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Form-active Structure System

- Form-active structure systems are structure systems of flexible,

non-rigid matter, in which the redirection of forces is effected through
particular FORM DESIGN and characteristic FORM STABILIZATION.

General Study of Structure Form III - Its basic components are primarily subjected to, but not one kind of
normal stresses, either compression or tension:
建築結構系統 III System in single stress condition

- The typical structure features are: Catenary / Trust line / Circle

Circle / spherical plane

Eden Project
1. Section-active Structure System
Location: Cornwall, England

2. Vector-active Structure System Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw

Structure: Anthony Hunt and Associates
3. Form-active Structure System

4. Surface-active Structure System

5. Height-active Structure System

6. Hybrid Structure System

From: Wikipedia

Curved Trusses

A honeycomb shape element

Form-active
Structure
System

Eden Project
Cornwall, England
From: Wikipedia

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Form-active Structure System

1. Cable Structures

2. Tent Structures
Cable
3. Pneumatic Structures Structures

4. Arch Structures

Form-active Structure System Cable Structures

- Relationship between stress direction and structure form of cable

- Cable Structures - According to the magnitude of the horizontal
force, the load will move away from the point
- Tent Structures of suspension, through linkage with mirror-
reflected system, horizontal force will be held
- Pneumatic Structures in balance.

- Arch Structures - By bringing the points of suspension apart, the

load will be suspended in the space thus gained.
The cable transmits the load to both sides and
thus spans open space.

- Because of cable’s small section in relation to

its length, the cable cannot resist bending, and
thus change its shape with each new loading
condition.

page59 page63

Form-active Structure System Cable Structures

- Geometric funicular line

- Because of the identity with the “natural” flow of the forces,
the form-active structure systems are the suitable mechanisms for
achieving long spans and forming large space.
- Catenary - Triangle

- Parabola - Trapezoid

Bangkok International Airport, Thailand Tokyo Dome, Japan - Ellipse - Polygon

page64

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Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Critical deformation of the suspension cable - Stabilization of suspension cable

- Due to light dead load in relation to its span, the suspension cable is (3) Spreading against cable with opposite curvature
very susceptible to: Wind lift, Vibrations, Asymmetrical and Moving load.

page65

page65

SFO international terminal, United States

Cable Structures Flat Trusses

- Stabilization of suspension cable Shiosai Bridge (潮騒橋しおさいはし)

(1) Increase of the dead load

Location: Shizuoka, Japan
Span: 55m+61m+61m+55m
Complete year: 1995

page65

Cable Structures Flat Trusses

- Stabilization of suspension cable

(2) Stiffening through construction as inverted arch (or shell)

page65

Shizuoka, Japan

Shiosai Bridge, Japan

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Cable Structures

- Stabilization of suspension cable

(4) Fastening with transverse cables anchored to ground

Applications
of Cable
Structures
page65

Bitan Suspension Bridge, Taipei, Taiwan

http://bridge-maximumcard.blogspot.tw/2010/05/taiwan-roc-bitan-suspension-bridge.html

Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Restraining systems for parallel suspension cables - Simple parallel systems with stabilization through roof weight

- Buttress

- End panels

- Horizontal Beam
page65

page67

Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Structures for the suspension points - Simple parallel systems with stabilization through roof weight

- column with oblique cable

- oblique column with cable
- truss
- fixed-end column
- rigid frame
- shear wall buttress

MRT Jiantan Station,

Taipei, Taiwan
page66
From Wikipedia

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Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Flat parallel systems with stabilization through corner cables - Flat rotational systems with stabilization through counter cables

page68 page72

Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Flat parallel systems with stabilization through corner cables - Flat rotational systems with stabilization through counter cables

Suncoast Dome(Tropicana Field)

St. Petersburg, Florida, United States

page68

Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Flat rotational systems with stabilization through counter cables - Flat rotational systems with stabilization through counter cables

page72

From Wikipedia Suncoast Dome(Tropicana Field)

St. Petersburg, Florida, United States

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Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Rotational systems with alternating techniques of stabilization - Rotational systems with alternating techniques of stabilization
combination of spreader-bar and tie-bar fastenings combination of spreader-bar and tie-bar fastenings

Google Map

Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
From Wikipedia
page73

Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Rotational systems with alternating techniques of stabilization - Arch systems for cable nets with opposite curvatures
combination of spreader-bar and tie-bar fastenings

page82-83
page73

Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Rotational systems with alternating techniques of stabilization - Arch systems for cable nets with opposite curvatures
combination of spreader-bar and tie-bar fastenings
Dorton Arena

Location: Raleigh, North Carolina, United States

Architect: Matthew Nowicki,
William Henley Deitrich

From Wikipedia Georgia Dome

Atlanta, Georgia, United States http://www.arcaro.org/tension/album/dorton.htm Google Map

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Cable Structures Cable Structures

- Arch systems for cable nets with opposite curvatures

Dorton Arena, United States

Cable Structures

Yoyogi
National
First
Gymnasium

Cable Structures Cable Structures

Yoyogi National First Gymnasium

Location: Tokyo, Japan

Architect: Kenzo Tange

From Wikipedia Yoyogi National First Gymnasium,

Google Map Tokyo, Japan

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Cable Structures Cable Structures

- tense + integrity = Tensegrity

- the scientific definition is that it

is a spatial system of isolated
elements under pressure, placed
in a continuous network of tensile
network.

X-piece, Kenneth Snelson, 1948

From Wikipedia Yoyogi National First Gymnasium,

Tokyo, Japan Table “Rotor”, Konstantin Achkov

Cable Structures

- tense + integrity = Tensegrity

- as a structural system relatively recently entered into the Architecture

- very light

Tensegrity - no superfluous elements (each element is vital for the system)

- stable in any position

- do not rely on gravity to maintain stability

- be isolated key figures, which construct more complex tensegrity structures.

Cable Structures Cable Structures

- tense + integrity = Tensegrity Kurilpa Bridge

Location: Sydney, Australia

Architect: Cox Rayner Architects
Structure: Arup
- based on a system of elements
that are subjected to centric
pressure, without bending, or to
tension and do not touch each
other - no interaction.

- the scientific definition is that it

is a spatial system of isolated
elements under pressure, placed
in a continuous network of tensile
network.
Needle tower, Kenneth Snelson, 1968 From: Wikipedia

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Cable Structures Tent Structures

Kurilpa Bridge - Tent system with different forms

From: Wikipedia
The function of FORM

Tent Structures

- Tent system with exterior support through compression members

Tent
Structures

page86

Tent Structures Tent Structures

- Tent structure consists of three major elements: - Tent system with exterior support through compression members
membrane, cable and post.

- The form of tent structure systems vary according to the different

arrangements of posts and cables, which subdivided the surface of the
membrane and give it a form.

Parallel cable tensile membrane Radial cable tensile membrane page86

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Tent Structures Tent Structures

- Tent system with exterior support through compression members - Tent system with interior support through compression members
Denver International Airport

Location: Denver, United States

Architect: Fentress Architects

From Wikipedia
Suspended structure-Tent design to the Cable Factory
http://www.teerenhovi.fi/architecture/architecture.html#suspended

Tent Structures Tent Structures

- Tent system with exterior support through compression members - Tent system with interior support through compression members

Denver International Airport

http://www.architonic.com/aisht/denver-international-airport-fentress-architects/5100647 From Wikipedia

New Inland Revenue Center, Nottingham, UK

Tent Structures Tent Structures

- Tent system with interior support through compression members - Tent system with interior support through compression members

Denver International Airport

page88 http://www.architonic.com/aisht/denver-international-airport-fentress-architects/5100647

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Tent Structures Tent Structures

- Tent system with interior arch for high point construction - Tent system with interior arch for high point construction
Suvarnabhumi Airport

Location: Bangkok, Thailand

Designer: Murphy/Jahn Architects

page90

From Wikipedia

Tent Structures Tent Structures

- Tent system with interior arch for high point construction - Tent system with interior arch for high point construction

page91
Suvarnabhumi Airport
From Wikipedia

Tent Structures Tent Structures

- Tent system with interior arch for high point construction - High point structure for tent system

Location: Kent, United Kingdom

Architect: Michael Hopkins & Partners
Structure: Arup

page92

SAGA Headquarters

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Tent Structures Tent Structures

- High point structure for tent system - High point structure for tent system

Munich Olympiapark, Germany

New Inland Revenue Center, Nottingham, UK
From Wikipedia

Tent Structures

- High point structure for tent system

Millennium Dome

Location: London, UK
Architect: Richard Rogers

Pneumatic
Structures

From Wikipedia

Tent Structures Pneumatic Structures

- High point structure for tent system - Air as a bearing medium

Munich Olympiapark - Air supported objects

Location: Munich, Germany - Air volume lock into a tension-resistant, flexible envelop (membrane)
Architect: Frei Otto and pressurized versus the surrounding air (overpressure) behaves
like a homogeneous, resilient solid.
- Air volume can receive, transfer and discharge external force.

From Wikipedia

page 97

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Pneumatic Structures Pneumatic Structures

- The mechanical quality of air acting like a solid rests upon 3 conditions: - 1. Air supported hall / pressurized indoor systems

- 2. Air cushion / double membrane systems

1. The enclosing fabric must be tension-resistant and impermeable to air.
- 3. Air tube / linear envelop systems (high pressure systems)
2. The stabilizing indoor air pressure must be permanent and always be
higher than all the force acting upon the membrane from without.

3. Each deflection of the envelop shape (with size of area unchanged)

must lead to a definite reduction of the volume enclosed.

- The structural mechanics of air rest upon the resistant of the pneumatic
form against external force = Form-Active System

page 102

Pneumatic Structures Pneumatic Structures

- Against the deformation
- Air supported hall / pressurized indoor system
- Counter-acting effect of compressive indoor forces upon envelop:
increasing effect with receding curvature = arching of envelop - The pressurized air in the locked-in volume supports the space envelope
decreasing effect with progressing curvature = flattening of envelop and stabilizes it against acting force. The pressurized volume is the use
space as well.
- Overall increase of the membrane stress after extension of the membrane
surface due to volume displacement, and consequently, mobilization of - The membrane forces are directly discharged at the boundaries.
force for regaining the original pneumatic shape.

page 102

page 99

Pneumatic Structures

Space Flowers

Architect: Victor Lundy

New York World’s Fair of 1964-65

Systems
of
Pneumatic
Structures

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Pneumatic Structures Pneumatic Structures

Tokyo Dome AUDITORIUM, MUSIC CENTER

Medusa, Sweden
From Google Map
http://test.greenprefab.com/dettaglio_progetto.php?id=81

Pneumatic Structures Pneumatic Structures

Tokyo Dome
From Wikipedia

AUDITORIUM, MUSIC CENTER

Medusa, Sweden
http://test.greenprefab.com/dettaglio_progetto.php?id=81

Pneumatic Structures Pneumatic Structures

AUDITORIUM, MUSIC CENTER, 2005 - Air cushion / double membrane systems

Architect: plastique fantastique (Germany based firm) - The pressurized air within the cushion serves only to stabilizing the
http://www.plastique-fantastique.de/ bearing membrane and together with the upper membrane, forms a
roof structure.
Location: Medusa, Sweden
- The forces at the membrane edges require for reception a restraining
construction.

page 102
AUDITORIUM, MUSIC CENTER

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Pneumatic Structures Pneumatic Structures

“LOOPS” dome - Air tube / linear envelop systems (high pressure systems)

The 2011 Bau Messe - The pressurized air stabilizes the tube shape and thus forms linear
(Construction Trade Fair) structure members for diverse frameworks of spanning spaces.
Location: Munich, Germany - The membrane forces will be discharged directly at the edges much
like the air supported hall.

http://leichtbaukunst.de/textile-architektur/ page 102

Pneumatic Structures Pneumatic Structures

Fuji Group Pavilion Expo’ 70 Water theater Expo’ 70

Osaka, Japan
“LOOPS” dome From Shinnkennchiku (新建築)
Munich, Germany
http://leichtbaukunst.de/textile-architektur/

Pneumatic Structures

Arch
Structures

“LOOPS” dome
Munich, Germany
http://leichtbaukunst.de/textile-architektur/

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Arch Structures Arch Structures

Triumphal Arch (Arc de Triomphe) - The spanning mechanism of suspension cable and arch
Paris, France
- Suspension cable

Suspension cable is able to develop only tensile stress under its own
weight, it assume the shape of catenary

page 112

Arch Bridge, China

Arch Structures Arch Structures

Rainbow Bridge - Arch

虹橋
The cable turned upside down, develop only compressive stresses
of the same magnitude as the tensile stress in the cable.

The funicular line shape for an arch under its own weight thus is an
inverted catenary.

http://web2.nmns.edu.tw/Web-Title/china/A-3-2-3_display.htm page 112

Arch Structures Arch Structures

- Arch systems characterized by method of horizontal thrust resistant

1 3

2 4

1. Foundation Arch 3. Buttressed Arch page 113

Leonardo DaVinci's Self-Supporting Arch Bridge 2. Continuous Arch 4. Tied Arch

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Arch Structures Arch Structures

- Bending due to deviation of center line from funicular curve - Comparison between two-hinge arch and three-hinge arch

- Bending due to additional vertical or horizontal loading

- Foundation settlement

page 116

page 117

Arch Structures Arch Structures

- Bending due to deviation of center line from funicular curve - Comparison between two-hinge arch and three-hinge arch

- Bending due to additional vertical or horizontal loading

- Foundation settlement

M-dia.

page 116
page 117

Arch Structures

- Bending due to deviation of center line from funicular curve

- Bending due to additional vertical or horizontal loading
- Foundation settlement

Example
of
Arch
Structures

page 116

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Arch Structures Arch Structures

Richmond Olympic Oval

Architect: Cannon Design

Location: British Columbia, Canada

2009 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships

2010 Winter Olympics

From Wikipedia Gushan / Kushan district

Kaohsiung, Taiwan
http://pwbgis.kcg.gov.tw/construction/construction.aspx?id=3

Arch Structures Arch Structures

Richmond Olympic Oval Gushan / Kushan district

British Columbia, Canada Kaohsiung, Taiwan
From Wikipedia http://pwbgis.kcg.gov.tw/construction/construction.aspx?id=3

Arch Structures Arch Structures

Sheffield Winter Garden

Type: Green House

Architect: Pringle Richards Sharratt
Architects
Location: Sheffield, England

Gushan / Kushan district

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

http://pwbgis.kcg.gov.tw/construction/construction.aspx?id=3

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Arch Structures

Waterloo International railway station

Architect: Grimshaw Architects

Location: London, UK

END

From Wikipedia

Arch Structures

Waterloo International railway station

London, UK
From Wikipedia

Arch Structures

Waterloo International railway station

London, UK

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