~~8~ ~011(1~~ 18

= 0) = 6.6
)(
1) (( 20 = 132 ~

~~301()(~ 15-3

~0 ~~-801.100~~ ~1~~1.111(18 80.0~010 ~1~. 15-11~ 0.(18 ~ = 0.75 ,.,..~, ~ = 6.60, (100
10~1.11 ~011(1~~, ~5 = 220~. 10.~ ~1~~1.1111001.1~1(10~~ 18 1- = 50 ,.,..1-1. 0~1~~11110~ 10.~
((1) ~~(1/( 10~~(1~0 ~011(1~~, ~,,~ (0) 10111(11(/1)/(/(~ (100 (~) 111(1)(11111.1111
(/1)/(/(.

80(01100 ~ = 6.6 0, ~ = 0.75 ,.,..~, 1- = 50,.,..1-1, (100 ~5 = 220~. 13)18~160~ 18. =

0, 10.~ 10~(1~0 ~011(1~~ (1~~088 10.~ 0~~1~~ ~(10 0~ 0~1~~11110~0 1~0111 ~~. (15-8),

1)(() (0( (0()~-~( (15-22)

= ~5 - ~5( ~08 - 810
~
~~0111 ~~. (15-13),

(15-23)

(
10.~ 1016(11 (/1)/(/( ~(10 0~ 101.100 ~110.~~ 1~0111 ~~. (15-23) 0)1 8~1110~ = 0, 0~ 1~0111~~.
(15-15) 0)1 8~160~ 18. = 0

(15-24)

( 10.~ 6111~ (1, ~0.1~0. ~(10 0~ 001(110~0

10.~ 10~~(1~0 ~011(1~~ ~111 0~ 111(1)(11111.1111
(11 = (1.

~110.~~ 0)1 8~160~ ~~. (15-23) ~~1.1(1110 2~~0, 0~ 0)1 8~160~ 18. = 0 10 ~~. (15-18), 18
101.100 (18

2~(0
1(10 (0(1 _ (15-25)
(02 ~2

(02 _ ~2
~08 (0(1 = (15-26)
(02
+ ~2

2~(0
810 (0(1 = (02 + ~2
(15-27)

58~. 15-4 525

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 (15-28)

-28~
(15-29)
1 - 282
0111~~~111131111~ 8~. (15-23) ~101 ~~8~~~110 (, 3110 8~11111~ ~~113110 2~~0, (/1)/(/( ~111 0~
31 ( = (,,,~0.~11
1113)(111111111

0~

(15-30)

51108111111111~ 10.~ ~3111~ 01 (,,, 111 8~. (15-23) 3110 81111~111~111~ 10.~ 8111~, 3110 ~08111~ 1~~1118
~1~10 10.~ 1113)(111111111~3111~ 01 (/1)/(/(,

(15-31)

~0~ (1113)(11111111110 0~~11~, (/((/1)/(/()/(/( 11111810~ ~08111~~ 11 ( ~ (,,, 3110 8~. (15-30) ~1~~8
10.~ 11~~~883~~ ~0110111011 38

0~ 0~ 8 ~ 0.5

8~11311011 (15-31) 18 ~3110 10~ 8 ~ 0.5. ~0~ 8 ~ 0.5, (/1)/(/( ~0.1~0. 0~~0111~8 1113)(111111111
~0.~11 ( = 0 18 0013111~0 1~01118~. (15-23),

(/1) (/1) 115~

(/( = (/(
~

= 112~ =
5
10~ 8 ~ 0.5 (15-32)
1.,
/ /11.. ~
(~0

(3) ~~0111 8~. (15-9), ~ )( )( 10-6)

= 6.6/(2 50 = 66,000 3110 1~01118~.
(15-10),

())0
106
=
~50
)(
0.75 = 163,299 ~30/8
~~01118~. (15-11),8 = (6.6/2) ~ = 0.404, 31101~0111~~. (15-12),
())
= 163,299 ~1 - 0.4042 = 149,367 ~30/8
~~0111 8~. (15-29), (1
= 15.46 , 8~ 10.~~~10~~,8~. (15-28) ~1~10810.~ ~~3)( ~0113~~,
11,, = 220(1 + 0.36) = 299.3 ~.
(0) 8~11311011 (15-24) ~1~~8 10.~ 11111131(/1)/(/( 01 (220 )( 6.6/50)
= 29 ~/, 8.
(~) 5111~~ 8 ~ 0.5, 8~. (15-31) 80.01110 0~ 118~0 10 ~31~11131~ 10.~ 1113)(111111111
(/1)/(/(.
~~01118~. (15-30), (,,, = 2.16, 8 3110 8~. (15-31) (/1)/(/( 38 31.2
~1~108 111~ 1113)(111111111
~/, 8.

526

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~ 1..30510..111~.. 15 00..111311)1 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ 10~1.11 510~ 01111~ ~00..,~..1~..5. 000~..
51~30)1-5131~ ~00011100, ~0~..~)1 15 510..~0 10 111~ 1113~0~11210~ 1001.1~130~~, 1.,,,,, 01
1..30510..111~.., 300 5~11~1110~ 011111~ 51.1~~1)1 ~..001.1~~5 3 1..3051~01 ..,0113~~ 10 111~ 10~1.11
01111~ ~00..,~..1~... ~ ~3~3~110.. 1113)1 0~ ~000~~1~0 3~..055 111~ ~..11113..)1 0.. 5~~0003..)1
01111~ 1..30510..111~.. 10 1111111111~ 1..3051~01 ..,0113~~ 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-163, 300 10
~..3~11~~ 3 ..~515130~~ 15 3150 ~000~~1~0 10 5~..1~5 ~1111 111~ ~3~3~110.. 10 1111111 111~
1..3051~01 ..,0113~~.
000~.. 51~30)1-5131~ ~000111005, 1)5 = 11,,, 510 ())( 300 111~ 1113~0~11210~ ~1.1 ~01
15 ~1..,~0 0)1

0,/ .
1 ,,, ...,,, 510 ())(
17
0,( =

/(0 =

11111~ 5~11~11 15 11.1..0~0 011 31 ())( = 8, 111~ ~3~3~110.. ..,0113~~ 31 111~ 0~~10010~ 01
5~11~11-01115

(15-33)

(15-34)

111~ ~()1.11~31~01 ~1..~1.111 01.1..10~ 111~ 1..3051~01 ~00011100 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-160 300
111~ ~3~3~110.. ~1.1 ~01 15 ~)(~..~$5~0 35

0 (15-35)

(15-36)

56~. 15-5 527

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~11111011131 ~000111008 1- (( = 0) = -10 300 1)~(( = 0) = 110. 111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~
1)0(0 ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 ~(0111 ~()8. (15-35) 300 (15-36), ~0( 1100~(03111~~0 ~000111008.
~ 03111~10~ (3110 0~ 3 = 0.518 00(111311)183118~3~10()1. 111~ 30(1)1818 ~30 0~ 81111~11~1~0
0)13881111110~811131103111~10~1~0010~ 10 2~(0, 1.~., /) = 0, (0(, ~ = 0). ~(). (3-20),
~111~1118 81111113(10 ~(). (15-35), ~30 0~ 3~~11~0 10 0~1~(11110~ 111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~,
..0((). 111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~, ..0(0 18 111~ 83111~ 38 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~, ..~(().

.,(/) ~ .0(/) ~ 110008.,,,,/

1/2
+ /,
) /.~ 81~ .,,,,/ (15-37)

( 115+ 15 1-
~) 810 ((00( + ~)

11,,, (81026 + (02~,,,~~0826)1/2 810 ((00( +~)

(02 1/2
(05
11,,, (1 + ~082 6) 810 ((00( + ~) (15-38)
~2

(15-39)

1
(00 =- (15-40)
~1-,,,
1~ (00 ~ (0, 111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~ 10 ~(). (15-38) ~111~11 ~111 0~ 1113)(111111111
~11~0
~08 6 = 0 (0( 6 = 900) 18

11/1= 11,,, (15-41)

10 ~(3~11~~, (00 / (0 300 111~ 1(3081~01 ~01138~, ~111~11 ~111 0~ 1113)(111111111

~11~0 ~08 6
= 1 (0( 6 = 00), 18

(15-42)

0810~ 111~ ~0113~~ 300 ~11((~01 (~1311008111~ 10 3 ~3~3~110(, 111~ (~()111(~0 311101101 0~
~3~3~1130~~ 10 1111111111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~ ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 ~(0111

~=~ (15-43)
11/1(00
5110811111110~
~(). (15-42) 10 ~(). (15-43) ~1~~8118
1011,,,
~ = (15-44)
11~(0

528

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 0
7,,
+ . 51
~.~1
~$ ~0

8
)
-0 -)
~1~11..~ 15-17 ~()111.,,~1~/1( ~1(~111( 011(- ~1~11..~ 15-18 ~()111.,,~1~/1( ~1(~111(
1/1~ 5~1(~/11/1~ 0/1 (/1~ 511~~1~. 011~ (0 10~0 015~0/1/1~~(10/1.

~0~ ~1111 111~ ~3~3~110( ~01111~~1~0 3~(088 111~ 1(311810(111~( 8~~01103(~, 111~
1113)(1111~111111813111311~0~8 ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ ~1110~~~110 011111~ 111813111311~0~8 3~ 111~~1
~0113~~ 31 111~ 111813111 01 8~11~11111~ 011 111~ 111~~1 ~0113~~. 111~ ~((~1~31~111 ~1(~~11
0~(111~ 8~11~11-01118 8110~11111 ~1~. 15-17, ~11~(~ 1.18 111~ ~((~1~31~111
8~~~1~ 1110~~1311~~
~1~5 111~ 1~3~3~~ 1110~~1311~~ 01111~ 1(311810(111~(.
0110~( 110(11131 0~~(311011, ~11~(~~ 15 510(~0 111 111~ 5~~~1~ 1110~~1311~~ 3110 111~
1~3~3~~ 1110~~1311~~ 01111~ 1(311510(111~(. ~11~11 111~ 1030 15 015~01111~~1~0, 1(31151~111
~0113~~5 3(~ ~(00~~~0 0~~ 10 111~ ~11~(~~ 510(~0 111 111~ 1110~~1311~~5. 111~ ~((~1~31~111
~1(~~11 0~~ 10 1030 015~01111~~11011 18 5110~11 111 ~1~. 15-18.

~)(301)))~ 15-4

~ ~3~3~110( 15 ~0/1/1~~1~0 3~(055 01~ 8~~01103(~ 01 311 111~1111(3/1810(111~( 38 8110~11 111

~1~. 15-163, ~11112~(0 03111~111~ (~8181311~~. 111~ 8~~01103(~ ..,,0113~~ 18 11.
= 120~, 60
1-12. 11111~ 1113~11~62111~ 111011~1311~~ (~1~((~0 10 111~ 8~~01103(~ 18 1.,,.
= 2 1111-13110 111~
111~111811~~1~ 10 111~ 1(311810(111~( ~(11113(~ 18 018~01111~~1~0 31 311 311~1~ 01 9 = 1800 01
111~ 111~1113~ ..,,0113~~, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 1111631 ~3~3~110( ..,,3111~, 110~ (0) 1113~11~62111~
~11((~111, 10~ 3110 (~) ~3~3~110( ..,,3111~10 1111111111~ 1113)(111111111
1(31181~111 ~3~3~110( ..,,0113~~
10 11,, = 300~.

80)01100 11. = 120~, )(

11,,. = 0 120 = 169.7~, 9 = 1800,1= 601-12, 1.,,. = 2
1111-1,3110 00 = 270 )(
60 = 377 (30/8.
(3) ~(0111~~. (15-33), 110= 169.781119 = 0.
(0) ~(0111~~. (15-34),

11,,. 169.7
10 = - ~08 9 = )(
001.,,. 0.002 377 = 225 ~
(~) 11,, = 300~. ~(0111 ~~. (15-44), 111~(~~111(~0 ~3~3~11311~~ 18

(7 )( 169.7
= 225 3002 )( 377 = 1125.3 /1.~

15-6 ~01.,..~6~ ~~0,..~~,..~0~ 8~ 5~1.~~~()~ 0~00~5 ~~0

~~,.. ~1.-0)(~0~ ~ ~~~5,..0~5

111~ 5~1~01~111 0100~5 1113~ 0~ ~5~0 10( ~(01~~11011 3~31051 1(3051~01 0~~~0113~~5.
111~5~ 0100~5113~~ 10~ 10(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0~1 ~~11-0~1111~0 (~~~(5~ 0(~3~00~11 ~0113~~.
111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01 5~1~111~1110100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 15-19. ~0(111311~, 111~

5~~. 15-6 529

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 8~8./11()~,,9
~0~.8.98. ~2
~

.,,1~11..~ 15-19 ~118.(8.(.~(15/1(5 01 5~)~11-

(0) 8~/1100~ 11.1/110100~.

0~~(3110~ ~0101 11~5 0~10(~ 111~ ~0~~ 01 111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~ ~11(~~ 300 0(3~5 ~~()1
5111311 ~11((~011(0111 111~ ~1(~1111. 1-10~~~~(, ~11~0 30 0~~(~0113~~ 3~~~3(5, 111~ ~0~~
~0101 15 ~(055~0 300 111~ (~~~(5~ ~11((~01 110~ 111(011~11 111~ 5~1~0111111 10~(~35~5 5110-
0~01)1, 111~(~0)11)1~1~311)1111111110~ 111~ 1(3051~01 ~0113~~ 10 1~1~~ 111~ 00(11131 ~0113~~.
111~ 5~1~0111111 0100~ (0( 511~~(~55~() 1111151 0~ ~3~301~ 01 01551~3110~ 111~ 511(~~
~0~(~)1 ~11110111110011~ 1~111~~(3111(~ (15~. ~3~11 ~~11 01 3 5~1~0111111 0100~ 15 00(111311)1
(31~0 31 3 (1115 ~0113~~ 01 25 ~, ~1111 3 ~13111~10~ ~0113~~ 011)1~1~311)1 72 ~. ~0(
~(01~~1100 01 0~ ~1(~1111, 111~ 511~~(~5100 ~1(~111115 ~013(12~0 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-203.
10 3~ ~1(~11115 35 10 ~1~. 15-200, 111~ 511~~(~55~(5 3(~ 000~013(12~0, 50 11131111~)1 ~30
1111111 0~~(~0113~~5 10 00111 01(~~11005. ~0( 111(~~-~1135~ ~1(~11115, ~)1~-~000~~1~0-
~013(12~0 511~~(~55~(5 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-20~ ~30 0~ 115~0.
11 3 0~ ~1(~1111 01 240 ~ 15 10 0~ ~(01~~1~0 ~1111 25- ~ 5~1~0111111~~115, 111~0
240/25 = 10 ~~115 ~01110 0~ (~()111(~0 300 111~ 10131 ~13111~10~ ~0113~~ ~01110 0~ 10
)(
72 = 720~. 10 ~(01~~1 3 510~1~-~1135~ 3~ ~1(~111101208 ~, 60 1-12, ~1111 25-~
5~1~0111111 ~~115, 208/25 = 9 ~~115 ~01110 0~ (~()111(~0 10 ~3~11 01(~~1100 300 10131 01 2
)(
9 =
18 ~~115 ~01110 0~ 0~~~553()1 10( 000~013(12~0 511~~(~55100. 011~ 10 10~
101~(031 ~3~3~1130~~, 111~ 5~1~0111111 0100~5 00 0011111111111~ 0.1)/0.( 10 111~ 53111~ ~)(1~01
35 ~0111~3(~0 10 111~ ~~-501100~( ~1(~11115. 1-10~~~~(, 111~)11111111111~ 1(3051~01 ~0113~~5
10 ~~11-0~110~0 1113~011110~5. 10 ~(01~~110~ 3 0~~1~~, 111~ (~11301111)1 0130 ~~ ~1(~1111
15 0~11~( 11130 11131 01 5~1~0111111 0100~5.
~3(1510(5 3(~ 000110~3( ~3(1301~-1111~~030~~ 0~~1~~5, ~00515110~ 01111~131-0~10~
~3(11~1~5, 5~~3(31~0 0)1 30 0)(10~ 111111 0( 10511131100. ~5 111~ 3~~11~0 ~0113~~ 15
10~(~35~0, 111~ 111111 0~~0111~5 ~00011~11~~ 300 111~ ~11((~01 110~ 15 10~(~35~0. 111~
~11((~01 15 ~)(~(~55~0 35

(15-45)

+ 8.

(~) ~0~8.~~280 .~~88-()~8.58

()~0.8~.~0,,

530

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~001101.101.15 (3110~. 11111~ ()~3~ ~1.1((~0115 001 ~)(~~~0~0 300 111~ 11.15~ ~1~3(5 ~1.11~~1)1
~001.1~11, 31351-3~110~ 11.15~ 1113)1 ()(01~~13 ~05~81. 1-10~~~~(, 3 ~(0~03( ()(01~~1100
15 3150 (~~0111111~00~0.

~0 3~ ~1(~1.111155110~0 10 ~1~. 15-28, ~11~(~ 111~ 10()1.11~0113~~ 15 11 = ~,,,, 510 ())(. 11

111~ 5~11~11 5~ 15 ~105~0 31 ())( = 8, 8~. (6-15) ~1~~5 111~~1.1((~0135

/ = ~ 510 (())( + 8 - ~) - ~ 5//1 (8 - ~)€-~(/1- (15-47)

538

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 _~0

~11~(~ ~= 130 -1 (())1.,/~). ~181.1(~ 15-28 0~8~(10~8 111~ 1011131 ~1.1((~013110~ 0~8100108

0~ 10~ ~31.111. 1~ 10~(~ 18 3 ~31.1113~(088 10~ 1030 38 8110~0 10 ~18. 15-29, .8~. (15-47),
~01~0 ~30 0~ 3~~11~0 ~110 30 1011131 ~1.1((~01 0~ 10 3110~ 0~8100108 0~ 10~ ~31.111, 81~~8
10~ ~31.111 ~1.1((~01 38

1 = ~ 810 (())( + 6 - ~) + (10 - ~) 810 (6 -

~)~-~(/1- (15-48)

10~ ~31.111~1.1((~01 ~111 0~~~00 00 10~ 1011131 ~1.1((~0110, ~0~~( ~3~10( 0~ 10~ 800(1-
~1(~1.111~310, ~, 300 3081~ 0~ ~31.1110~~1.1((108, 6. ~181.1(~ 15-30 800~8 10~ ~1.1((~01
300 ~01138~ ~3~~~0(1118 01.1(108 10~ ~31.111~000111008 10 30 3~ ~1(~1.111. ~0( 3 111801)1
1001.1~11~~ ~31.111~310, ~ = 900 300 ~-~(/1- = 1, 300 .8~. (15-48) 0~~0111~

11,,,
1 = -10 ~08 6 + (~08 6 - ~08 (())( + 6)) (15-49)
7,

11,,,
/ = -1 0 + - (1 - ~08
())( ) (15-50)
7,

58~. 15-7 539

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 3110 8~. (15-50) ~1~~8111~ 1113)(111111111~~3)( 131111 ~11((~111,
())( - /0 + 2~ 1./2, ~111~110~~11(8
= 10. .8111111 ~(3~11~~, 011~ 10 03111~111~ 111~ ~~3)( ~11((~111 ~111 0~ 1~88 111311 11118.

111~ ~11((~111 01 3 0~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 15-3118 ~1~~11 0)1

/ = ~5
(1
_ ~-8.//1.)
~ (15-51)
~1111 311 1111631 ~11((~111 01 /0 31 111~ 0~~11111111~ 01111~ 131111 ~11((~111 38 8110~11 111 ~1~.
15-32, 111~ 131111 ~11((~111 18 ~)(~(~88~0 38

(15-52)

111~ 131111 ~11((~111 3110 111~ 1118~ ~1~3(111~ 11111~ ~111 0~ 0~~~110~111 011 111~ 11111~
~011813111 01111~ 131111 ~1(~1111. 11111~ ~(08~~~6~~ ~11((~111 18 10~, 111~ 1118~ 1113)11101
~1~3( 111~ 131111 3110 3 810~1)1 (18111~ 131111 ~11((~111 1113)1 ~(0011~~ 3(~8 ~0116111101181)1
~11110111 0(~3)(111~ 111~ 131111 ~11((~111. 111~ 1118~ 1113111113~111(~~8 8~~~11)1111~ ~11((~111-
6111~ ~113(3~1~(186~8 10( 3~ ~1(~11118 3110 111~(~ 18 110 ~~111~31~111 ~11(~~8 10( 0~ ~1(~11118.
8111~~ 111~ 0~ 131111 ~11((~1118 00 1101113~~ 113111(31 ~~(1001~ 2~(08, 111~ ~)(611~6011 01111~
3(~ 18 1110(~ 01111~1111. ~0( ~1(~11118 0~~(3611~ 1(0111 0~ ~0113~~, 111~ ~0113~~ (31111~ 01
111~ 1118~ 81101110 0~ 1)1~1~311)1 1.5 6111~8 111~ ~~111~31~111 3~ (1118 ~0113~~. 111~ 1118~
~(01~~6011 01 0~ ~1(~11118 (~~111(~8 ~3(~1111 0~81~11 111311 11131 01 3~ ~1(~11118.

~~301)).~ 15-5

~ (11$~ 1$ ~01111~~1~0 111$~(1~$ ~11/1 ~3~/11~ 1/1~~1$10~ 0(

1~~~ 530~~ 1111/1~ $111~1~-~/13$~
(1111 ~011~~~1~~ 3$ $/10~11 111 ~1~. 4-33. 1/1~ 111~111~0113~~ 1$ 208 ~, 60 112, 3110 1/1~
3~~~3~~ ~11~~~1110( ~3~/11/1~~1$10~ 1$ 1. = 400~. 1/1~ ~31111~$0( 1/1~~1$10~$3~~ 1.,(/0-.)
= 540~, 1.,(~~5) = 850 ~, 12( = 300/(.,425318.3301$, 12-../( = 4650 /(.,42~, 31101.5~
= 10 /(~ ~11/1 ~~3~~11~0 1110~~ = 0, ~/11~/1 ~111 0~ 1/1~ ~3$~ 1( 1/1~ ~$~ 0~~11$ ~11/1111 3
/131(-~~~1~. 1( 1/1~ ~~$1$1311~~ 0( (31111 ~1~~11111$ 11~~11~101~ 3110 111011~1311~~ 1$ 1..
= 0.07
11111, $~1~~11/1~ ~31111~ 0( 3 $1111301~ (11$~ (~0111 ~1~. 15-26.

80.111100 11. = 240 ~, /. = 60 112. 1..~111$1~~3111~ (11$~,1~~~ 11350-600. 1/1~

$/10~1 ~1~~1111~11~~~111 ~/11~/1 1$ 31$0 /(110~11 3$ 1/1~ ~~0$~~~11~~ ~01$ $~111111~1~1~31(31111
~11~~~111 1$

11. )( 1000
1,0 = = 240 9095 ~
2 2,. )( 60 )( 0.07 =

540

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 110~ 1/1~ 540-~ 1115~ 1~~~ 11350-600 (1110 150 = 9095 ~, 111/1,.15-26.6 /1,1~~51/1~ 111(1)(111111111
~~(1/( 1115~ ~11~~~11101 8500 ~, ~/11~/115
1~55 1/1(1111/1~ ~~(1/( 1/1~~1510~ ~11~~~111011.5~ =
12( 01280 /(,425 (1110 101(11 ~1~(1~111/1,11111~01 (0 =
10 /(~. 111/1,11~~15-26.5 /1,1~~5 1/1~ 1115~
12-../( ~(11111/1,
011/1~ 1/1~~1510~ 11111510~ 115~0. 11
8 1115. 5111~~ (0 15 1~55 1/1(1118.33 1115, 1/1~ 12( )( 103
)( 103 /(,420, 1/1~11 (11 (0 8 1115, 1/1~~1510~ = 4650
1/1~~1510~ 12-../( = 4650 =
12( ~(11111/1,011/1~ 1115~. 1/1~ 12(
~0.008 = 416 /(,425, ~/11~/115 48.6% /11/1,/1~~1/1(1111/1~
(1110 ~~(1/( 511~/1,~~11~~~111~(11111/1,5
011/1~ 1/1~~1510~ (1~~ /11/1,/1~~1/1(1111/105~ 011/1~ 1115~. 1/1115
1/1~ 1/1~~1510~ 5/101110 0~ ~~01~~1~0 0~ 1/1~ 1115~.
(1 (1115 ~1.1((~01 ((160~
,.,,01~. ~5 (1 ~~0~((11 (1.11~ 011111.11110, (11(151-(1~6.0~ 11.15~ ~1111
~()1.1(11 0( 1~55 111(10 111~ (1~~((1~~. ~1.1((~01 ((1110~ 01111~ 111)1(1510( 0( 0100~ ~111 00(111(111)1

~(0~10~ (10~()1.1(11~ ~(01~~600 1.100~( 1(11.111~000111005.

~(01~~1~01(01110~~(~1.1((~015 (100 0~~~011(1~~5. 111~

111~ ~0~~( ~00~~(1~(5 1111.1510~
)1.10~1100 1~111~~((111.1(~ 01 ~0~~( 5~1111~0001.1~10( 0~~1~~5 1111.1510~ 111(1101(110~0 ~111110
111~1( 111(1)(11111.1111
~~(111155101~ ~(111.1~5. 111~ 11~(11 ~(001.1~~0 0)1 111~ 0~~1~~ 111(1)1 0~
~(10 (1150 0~
1((1051~((~0 10 111~ 11~(11 510~5 0)1 (11( (100 11()1.110 ~00110~. 1-1~(11 ~1~~5
1.15~0. 111~ (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()1 ~1.1((~015 (100 015~000~~1100 0110(10 ((100 51.1()()1)1110~)
~(11.15~ ~011(1~~ 1((1051~015
01.1~ 10 ~0~(~)1 510(~0 10 111~ 110~ 1001.1~1(10~~5.
(1(~ 00(111(111)1 51.1~()(~55~0 0)1 111~ 5(1111~ ~~-501.100~(
111~ ~011(1~~ 1((1051~015
~~()11111()0(1(101
~1(~1.111, ~111~1115 1.15~0 10( 01.1/01 ()(01~~600. 111~ 501.100~( 0~51~0 15
10 1111111111~ 01.1/01 (100 ()~(1~ ~011(1~~ 1((1051~015 ~111110 111~ 111(1)(11111.1111
((1110~5. 5~-
1~011.1111 0100~5 (100 ~(1(1510(5 ~(10 0~ 1.15~0 10( 1((1051~01 ~011(1~~ 51.1()()(~55100.
~ 1(151-(1~110~ 11.15~ 15 00(111(111)1 ~000~~1~0 10 5~(1~5 ~1111 ~(1~11 0~~1~~ 10( 0~~(-
~1.1((~01 ()(01~~1100 1.100~( 1(11.111~00016005. 1-10~~~~(, 11.15~5 111(1)1 001 0~ (10~()1.1(11~
(1 ~(0~0(1() 111(1)1 0~
10( ()(01~~60~ 1((1051510(5 (100 0111~( ()(01~~1100 111~(105, (~.~.,
(~()1.11(~0.

5~1111~011011~10~5.,, 1~~~ 1,(1/15(1~(10/15 011

1. ~. ~~~11~~(1~, ..0~11111111115111100~~510~ ~0~~~
503-510.
1110-1(5(,)1 ,41111/1~(1(10115, ~01. 1~8, ~0. 5, 1972, ~~.

2. ~. ~~~11~~(1~, ..5~1~~11011 01 5111100~~ (1110 ~1(1111~5 10 0~111111~~ 1/1~ 0~51/1,11 011~(11151510~

5~11~/1111/1,~011~~~1~~5.,, 1~~~ 1,(1/15(1~(10/15 0/11/10-1(5(,)1,41111/1~(1(10115, ~01. 1~16, ~0. 4,
1980, ~~. 513-523.
~011~~~1~~5.,, 1~~~ 1110-1(5(,)1 0~11~,(1/
3. ). 13. ~1~~, ..0~51/1,11 015111100~~ ~1~~1111510~ 1/1~~1510~
,41111/1~(1(10115 ~0/1/~,~11~~ ~~~0,0-, 1969, ~~. 485-489.
..~ 5111100~~ ~01111/1,11~(11101110~ 001/1 ~0~~~ 1~(11151510~5 (1110 010 ~~~
4. 1. 0110~1(1110,
111~~~1~~.,, 1~~~ ~011/~, ~/~~(,0/11(5 511~6(1/15( ~011/~,~/1~~, 1984, ~~. 42-53.

5. ~. 0. 51~~11 (1110 ). 0. ~. ~~/(, ..51110~ (1110 (1~~11~(111011 0111011-1111~(1~ 111~11-011 5111100~~

10~ ~0~~~ ~1~~1~0111~5 5~11~/1~5.,, 1~~~ 1,(1/15(1~(10/15 0/1 1/10-1(5(1)1,41111/1~(1(/0/15, ~01. 1~22,
~0. 3, 1986, ~~. 471-477.

541

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 6. ~. ~.-1~/11 (1110~. (1. ~~~0~.-~,~/~~(,.1~ ~1-/5~5. 1.,0110011=~~1~.- ~~.-~~.-1111181.,10., 1984.
7. ~. ~. 1-10~~, ~. (1. ~~~0~.-~, (1110~.
~. ~11.-8~, ..0~
1118111~1118~1111~011011~10.- ~1.-~11118.,,
/~~~ 1,.01150~(10115011 /11()1-/5(,.)1.4~~/1~0(10115, ~01. 1~22, ~0. 3, 1986,
~~. 483-489.
~~~1111~.-8, 5~/111(0/10-/1((0,. ~~~ ,4~~1/((1//0115 1-/(1/111000/( (~0. 1-11350). ~1
8. 1111~.-11(111011(11
5~~1.11100, ~(1111. 1111~.-11(111011(11
~~~116~.-8, 1972.
=

15-1. ~/1(11 18 (1 /1~(11 8111)(7

15-2. ~/1(1118 1/1~ ~1~~1.-1~(11 (111(1~0~ 01 /1~(111.-(11181~.- 1.-0111 (1

~0~~.- 8~1111~011011~10.- 0~~1~~7
15-3. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~.-~~(111110118 10 0~ 1(1)(~11
111 111011111111~(1 0~~1~~ 011 (1 /1~(11 8111)(7
15-4. ~/1(1118 (1 /1~(11 ~1~~7

15-5. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 /1~(11

~1~~87
15-6. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~(11~.- ~001111~7

15-7. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 011 ~001111~7

15-8. ~/1~ 181111~~~88(1.-~ 10 0~1~.-111111~ 1/1~ 11181(1111(111~01.18

)1111~110111~111~~.-(111.1.-~ 01 (1 0~~1~~7
15-9. ~/1(1118 (1 ~01(1.-12~0 8111.100~.-7
15-10. ~/1(11 18 (1 11011~01(1.-12~0 8111100~.-7
15-11. ~/1(1118 1/1~ ~(1118~ 01 .-~~~.-8~ .-~~0~~.-~ 1.-(11181~111~011(1~~7

15-12. ~/1(11 18 1/1~ 1~~1~(11 ~(1111~ 01 0(1111~111~ 1(1~10.- 10.- ~~ 8111100~.-7

15-13. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 111~ ~011810~.-(1110118 10.- 1/1~ 0~81~11 01 0~1111111111~~-5111100~.- ~0111~011~11157

15-14. ~/1(11 18 1/1~ ~(1118~ 0110(10-510~ 1.-(11151~111~011(1~~57

15-15. ~/1(11 15 1/1~ ~(1118~ 01 511~~1~-810~ 1.-(11151~111~011(1~~5 7

15-16. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~/1(1.-(1~1~.-1511~5 01 8~1~111111110100~57

15-17. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 015(10~(1111(1~~5 01 8~1~1111.1111~011(1~~ 811~~.-~55~.-57

15-18. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~/1(1.-(1~1~.-1511~5 01 ~(1.-1510.-57

15-19. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~5 (1110 015(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~(1.-1810.-8 111 ~011(1~~ 511~.-~58101187

15-20. ~11(1115 (1 111~11111~11111~ 01 (1 11.18~7

15-21. ~/1(11 18 (111 (1.-~111~ 11111~ 01 (1 1115~7

15-22. ~/1(11 18 (1 ~)~(1.-111~ 11111~ 01 (1 11.15~7

15-23. ~11(11 15 (1 ~.-05~~~11~~ 1(11111~11 ~1117

15-24. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~011510~.-(1110118 111 5~1~~1111~ (1
1118~ 10.- (1 8~1111~011011~10.- 0~~1~~7
15-25. ~11(11 15 (1 ~.-0~0(1.-7

15-26. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~.-001~1118 01 ~.-01~~1111~ 01~01(1.- 1.-(11151810.-5

0~ 1118~87
15-27. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~.-001~1118 011118111~ 0~ ~1.-~1.11187

15-1. 111~ ~0~~.- 1088 111(1111~ 1/1~.-1510.-, 1~~~ 53088, 15 8/10~11 111~1~. ~15-1. ~101 1/1~
11181(1111(111~0118)1111~11011 1~111~~.-(1111.-~ .-15~ (100~~ ~(18~.

542

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 1500

1000

500

2 3 4 5
0

15-2. 10.~ ~0~~( 1055 111 311 1~ 10.~(1510(, 1~~~ 530~~, 15 50.0~11 111 ~1~. ~15-2. ~101 10.~
111513111311~0115)1111~110111~(11~~(3111(~ (15~ 300.,,~ 10.~ ~35~ 1~(11~~(3111(~. (1-///1(.. ~~-
~(0)(1(1131~ 0~ 11.,,~ (~~1311~1113( ~1115~5 01 ~()1131 011(311011.)

2000

1500

1000

500

0 2 4 6 8 10

15-3. 10.~ ~11((~111 ~3.,,~10((11 10.(011~0. 311 1~ 10.~(1510(, 1~~~ 530~~, 15 50.0~11 111~1~. 14-20.
())) 111513111311~0115)1111~110111~(11~~(3111(~ (15~
~10110.~ (3) ~0~~( 1055 3~31115111(11~, 3110
300.,,~ ~35~. (1-///1(.. ~5511(11~ ~0~~( 1055 011(111~ 111(11-011 3110 111(11-011 35 (~~1311~1~5.)
30 ~ 3110 10.~ ~1(~1111
15-4. 10.~ (~~0.,,~(~ ~11((~111 01 3 0~.,,1~~ 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 15-12 15 /,, =
200 -.,,,. 111115 11~~~553(~ 10
111011~1311~~ 15 ~ = 20 1-1. 10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~ 15 1/, =
(3)
1/(1111 10.~ ~~3/( 1(31151~111 .,,0113~~ 10 1.8 11(11~5 10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~, 0~1~((11111~ 10.~
())) 0~11(1111(11 03(11~111~ 13~10(, 1)0~ (~) 5111100~(
0~11(1111(11 .,,3111~ 01 ~11((~111 (3110, (/0~
(~) 3.,,~(3~~ (/1)/(/(~ 3110 (0 11111131 (~.,,~(5~
~3~3~11311~~, ~~ ((1) 5111100~( (~5151311~~, ~~

.,,0113~~.
10 ~ 3110 10.~ ~1(~1111
15-5. 10.~ (~~0.,,~(~ ~11((~111 01 3 0~.,,1~~ 35 50.0~11 111~1~. 15-12 15 /,, =
200 -.,,,. 10.~ 5111100~( (~5151311~~
111011~1311~~15 ~ = 80 1-1. 10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~ 15 1/, =
15 ~ = 2 0 3110 5111100~( ~3~3~11311~~ 15 ~ = 50 ~. ))~1~((11111~ 10.~ (3) 03(11~111~
(3110, 1)~ ())) ~~3/( 1(31151~111 .,,0113~~, 1//,~ (~) ~11((~111 (3110, (/~ ((1) 3.,,~(3~~ (/1)/(/(~ 3110
(~) 11111131(~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~.

15-6. ~11 ~~-5111100~( ~1(~1111 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 15-11~ 0.35 ~ =

1.5 ~, ~ = 4.50, 3110 10.~
-.,,,. 10.~ ~1(~1111111011~1311~~ 15 ~ = 20 1-1. ))~1~((11111~ 10.~
111~111.,,0113~~ 15 1/, = 220
(3) ~~3/( 10(~3(0 .,,0113~~, 1/,, ~ ())) 11111131(/1)/ (/(~ 3110 (~) (113)(1(1111(11(/1)/(/(.

15-7. ~11 ~~-5111100~( ~1(~1111 35 50.0~11 111 ~1~. 15-11~ 0.35 3 ~1(~1111 111011~1311~~ 01 ~ = 20
-.,,,. 1111 15 11~~~553(~ 10 1/(1111 10.~ (113)(1(1111(11
1-1. 10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~, 1/, = 200
-.,,,/ (3) 5111100~( ~3~3~11311~~,
(/1)/(/( 1020 5 3110 03(11~111~ 13~10( 151) = 0.4, 0~1~((11111~ 10.~
())) 5111100~( (~5151311~~, ~.
~~ 3110
50 1-1.
15-8. ~11 ~~-5111100~( ~1(~1111 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 15-11~ 0.35 ~1(~1111111011~1311~~ 01 ~ =
-.,,,. 1111 15 11~~~553(~ 10 1/(111110.~ ~~3/( .,,0113~~ 10 1.5
10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~, 1/, = 220

543

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 11111~51/1~ 111~1.11,,,0113~~, 3110 1/1~ 03111~111~ 13~10(, 0.
= 9500, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (3) 5111.100~(
~3~3~11311~~, ~~ 3110 (/)) 5111.100~( (~5151311~~, ~.
15-9. ~ ~3~3~110( 15 ~01111~~1~0 10 1/1~ 5~~01103()1 01 311 111~1.111(311510(111~( 35 5/10~11 111~1~.
15-163, ~11/12~(0 03111~111~ (~5151311~~. 1/1~ 5~~01103()1 ,,,0113~~,
~5 = 208 ~, 60 1-12,
3110 1/1~ 1113~11~112111~11101.1~1311~~(~1~((~0 10 1/1~ 5~~01103()115 ~~,
= 3.5 1111-1. 111/1~
111~1.1151.1~~1)110 1/1~ 1(311510(111~( ~(11113()1 15 015~01111~~1~0 31 311 311~1~ 01 8 =
1200 01
1/1~ 111~1.113~ ,,,0113~~, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (3) 11111131~3~3~110( ,,,311.1~,
~0~ (/)) 1113~11~112111~
~1.1((~111, 10~ 3110 (~) ~3~3~110( ,,,3)1.1~ 10 11111111/1~1113)(11111.1111
1(31151~111 ~3~3~110( ,,,0113~~
10 ~,, = 350 ~.
15-10. 1/1~ ~1(~1.111111 ~1~. 15-18 /135 3 1030 ~1.1((~111 011
10 ~ 3110 1/1~ ~1(~1.11111101.1~1311~~
~ =
15 ~ = 50 /1-1-1. 1/1~ 111~1.11,,,0113~~ 15 0~ ~11/1 ~5 = 200~. 1/1~ 5111.100~( (~5151311~~
15 ~ = 1.5 0 3110 5111.100~( ~3~3~11311~~ 15 ~
= 50 /1-~. 111/1~ 1030 15 015~01111~~1~0,
0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (3) 03111~111~ 13~10(, 8~ 3110 (/)) ~~3/( 1(31151~111 ,,,0)13~~, ~,,.
15-11. 5~1~1111.11110100~5 3(~ 1.15~0 10 ~(01~~1 3 1/1(~~-~/135~ ~1(~1.11135 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 15-20~.
1/1~ 1/1(~~-~/135~ ,,,0113~~ 15 208 ~, 601-12. 111/1~ ,,,0113~~ 01 ~3~/1 ~~1115 25 ~, 0~1~(111111~
1/1~ 111.11110~(01 0100~5.
15-12. 1/1~ 1030 ~1.1((~111 31 1/1~ 0~~11111111~ 01 3 131.111 111 ~1~. 15-29 15 10 =
10~. 1/1~ 3~
,,,0)13~~ 15 208 ~, 60 1-12. 10.~ (~5151311~~ 3110 11101.1~1311~~ 011/1~ 131.111 ~1(~1.111 3(~ ~ =
5 1111-13110 ~ = 1.5 0, (~5~~~11,,,~1)1. 111/1~ 131.1110~~1.1(5 31 311 311~1~ 01 8
= 450,
0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ ~~3/( ,,,311.1~01 ~(05~~~11,,,~ ~1.1((~111111 1/1~ 11(51 /1311-~)1~1~.
15-13. 1(~~~31 ~(00. 15-12 11 ~
= 0.
15-14. 1/1~ ~1.1((~1111/1(01.1~/1 3 11.15~15 5/10~11111 ~1~. ~15-14. 1/1~ 10131 /2(
011/1~ 11.15~15 5400
~25. 111/1~ 3(~111~ 11111~, (~ 0.15 3110 1/1~ 111~11111~
11111~, (,,,
= = 0.05 5, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~
~~3/( 1~1-1/1(01.1~/1 ~1.1((~111, 1,,.

15-15. 1/1~ 1030 ~1.1((~111111~1~. 15-32 15 10 = 0~. 1/1~ 0~ 111~1.11

,,,0113~~15 ~,
1/1~ 131.111~1(~1.111/135 311 11101.1~1311~~01 ~
= 220 ~.
= 2 1111-13110 11~~11~10)~ (~5151311~~. 1/1~
10131 /~( 011/1~ 11.15~ 15 4500 ~25. 1/1~ 3(~111~ 11111~ 15 1.5 11111~5 1/1~ 111~11111~11111~.
1)~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (3) 111~11111~11111~, (,,,~ (/)) ~1~3(111~ 11111~, (0~ 3110 (~) ~~3/( 1~1-1/1(01.1~/1
~1.1((~111, 1,,.

544

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10 3 510~1~-~1135~ ~1(~1.111 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. ~-13, 111~ ~1.1((~0115 ~)(~(~55~0 35

( 11~ ~/~-6
= ~ + ))( (~-1)
2
~11~(~ 2 = (~2 + %2)1/23006 = 130-1 (%/~). 111~ ~0~~( ~30 0~ ~01.100~(0(0

~ = 111~05 6 (~-2)

~11~(~ ~05 6 15 ~311~0 111~~0~€,. /(1~(0,., 300 6, ~111~1115 111~ 30~1~ 0~ 111~ 1030
1(0~~030~~, 15 /(00~0 35 111~~0~€,. /(1~(0,. (111/5/€.

-)
+

0
(..899~.,9,
~/
0~ (..880~.,9.~/
(0) ~/1850~ 0~89~801

...1~0..~ ~-1 510~1~-~/185~ ~1(~(111.

545

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 8

~~
(0) ~~0150~ 0~019~01,,,

~ 111(~~-()11(15~ ~1(~1111 ~0051515 01111(~~ 510115010(11 ~011(1~~5 01 ~()11(11 01(1~011110~5

(100 111~ ()11(15~ (10~1~5 0~1~~~0 111~ 1001~1011(11 ~011(1~~5 (1(~ 1200. ~ ~-~000~~1~0
10(10 ~000~~1~0 10 (1 111(~~-()11(15~ 5011(~~ 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. ~-2(1. 11111~ 111(~~ ()11(15~
~011(1~~5 (1(~

~(1 ~/1~

~ /0 ~/1 / - 1200

~~ = ~/1 / -2400
111~ 110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~5 (1(~

~(1/0 = ~(1 - ~/0 0 ~/1 /300 = ~~ /300

~/0~ = ~/0 - ~~ =0 ~/1 / -900 = ~~ / -900

~~(1 = ~~ - ~(1 = 011/1 / -2100 = ~~ / -2100

111115 (1 110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~, ~~, 15 0 1101~5 01 (1 ()11(15~ ~011(1~~, 11/1. 111~ 111(~~
110~ ~11((~015, ~111~11 (1(~ 111~ 5(101~ (15 ()11(15~ ~11((~015, (1(~

- ~(1 ~/1
((1
= 28 = 2 / -6(1
(1~ (1

(/0 = ~ =
11/1
/-1200 - 6/0
2/0~ 2/0

1~ = ~ =
~/1
/ -2400 - 6~
2~ ~ 2~

111~ 10()111 ()0~~( 10 111~ 10(10 15

/1 = ~(1/(1 ~05 6(1 + ~/0//0 ~05 6/0 + ~)~ ~05 6~ (~-3)

~0( (1 0(11(10~~0 511()()1)1, ~(1 = ~/0 = 11~ = ~/1, ~(). (~-3) 0~~001~5
/1 = 11/1(/(1~05 6(1 + //0 ~05 6/0 + /~ ~05 6~)

546

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~0( 1101111111~~0
10110, 2,, = 2/) = 2~ = 2, 8,,
= 1,, = 11--,~~. (~-4) 0~~0(11~5
~ = 3~,,1,, ~05 8

~1--
3011-- ~05 8 = .~3~1--11--
/1 ~05 8 (~-5)

~ ~-~01111~~1~0 10110 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. ~-311, ~11~(~ 111~ 1111~ ~01111~~5 11(~ 111~
511(11~ 115 111~ 1111115~ ~01111~~5. 11111~ 111(~~ 1111115~ ~01111~~5 11(~

~1-- ~ = ~,, ~
~ 1--/ - 1200 = ~,, / - 1200

~1--/ -2400 = ~,, / -2400

111~ 111(~~ 1111115~-~0((~1115 11(~ ~

- ~,, ~1--
1,,/) = = 8,, = 1,, / - 8,,
~,,~ 2 ,, / -

-1,, = -1,,/) - -1~,,= 01,, /-300 - 8,, = 11--/-300 - 8,,

- - - / -1500 - 8/) = 11--/ -1500 - 8/)
1/) = 1/)~ - 1,,/) = 01,,
/-2700 - 8~
1~ = 1~,, -1/)~ = 01,, /-2700 - 8~ = 11--
1111115~ ~0((~111.
111~(~10(~, 111 11 ~-~01111~~1~0 10110, 11 1111~ ~0((~11115 0 11(11~5 0111

547

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 111~ 10~01 ~0~~( 10 111~ 1030 18

~ = ~(101(10 ~08 8(1 + ~0,100 ~08 80 + ~0(110(1 ~08 80 (~-6)

~0( 3 03130~~0 80~~1)1, ~(10 = ~00 = ~0(1 = ~~, ~~. (~-6) 0~~0((1~8

(~-7)
~0( 3 03130~~0 1030, 2(1 = 20 = 20 = 2, 8(1
= 80 = 80 = 8, 3001(10 = 100 = 10(1
= 1/0, ~~. (~-7) 0~~0((1~8
~ = 3~/01/0~08 8
(~-8)
= 3~ ~
1~
~08 8=
. 3 ~ ~1 ~ ~08
~
,,.,,-
8
0
1-/0(~. ~~0311008 (~-5) 300 (~-8), ~111~11 ~)(~(~88 ~0~~( 10 3 111(~~-~1138~
~1(~011, 3(~ 111~ 83((1~. ~0( 111~ 83((1~
~1138~ ~0113~~8, 111~ 110~ ~0((~018 10 3 .1-
~000~~1~0 1030 3(~ 0 11((1~8 11131 0( ~-~000~~1~0 1030.

548

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 8

~ (113~11~11~ (111~ 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 13-1. 1~ 111~ (113~11~11~ ~1~10 15 0111~0((11 3110 110((1131
10 111~ 3(~3 0110~( ~011510~(311011, 3 (113~11~11~ ~1(~01115 ~113(3~1~(12~0 0~ 111~ ~0110~111~
~()03110115~

~ /3~ (13-1)

/3 ~1/ (13-2)

~ = ~.~0 (13-3)

~ = 1-/1= 1// (13-4)

~11~(~ ~ = 60)(, ~~0~(5

/3 = 60)( 0~11511~, ~~0~(5/(112 (0( 1~51(5)

1/ = (113~11~112111~~0(~~,
3(11~~(~-10(115/(11~1~(
~ =
~~((11~301111~ 0~ 111~ (113~11~11~(1131~(131
10-7)
31( (= 4,,.
)(
~0 = ~~((11~301111~ 0~ 111~
~. = (~1311~~ ~~((11~301111~ 0~ 111~ (1131~(131
~ = (113~11~10(11011~~ ~0(~~, 3(11~~(~-10(115 (~1)
1-/ = 110(110~( 0~ 10(115 111 111~ ~1110111~
1 = ~0((~111 111(00~11111~ ~1110111~, 3(11~~(~5
/ = 1~11~111 0~ 111~ (113~11~11~ ~1(~011, (11~1~(5

549

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 (~-5)
~0~~~ 1-1, 300 /, 3~~ 10~ ~3~0~11210~ (0~~~ 300 1~0~10 0(
/10 8~~1100 ~~8~~~11~~1)1,
10~ ~~111~130~~ 0( 3 ~3~0~11~ ~1~~111118 ~~131~0 10 10~ ~3~0~10~011~~ (0~~~
300 (11)( 0)1

(~-6)

(~-7)

10~ ~~~~~301111)1 0~~~008 00 10~ /3-1/ ~03~3~1~~1811~ 300 18 00~~311)1 ~11~013~~~~

1030 1031 0( 10~ 31~. ~ 1)1~1~31/3-1/ ~03~3~1~~1811~ ~01~018 000110~3~ 18 800~0 10
~1~. ~-2. ~0~ 3 13~~~ ~3111~ 0( /.1, ~ 0~~0~~8 ~~~)1 8~311, ~~8111110~ 10 01~0 ~3111~
0( (11)(. ~0 31~ ~3~ 18 00~~311)1101~0011~~0 10 11~1110~ 3~01101 0( (11)(,
~ ~3~0~11~ ~1~~1111~110 30 31~ ~3~ 18 800~0 10 ~1~, ~-33 300 10~ 30310~0118
~1~~1~1~ ~1~~111118 800~0 10 ~1~. ~-30. 10~ ~~111~130~~ 0(
10~ 31~ ~3~ 18

(~-8)

550

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 +

(13-9)

~11~(~ /8 = 1~11~1110~ 111~ 31( ~3~

/~ = 1~11~1110~ 111~ ~0(~
./18 = 3(~3 0~ 111~ ~(088 8~~11011 0~ 111~ 31( ~3~
./1~ = 3(~3 0~ 111~ ~(088 8~~11011 0~ 111~ ~0(~

111~ 10131 (~10~1311~~ 0~ 111~ 1113~11~11~ ~1(~011 18

~ = ~8 + ~~

11100~1311~~ 18 0~611~0 38 111~ ~0)( 1111~3~~ (1-.) ~~( 3111~~(~,

~= 1-/~
1. = (13-10)
1 1

(13-11)
~)(301())~ 8-1

111~ 113(301~1~(8 01111~ ~0(~ 111~1~. 8-33 3(~ /8 = 1 111111, /0 = 30 ~111,..48 = ..40 = 5
)( 10-31112,,..,
= 350,3110/ = 2~. ~31~1.1131~ 111~ 11101.1~1311~~11 (3) ~, = 3500,3110
(0) 111~ ~0(~ 18 10~31, 113111~1~ ~, 18 ~~(~ 13(~~ 1~110111~ 10 111111111~.
)( 10-7 3110 ,..,
80)1.111011 ~0 = 470 = 350.
(3) ~(0111 5~. (8-8),

1 )( 10-3
~8 = )( )(
159,155
470)( 10-7 5 10-3

~(0111 5~. (8-9),

)( 10-2
30
~0 = )( )( 10-7 )( )( 10-3 13,641
3500 470 5

~ = 159,155 + 13,641 = 172,796

~(0111 5~. (8-11),1. = 3502/172,796 = 0.7111.
(0) 11 ~ = 00, ~0 = 0 3110 ~ = ~8 = 159,155,1. = 3502/159,155 = 0.7711.

551

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1~ 3 511111501031 ~0113~~ 0~ 1)
= ~ 111
5111 0)(
= -0 ~. 51110)(, 15 3~~11~0 10 10~ ~0(~ 111
~1~. ~-33, 10~ 1111)( ~311 0~ ~011110 ~(0(11

€7~
~ 111 5111 0)( = - 1-1 €7( (~-12)

(~-13 )

~ -0~. ~
~
111
-~---~
-
270/1-1
-
270/1-1
-
4.44/1-1
(~-14)

10~ ~~3~ 1111)(, ~111, 0~~~1105 011 10~ ~0113~~, ~(~()11~11~~, 3110 10~ 1111(110~( 0~ 111(115.
~()11311011 (~-14) 15 ~3110 1~ 10~ ~0(~ 15 1101 53111(31~0. 1~ ~~3~ 1111)( 15 01~0, 10~ ~0(~
(113~ 53111(31~0 3110 10~ 1111)( ~111 1101 0~ 511111501031. 1~ 10~ (3110 0~ ~0113~~ 10 ~(~-
()11~11~~ 15 (11311113111~0 ~011513111, 10~ 1111)( ~111 (~(113111 ~011513111, ~(0~10~0 1031 10~
1111(110~( 0~ 111(115 15 1111~0311~~0.

1~ 3 5~~0110 ~1110111~, ~311~0 10~ 5€~011€7(1,.)1 ~111€71118, 15 300~0 10 10~ ~0(~ 111 ~1~.
~-3 3110 10~ ~0(~ 15 ~)(~11~0 ~(0(11 511111501031 ~0113~~, 3 ~0113~~ ~111 0~ 111011~~0 111
5~~01103(~ ~1110111~. 1015 15 500~11 111 ~1~. ~-4. 1~ 1-1/1 3110 1-1. 3(~ 111(115 011 10~
~(1(113(~ 3110 5~~01103(~ ~1110111~5, (~5~~~11~~1~, 10~ ~(1(113(~ ~0113~~, ~/1, 3110 5~~-
01103(~ ~0113~~, ~., 3(~ (~131~0 10 ~3~0 010~( 35

~/1 /. 1-1/1
- = - = - = (1 (8-15)
~. //1 1-1.

---.-
1
~

-.
1~.

- - -, - --

552

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 8282

+ 1.2)(2 +

))(,.,,
8~. = ~..

...1~..~ ~.5 8()111...31~111 ~1..~1111 011..3115-

10../11~.. .

111~ ~()111~31~01 ~1(~1111 01 3 1(30810(111~( 18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 13-5, ~11~(~ 311111~

~3(3111~1~(8 3(~ (~1~((~0 10 111~ ~(11113(~. 10
(~1~( 3 8~~0003(~ ~3(3111~1~( 10 111~
~(11113(~ 810~, 111~ ~3(3111~1~( 18 11111111~11~0 0~ (12. 111~ ~()111~31~01 ~1(~1111 ~30 0~
(~1~((~0 10 111~ 8~~0003(~ 810~ 0~ 01~1010~ 311 ~3(3111~1~(8 01111~ ~1(~111110 ~1~. 13-5
~1111 (12. %1 300 %2 3(~ 111~ 1~3~3~~ (~3~130~~8 01111~ ~(11113(~ 300 8~~0003(~
~10010~8, (~8~~~11~~1~. ~1 300 ~2 3(~ 111~ (~818130~~8 01111~ ~(11113(~ 300 8~~0003(~
~10010~, %,,, 18 111~ 1113~0~11210~ (~3~130~~, 300 ~,,, (~~(~8~018 111~ ~0(~ 1088.
111~ ~3(1311008 01111~ (111)( 011~ 10 3~ ~)(~1131100 ~3118~ 1~0 1~~~8 011088~8 10
111~ ~0(~~ (3) 11~81~(~818 1088, 300 (2) ~00~-~11((~01 1088. 111~ 11~81~(~818 1088 18
~)(~(~88~0 ~111~1(1~311~ 38

(13-16)

~11~(~ /(,, 18 3 11~81~(~818 ~0081301 ~111~11 0~~~008 00 111~ 11131~(131 300 /3 )( 18 111~
~~3~ ~3111~ 01(111)( 0~0811~. .2 18 111~ $1~10111~12 ~0081301, ~111~111138 3 ~3111~ 011.6
10 2. 111~ ~00~-~11((~01 1088 18 ~)(~(~88~0 ~111~1(1~311~ 38

(13-17)

~11~(~ /(~ 18 111~ ~00~-~11((~01 ~0081301 300 0~~~008 00 111~ 11131~(131. 111~ 10131
~0(~ 1088 18

(13-18)

1-/0(~. 11 3 1(30810(111~( 18 0~81~0~0 10 0~~(31~ 31 60 1-12 300 11 18 0~~(31~0 31

3 111~11~( 1(~()11~0~~, 111~ ~0(~ 1088 ~11110~(~38~ 81~0111~3011~.

58~. 8-2 553

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 5~/~0/1//19 (=/.1/10~/0/15 0(
00/1~8,,~8,,5

111~ 001~0101 (1 ~011~~(1~( 0~~~1105 011111~ 5~11~11111~ ~(111~(11 01111~ ~011~~(1~( 5~11~11~5
(1110 111~ 111~01 ~011(1~~ (0( ~0((~111). 8111111(1( 10 1111~(1( 5)151~111, 111~ 001~01 ((0(1111111~5
01 (1 ~011~~(1~( ~(111 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 111 1~(1115 01 111~ 111~01 ((0(1111111~5, 0)1 5~~~1(0111
1110111~11~(111011. 111~ (1(((111~~111~111 01 (1 5111~1~-~11(15~ ~011~~(1~( 15 5110~11 111 ~1~.
~-1(1. 1111,(6) (1110 1,(6) (1(~ 111~ 111~01 ~011(1~~ (1110 ~0((~111, (~5~~~11~~1)1, 111~ ~0(-
(~5~0110111~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ (1110 ~0((~111 (1(~ 110(6) (111010(6), (~5~~~11~~1)1. 111~ 111~01
~0010 0~ ~1111~( (1 ~011(1~~ 500(~~ 0( (1 ~0((~111 500(~~.

~0~1399 50(1...~9. ~0( (1 ~011(1~~ 500(~~, 111~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ 110(6) ~(111 0~
(~1(11~0 10 111~01 ~011(1~~ 11,(6) 0)1

(~-1 )
~11~(~ 5(6) 15 111~ 5~11~11111~ 1011~11011 01111~ ~011~~(1~( (15 5110~11111 ~1~. ~-10. 5(6)
0~~~1105 011 111~ 1)1~~ 01 ~011~~(1~( (1110 111~ ~(11111~ ~(111~(11 01111~ 5~11~11~5. 11 81,
82,83, (1110 84 (1(~ 111~ ~(11111~ 51~11(115 10( 5~11~11~5 (21, (22, (23, (1110 (24, (~5~~~11~~1)1,
111~ 5~11~11111~ 1011~11011 15

5(6) = 81 - 84 = 83 - 82

554

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 ~0~1/9,19,
~-----1 ~191
~(1(6) 01 . 6
1 .. 2..

1
~194
~.. 211
~~8
~..,0(6) 5(6)

~~.. 2..
6
0
~02
1..._____-1 -1
(~) ~0~1/9,.9, 51,~~1~,9 (~) 5~(1~~~~91~~~1~0~

~.(8)/,(6) = ~0(8)/0(6)

~0(8) /.(6)
5(8) = = (~-2)
~.(8) /0(8)

/.(8) = 5(8)/0(8) (~-3)

00~~ 5(8) 15 ~00~0, ~0(8) ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0. ~0(8) 01 10~0 0~ 111~1030 1111~~0-
30~~, ~1 ~5 /0(8)~ 300 /.(6) ~30 0~ ~01100 ~(01118~. (~-3).

~ 8.,1 50 ~8. 10 111~ ~35~ 0~ ~11((~01 5011(~~, 111~ 10~111 ~11((~01 (~1113105
~0051301, /.(8) = /. 300 111~ 0111~111~11((~01 /0(6) ~30 0~ (~131~0 10 10~111 ~11((~01 /.,

/0(8) = 5(8)/. (~-4)

~0(6)/0(8) = ~.(8)/.(8)

~.(8) = 5(6)~0(6) (~-5)

~.(8) /0(6)
5(8) = = (~-6)
~0(8) /.(6)

111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~1100 0~ 3 510~1~-~1135~ ~1111-0(10~~ 10 ~(1~( 10 ~1~. 8-23, 15 5110~0

10 ~1~. ~-2. 1~ 81 300 84 3(~ 111~ ~3110~ 51~0315 ~0( 5~11~11~5 (21 300 (24, (~5~~~11 ~1~,

555

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 ~91
0 /
1(

~194
/
1(
8(9)
1

0 1(
..1~11..~ ~.2 5~1((1110~ 1110((100 01 510-
-1 ~1~-))11~5~ 11111-0(10~~ 10.,,~((~(.

=1 ~0( 0 ~ 8 ~ 10

=- 1 ~0( 10 ~ 8 ~ 210

1~ /0 15 111~ ~1100(101~01(11 ~(~()11~0~~ 0~ 111~ 10~~(1~(,

8 = ())(
= 210/0( (~-7)

00
.4
5(8) = 20 + _ ~ (.4,, ~05 ~8 + 8,, 510~8)
,,-1,2,... (~-8)
1(
2 4
8,, = - ~0( ~ = 1, 3, ...
10 10 5(8) 510~8 (/8 = -~10
011~ 10 11(11~-~(1~~5~0101~1(~, .40 = .4,, = 0.
8110511111110~.40, .4,,, (1008,, 10 ~(). (~-8) ~1~105
00

5(8) = -4 ~ 510 ~8
(~-9)
10 ,,=1,3,5,... ~

1~ 111~ 10~111 ~011(1~~, ~111~1115 0~, 15 ~,(8) = ~5, ~(). (~-1) ~1~~5 111~ 0111~111~011(1~~
(15

(~-10)

~111~1115 111~ 5(101~ (15 ~(). (8-9). ~0( (1 111(~~ ~11(15~ ~011(1~~-5011(~~ 10~~(1~( 10 ~1~.
8-5, 111~(~ (1(~ 111(~~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~6005~ 51(8) 81 - 84,52(8) =
= 83 - 86, (100
53(8) = 85 - 82. 111~(~ ~111 0~ 111(~~ 110~-10-110~ 0111~111~011(1~~5~0((~5~00010~
10 111(~~ 5~11~1110~ ~011(1~~5, 0(101~1~ ~,,0(8) = 51(8)~,(8), ~0~(8) = 52(8)~,(8), (100
~~,,(8) = 53(8)~,(8).

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111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~1100 0~ 3 510~1~-~1135~ 0(1~~~ (~~11~1~( 15 111~ 53111~ 35 11131 0~ 111~
510~1~-~1135~ ~1111-0(1~~~ 10~~(1~(. 1~ 111~ 10~111 ~0113~~ 15 ~((8) = ~,,, 510 8, ~()5.
(~-1) 30~ (~-9) ~1~~ 111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 35

(~-11 )

4~,,,
= 10
~
,,~1,3,5,...
~05 (11 - 1)8 -
211
~05 (11 + 1)8
(~-12)

2~,,, 1 1
= - 10 ( 1 - ~05 28 + -3 ~05 28 - - ~05
3 48

1 1 1 1 . . .)
+ - ~05 48 - - ~05 68 + - ~05 68 - - ~05 88 +
5 577
2~,,, ~~05 ~ ~ . . .)
28 - 48 - 68
(1
= - ~05 ~05 -
10 3 15 35
2~,,, _ 4~,,,
= 10 10,,,
~ ~
~052 2/118
1 4/11 - 1
(~-13)

~()1131100 (~-13) 15 111~ 53111~ 35 ~(). (2-63). 111~ 11(51 ~3(1 0~ ~(). (~-13) 15 111~
3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 30~ 111~ 5~~00~ ~3(1 15 111~ (1~~1~ ~0051301 00 111~ 0111~111
~0113~~.
~0( 3 111(~~-~1135~ (~~11~1~( 10 ~1~5. 2-183 30~ 4-93, 111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~11005
3(~ 51(8) = 81 - 84, 52(8) = 83 - 86, 30~ 53(8) = 85 - 82. 1~ 111~ 111(~~ 10~111
~1135~ ~0113~~5 3(~ ~(1,,(8), ~0,,(8), 30~ ~~,,(8), 111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5
(~-14 )

111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~1100 0~ 3 510~1~-~1135~ ~1111-0(1~~~ 10~~(1~( ~1111 51011501~31 ~1115~-

~1~1111110~11131100 (5~~~) 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. ~-3. 111~ ~3110~ ~1115~5 3(~ ~~0~(31~~
3(~ 111~ ~3110~
0~ ~0111~3(10~ 3 ~0510~ ~3~~ ~1111 1(130~1113( ~1115~5. 1~ 81 30~ 84
51~0315 ~0( 5~11~11~5 (21 30~ (24, (~5~~~11~~1~, 111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~1100 15

00
./1
5(8) = 20 + _~ (./1,, ~05 118 + 8,, 510 118) (~-15)
,,-1,2,...

557

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 -((
2
~,, = - 5(6) ~08 116 06
10 10
-((/2
4
= -10 10 5(6) ~08 116 06

4
,.2 ,..
= -.,. (1 (11
~08 116 06 +1 (13
~08 116 06

/1
4
= -1110 ~
111~ 1,2,3,...
(( -1)111 811111~111) (~-16)

011~ 10 ()11(1..1~..-~(1~~ 8~111111~1..~, /3,, = ~0

~(). (~-15) ~1~108

5(6) ~~,, ~08 116

,,= 1,3,5,...
00 /1
4
= 1110,,=1~5,... ( 111~~,3,... (-1)111811111~111~08116
)
(~-17)

1~ 111~ 111~111 ~011(1~~ 18 ~,(8) ~5, ~()8. (~-1) (1110 (~-17) ~1~~ 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~
(18

~5 ~
,,= 1,3,5,...
~,, ~08 118 (~-18)

558

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11111~ 111()111~01138~ 18 ~,(6) = ~,,. ~08 6, ~()8. (~-1), 3110 (~-17) 81~~ 111~0111()111
~01138~ 38
00

~0(6) =~,,. ~ ~,,~08

,,= 1,3,5,...
116 ~08 6 (~-19)

00
~
=
~
2 ~
,,~1,3,5,...
~,, (~08 (11 - 1)6 + ~08 (11 + 1)6)

= 0.5~,,.(~1(~08 0 + ~08 26) + ~3(~08 26 + ~08 46)

+ ~5(~08 46 + ~08 66) + . . .)
~~1 ~,,-1 + ~,,+1
= ~ _~~
+ ~ ,,. ,,-2,4,6,... 2
~08 116 (~-20)

111~ 11(81 ()3(1 01 ~(). (~-20) 18 111~ 3~~(38~ 0111()111~01138~ 3110 111~ 8~~0110 ()3(118
111~ (1()()1~ ~01138~. ~()11311011 (~-20) 18 ~3110, ()(0~10~0 11131111~ 111()111~01138~ 3110
111~ 8~11~111118 11111~110113(~ ~08111~ ~3~~10(1118.
111 111~ ~38~ 01 8111~ ~3~~8, 111~ 111()111~01138~ 18 ~,(6) = ~,,. 81116 3110 111~
8~11~111118 11111~11011 18

00

5(6) = ~
,,=1,3,5,...
~,, 8111116 (~-21)

00

~0(6) = ~,,. ~
,,~1,3,5,...
~,, 81116 8111116 (~-22)

~,,.
~
= 2 ,,=1,3,5,... ~,, (~08 (11 - 1)6 - ~08 (11 + 1)6)

= 0.5~,,. (~1 (~08 0 - ~08 26) + ~3(~08 26 - ~08 46)

+ ~5(~08 46 - ~08 66) + . . .)

(~-23)

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 0

~11~11 111~ 8~11~11 51 111 ~1~. 2-13 18 ~108~0 31 ( = 0, 111~ ~113(~111~ ~11((~111 01111~
~3113~110( ~311 0~ 1011110 1(0111

(0-1 )

~111111111131 ~0110111011~ 1)~(1 = 0) = 0.

08111~ 111~1.,31113~~,8 1301~ 0-1, ~~. (0-1) ~311 0~ 1(311810(111~0111101.,31113~~,8 001113111
01.5.

3110 801~111~ 10( 111~ ~11((~1111(.5) ~1~~8

1(.5) = (0-2)
~(.5 ~ ~)

560

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 ....~8...~ 0-, 50~~ ~~...~~~,5
,..~,6.~5~0~~,6. ,..~0~5

1(1) ,.-(5)

1
-
5

1
-
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~-0/.1
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52 + ~2

1.(1) 5,.-(5) -
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1..(1)
,.-. (0)

(0-3)

1 (/
1)0(() = 1 0( = ~5 (1 - €-,./) (0-4)
~ )0
(
111 111~ 81~30~-8131~ (31 = (0),

15 = 1(( = (0) = 0
~0 = 1)0(( = (0) = ~5/~

1~0 1~~1~31 ~1., ~1(~11118 3(~ 8110~11 111 ~1~8. 2-23 3110 7-33. 111~ 1(31181~111 ~11((~111
111(011~11111~ 111011~10( 111 ~1~. 7-33 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 38

~5 = 1)1.- + 1)8. + ~ = 1., + ~ 1 + ~ (0-5)

~~

58~. 0-2 561

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 ~111110111~1~00011100=1(/ = 0) = 11. 10 1.,~.,1~~~,800111~100( 8, ~(). (0-5) 0~~0111~8
~ ~
-2 = /.., 8 1(8) - /.., 11 + ~ 1(8) + -
5 5

(0-6)

~11~..~ ~ = ~/ /..,
1~~108 10~~..8~ 1..~08(0..1110( ~(). (0-6) ~1~108

~
1(/) (1 - ~-~()
= -2~ + 11~-~( (0-7)

10 111~81~~0~ 81~1~ (~1 / = 00), 1. = 1(/ = 00) = ~./~

1( 111~..~18 0010111~1 ~11 ~0100 111~10011~10.., (1.~., 11 = 0) ~00 ~(). (0-7) 0~~0111~8

(0-8)

111~ 1..~081~01 ~11 ~01 111..011811111~~~.,11~110.. 10 ~18. 3-2~ 18 ~)(.,..~88~0 ~8

~. = 11~ + 11,, = /.., ~1

~/
+ ~~ .1/ 0/ + 11,,(/ = 0) (0-9)

~111110111~1~000111008=11,,(/ = 0) = 0 ~00 /(/ = 0) = 0. 10 1.,~.,1~~~,81..~08(0..111,

~(). (0-9) 0~~0111~8

(0-10)

~11~..~ (0,,, = 1/~(/..,~)

111~ 10~~..8~ 1..~08(0..111 0( ~(). (0-10) ~1~108 111~ ~11~..8108 ~11 ~01 ~8

.(/) ~ ~.
~ 5.0 (00./) (0-11)

562

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 (0-12)

~0((~111 01/,,. 3.110 1111113.1 ~3.~3.~110( ~0113.~~

~111...~ ~1(~011 ~110 3.111111113.111100~10(

01 ~0 18 800~11 111~1~. 3-183.. 10~ ~3.~3.~110( ~0((~11118 ~)(~(~88~0 3.8

(0-13)

~110 1111113.1~0110111011= 1(1 = 0) = /,,. 3.1101)~(1= 0) = ~0. ~01~= 111~1~. 3-183.,

~018 800~11 3.8 ~~03.110 -2~5. 1111...3.~13.~~,8
00(113.111015, ~~. (0-13) 0~~0(11~8
~5 1 ~0
- = 1, 5 / ( 5) - 1, /,,. + - + -
5 ~5 5

3.110 801~111~ 10( 10~ ~0((~111 /(5) ~1~~8

~5 - ~0 5 /,,. (0-14)
( )
/5=7 22 +22
1..- (5 + 00,,.) 5 + 00,,.

~0~(~ 00,,. = 1/~(1,~)

10~ 111~~(8~1(3.11810((1101 ~~. (0-14) ~1~108

~110 10~ ~3.~3.~110(

.(,) ~

~0113.~~
(1/,

3.8
- 1/0)
~ 5.. (.,,,,,1) + 1~ 005 (.,,~,) (0-15)

(0-16)

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0110~( 51~(0)1-5131~ ~01101110115, 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 01 ~0~~( ~011~~(1~(515, ~~11~(311)1,
3 ~~(1001~ 1011~11011 0111(11~ 0~1111~0 0)1

(~-1 )
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11/15 111~ 1(~()0~11~)1 01111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 111 112, 111~ 311~013( 1(~()0~11~)115

2,,-
(1)=-=2,,-/ (~-2)
1
3110 ~(). (~-1) ~311 0~ (~~(111~11 35

1)0((1)() = 1)0((1)1+ 2,,-) (~-3)

111~ ~00(1~( 111~0(~(11 5131~5 11131 3 ~~(1001~ 1011~11011 1)0(1) ~311 0~ 0~5~(10~0 0)1 3
~011513111 1~((11 ~105 311 111111111~ 5~(1~5 01 5111~ 3110 ~05111~ 1~((115 011(~()0~11~)1 /1(1),
~11~(~ /1 15 311 1111~~~(. 111~(~10(~, 1)0(1) ~311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 35

1)0(1) = 00 + ~
,,~ 1,2,
(0,, ~05 /1(1)( + 0,, 5111/1(1)() (~-4 )

564

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~11~(~ 0.0 15 111~ (1~~((1~~ ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, ~0(().
(1110 0,, ~(111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 1(0111 111~ 10110~111~ ~)(~(~5510115 ~

(~-5)

(~-6)

(~-7)

11 ~0(() ~(111 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 (15 (111(111(11)111~(1111111~11011,111~5~ ~01151(11115 ~(111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0

0)1 (1 5111~1~ 1111~~((111011. 11 ~0(() 15 015~0111111110115, ~111~1115 111~ 11511(111)1111~ ~(15~ 10(
111~ 0111~111 01 ~011~~(1~(5, 5~~~((111111~~((1110115 (0~~( 111~ ~1101~ ~~(100 01111~ 0111~111
~011(1~~) 1111151 0~ ~~(10(111~0 10 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~01151(11115, 0.0, 0.,, (1110 0,,.

0.,, ~05 11())( + 11())(

0,, 5111

0.,,
,, + 02,,) 1/2
= (0.2 (~-8)
( ~0.~ +
1.,~1115 0~1111~ (111 (111~1~ ~,,, ~1105~ (10)(1~~111 510~ 15 0,,, 0~~0511~ 510~ 15 0.,,, (1110 111~
11)1~01~11115~ 15 (0.~ + 0~)1/2. ~5 (1 (~51111, ~(). (~-8) 0~~0111~5

0.,, ~05 11())( + 0,, 5111 11())( = (0.~ + 0~)1/2 (5111 ~,, ~05 11())( + ~05~,, 5111 11())()

(0.~ + 0~)1/2 5111(11())( + ~,,) (~-9)

~11~(~ ~,,= 1(111- 1 (~-10)

(~~)
51105111111111~ ~(). (~-9) 11110 ~(). (~-4), 111~ 5~(1~5 111(1)1(1150 0~ ~(111~11 (15

~0(() = 0.0 + ,,~ 1,2,.. 5111 (11())( +

~~,, ~,,) (~-11 )

~11~(~ ,, ~= (0.~ + 0~)1/2 (~-12 )

~,, (1110 ~,, (1(~ 111~ ~~(1/( 111(1~1111110~ (1110 111~ 0~1(1)1 (111~1~ 01111~ 1111111(1(1110111~ ~0111-
~011~111 01111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, ~0((), (~5~~~11~~1)1.
11111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 11(15 111~ 11(111-~(1~~ 5)1111111~1()1, 111~ 11111110~( 011111~~((1110115
~1111111111~ ~1101~ ~~(100 ~(111 0~ (~011~~0 51~11111~(11111)1. ~ ~(1~~10(11111(15 111~ ~(0~~(1)1
0111(111-~(1~~ 5)1111111~1()111111~ ~(1~~10(111 5(111511~5 111~ 10110~111~ ~01101110115~

~0(() = -~0(( + 1/2) (~-13 )

0( ())() ())( (~-14)
~ 0( = - ~ 0( + 10)

565

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1111118~ 0( 111~ ~05111~~ 11111(-~11~~, 0111 ~11115~ 5111(1~0 0)1 1/2 $ (0( 70 (110) ((0111 111~
~05111~~ 11111(-~11~~. ~ ~11~~(0(111 ~1111 11 11111(-~11~~ 5)1111111~1()1 00~5 001 1111~~ 111~
~~~0 1111(111001~5(11111115, 11 = 2, 4, 6, . . .) 1100 ~055~55 001)1111~ 000 1111(111001~5
(11111115, 11 = 1, 3, 5, . . .). 011~ 111~ 11111(-~11~~ 5)1111111~1()1,111~ 11~~(11~~ ~11111~15
2~(0, (1.~., (10 = 0.) ~~111111005(~-6), (~-7) 1100 (~-11) 0~~0111~

(1,, = 11 1)0(() ~05 110)( ()( 1270

~ =~ 1)0(0)€) ~05 110)(()(0)(), 11 = 1, 3, 5, ...

11 = 1,3,5, . . .
00
1)0(() = ~ ~,, 510 (110)(+
,,= 1,3,5,...
~,,)

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 /...15~1/19 0( 80171(1/.1~8,, /=1,,09,,81715
1/1/8~-/=18 8/3.5/8/3.

********* ~~08-1 **********

20 ~~5
30 01~ ~~~~(20), ~~~~0(20), 8(100)
40 ~~~ 0~1~0~~ ~~~ ~~8~~ ~~~~0~~.10~
1..
50 ~~1~. ..~0. 0~ ~~15~5 ~~... ~(31~ ~~~1~
60 1~~0. ~~
100~)( 1 ~55 ~~(30 1 1..
70 ~~ 1~. ..~00~ 1(3~ 100
80 1~~0. ~~~ ,2- ..
..~15~ 0~ ~0~...1~... ~0~~~1~1~0~51 ~0... .,.~5 ,1- (300 ~0... ~0
82 ~~1~.
83 1~~0. ~~
..~ 19~~5~ 0~51...~0 ~(3.../11001 ~ ~0(11~00~0~ 1 ~55 ~~(30 100..
84 ~~ 1~.

85 1~~0. ~~
87 ~~5
90 ~1=4(*~.~(11)
97 ~~1~. ..1987 ~0~~...19~~ 0~ ~.~. ~(35~10..
98 ~~ 1~. ..~19. 4-14 ~~-0~ ~00...~...~~...
~ 1~~ ~01 ~0...(11
~~~..
100 0~~.~~=(~1/~~)*~~~
110 ~~~.~=(~1/~~)/2
120 ~~~~(1)=~~~.~-0~~.~~/2
130 ~~~~0(1)=~~~~(1)*180/~1

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 140 0(~1~0=0(~1~~*180/~1
170 ~0~ ~=2 10 ~~
180 ~~~~(~)=~~~~(1)+(~1/~~)*(~-1)
190 ~~~~0(~)=~~~~(~)*180/~1
210 ~()(1 ~
220 ~~~)(=1
230 ~=0
240 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
250 ~=((05(~~~~(~))-(05(~~~~(~)+0(~1~~))+~
260 ~()(1 ~
270 ~0(=(~~~)(/~1).~/(5~~(2))
290 ~~=0
300 1~=1
310 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
320 (=0
330 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
340 (=(05(~.~~~~(~))-(05(~.(~~~~(~)+0(~1~~))+(
350 ~()(1 ~
360 8(~)=(2.1~/(~.~1)).(
365 1~ ~(=1 1~(~ ~~1~1 ..8(..~..) ..8(~)
=
380 ~()(1 ~
381 ~~ 1~1 ..~0. 0~ ~~ 15~5 ~~,..~81 ~-~~~ 18 ..~~
.. =
382 ~~ 1 ~1 ~00~ 181= 10,, 1,,(8)( ..
= ~~~
383 ~~1~1 ..~~158 ...,.01=~
.,, 089,..885
= ..0(~1~0
384 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
386 ~~1~1 ~~~~~1,, 089,..885
= ~~~~~0(~)
387 ~()(1 ~
..
388 ~~ 1~1 ~...8,..898
0~1=~~1= ...011=898 .,,
~ 0~ ~~5 1,,~~1= ...011=89~ = ..~0(.100
390 11=8(1)/5~~(2)
400 ~~ 1 ~1 ..~~5 ~~,,08018,,1=81 1 ,,~~1= ~~,..,..8,,1=
85 ~ 0~ 0~ 1080 ~~,..,..8,,1=
= ..11.100
405 5()~=0
410 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
420 5()~=5()~+8(~).8(~)/2
430 ~()(1 ~
440 15=5~~(5()~)
450 ~~1~1 ..~~5 1,,~~1= ~~,..,..8,,1= 85 ~ 0~ 0~ 1080 ~~,..,..8,,1=
=
..15.100

460 ~~=11/15
463 0~=1
465 ~~ 1 ~1 ..015~ 18~~,,1= ~8~1=0,.. = ..0~
470 ~~1~1 ..~0...,8,..
~8~1=0,.. =.. ~~

500 (~0

~~0~-2 ..........

30 (1..5

30 01~ 51..(25), ((25), )((90), ~(90), ~1..~~(25), ~1..~~0(25), 8(50)

40 ~(~ ~(-0( (0~~(~1(~ ~(1~ 51~()5010~1..~~~
50 ~~1~1 ..~0. 0~ ~~1585 ~8,..~81~ ~~~18 1..
60 1~~()1 ~~
70 ~~ (~1 ..~00~ 181=1~,, 1,,(8)( 1855 1=~8,, 1 1..
,
80 1~~()1~~~

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 ~0,.. ~(5 ,1- 8~0 ~0,.. ~0 ,2- ..
82 ~~1~1 .,~151= 0~ ~0~,..1€,.. ~0€~~1~1€~1=51
83 1~~1.11 ~(
100..
84 ~~ 1~1 ../-119~€51= 0€51 ,..€0 ~8,../110~1~ ~001~0~€~1= 1€55 1=~8~
85 1~~1.11 ~,..
87 (~5
90 ~1=41*~1~(11)
97 ~~ 1~1 ..1987 (0~)/,..19~1= 0)/ ,... /-1. ~85~ 10..
98 ~~ 1~1 ..~ 19. 4-15 ~(-0( ~0~~€,..1=€,.. ~ 11=~ 51 ~~501081 ~~/1..
100 ~5=2*~~
102 10~=.001
104 ~0~ ,..=1 10 ~5
106 5~(,..)=((-1)~/1)*~5/~1
108 ~()(1 ,..
109 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51(~ 2
110 ((/1)=/1
111 ~()(1 /1
112 ~0~ /1=2 10 ~5 51(~ 2
113 ((/1)=-(/1-1)
114 ~()(1 /1
116 ~ ( 1 ) =~/1~
118 )((1)=~1/2
119 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
120 ~0~ 1=1 10 50
122 /-(=1+1
124 )((/-()=(~(1)-((,..))/5~(/1)
126 ~(/-()=~/1~*51~()((/-())
128 )()(=~85()((/-()-)((/-(-1))
130 1~ )()((10~ 1/-1(~ 134
132 ~()(1 1
134 ~~~~(/1)=)((1)
136 ~()(1 ,..
138 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
140 ~~~~0(/1)=~~~~(,..)*180/~1
142 ~()(1 /1
220 ~,..~)(=1
230 ~=0
240 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51(~ 2
250 ~=((05(~~~~(/1))-(05(~~~~(/1+1)))+~
260 ~()(1 /1
270 ~0(=(~/1~)(/~1)*~/(5~~(2))
290 ~~=0
300 1~=1
310 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~/1
320 0=0
330 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51(~ 2
340 0=((05(~*~~~~(/1))-(05(~*~~~~(,..+1)))+0
350 ~()(1 /1
360 8(~)=(2*1~/(~*~1))*0
365 1~ ~(=1 1/-1(~ ~~1~1 ~8(~~~) = ~8(~)
380 ~()(1 ~

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 381 ~~1~. ..~0. 0~ ~~15~5 ~~... ~81~-~)(~1~ = .~~
382 ~~ 1~. ..~00~ 18~ 10,, 1,,0~)( = ..~~~
384 ~0~ ~=1 .0 ~5
386 ~~1~. ~~~~~1,, 0~9...~~5 = ~~~~~0(~)
387 ~~)(. ~
.. ~~~...89~
388 ~~ 1~. 0~~~~~ 01 ~89~ 1,, ~ 0~ ~~5 1,,~~~ ~01 ~89~ = ..~0~. 100
390 11=8(1)/5~~(2)
400 ~~ 1~. ..~~5 ~~,,08/11~,,~81 1,,~~~ ~~ ~,,~ 85 ~ 0~ 0~ 1080 ~~ ~,,~= ..11. 100
405 5(.1~=0
410 ~0~ ~=1 .0 ~~
420 5(.1~=5(.1~+8(~).8(~)/2
430 ~~)(. ~
440 15=5~~(5(.1~)
450 ~~ 1~. ..~~5 1,,~~~ ~~ ~,,~ 85 ~ 0~ 0~ 1080 ~~ ~,,~ = ..15.100
460 ~~=11/15
463 0~=1
465 ~~ 1~. ..015~ 18~~,,~ ~8~~0... = ..0~
470 ~~1~. ..~0~~... ~8~~0... =.. ~~
500 ~~0

~~06-3 ..........
2 ~~5
4 ~~~ 501~~10,, ~0... ~)(8~1~ 6-4
5 1~~(.1. ..0~~~ ~ ~~6~~ 1~ 0~6~~~5 1 .., ~~~ 1
10 ~~~=~~~1.3.1415927*/180
15 1,.,,~(.1. ..1 ,.,,~(.1. ~0~ .~6~ 1 .., ~5
20 1,.,,~(.1. ..1 ,.,,~(.1. ~~~~(.1~,.,,~~ 1 .., ~
30 1,.,,~(.1. ..~0~0 ~~51.~,.,,~~ 1 .., ~
40 1~~0. .. ~0~0 1~00~. ~~~~ 1~ /11~ 1 .., ~
42 ~1=4.~.,.,,(11)
45 ~=2.~1.~
50 )(~=~.~..001
55 ~~1~. ..1~~~0~,.,,~~ 0~ ~0~0 1~00~.~,.,,~~ .., )(~
=
105 ~~=~.~()(~/~)
110 ~~1=180.~~/~1
120 ~~1,.,,. ..~0~0 ~,.,,6~~ =.., ~~1
130 0~~6=.25
140 06=0~~6.~1/180
152 8~.1=~/-/
170 ~=1
180 ~1=(~/)(~).(~~~-8~.1)
190 ~2=~)(~(~1)
195 ~)(=51,.,,(~~~-~~)
200 ~3=~2.~)(
210 ~4=51~(8~.1-~~)
215 ,.,,=~+1
217 1~ ,.,,=1000 .~~,.,, 360
220 ~~=~85(~65(~3)-~85(~4))
222 1~ ~~(.001 .~~,.,, 360
230 8~.1=8~.1+06

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245 1~ ~4(0 .~(~ ~4=0
250 00.0 180
360 8(.=180*8(.1/~1
365 ~~(~. ..()(.(~0(0~ ~~(3(..( =.., 8(.
380 .1=0
384 0((..=(8(.1-~(..~)/180
390 5(.)~=0
400 5(.)~~=0
402 (..=(..*.001
410 ~.=~(..~+0((..*.1
420 .=~./~
430 )(=-.+~(..~/~
440 )(=)(*~/(..
450 )(1=()(~()()
460 )(2=5(~(~(..~-~~)
470 )(3=)(2*)(1
480 )(4=5(~(~.-~~)
490 )(5=)(4-)(3
495 (~ )(5(0 .~(~ )(5=0
500 )()(=)(5*)(5
510 ~~=)(5
540 5(.)~=5(.)~+)()(
550 5(.)~~=5(.)~~+~~
555 .1=.1+1
560 1~ ~.)8(.1 .~(~ 800
570 (~ ~.=8(.1 .~(~ 800
580 00.0 410
800 5(.)~=5(.)~*0((../~(
810 5(.)~~=5(.)~~*0((../~(
811 5(.)~~=5(.)~~/50~(2)
820 ~1=~*~+)((..*)((..
830 ~1=5~~(~1)
840 (~=(~5/~1)*5~~(5(.)~)
850 (0=(~5/~1)*5(.)~~
860 ~~ (~. .. (~= .., ( ~, .. (0 .., (0
=
870 )(=8(.1-~(..~+.5*5(~(2*~(..~)-.5*5(~(2*8(.1)
880 ~0=~5*5~~()(//~1)
890 ~~(~. ..~~5 0,-=-0(.).~(.). ~0(...~(3( =
.., ~0
900 ~=2*(~*(~*~ .
905 ~~ (~. ..0(.).~(.),. ~~(~ =.. , ~
910 ~~=~/(~5*(~*5~~(2))
.., ~~
920 ~~1~,. ..~~~~ ,-=-~00~ =
930 (~0

**...*.-*** ~~(3-4 **********

5 ~(..5
8 ~~(~. ..()(8~1~ 6-7..
10 (~~(.),... (~~(.),. (..(~~ ~0(... ~(3~ 1 .., ~5
.., ~
30 (~~(.). ..(..0~0 ~(5(5.~~~( ~(~ ~~~5( 1
45 (~~(.),. ..0((..~~ ~~(3(..( (~ 0((3~((5 1 .., ~(..~1

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 70 )(=4*~.~(1.0)
80 ~~~=~~~1*)(/180
90 1~=5~~(2)*~5/~
91 ~)(=)(-~~~+51~(2*~~~)/2
92 ~0=~5*5~~(~)(/)()
93 ~~1~. ..00.~0. ~0~ .~()~ ~~~ ~~. (6-35) .., ~0
100 ~5=360
110 0~~=)(/~5
120 50~=0
122 50~=0
124 50(=0
130 .)=0
138 .1=~~~
139 1~ .1))(/3 0~ .1=)(/3 .~~~ .1=)(/3
140 ~=0~~*.)
150 1~=0
155 1(=1~*51~(~-4*)(/3)
156 1~ ~~~)2*)(/3 ~~0 ~(()(-~~~) .~~~ 1(=0
158 ~~=1~-1(
160 50~=50~+~~*~~
162 50~=50~+1~*1~
164 50(=50(+1(*1(
170 .)=..1+1
180 1~ ~).1 0~ ~=.1 .~~~ 300
200 ()0.0 140
300 .2=)(/3
320 ~=0~~*.)
322 1~=1~*51~(~)
324 1(=1~*51~(~-4*)(/3)
330 ~~=1~-1(
340 50~=50~+~~*~~
342 50~=50~+1~*1~
344 50(=50(+1(*1(
350 .)=..1+1
360 1~ ~).2 0~ ~=.2 .~~~ 400
370 ()0.0 320
400 .3=~~~+)(/3
405 ~=0~~*.)
410 1~=1~*51~(~)
411 1~ ~~~))(/3 ~~0 ~(~~~ .~~~ 1~=0
412 ((=0
416 ~~=1~-1(
420 50~=50~+~~*~~
422 50~=50~+1~*1~
424 50(=50(+1(*((
430 .)=..1+1
440 (~ ~).3 0~ ~=.3 .~~~ 500
450 (~ ~))( 0~ ~=)( .~~~ 500
460 00.0 405
500 .4=)(
510 ~=0~~*.)

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512 1~=1~*51~(~)
514 1(=1~*51~(~-4*~/3)
520 ~~=1~-1(
530 50~=50~+~~*~~
532 50~=50~+1~*1~
534 50(=50(+1(*1(
540 ..1=..1+1
550 1~ ~)14 0~ ~=14 1~~~ 600
560 1~ ~)~ 0~ ~=~ 1~~~ 600
570 6010 510
600 ~~1~1 ..~ 0~ 5~~~~~5 = ..,..1
620 1~=50~(50~/..1) .., 1~
625 ~~1~1 ..~~5 ~~~0~ 0~ ~~~5~ ~ =
630 1(=50~(50(/..1) ( .., 1(
635 ~~1~1 ..~~5 (0~~~~1 0~ ~~~5~ =
640 1~=50~(50~/..1) .., 1~
645 ~~ 1~1 ..~~5 ~~~0~ 0~ ~ 1~~ (0~~~~1 ~ =
648 ~0=1~*~ ..,
649 ~~1~1 ..~~5 ~~~0~~ 0~ 001~01 ~~~5~ ~0~1~6~ = ~0
650 ~=1~*1~*~*3
660 ~~ 1~1 ..001~01 ~0~~~.. . ~
670 ~~=3*~5*1~
.., ~~
680 ~~ 1~1 ..~0~1-~~~ =
690 ~~=~/~~
.., ~~
700 ~~1~1 ..~~~~ ~~(10~ =
900 ~~0
********* ~~06-5 **********

5 (~5
10 ~~~ ..~~6-5..
30 01~ ~~~~~(20), ~~~~0(20), 8~(100), ~~(100), ~(100)
40 ~~~ 0~1~0~~ ~~~ ~~6~~ (~~(0~~110~
1..
50 ~~1~1 ..~0. 0~ ()~1585 ()8... 081~ ~~~18
60 1~~01 ~~
1..
70 ~~ 1~1 ..~00~ 18~ 100 10(8)( 1855 ~080 1
80 1~~01 ~~~ ,1- 800 ~0... ~0 ,2- ..
82 ~~1~1 ..~15~ 0~ ~0~...18... ~08~~1~180~51 ~0... ~~5
83 1~~01 ~( 100,.
84 ~~ 1~1 ..~ 19085~ 0851...80 08.../0001 ~ ~()(111)0080~ 1855 ~080
85 1~~01 ~~
87 (~5
90 ~1=41 *~1~(11)
97 ~~1~1 ..1987 (0()~...190~ 0~ ~.~. ~85010..
98 ~~1~1 ..~19. 8-11 10..,8...~8... ~1~0 ~01~0...01 ~~~..
100 0~~1~=(~1/~~)*~~~
105 0~~1~0=0~~1~*180/~1
110 (~~1~=(~1/~~)/2
120 ~~~~~(1)=(~~1~-0~~1~/2
130 ~~~~0(1)=~~~~~(1)*180/~1
170 ~0~ ~=2 10 ~~

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180 ~~~~~(~)=~~~~~(1)+(~1/~~)*(~-1)
190 ~~~~0(~)=~~~~~(~)*180/~(
210 ~~)(1 ~
220 ~5=1
225 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
230 ~=0
234 8=0
240 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
250 ~=51~(~*(~~~~~(~)+0~~1~/2))+~
253 8=~05(~*(~~~~~(~)+0~~1~/2))+8
260 ~~)(1 ~
265 ~~(~)=((4*~5/(~*~1))*51~(~*0~~1~/2))*~
270 8~(~)=((4*~5/(~*~1))*51~(~*0~~1~/2))*8
272 ~(~)=5~~(~~(~)*~~(~)+8~(~)*8~(~))/5~~(2)
273 1~ ~~=1 1~~~ ~~1~1 ~~~(~~~) ~ ~~~(~), ~8~(~~~) = ~8~(~), ~~(~~~) = ~~(~)
275 ~~)(1 ~
381 ~~ 1~,. ..~0. 0( ~~ 1585 ~8~ ~81 (-~~~ 18 = ..~~
382 ~~ 1~,. ..~0~ 181=10(1 1(108)( = ..~/1~
383 ~~1~,. ..~~158 ..,10~~ 1(1 089~885 ..0~~,.~0
=
384 ~0~ ~=1 ,.0 ~~
386 ~~1~,. ..()(..~..1(1089~885 ..~~~~0(~)
=
387 ~~)(,. /1
388 ~~ 1~,. ..
0( ..
~ ~(108~8(11=81 ~/15 0~~~~1= ..,01 ~898 1(1
~ 0~ 1(1~~1= ..,01
~898 = ~ (1 ) * 100
390 ~)(=~5*5~~(~~*0~~,.~0/180)
400 ~~1~,. ..~/15 0~1=~~~ ..,01~898 85 ~ 0( 0~ 1(1~~1= ..,01~898 =
.. ~)(*
100
410 ~~=(5~~(~)(*~)(-~(1)*~(1)))/~(1)
420 ~~1~,. ..~8~00(11~ (8~~0~ 1(1 ~ =
~
~~*100
425 50/1=0
430 ~0~ ~=2 ,.0 ~/1
440 50/1=50/1+(~(~)/(~~2))~2
450 ~~)(,. ~
460 0~=5~~(50~)/~(1)
465 ~~1~,. ..0151=0~1=10(1 (8~~0~ 1(1 ~ =
..
0~*100
500 ~~0

********* ~~6-6 **********

5 ~~5
10 ~~~ ..~~6-6.,
30 01/1 ~(25).~(100).~(90),)((90),~~~~(25),~~~~0(25).~~(50).8~(50)
40 ~~/1 5~~~ ~~6~~ ~~~~0~~,.10~
50 ~~1~,. ..~0.0( ~~1585 ~8~ ~81( ~~~18 1..

60 1~~0,. ~~
70 ~~ 1~1 ../100~18~ 10(1 1(108)( 1855 1=~8(1 1 1..
80 1~~0,. ~/1~
82 ~~1~,. ..~15~ 0( ~0~~18~ ~08((1~18(11=51 ~0~ ~~5 ,10 8(10 (0~ ~0 ,20 ,.
83 1~~0,. ~~
84 ~~ 1~,. .,~ 19~851= 085 1 ~80 ~8~00(1 1~ ~001~(18(11= 1855 1=~8(1 100..
85 1~~0,. ~/1
87 ~~5
90 ~ 1= 41 ~,.~ (11)
*

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 0)( ~. ~. ~85~ 10..
91 ~~ 1~1 ..1981 ~0~)( 19~~ 5~~~..
98 ~~1~1 ..~19. 8-13 10 8 ~8 ~1~~
100 ~5=2*~~
105 10~=.0001
110 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~5
115 5~(~)=((-1)~~)*((~5+2)/~1)
120 ~~)(1 /1
121 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~5 51~~ 2
122 ~(~)=/1+1
124 ~~)(1 ~
125 ~0~ /1=2 10 ~5 51~~ 2
130 ~(~)=-/1
135 ~~)(1 ~
140 ~(1 )=~/1~
145 )((1)=~1/2
150 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
155 ~0~ 1=1 10 90
160 ~=1+1
165 )((~)=(~(1)-~(/1))/5~(/1)
110 ~(~)=~~~*51~()((~))
115 )()(=~85()((~)-)((~-1))
180 1~ )()((10~ 1~~~ 6010 190
185 ~~)(1 1
190 ~~~~(/1)=)((1)
195 ~~)(1 /1
200 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
202 ~~~~0(/1)=~~~~(/1)*180/~1
206 ~~)(1 /1
220 ~5=1
225 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~/1
230 ~=0
234 8=0
240 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51~~ 2
250 ~=~05(~*~~~~(/1))-~05(~*~~~~(/1+1))+~
253 8=51~(~*~~~~(/1+1))-51~(~*~~~~(/1))+8
260 ~~)(1 /1
265 ~~(~)=((2*~5)/(~*~1))*~
210 8~(~)=((2*~5)/(~*~1))*8
212 ~(~)=50~(~~(~)*~~(~)+8~(~)*8~(~))/50~(2)
213 1~ ~~=1 1~~~ ~~1~1 ..~~(..~..) = ..~~(~), ..8~(..~..) = ..8~(~), ..~(..~..) = ..~(~)
215 ~~)(1 ~
381 ~~ 1~1 ..~0. 0~ ~-..1585 ~8 ~81 ~-~)(~ 18 =
..~~
.. .. ~/1~
382 ~~ 1~1 /100-..18~ 100 10(8)( = ..
383 ~~ 1~1 .. ~-..158 ~ 10~~ 10 089 885
384 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
386 ~~1~1 ..0(../1..10 089 885 = ..~~~~0(/1)
381 ~~)(1 /1 ..~( 1 )
388 ~~ 1~1 ..~-..0080180~81 ~/15 0-..~~-..~ 01 ~898 10 ~ 0~ 0~ 10~-..~ 01 ~898 = * 100
389 ~)(=0
390 ~5=1
391 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51~~ 2

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 392 ~~=~~~~(~+1)-~~~~(~)+~~
394 ~~~,. (1
396 ~~=~5*5~~(~~/~1)
400 ,,~1~,. ..~(15 00~~0~ ...01~898 85 ~ 0~ 0~ 10~0~ ...01~89~ = 11 ~)(.100
408 ~~=(5~~(~~*~~-~(1)*~(1)))/~(1)
420 ~~ 1~,. .1~8...010,,1~ ~8~~0... 1,, ~ = ..
~~* 100
425 50(1=0
430 ~0~ ~=2 ,.0 ~(1
440 50(1=50~+(~(~)/(~~2))~2
450 ~~~,. ~
460 0~=5~~(50~)/~(1)
465 ~~/~,. ..015~0,..~10,, 1=8~~0,.. 1,-, ~ =..
0~*100
500 ~~0

********* ~~06-7 **********

5 ~~5
10 ~~~ ..~~06-7..
30 01~ 5~(25),~(25),~(100),~(90),~(90),~~~~(25),~~~~0(25),~~(50),8~(50)
40 ~~~ 5~~~ ~~6~~ ~~~~0~~,.10~
50 ~~ 1~,. ..~0. 01= ~ 15~5 1,-, ~~~ 1=1,..5~ 60 0~9,..~~5 1..
60 /~~0,. ,.,,~
70 ~~1~,. ..~00 18~10,, 1,,0~)( 1~55 ~~8,-, 1 1..
80 1~~0,. ~~~
82 ~~1~,. ..~15~ 01= ~0 ,..1~,.. ~0~1=~1~1~,,~51 ~0,.. ~~5 ,1- 8,-,01=0,.. ~0 ,2- ..
83 1~~0,. ~~
84 ~~ 1,.,,,. ..~ 19~~5~ 0~51 ,..~0 ~8,..00,, 1~ ~0/11~0,,~,,~ 1~55 ~~8,, 100..
85 1~~0,. ,.,,~
87 ~~5
90 ~1=41*~,.~(11)
97 ~~ 1,.,,,. ..1987 ~0~)/...19~~ 0)/ ~. ~. ~85~ 10..
98 ~~1~,. ..~19. 8-15 1,-,...~,..~~,.. ~1~~ 0001~1~0 5~~~..
100 ~5=2*~~
105 ,.0~=.0001
110 ~0~ ~=1 ,.0 ,.,,5
115 5~(~)=((-1)~~)*(3*(~5+1)/~1)
120 ~~~,. ~
121 ~0~ ~=1 ,.0 ~5 5,.~~ 2
122 ~(~)=~+1
124 ~~~,. (1
125 ~0~ ~=2 ,.0 ~5 5,.~~ 2
130 ~(~)=-~
, 135 ~~~,. ~
.,
136 ~~,.=2*,.,,5+2
38 ~~,.=,.,,~,./2
1 0 ~(1)=~~~
1 ~(1)=~1/2
15 ~0~ ~=1 ,.0 ~5
155 ~0~ 1=1 ,.0 90
160 =1+1
165 (~)=(~(1)-~(~))/5~(~)
170 ~(~)=~(1~*51,.,,(~(~))

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175 ~~=~85(~(~)-~(~-1))
180 1~ ~~(.0~ .~~~ 80.0 184
182 ~~~. 1
184 ~~~~01)=~(1)
186 ~~~. ...

188 ~~~~(~5+1)=~1/3
190 ~~~~(~5+2)=2*~1/3
192 ~~5=~5+1
194 ~0~ ...=~~5.0 ~~.
195 .1=~~ +1
196 ~~~~(...)=~1-~~_~~(.1)
198 ~~~. ...
200 ~0~ ...=1 .0 ~~.
202 ~~~~0(...)=~~~~(...)*180/~1
206 ~~~. ...
220 ~5=1
225 ~0~ ~=1 .0 ~...
230 ~=0
234 6=0
240 ~0~ ...=1.0 ~~. 5.~~ 2
250 ~=(05(~*~~~~(...))-(05(~*~~~~(...+1))+~
253 8=51~(~*~~~~(...+1))-51~(~*~~~~(...))+8
260 ~~~. ...
265 ~~(~)=((2*~5)/(~*~1))*~
270 8~(~)=((2*~5)/(~*~1))*8
272 ~(~)=50~(~~(~)*~~(~)+8~(~)*8~(~))/50~(2) ~~(~)
~~~(~), ~8~(~~~) ~8~(~), ~~(~~~) =
273 1~ ~(=1 .~~~ ~~1~. ~~~(~~~) =
275 ~~~. ~
..~~.
381 ~~1~. ..~0.0~ ~~15~5 ~~~ ~81~-~~~1~
..
=
(10~)( ~...~
382 ~~ 1~. 00~ 18~ 10(1 1 =
..~(191 ~5 8~~ 1 (1 0~9~~~5
..

384 ~~ 1~.
385 ~0~ ...=1 .0 ~~.
~~~...~1(1 0~9~~~5 = ~~~~~0(...)
386 ~~1~.
387 ~~~. ... ..~ ( 1 ) *100
..~~(10801~(1~81 ~...5 0~~~~~ ...01~89~ 1 (1 1. 0~ 0~ 1 (1~~~ ...01~89~ =
388 ~~ 1~.
389 ~~=0
390 ~5=1
391 ~0~ ...=1.0 ~~. 5.~~ 2
392 ~~=~~~~(...+1)-~~~~(...)+~~
394 ~~~,.. ...
396 ~~=~5*50~(~~/~1) ..
1~,.. ..~...5 0~~~~~ ...01~89~ 85 1. 0~ 0~ 1 (1~~~ ...01~89~ = ~~*100
400 ~~
408 ~~=(50~(~~*~~-~(1)*~(1)))/~(1) ..
420 ~~1~,.. ..~8~010(11~ ~8~~0~ 1(1 1. =
~~*100
425 5(.)...=0
430 ~0~ ~=2 .0 ~...
440 5(.)...=5(.)...+(~(~)/(~~2))~2
450 ~~)(. ~
460 0~=50~(5(.)...)/~(1)
..
1,..,..
..0 1 5~0~~ (1 0~*100
465 ~~ 10(1 ~8~~0~ 1 1. =

500 ~,..0

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 81001008.0,~. .6., 1-/0~. 0. 1-1010., 11,./11~/()/~5 /111/~,.(~,.0,.~~/(5. ~~~ ~0~/(= 10011 ~1)~~
01
80 50118, 111~., 1964.
818.0, 8. ~., 1-/0 1(. 0. 1(11-/(), .411 /11(,.00~~(/011 (0 110~~,. ~/~~(,.011/~5. ~01~0~81~~, ~~81
51188~)(, .611~)3110=10011 ~1)~~ 80 50118 1,10., 1983.
~5 /(1, ~., 1(. 0 1-/52/(~, 1.1~51.5, 1-/0 5. ~ 8..1, 110~~,. ~/~~(,.011/~5. 81103))~81= ,6./(30~111131
1(1300, 1980.
0 , 5. ~., 110~~,. ~/~~(,.011/~5 ~ ~011(,.0/. ~~81011, ~3.= ~~81011 ~110)180111~~0., 111~.,
1985.
0 ~18, ~. ~., 110~~,. 1)/00~ (1110 7/1)1,./5(0,. 0,.~~/(5. 51~,,,~113~~, 1-1~~18, .611~)3110= 11181111111011
01.6)~~1~1~3) .611~111~~~8, 1979.
010~ 1-/, 5. 8., 1-/0 ,6.. 5.~0()1-/101-/, 110~~,. 5~/11/~0110~~(0,. 0,.~~/(5. ~~~ ~0~/(= 10011
~1)~~ 80 50118, 111~., 1984.
010~ 1-/, 5. 8., 0. ~. 5/..10~01-/, 1-/0,6.. 5.8 0()1-/101-/, 110~~,. 5~/11/~0110~~(0,.1),./1/~5. ~~~
~0~/(= 10011 ~1)~~ 80 50118, 111~., 1975.
0~11~,.(1/ ~/~~(,./~ 5~~ /.1(111~(1/ 6(/1 ~(/. 08 101-/ 1-/, 0. ~., 1-/0~. 8. 00/..0101-/, .611~)~~000
01118, ~.1.= ~~~1111~~-1-13)), 111~., 1982.
00../..1108, 1. ~., 110~~,. ~011(,.0/ ~/(/1 50//0 5((1(~ 1)~1//~~5. ~~81011, ~3.
~~8(011 ~110)180111~
~0., 111~., 1985. =

1-1100~ 1-/1-/, 1(., 8(15/~ 11,./11~/()/~5 01110~~,. ~/~~(,.011/~5. ~~~ ~0~)(= 5))~111~~~- ~~~)3~, 1986.
1-11-/ 10/(,.6. ~., 1)~5/811 0150//0 5((1(~ 110~~,. 5~()()//~5. ~~~ ~0~)(= ~311 ~081~3110 ~~11100)0
~0111))311~, 111~., 1981.

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1-10~..., ~. 0., 5~8. ..41111//~(1(/0115 1/(1110000/(. 8~~1111(10, ~(111~~ 1111~(11(111011(11 ~~~11~1~( ~0(-

~0((111011, 1974.

1-10~..., ~. 0., 5~111/~0110~~(0, /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5. ~~~ ~0(~~ ~(111 ~081((111(1 ~~1110.01(1 ~0111-
~(111~, 111~., 1986.

1(1-088, ,.,,., ..4 /3(15/~ 0~/0~ 70 /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118, 111~.,
1984.
1(1.181(0, ,.,,., 50//0 5((1(~ /)~ ~0(0, /),/11~5. ~(11110(1(1~~, ~(188.~ 10.~ ~11 ~(~88, 1969.
~(11(1~110.~(1(1, 13~(~80.1(~, 811~1(111(1~~~0((1~-1-11111300~
1.~1-/1)10~, ~. ~., /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5.
~0111~(111~ (0.1(.) 1.1(1., 1981.

1.1001-/~~1), ~., ~011(,0/ 0/ ~/~~(,/~(1/ /),/11~5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 8~(111~~(-~~(1(1~, 1985.

1.11-/1)8~~, 1. ~., ~1-/1)~. 1-1. ~~8811), ~/~~(,0111~~11(111/~5 (1110 ~/~~(,/~(1/ ~(1~11/11~1)1. 811~1~-
~00(1 01~~8, ~ .1. ~ ~(~1111~~-1-1(111, 111~., 1986.
1, ~10, ~. ~., /10~~, ~01111~,(~, 1/(1110000/(. ~~1~(00(011~0., 0111. ~ ~(111(1(11(1110~11~((11 81~~1(1~
~0111~(111~ 1.1(1., 1976.
~~21)~, ~. ~., 711)1,/5(0, ~011(,0/. ~0.1~0.~81~(, ~~81 81188~)(, 811~1(111(1~100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118
1,1(1., 1973.
~)1~/0~01111~,(~,5. ~(11110(1(1~~, ~(188. ~ 10.~ ~11
~~~1.1~~~, ~., 711~ 711~01)1 (1110 /)~5/811 0/
~(~88, 1972.
~1.1~..8~, 1. ~. 0., 711)1,/5(0, ~011(,0/ 0/ ..4~ ~0(0,5. 0)(~0((1~ ~~(~(1111011 ~(~88 1,1(1., 1973.
,.,,., /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5-50//0 5((1(~ ~0(0, ~011(,0/. ~~81011, ~(1. ~ ~~81011
~10~~~~1-/, ~.
~1101180.111~ ~0., 111~., 1980.
~101-1-~, 13. ~., 711)1,/5(0, /111(15~ ~011(,0//~0 ~01111~,(0,5 (1110 ~)1~/0~01111~,(~,5. ~~~ ~ 0(~~
100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118, 111~., 1971.
~~~~~00~...~, ~., ..411 111(,00~~(/011 (0 711)1,/5(0,5 (1110 711~/, ..41111//~(1(/0115. 1.011(1011~ ~(1~-
111111(111
~1101180.~(8 1.1(1., 1978.
~~~88~ ~, ~. 8., /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5-711)1,/5(0, ~011(,0//~0 /10~~, /0, ~/~~(,/~ ~0(0,5.
1,011(1011~ ~0.(1~111(111~ 1-1(1111.1(1., 1982.
~1~10, 1,. ~. 5~8. /)~5/811~,5 1/(1110000/(. ~1118011(~0., ~(1. ~ ~~81111~0.0118~ 81~~1(1~ ~0(~0((1-
11011, 1970.
~0810, ~. 1. /10~~, ~118/11~~,/118 (15/118 711)1,/5(0,5, ~ 0/. 1, 1.011(1011~ ~1111(1((11,1(1., 1970.
8101-/, ~. ~., 711)1,/5(0, /)~ /),/11~5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118, 111~., 1981.
80-1~10~10~, 1., 8.~~(///~, 0,~~/(5-711~0,)1 (1110 /)~5/811. ~~~ ~ 0(~~ 100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118,
111~., 1965.
810~10~1-/8, ~. ~., ~1-/1) 0. 131-00~., ~00~,11 /)~-(0-/)~ 5~/(~1111100~ /10~~, ~01111~,(~, 0,~~/(5.
~~~ ~0(~~ ~(111 ~081((111(1 ~~1110.01(1 ~0111~(111~, 111~., 1985.
8...10~101-/, ~. 8., ~/~~(,/~(1/ ~(1~11/11~5 (1110 /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5. ~(1~111~0.(1111, 13~(~80.1(~, 811~-
1(111(1~~(111 ~081((111(1 ~~1110.01(11,1(1., 1983.
711)1,/5(0,5-711~0,)1 (1110 ..41111//~(1(/0115. ~~~
81.1~~1-/1)81, ~. 1(., ~1-/1) 1(. 1(. 81.1~~1-/1)81.
~0(~~ 1-1(1181~(1~(~88, 1984.
,,0~~, ~01111~,5/011. 111(11(111(1~0118,111(1.~ 1-10~(1((1
1 ~~...10~, ~. 8., /1,/11(/11/~5 0/ 50//0-5((1(~
~. 8(11118 ~ ~0111~(111~, ~1101180.~(8 111~., 1985.
~101-1-8, ~., 5((1(/~ /10~~, ~01111~,(~,5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118, 111~., 1962.
~11-1-1~~813. ~., /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5, /)~11/~~5, /),/11~,5 (1110..41111//~(1(/0115, ~~~ ~ 0(~~ 1-1(1181~(1
~(~88, 1987.
~001), ~., 5~/(~11/118 /10~~, ~01111~,(~,5. ~~~ ~0(~~ ~(111 ~081((111(1 ~~1110.01(1 ~0111~(111~,
111~., 1981.

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 81))013~ )1111~110111~31151510~5 (8115)
~~ 0~1,,,~5, 339 (~011((). )
0~ ~3111 01, 424
~11~~~111-5011~~~, 363
111011~11011 /11010~5, 340
))~~10~/11311~~ ))3~3/11~1~~5 01, 424

5)111~/1~0110115 /11010~5, 369

51~(0)1-5131~ ~/13~3~1~~1511~5 01, 413
5.,,,,11~/1111~~/13~3~1~~1511~5 01, 418
~11~1~
810~/(111~ /1100~, 4
~0/11/11111311011 0~ 0,,,~~13)), 49
8~~3/(00.,,,,11 ,,,0113~~, 434
0~13)1, 57, 79
(15))13~~/11~111, 30
~)(1111~11011, 145
11~111~, 79
~3))3~11311~~, ~0/11/11111311011, 74
))0.,,,,~~ 13~10~, 545
~/10))))~~ 0~1,,,~5, 313
10~~11~, 372 ))0.,,,,~~ ~0111~01 01, 313
~ ,,,31311~/1~ 0~~3/(00.,,,,11, 469
~~~~11~~311,,,~ 0~3/(~ ~0111~01 01, 315
~/1~051311~ 0~3/(~ ~0111~01 01, 317
8 1.,,,,0/1011~-~1130~3111, 319
~/10))))~~5
835~ 5))~~0, 298
~13551~31, 205
81))0)3~ )1111~110111~31151510~5 (8115)
1/11))1115~-~0/11/1111131~0, 205, 210
035~ 0~1,,,~ ~0111~01 01, 436
/1111111))/135~, 321
0313 5/1~~1 01, 426
~~50113111 ))1115~, 212

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~/10~~~(5 (~0/1(0.) ~0111(01 (~0/1(0.)
51~~-00~11, 180 ,,,011~~~ ~110 1(~().11~11~)1, 358
,,,0115//1~(12, 358
51~~-11~, 186
1/1)1(1510(, 204 ~0111(011~(5
~0(11(11111~11011, 49, 56 ~~ ,,,011~~~, 137
~11)(111~()1, 61 ~01)1~011-~01111~~1~0, 160
~~~~~110(5, 74 5111~1~-~/1~5~ 0101(~~11011~1, 142
~0(11~1~(11~111~()1, 67, 266 5111~1~-~/1~5~, 145
~11((~111, 65 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 0101(~~11011~1, 157
~)(1~01~1 ~1115~, 69 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 11111-~~,,,~, 154
10(~~0, 57 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ /1~11-~~,,,~, 148
1(11~1115~, 60 1111101(~~11011~1, 140

1111~-510~, 69
~011,,,~(1~(5

10~0-510~, 69 ~~-~~, 10
11~111(~1 0( 1111~, 57 ~~-0~, 10
(~5011~111 ~1115~, 64 0~-~~, 10
5~11, 58 0~-0~, 10, 180
5011, 215 011~1, 78, 87
11(11~, 58 11)10~~/(, 285
,,,011~~~, 61 11111,77, 84
~0(11~111~( ~(0~(~(115, 567 11111-0(10~~, 287
~0111(01 /1~11-0(10~~, 287
~0~~11,,,~, 365 011~-().11~0(~111, 77

~11115~111(~11011, 439 ~115/1-~1111, 287

0~5~ 0(1,,,~, 436 5~(111-, 77

~/10~~~(, 313 5111~1~-~/1~5~ ~0111(011~0, 78

~105~0-100~, 323, 365, 376 5111~1~-~/1~5~ 011~1, 87

~11((~111, 361 5111~1~-~/1~5~ 11111, 84
~)(1111~11011 ~11~1~, 108 5111~1~-~/1~5~ 5~(111, 80
1(~().11~119, 356 5111~1~-~/1~5~ 5~(1~5, 90

(111~(0~0(11~111~(, 332 5~11~/1111~ 11111~110115 01, 554

011-011, 138 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 011~1, 105

~/1~5~-10~/(~0-100~, 330 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 11111, 101

~/1~5~, 140 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ /1~11-~~,,,~, 95

~/1~5~-015~1~~~(11~111, 246 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 5~(111, 99

~0~~(, 313 1~0-().11~0(~111, 77

~(0~0(11011~1 0~5~, 437 ~001111~, 514

~1115~-~101/1-(1100111~11011, 112 0)110(~~0 ~1(, 516
(~~~11~(~11,,,~ 0(~/(~, 315 0)1 /1~~1 ~1~~5, 517

(/1~051~11~ 0(~/(~, 317 11().1110, 516

(010( ,,,011~~~, 349 ~(0~0~( ~1(~1111, 538

5111115010~1 ~1115~-~101/1 (1100111~11011, 114 ~11((~111 ~~111, 470, 514
511~ ~0~~(, 351 ~)1~10~011,,,~(1~(5
51~10( ,,,011~~~, 347 5111~1~-~/1~5~, 166
5)1(11(11~1(1~~1 ~11~1~, 110 1/1(~~-~/1~5~, 168
11~, 156
111(11-011, 437
0
111(11-011, 436 0~(11~111~ 1~~10(, 21
,,,~~10(, 365 0~(11~111~ (~110, 21, 522

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 0~ 0(1,,,~8, 296
~/10))))~( ~0111(01, 313
~108~0-100)) ~0111(0) 0(, 323 ~3~10(
1111~(0~0111))111~( ~0111(01 0(, 332 (18))13~~111~111, 30

))/138~-10~/(~0-100)) ~0111(01, 330 01810(11011, 229

8111~)~-))/138~ ~0111(01, 300 (0(111, 30

8111~1~-))/138~ 01131-~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01 304 /13(1110111~, 30, 228
8111~1~-))/138~ (1111-~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01 , ,303 /(1))111 ))0~~(, 30
0,,,~(0(1,,,~, 417
8111~1~-))/138~ /13)(-~3,,,~-~011,,,~(1~(
~0111(01, 301 ))0~~(, 107, 545
(1))))1~, 30
8111~1~-))/138~ 8~1111~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01, 302
1/1(~~-))/138~ ~0111(01, 307 80(111~88, 384

1/1(~~-))/138~ 01131-~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01 309 1(3118(0(111~( 1111112311011 , 30

1/1(~~-))/138~ (1111-~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01, ,308 ~31111 ~11((~111

1/1(~~-))/138~ /131(-~3,,,~-~011,,,~(1~( ~11/1 3~ 8011(~~, 538

~0111(01, 308 ~11/1 0~ 8011(~~, 540

))(08))~~11,,,~, 531
1/1(~~-))/138~ 8~1111~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01, 308
0~ 111010(8 ~111~(8
038~ 8))~~0 0(, 298 3~, 45
~/13(3~1~(1811~8 0(, 297 0~, 44
(1~10 ~0111(01 0(, 298 ~1(111~ ~1(~11118 0( 1/1~(1810(8, 507
~0(~3(0 0(~3/(00~11 ,,,0113~~, 469
1113~11~112311011 ~/13(3~1~(1811~8 0(, 298
8~(1~8, 299 ~011(1~( 31131~818, 564
,,,0113~~ ~0111(01 0(, 298 ~(~()11~11~~
0~30 2011~, 255 03(11))~0 113111(31, 522
0//0/, 456 (~80113111, 21
))(01~~11011, 474 (111~111~, 21
0100~8 111103(11))~0 113111(31, 522
~/13(3~1~(1811~8 0(, 383 ~118~8
~01111111113110110(, 33 ~11((~111/11111~ ~/13(3~1~(1811~8 0(, 533
(381 (~~0,,,~(~, 387 0313 8/1~~1 0(, 534
((~~~/1~~1111~, 17, 23, 228 ~118111~, 531
~~11~(31 ))11())08~, 386
1~3/(3~~ ~11((~111, 384
))3(311~1 ~01111~~1~0, 408
))~((0(111311~~ ))3(3111~1~(8 0(, 388
5~/1011/(~, 387 031~ ~/13(~~, 451
8~(1~8 ~01111~~1~0, 406 0108, 494
018))13~~111~111 (3~10(, 30 ~/13(3~1~(1811~8 0(, 494
01810(11011 0313 8/1~~1 0(, 495
(3~10(, 229 8111100~( ~1(~1111 0(, 502
10131 /13(1110111~, 229
0(1,,,~8
3~, 339
0~, 296, 369
81311~ 1((3111~(, 350 1-13(1110111~8
81311~ 5~/1~(01118, 350 10~~81-0(0~(, 229
0111~ ~~~1~, 10 (~011~11011, 248
011/0/, 456 1-1~31 8111/(8, 514
))(01~~11011, 476 1-1010111~ ~11((~111, 469

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 ~05~818 (~0/1((/.)
~~(10(111(111~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 445
11101.1~11011 111010(8, 340 81~(10~-81(11~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 442
~1.1((~111 ~0111(01 01, 361 ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 444
8~11~111118
11~10-~~(1~~111118 01, 358 ~051018, 452
1(~~1.1~11~~ ~0111(01 01, 356 ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 453
~~(10(111(111~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 341 0(11(1 811~~1 01, 454
(010( ,,,011(18~ ~0111(01 01, 349

811~ ~0~~( ~0111(01 01, 350

81(110( ,,,011(18~ ~0111(01 01, 347 0
,,,011(18~ (1110 1(~~1.1~11~~ ~0111(01 01, 358
011-81(11~ ~1.1((~111, 469
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0~11~01.1~1~(8, 462
01, 364
111,,,~(1~(8, 11, 226
(11.1)(111(1(~-~01111111.11(11~0, 265
~0111~1~111~111(1(~-~01111111.11(11~0, 266
~1.1((~111-801.1(~~, 273, 274 ~111~11-011 ,,,011(18~, 441
11.111-0(108~ 8~(1~8 (~8011(1111, 256, 260
~0~~( 0~,,,1~~8, 8

8(1111 01, 226

~0~~( ~1~~1(0111~8, 1
11(111-0(108~ 8~(1~8 (~8011(1111, 255, 261 ~0~~( 1(1~10(, 107, 545
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8~(1~8 (~8011(1111, 251 ~0~~( 81.1~~11~8, 284
(1~, 290
811181~-~11(18~ 0(108~, 230, 235, 555, 557
111(~~-~11(18~ 0(108~, 233
0101(~~11011(11, 289
,,,(1(1(101~ 0~ 1111~, 276 0101(~~11011(11 (1~, 291
,,,011(18~ ~0111(01, 239, 247 0~, 285
,,,011(18~-801.1(~~, 274 (~8011(1111 (1~, 291
1801(111011
(~8011(1111 0~, 288

01 8(11~ (1110 0(18~ 0(1,,,~, 461 8~11~11~0 11100~ (1~, 290

/2( 10( 11.181118,401 8~11~11~0 11100~ 0~, 285
~(08((11118, ~0111~1.11~(, 567
~(01~~110118, 514
0~ ~(0~0(1(, 538
~1.1((~111, 531
1.(11~111118 ~1.1((~111, 469
,,,011(18~, 527
1.~1-111(01.1811 ~11~(8~, 533
~1.118~ 1((111810(111~(, 462

~(1811~11~ ~1(~1.1118, 549

~(1110
~001.11(111011
0(1111~1118, 522
1(~~1.1~11~~, 182
(~~1111~(111011, 30
1110~)(, 114, 240
11.1(118, 25
11100111~0 81111.18010(11 ~1.118~-~10111, 245
~~(1~1(111~~
1111.1111~1~-~1.118~-~10111, 241
~1(~1.11(111118 ~1.1((~111, 89
~1.118~-~10111,112, 181, 240
~01111111.11(111118, 49
81111.18010(11 ~1.118~-~10111, 114, 243
8~11~11(01101.18, 370
1.111110(111 ~1.118~-~10111, 241
~~~0,,,~(~0 ~11(1(8~, 385
~05~818, 440
0(11(1 811~~1 01, 446 ~~~1111~(8, 15

8(11~ 0(1,,,~ 01, 452

0(108~, 33

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 ~~~11(1~15 (~011(0.) ,..
~11~11110~51~11 0(, 44
~01111011~0, 10, 77
13() ~11311~~15
~((1~1~11~~, 30
1111116()035~ 5131, 38 5111~1~-()1135~, 161

5111~1~-()035~ 0110~~, 33, 557, 559 5~11~010110115, 164

5111~1~-()035~ 031(-~3,,,~, 29 10~1111311111()~0311~~, 518

101~~-()035~ 0110~~, 41 111~1111311~5151311~~, 391, 515

~~~11131015 10~111131 11111~ ~011513111, 517

00051, 193 1111~511010 ,,,0113~~, 441

011~/(, 190 111~1151015

011~/(-00051, 196 35~111111~111~31, 483

~1.1/(, 199 01011~~60113111100~, 482

(1~03~/(, 196 ~11313~1~11511~5 0(, 468
5~11~0111~ 11100~, 189 0313 50~~1 0(, 486
~~13~5, 50110-5131~, 132 (351 5~11~11111~, 480
~~5151311~~ ~81-~01111011~0, 484
011-5131~, 451 (11111~ ~11~111150(, 507
111~111131, 391, 515 ~31~ 355151~0 111111-0((, 3
~~,,,~15~ ~1111~111, 470 ~31~ ()101~~6011 ~11~11115, 509
~~,,,~15~ 1~~0,,,~1~, 385 ~31~-111111-0((, 481
11~1113~6,,,31~0, 484
()31311~1 0()~1311011 0(, 507

5 ()~1(01111311~~ ()313111~1~15 0(, 485

()1135~-~0111101, 480
5311113611~ ~1131~~, 418 1~,,,~15~ ~011011~611~, 482
511(), 341 5~11~5 0()~136011 0(, 504
5111100~15, 459, 520 5136~ 111011~6011, 3, 483
11011-01551()36,,,~, 524 111111-0(( 0(, 479
0()6111111110~51~11 0(, 523 111111-0110(, 472
5()~~0 1~0-11311515101 11100~1 0(, 470
035~, 298, 357 1~()~5 0(, 479
5~11~1110110115, 340 11111~
51311~ 1(13111~1 011,,,~, 350 3,,,311301~ 111111-0((, 61, 206
5136~ 5~0~101115 011,,,~, 350 ~11~1111111111-0((, 61
5~11~0~5 ~011111111136011, 206
3~ 5136~, 11 0~13~, 419, 473
01011~~601131, 143 (311, 445
0~ 51311~, 11, 130 (01~310 1~~0,,,~1~, 386,403
5111~1~-()035~ 3~, 125 1~,,,~15~ 1~~0,,,~1~, 384, 400
1111~~-()1135~ 3~, 127 115~, 445, 473
1111~~-()1135~ 1~,,,~15111~, 127 51013~~, 419
5~11~11111~ (1111~6011, 36, 554 111111-0((, 5, 425, 492
5~11~1110110115 11101015, 369 111111-0(( 0~13~, 445
~105~0-100() ~0111101 0(, 376 111.11-011, 424, 473
~~1111011~3110101, 370 11111~ ~011513111, 325
()~1111311~111-1113~11~1, 375 51013~~, 419
1~111~1311~~, 374 101(,/11~
5311~111-()01~, 373 0~,,,~10()~0, 342

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