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Problem 2: evaluate The Fourier transform of the damped sinusoidal wave get) = exp( - t)sin(21Tict)u(t), where u(t) is the unit step function. Problem 3: Find the spectrum of the single sine pulse shown in Fig. P2.1d.
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Problem 2: evaluate The Fourier transform of the damped sinusoidal wave get) = exp( - t)sin(21Tict)u(t), where u(t) is the unit step function. Problem 3: Find the spectrum of the single sine pulse shown in Fig. P2.1d.
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/ 7
Fram Haya, “Corman Syatine od SA.
[ mmowens me harp nurs + vine
PROBLEMS
4g Problem 2.1
(a) Find the Fourier transform of the half-cosine pulse shown in Fig. P2.12.
(b) Apply the time-shifting property to the result obtained in part (a) to evaluate
the spectrum of the halfsine pulse shown in Fig, P2.1b.
(©) What is die spectrum of a halfsine pulse having a duration equal to a7?
(a) What is the spectrum of the negative half-sine pulse shown in Fig. P2122
(e) Find the spectrum of the single sine pulse shown in Fig. P2.1d.
at rt)
Figure P2.1
Problem 2.2. Evaluate the Fourier transform of the damped sinusoidal wave
a(t) = exp(~Hsin(2afs)u(t)
where u(t) is the unit step function.
Problem 2.3 Any function g(t) can be split unambiguously into an even part
2 and an odd part, as shown by
at) = alt) + KAO
‘The even partis defined by
eA) =F [6 + a(-9)
and the odd partis defined by
Bit) = 5 Lett) ~ a-8)]
(a) Evaluate the even and odd parts of a rectangular pulse defined by
a
19 = Area =2)
(b) What are the Fourier transforms of these two parts of the pulse? REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
rein) sate)
Figure P2.2
Problem 24 Determine the inverse Fourier transform of the frequency func-
tion G(J) defined by the amplitude and phase spectra shown in Fig. P22.
Problem 2.5 The following expression may be viewed as an approximate rep-
resentation of a pulse with finite rise time:
wo 1 roo
where itis assumed that T >> 7. Determine the Fourier transform of g(t). What
happens to this transform when we allow 7 to become zero? Hint: Express g(¢)
as the superposition of two signals, one corresponding to integration from
t= Tto 0, and the other from Ota 1 + T.
Problem 26 The Fourier transform of a signal g(1) is denoted by G(f). Prove
the following properties of the Fourier transform:
(@)_Tfa real signal g(1) isan even finction of time & the Fontrier transform GS)
is purely real. If real signal g(#) is an odd function of time 4, the Fourier
transform G( f) is purely imaginary.
) fg) (J ems)
where GC) isthe mh derivative of GF) with respect tf.
© f. Ug) dt = (4) eo
@ soto ef aucta— fa
© [nto a= [anon a
Problem 2.7. ‘The Fourier transform G(f) of a signal g(t) is bounded by the
following three inequalities:
loons J, Igcol ae
rarocnts |
a
det
dt PROBLEMS:
and
\2afy*eh)| = f. |fe2| at
where it is assumed that the first and second derivatives of g(t) exist.
Construct these three bounds for the triangular pulee chown in Fig, P2.8 and
compare your results with the actual amplitude spectrum of the pulse.
tn
=F
Figure P23
Problem 2.8 Prove the following properties of the convolution procete:
(2) The commutative propery:
BO BO = BO BO
(0) The associative property
BC ® Lee) BWCO] = Cale) H gC] & gt)
(©) The distributive property:
BO) [a + lO] = Bilt) ® Bld) + BC BO
Problem 2.9 Consider the convolution uf tmu signals gy(¢) aud g(¢). Show that,
a a
(@ ql & el] [ga] * al)
&) J Laie) ale] de = if 810) “| * elt)
Problem 2.10 A signal *(2) of finite energy is applied tw a squarelaw device
‘whose output y(t) is defined by
x = #0)
‘The spectrum of x(t) is limited to the frequency interval — Ws f = W. Heuce,
show that the spectrum of y(¢) is limited to ~2W= f = 2W. Hint: Express y(t)
as x(¢) multiplied by itself
Problem 2.11 Evaluate the Fourier transform of the delta function by consid-
ering it as the limiting form of (1) a rectangular pulse of unit area, and (2) a
sine pulse of un 14
REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
Problem 2.12 The Fourier transform G(f) of a signal g(t) is defined by
1 f>o
Oh =4h fo
0 sso
Determine the signal g().
Problem 2.13 Consider a pulsclike function g(2) that consists of a small number
of sraightdine segments, Suppose that ths function i differentiated with respect
to time twice 0.28 to generate a sequence of weighted delta functions, as shown
by 7 =
agit) _ _
ae 2 Olt ~ 6)
where the kare related to the slopes of the straightline segments.
(a) Given the values of the k, and the 4, show that the Fourier transform of g(!)
is given by
GU) = ~ pap hewwl- Rafe)
(b) Using this procedure, show that the Fourier transform of the wapezoidal
pulse shown in Fig. P2.4 is given by
= A aint tt, — t))sint
CD = Sap MUM = dds y+ 10)
1
f }
I
I I
ee oi
Figure P2.4
Problem 2.14 Show that the two different pulses defined in parts (a) and (8)
of Fig. P2.1 have the same energy spectral density
°T°cos*(wIT)
PAT — yt
eff) =
Problem 2.15
(2) The root mean-square (rms) bandwidth ofa lowpass signal g(¢) of finite energy
is defined by PROBLEMS
[pioneer
Wn = | 5
[lowe a
where [G(S)[? isthe energy specteal density of dhe signal. Correspondingly,
the roo! mean-square (rms) duration of the signal is defined hy
f tecor al”
od an
ftewr a
Using these definitions, show that
Toons Wp a
rom Wen =
Assume that |g(¢)| —> 0 faster than 1/V{f as |e =,
Consider a Gaussian pulse defined by
a() = exp(—at)
Show that, for this signal, the equality
Wo Gap
can be reached.
Hint: Use Schwarz's inequality (see Appendix 5)
{f (eT a0 + (0850) af asf lator af leet? ae
in which we set
al)
dete)
a) =
Problem 2.16 Let x(t) and y(t) be the input and output signals of a linear tinue
invariant filter. Using Rayleigh's energy theorem, show that if the filter is stable
and the input signal x() has finite energy, then the output signal y(t) also has
finire energy. That is, given that
then show that 16
REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
x0. Le Lia bee
ey Dey
T
Figure P2.5
Problem 2.17 Evaluate the transfer function of a linear system represented by
the block diagram shown in Fig. P25.
Problem 2.18
(a) Determine the overall amplitude response of the cascade connection shown
in Fig. P2.6 consisting of N identical stages. each with a time constant RC
equal to
(b) Show that as N approaches infinity, the amplitude response of the cascade
connection approaches the Gaussian function cxo( -+} rr) where for
each value of N, the time constant 7 is selected so that
"
3 TEN
Figure P2.6
Problem 2.19 Suppose that, for a given signal x(t), the integrated value of the
signal over an interval T'is required, as shown by
x) ~ fo a
(a). Show that y(t) can be obtained by transmitting the input signal x(¢) through
a filter with its transfer function given by
H(f) = Tsinc(fT)exp(-jmfT)
(b) An adequate approximation to this transfer function is obtained by using a
low-pass filter with a bandwidth equal to 1/7, passband amplitude response
7, and delay 7/2. Assuming this low-pass filter to be ideal, determine dhe
filter output at time ¢ = Tdue to a unit step function applied to the filter
at t= 0,and compare the result with the corresponding output ofthe ideal
integrator. Note that Si(m) = 1.85 and Si(%) = 7/2. PROBLEMS "Ww
CB ere 220 A apes ke comivs oN welts, where Noa
Ic is symmetric with respect to the center tap, that is, the weights satisfy the
condition
w= wr, OSNSN-1
(a) Find the amplitude response of the filter
(b)_ Show that this filter has a linear phase response.
lem 2.21 Let g(4) denote the Hilbert transform af g(t). Derive the follow:
set of Hilbert-transform pairs:
ep(-f, f>0
fe
f
