International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 6, June-2013 1199

ISSN 2229-5518

Distribution Transformer Monitoring Using GPRS

Dr.J.Jayakumar, J.Hephzibah Jose Queen, Thanu James, G.Hemalatha, Neethu Lonappan

Abstract— This paper presents a system which works on a wireless, real time, multi-object monitoring system of Distribution Transformer
depending on GPRS network. A design based on PIC Microcontroller is developed for monitoring the key parameters of Distribution
Transformer in a substation. An algorithm for monitoring the voltage, current and temperature is developed and programmed to the
microcontroller. It is observed that the proposed system is effective in monitoring and displaying the data using wireless communication
network.

Index Terms— centralized monitoring, Wiriless Transmission system, Distibution Transformer, Temperature Sensing and Microcontroller

——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION

D istribution Transformer is critical equipment in power

system.The reliable operation of the power system
depend upon the effective functioning of the distribu-
former and microcontroller is programmed in such a way
when the monitored values exceed the rated values it dis-
plays the value in different color so that it attracts the atten-
tion transformer. Therefore monitoring of key parameters tion of the monitoring person. The microcontroller is pro-
like voltage, current and temperature are necessary for grammed in such a manner so as to continuously scan the
evaluating the performance of the distribution transformer transformer and update the parameters at a particular time
and also helpful to avoid or reduce disruption due to sud- interval.
den unexpected failure. [9]

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The present method for monitoring of distribution (3+1) 5V
transformer has the following drawbacks I-V power
Current
a) Operation in case of equipment failure are done manual Converter Supply
transfomer
b) Time consuming (CT1231)
c) Demand a lot of labour work Distri- Micro-
d) Production process also gets affectd at the outmost. bution control-
The reliable operation of distribution networks can trans- (3+1) Voltage
ler PIC
be improved by implementing centralized monitoring [11]. former Potential divider
16F87A
Centralized monitoring realizes the overwhelming ad- 11Kv/ transfomer
vantage of wireless communticating technology such as 433V (230/12V)
convenient, fast and low transmission cost. Therefore it’s
feasible to implement GPRS to achieve wireless data tran- Max
simission.In this paper we discuss about monitoring of Dis- 232
tribution transformer parameter using GPRS. The system is Tempera-
capable of communicating in both direction i.e. it can acts ture sensor
as both receiver and transmitter. The parameters that will Server
LM 35
be monitor include [12]
i) Voltage
ii) Current GPRS
iii) Temperature moden
This paper comprises of the following sections: SIM 300
Section 2 deals with block diagram. In section 3, the system
components are presented.Section 4 presents the interfac- Fig 1 Block diagram of the proposed monitoring system
ing various components with PIC micro controller.Section 5
comprises of the system, results and discussions. Section 6 Since the input voltage to the microcontroller is 5V
discuss about the conclusion. the voltage and current from the transformer are step down
and rectified by voltage transformer (230/12V) and current
Transformers (CT1231) the temperature of the atmosphere
2 BLOCK DIAGRAM and the oil are sensed by the temperature sensors (LM35).
The proposed system is based on microcontroller These values are given as inputs to the micro controller
(PIC) that monitors the voltage, current and oil tempera- through the ADC channels and are stored. These data are
ture of a distribution transformer.The monitored output sent to the website through the GPRS modem. The data
will be display on a PC through wireless communication sent by the GPRS modem is stored in the database and up-
network.The monitored output will be display on a PC dated to the website as Normal, Critical and over limit val-
through wireless communication network. The monitored ues
outputs are compared with the rated values of the trans-
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 6, June-2013 1200
ISSN 2229-5518

3 COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS
The components used for monitoring of distribu- 3.2 Potential Transformer
tion transformer are listed in the table 1. Instrument transformers are used for measuring
voltage in electrical power systems, and for power system
TABLE 1 protection and control. When a voltage is too large to be
Components Specification conveniently used by an instrument, it can be scaled down
to a standardized, low value.
Sl. Components Specification Quan- Instrument transformers isolate measurement, protection
No tity and control circuitry from the high voltages present on the
1 Microcontroller PIC 16F877A 1 circuits being measured or controlled.
2 Potential 1ϕ, 230/12V 3 .
Transformer
3 Current Trans- 1ϕ, 0.25 -20 A 3
former
4 Temperature LM 35 (-55° to 150°) 2
Sensor
5 GPRS MODEM SIM 300 1
Data
Speed:100kbps

3.1 PIC Microcontroller

Fig 3 Potential Transformer

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PIC16F877A is a small piece of semiconductor in-
tegrated circuits. The package type is of the integrated cir-
Voltage Transformers (VTs), also referred to as
cuits is DIP package. DIP stands for Dual Inline Package
"potential transformers" (PTs), are designed to have an ac-
forsemiconductor IC. This Package is very easy to be sol-
curately known transformation ratio in both magnitude
dered onto the strip board. However using a DIP socket is
and phase, over a range of measuring circuit impedances.
much easier so that this chip can be plugged and removed
A voltage transformer is intended to present a negligible
from the development board. PIC16F877A IC can be repro-
load to the supply being measured.
grammed and erased up to 10,000 times. Therefore it is
The low secondary voltage allows protective relay
very good for new product development phase. It is very equipment and measuring instruments to be operated at
popular because PIC 16F877A is very cheap. Apart from lower voltages. Voltage transformers are designed to have
that it is also very easy to be assembled. Additional com- predictable characteristics on overloads.
ponents necessary to make the IC work are just a 5V power
supply adapter, Crystal oscillator and 2units of 22pF capac- 3.3 Current Transformer
itors. Instrument transformers are used for measuring
current in electrical power systems, and for power system
protection and control. Where a current is too large to be
conveniently used by an instrument, it can be scaled down
to a standardized, low value.
Instrument transformers isolate measurement, pro-
Fig 2 PIC16F877A tection and control circuitry from the high voltages present
on the circuits being measured or controlled.
Some of the features are listed below
(i) All single-cycle instructions except for program branch-
es, which are two-cycle
(ii) Operating Speed: DC-20 MHZ clock input DC- 200 ns
instruction cycle
(iii) Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to
368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes
of EEPROM Data Memory Fig 4 Current Transformer
(iv) Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin has
PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXXMicrocontrollers. A current transformer is a transformer designed to
provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 6, June-2013 1201
ISSN 2229-5518

current flowing in its primary coil. Current instrument

transformers are designed to have predictable characteris- 4. INTERFACING THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS WITH
tics on overloads. PIC MICROCONTROLLER
3.4 Temperature Sensor
4.1 Interfacing Potential Transformer with PIC Micro-
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit
controller
temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly pro-
The Figure 6 shows the interconnection of the po-
portional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The
tential transformer with PIC16F877A Microcontroller.
LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sen-
The Step down transformer is of rating 230/12
sors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to sub-
V.The output of the potential transformer is fed into the
tract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain con-
bridge rectifier for the rectification purpose and the recti-
venient Centigrade scaling.
fied output from the bridge rectifier is again fed into the
filter circuit inorder to remove the ripples.The DC voltage
is stabilized using Voltage stabilizers before it is fed into
the PIC Microcontroller.Now the stabilized DC Voltage is
fed to the analog ports of the Pic microcontroller.
AN0, AN1, AN2 – Analog input for Voltage sens-
ing unit to A/D convertor
Fig 5 LM35 Temperature sensor

Two temperature sensors are used. One Tempera-

ture sensor is to monitor the room temperature and the

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other temperature sensor is to monitor the oil temperature.
LM 35 is directly connected to the analog ports of the PIC
Microcontroller (AN6, AN7).

3.4.1 Features of LM35

(i) Calibrated directly in ºCelsius
Fig 6 Interfacing PT with PIC 16F877A
(ii) Linear +10 mv/ºC scale factor
(iii) Operates from 4 to 30 V
4.2 Interfacing Current Transformer with PIC Microcon-
(iv) Low self heat heating
troller
3.5 GPRS MODEM (SIM 300)
The figure depicts the interconnection between the
SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that
current transformer and the PIC Microcontroller.
works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and
PCS1900 MHz SIM300 provides GPRS multi-slot class 10
capabilities and support the GPRS coding schemes CS-1,
CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4.
With a tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85
mm, SIM300 can fit almost all the space requirement in
your application, such as Smart phone, PDA phone and
other mobile device. PIC cannot be connected directly to
modem. So MAX 232 is used to interface PIC and the mo-
dem. Fig 7 Interfacing CT1231 with PIC 16F877A

3.5.1 MAX 232 In Interfacing of Current transformer with PIC mi-

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that in- crocontroller the same procedure is followed as mentioned
cludes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 in the interfacing of potential transformer to the PIC Micro-
voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver con- controller except in Current transformer a resistance is
verts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These re- connected in parallel inorder to convert the curren to volt-
ceivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hys- age because the PIC Microcontroller accepts only the volt-
teresis of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver age as its input.
converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels AN3, AN4, AN5 – Analog input for Current sens-
ing unit to A/D convertor
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 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 6, June-2013 1202
ISSN 2229-5518

iii. If the current value exceeds 17 V, the indication is

4.3 Interfacing Temperature Sensor with PIC Microcon- over current.
troller
The figure pictures the interfacing of (LM35) Tem- STEP 8:
perature sensor with PIC Microcontroller. i. If the temperature value lies within 80 deg.cel., the
. indication is Normal temperature.
ii. If the temperature exceeds 80 deg.cel., the indica-
tion is High temperature
STEP 9: GPRS modem ( SIM 300) is intialised using AT
commands. The COM Port is opened to send the
data
STEP 10: These data are send by the GPRS modem and are
stored in the MySQL Data base.
STEP 11:These values are compared and appropriate indi
cations are produced in the website.
STEP 12: Stop.
Fig 8 Interfacing of LM35 with PIC 16F877A
6 SIMULATIONS OF THE MONITORING SYSTEM
In distribution Transformer monitoring, two tem-
perature sensors are used. One temperature sensor over- The figure below depicts the simulation of the pro-
sees the atmospheric temperature and the other tempera- ject using PROTEUS software simulator.Proteus is software
for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and

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ture sensor monitore the oil temperature
AN6, AN7 – Analog input for Temperature Sensor printed circuit board (PCB) design. It is developed by Lab
to A/D convertor. enter Electronics. Proteus 7.0 is a Virtual System Modelling
. (VSM) that combines circuit imulation, animated compo-
nents and microprocessor models to cosimulate.
5 ALGORITHMS FOR CENTRALISED MONITORING
The step by step procedure for monitoring the dis-
Here totally eight Analog to Digital Converter
tribution transformer key parameters like voltage, current
ports are utilized to receive analog inputs from potential
and temperature are explained as follows and also with the
transformer, current transformer and Temperature sensor.
help of the flowchart.
STEP 1: Start.
STEP 2: Check the connection.
STEP3: Verify the hardware for the power supply to the
kit.
STEP 4: Input the ith value of Potential Transformer, Cur
rent Transformer and Temperature Sensor.
STEP 5: Transfer the values of Potential Transformer, Cur
rent Transformer and Temperature Sensor to
ADC port.
STEP 6:
i. If the voltage value lies between 240 and 250 V,
then the indication is Normal voltage.
ii. If the voltage value lies between 250 and 275 V,
then the indication is Critical voltage.
iii. If the voltage value exceeds 275 V, the indication is Fig 9 Simulation of the Monitoring Module
over voltage.
iv. If the voltage value is lower than 240 V, the indica- The figure below displays the output of the P.T, C.T and
tion is low Voltage. two LM35 Sensors. The simulated results shows simulat-
STEP 7: neously monitored value for the specified interval of time.
i. If the current value is lesser than 0.3 and between
0.3 and 12 A, the indication isNormal Current.
ii. If the current value lies between 12 and 17 A, the
indication is Critical current.

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 6, June-2013 1203
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The monitored outputs of the specified parameters

are displayed on the Website through GPRS Wireless tech-
nology.There are altogether three webpages. The first one
is the login page as shown in fig11.

Fig 10 Results for the Simulation Module

7 HARDWARE KIT AND RESULT DISCUSSION

This figure below represents the hardware kit for
monitoring of the distribution transformer. The same can
be done for each distribution transformer in a particular
zone and the input datas to the PIC Microcontroller can be
transmitted to the PC using Wireless communtication tech-
nology (GPRS is implemented here). The Wireless commu-

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nication technology can be amending to the technology
developed.

Fig 13 Monitored Values of Key parameters

displayed on the Second page

The second page displays the simultaneously mon-

itored parameter value with the indication in different col-
our code if it exceeds the critical value or if its about to
reach the critical value.

Fig 11 Hardware Kit for Distribution Transformer Monitor-

ing

7.1 WEB PAGES

Fig 14 Thrid Page displaying Detailed Values for

each Parameter
The third page shows the detailed description of
the displayed parameters.

Fig 12 Login Page of the Website Developed

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 6, June-2013 1204
ISSN 2229-5518

8 CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the distribution transformer key pa-
rameters like voltage; current and temperature are moni-
tored employing PIC 16F877A Microcontroller.
The components necessary to carry out the moni-
toring are chosen and are interfaced with the PIC Micro-
controller.The wireless communication technology (GPRS)
is put in work to transfer the monitored parameters from
the PIC Microcontroller to the PC.
Ahead of actualizing the HARDWARE of this de-
sign the simulation is executed in the PROTEUS environ-
ment and the effectiveness of the design is checked.The
future scope of the design is to realize the control module.

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