CS241

System Programming
Discussion Section 11
April 24 – April 27
Outline
z Connectionless Socket Programming
z Connectionless Library Functions
z UICI UDP Implementation

z MP5 Clarifications
Recall:
Implementation of u_open
int u_open(u_port_t port) {
int error;
struct sockaddr_in server;
int sock;
int true = 1;

if ((u_ignore_sigpipe() == -1) ||
((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1))
return -1;

if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char *)&true,

sizeof(true)) == -1) {
error = errno;
while ((close(sock) == -1) && (errno == EINTR));
errno = error;
return -1;
}
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
server.sin_port = htons((short)port);

if ((bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server)) == -1) ||

(listen(sock, MAXBACKLOG) == -1)) {
error = errno;
while ((close(sock) == -1) && (errno == EINTR));
errno = error;
return -1;
}
return sock;
}
Implementation of u_openudp
int u_openudp(u_port_t port) {
int error;
int one = 1;
struct sockaddr_in server;
int sock;

if ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1)

return -1;
if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one)) == -1) {
error = errno;
r_close(sock);
errno = error;
return -1;
}
if (port > 0) {
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
server.sin_port = htons((short)port);
if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server)) == -1) {
error = errno;
r_close(sock);
errno = error;
return -1; z Returns file descriptor if successful
} z port
} z port=0 means client (bind does not occur)
return sock; z port=“well-known port” means server
}
u_open vs. u_openudp
z Only a server needs to bind the socket

z No SIGPIPE problem
z A write to a pipe (e.g. TCP socket) generates a SIGPIPE signal when
there are no active readers.
z UDP provides no information about active readers.
z UDP datagram is “sent correctly” when copied into network buffer (no
error detection).
POSIX sendto
ssize_t sendto(int socket, const void *message, size_t
length, int flags, const struct sockaddr *dest_addr,
socklet_t dest_len);

z sends length bytes, from data pointed to by message

z dest_addr contains remote host address and remote port number.

z Returns the number of bytes actually sent out if successful, -1 with

errno set if unsuccessful

z Datagram includes originating port number and source host address

z If connected, still uses dest_addr for destonation

POSIX recvfrom
ssize_t recvfrom(int socket, void *restrict buffer, size_t length, int flags, struct
sockaddr *restrict address, socklen_t *restrict address_len);

z Must associate socket with a port using bind or sendto

z Blocks until a datagram becomes available

z Unassociated socket causes indefinite hang

z buffer is filled with received data

z address is filled with address of sender

z Must fill in address_len before calling

z Why???

z Returns the number of bytes actually read if successful, -1 with errno set if
unsuccessful
Implementation of u_sendtohost
ssize_t u_sendtohost(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, char
*hostn,
u_port_t port) {
struct sockaddr_in remote;

if (name2addr(hostn, &(remote.sin_addr.s_addr)) == -1) {

errno = EINVAL;
return -1;
}
remote.sin_port = htons((short)port);
remote.sin_family = AF_INET;
return u_sendto(fd, buf, nbytes, &remote);
}

z Used to initiate communication with a remote host

(specified by hostn and port)
Implementation of u_sendto
ssize_t u_sendto(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, u_buf_t *ubufp) {
int len;
struct sockaddr *remotep;
int retval;

len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);

remotep = (struct sockaddr *)ubufp;
while (((retval = sendto(fd, buf, nbytes, 0, remotep, len)) == -1)
&& (errno == EINTR)) ;
return retval;
}

z Used to send a reply to a message received using u_recvfrom or u_recvfromtimed

z u_buf_t (struct sockaddr_in) structure that was filled by a previous

call to u_recvfrom or u_recvfromtimed

z Basically a restarting sendto

z Returns a nonnegative integer corresponding to a socket file descriptor if successful, -1 with

errno set if unsuccessful
Implementation of u_recvfrom
ssize_t u_recvfrom(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, u_buf_t *ubufp) {
int len;
struct sockaddr *remote;
int retval;

len = sizeof (struct sockaddr_in);

remote = (struct sockaddr *)ubufp;
while (((retval = recvfrom(fd, buf, nbytes, 0, remote, &len)) == -1)
&& (errno == EINTR)) ;
return retval;
}

z Restarting recvfrom

z Returned sender information fills the u_buf_t *ubufp parameter

z Can call u_sendto using this u_buf_t

z Returns -1 with errno set if unsuccessful. Note: return value of 0 corresponds to

datagram of length 0 (valid).
Recall: UDP is unreliable
z Datagrams can be lost without any errors
generated.

z UDP-based protocols for providing reliability use

request-reply or request-reply-acknowledge
protocols

z Receiver must not block indefinitely

z Which brings us to...<next slide>

Implementation of u_recvfromtimed
ssize_t u_recvfromtimed(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, u_buf_t *ubufp,
double seconds) {
int len;
struct sockaddr *remote;
int retval;
struct timeval timedone;

timedone = add2currenttime(seconds);
if (waitfdtimed(fd, timedone) == -1)
return (ssize_t)(-1);
len = sizeof (struct sockaddr_in);
remote = (struct sockaddr *)ubufp;
while (((retval = recvfrom(fd, buf, nbytes, 0, remote, &len)) == -1)
&& (errno == EINTR)) ;
return retval;
}
z If successful, returns the number of bytes written into buf

z If timeout occurs, returns -1 and sets errno to ETIME

z add2currenttime: converts the time interval into an ending time

z waitfdtimed: Implemented using select – times out after specified number of seconds
u_recvfromtimed
z Suppose you call u_recvfromtimed with a
timeout of 2 seconds and 10 signals come in
1 second apart. When does
u_recvfromtimed time out if no data
arrives?
u_recvfromtimed
z Suppose you call u_recvfromtimed with a
timeout of 2 seconds and 10 signals come in
1 second apart. When does
u_recvfromtimed time out if no data
arrives?
z Answer:
2 seconds after it’s called (timeout is
independent of number of times it needs to
restart – uses end time computed from
add2currenttime)
UICI UDP –
Receiver host information
z Functions for examining the receiver host information (as
filled in the u_buf_t structure)

void u_gethostname(u_buf_t *ubufp, char *hostn,

int hostnsize)

void u_gethostinfo(u_buf_t *ubufp, char *info,

int infosize)

int u_comparehost(u_buf_t *ubufp, char *hostn,

u_port_t port)
Implementation of addr2name
void addr2name(struct in_addr addr, char *name, int namelen) {
struct hostent *hostptr;
hostptr = gethostbyaddr((char *)&addr, 4, AF_INET);
if (hostptr == NULL)
strncpy(name, inet_ntoa(addr), namelen-1);
else
strncpy(name, hostptr->h_name, namelen-1);
name[namelen-1] = 0;
}

z Non-reentrant version
Implementation of name2addr
int name2addr(char *name, in_addr_t *addrp) {
struct hostent *hp;

if (isdigit((int)(*name)))
*addrp = inet_addr(name);
else {
hp = gethostbyname(name);
if (hp == NULL)
return -1;
memcpy((char *)addrp, hp->h_addr_list[0], hp->h_length);
}
return 0;
}

z Non-reentrant version
Implementation of u_gethostname
void u_gethostname(u_buf_t *ubufp, char *hostn,
int hostnsize) {
struct sockaddr_in *remotep;

remotep = (struct sockaddr_in *)ubufp;

addr2name(remotep->sin_addr, hostn, hostnsize);
}

z Called after u_recfrom or u_recvfromtimed

z Creates a string containing the remote host name

z Note: If addr2name cannot convert the address to a host

name, it sets *hostn to the dotted-decimal representation
Implementation of u_gethostinfo
void u_gethostinfo(u_buf_t *ubufp, char *info, int infosize) {
int len;
int portnumber;

portnumber = ntohs(ubufp->sin_port);
len = snprintf(info, infosize, "port number is %d on host ",
portnumber);
info[infosize-1] = 0; /* in case name did not fit */
if (len >= infosize) return;
u_gethostname(ubufp, info+len, infosize-len);
}

z Used primarily for debugging

z Creates a printable string with host name and port

number
Implementation of u_comparehost
int u_comparehost(u_buf_t *ubufp, char *hostn, u_port_t port) {
in_addr_t addr;
struct sockaddr_in *remotep;

remotep = (struct sockaddr_in *)ubufp;

if ((port != ntohs(remotep->sin_port)) ||
(name2addr(hostn, &addr) == -1) ||
(memcmp(&(remotep->sin_addr.s_addr), &addr,
sizeof(in_addr_t)) != 0))
return 0;
return 1;
}

z Returns 1 if the given host name and port number match the info in *ubufp and 0
otherwise

z Does comparison on address obtained from name2addr – not on host name itself
UDP vs. TCP
TCP UDP
Connection-oriented Each message has destination

Based on byte streams Based on messages (datagrams)

Delivers streams of bytes in order sent Delivers messages in order received

Reliable Unreliable

Returns after write (depends Returns after sendto (Does not

indirectly on receiver status) depend on receiver status)
MP5 Clarifications
z resource string
z Contains resource requested from webserver

z Examples
z http://csil-linux52.cs.uiuc.edu:8008/r?s=asdfasdf
z resource = “/r?s=asdfasdf”

z http://csil-linux52.cs.uiuc.edu:8008/index.html
z resource = “/index.html”
 MP5 Datagram Example
name2
RESULT
HELLO name25888
KEEPALIVE
name2 14name2
file_path2 offset2
name1
RESULT
GOODBYE
name1
METASEARCH
HELLO name1
KEEPALIVE14name1
name1 file_path
name16708 offset
keyword

SEARCH 14 keyword

MetaServer
SEARCH 14 keyword
METARESULT
METARESULTkeyword
keywordfile_path3
file_path2
file_path offset3
offset2
offset name1
name2
name3
SEARCH 14 keyword

RESULT name38765
KEEPALIVE
HELLO name3 14name3
file_path3 offset3

name3
Summary
z Connectionless Socket Programming
z Connectionless Library Functions
z UICI UDP Implementation

z MP5 Clarifications