Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Today, Kathmandu is a rapidly urbanizing city with building construction at just about every
corner of the city that one can see. Nowadays, with the awareness level of the building owners
increasing than in the past, the trend of having a building analyzed scientifically before it is actually
constructed is growing popular, especially in case of medium to large commercial buildings, which is
a good thing because such a practice helps construction of more safer buildings which can eventually
lead to avoidance of loss of lives and property in case of a structural failure.
A designer has to deal with various structures ranging from simple ones like curtain rods and
electric poles to more complex ones like multistoried frame buildings, shell roofs bridges etc. these
structure are subjected to various load like concentrated loads uniformly distributed loads, uniformly
varying loads live loads, earthquake loads and dynamic forces. The structure transfers the loads
acting on it to the supports and ultimately to the ground. While transferring the loads acting on the
structure, the members of the structure are subjected to the internal forces like axial forces, shearing
forces, bending and torsional moments.
Structural Analysis deals with analyzing these internal forces in the members of the
structures. Structural Design deals with sizing various members of the structures to resist the internal
forces to which they are subjected during their effective life span. Unless the proper Structural
Detailing method is adopted the structural design will be no more effective. The Indian Standard
Code of Practice should be thoroughly adopted for proper analysis, design and detailing with respect
to safety, economy, stability and strength.
The projected selected by our group is a medium commercial building located at Pulchowk,
Lalitpur. According to IS 1893:2002, Kathmandu lies on Vth Zone, the severest one. Hence the effect
of earthquake is pre-dominant than the wind load. So, the building is analyzed for Earthquake as
lateral Load. The seismic coefficient design method as stipulated in IS 1893:2002 is applied to
analyze the building for earthquake. Special reinforced concrete moment resisting frame is
considered as the main structural system of the building.
The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulations in
Indian Standards, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS 456-2000, Design Aids for
Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-2000(SP-16), Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design Structures IS
1893-2000, Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces- Code
of Practice IS 13920-1993, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing SP-34. Use of these
codes have emphasized on providing sufficient safety, economy, strength and ductility besides
satisfactory serviceability requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete structures. These
codes are based on principles of Limit State of Design.
This project work has been undertaken as a partial requirement for B.E. degree in Civil
Engineering. This project work contains structural analysis, design and detailing of a commercial
public building located in Lalitpur District. All the theoretical knowledge on analysis and design
acquired on the course work are utilized with practical application. The main objective of the project
is to acquaint in the practical aspects of Civil Engineering. We, being the budding engineers of
tomorrow, are interested in such analysis and design of structures which will, we hope, help us in
similar jobs that we might have in our hands in the future.

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1.2 Theme of Project work

This group under the project work has undertaken the structural analysis and design of multi-
storied commercial building. The main aim of the project work under the title is to acquire
knowledge and skill with an emphasis of practical application. Besides the utilization of analytical
methods and design approaches, exposure and application of various available codes of practices is
another aim of the work.

1.3 Objectives and Scopes

The specific objectives of the project work are

i. Identification of structural arrangement of plan.
ii. Modeling of the building for structural analysis.
iii. Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program.
iv. Sectional design of structural components.
v. Structural detailing of members and the system.

To achieve above objectives, the following scope or work is planned

i. Identification of the building and the requirement of the space.
ii. Determination of the structural system of the building to
undertake the vertical and horizontal loads.
iii. Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake
iv. Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements.
v. Determination of fundamental time period by free vibration
analysis.
vi. Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent
earthquake load.
vii. Identification of load cases and load combination cases.
viii. Finite element modeling of the building and input analysis
ix. The structural analysis pf the building by SAP2000 for
different cases of loads.
x. Review of analysis outputs for design of individual components
xi. Design of RC frame members, walls, mat foundation, staircase,
and other by limit state method of design
xii. Detailing of individual members and preparation of drawings as
a part of working construction document.

1.4 Building Description

Building Type : Medium Commercial Building, Located in Lalitpur

Structural System : RCC Space Frame
Plinth area covered : 11415 m2
Type of Foundation : Mat Foundation
No. of Storey :4
Floor Height : 4.52m (Basement), 3.67 m all other floors
Type of Sub-Soil : Soft Soil (Zone III)
Expansion Joints : two expansion joints are provided

According to IS 456-2000, Clause 27, structures in which changes in plan dimensions take
place abruptly shall be provided with expansion joints at the section where such changes occur.

2
Reinforcement shall not extend across an expansion joints and the break between the sections shall
be completed. Normally structure exceeding 45m in length is designed with one or more expansion
joints.

The design is intended to serve for the following facilities in the building:-
 Basement for Parking ,
 Other floors for rent for various commercial purposes like office, departmental stores,
banking, shop stall, etc.

1.5 Identification of loads

 Dead loads are calculated as per IS 875 (Part 1) -1987

 Seismic load according to IS 1893 (Part 1)-2002 considering Lalitpur(Kathmandu)
located at Zone V
 Imposed loads according to IS 875(Part 2)-1987 has been taken as

For all the floor 4 KN/m2

For Staircase 5 KN/m2

For machine level live load has been taken 1.5 time 4 KN/m2 to consider
impact load due to elevator

1.6 Method of Analysis

The building is modeled as a space frame. SAP2000 is adopted as the basic tool for the
execution of analysis. SAP2000 program is based on Finite Element Method. Due to possible actions
in the building, the stresses, displacements and fundamental time periods are obtained using
SAP2000 which are used for the design of the members. Lift wall, mat foundation, staircase, slabs
are analyzed separately.

1.7 Design

The following materials are adopted for the design of the elements:

 Concrete Grade: M20 and M25

 M25 for the all columns
 M20 for remaining structural elements

 Reinforcement Steel – Fe250, Fe415 and Fe500 TMT

 Fe415 for the Slabs & Basement Wall
 Fe500 TMT for all the remaining elements
 Fe250 for stirrups

Limit state method is used for the design of RC elements. The design is based on IS:456-
2000, SP-16, IS:1893-2002, SP-34 and Reinforced Concreter Designer’s Handbook- Charles E.
Reynolds and James C. Stedman are extensively used in the process of design.

1.8 Detailing

The space frame is considered as a special moment resisting frame(SMRF) with a special
detailing to provide ductile behavior and comply with the requirements given in IS 13920-1993,

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Hand book on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing (SP-34) and Reinforced Concrete Detailer’s
Manual- Brian W. Boughton and Reinforced Concreter Designer’s Handbook- Charles E. Reynolds
and James C. Stedman ( for Helicoidal Staircase) are extensively used.
1.9 Distribution of Chapter

This project has been broadly categorized into five chapters, Summery of each chapter are
mention below:

Chapter 1 : Introduction
Chapter 2 : Structural system and loading
In this chapter, briefing upon the structural arrangements is done with necessary
computations that are performed for the vertical load calculation, preliminary design
of the structure elements, seismic load calculation and the different load combinations
that are used.

Chapter 3 : Structural Analysis

This chapter deals with SAP2000 that is followed by the analysis of the different
structural members. This includes the inputs given and outputs obtained in the
process, the time period calculation and storey drift of the building.

Chapter 4 : Structural Design

The design for the structural members is done by taking into account the Limit State
Method. This chapter includes the design procedures that are followed for the design
of slabs, beams, columns, staircases, basement wall, lift wall and mat foundation.

Chapter 5 : Structural Detailing and Drawings

The various structural detailing and drawings of the different members as obtained
from their respective design are listed in this chapter.

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 Chapter 2
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND
LOADING

2.1 Structural Arrangement Plan

The planning of the building has been done as per available land area, shape, space according
to building bylaws and requirement of commercial public building. The positioning of columns,
staircases, toilets, bathrooms, elevators etc are appropriately done and accordingly Beam
arrangements is carried out so that the whole building will be aesthetically, functionally and
economically feasible.
The aim of design is the achievements of an acceptable probability that structures being design will
perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should
sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability
and adequate resistance to the effect of misuse and fire.
The building consist of three blocks, namely First, Second and Third Block, separated by a
construction joint.

2.2 Vertical Load Calculation

First Block
a) Slab

Dead Load
Self Weight of the slab= 165 mm x 25 KN/m3 = 4.625 KN/m2
Finishes = 20 mm x 20 KN/m3 = 0.4 KN/m2
Plaster = 30 mm x 20 KN/m3 = 0.6 KN/m2
For partition = 1.0 KN/m2
Total = 6.625 KN/m2

Imposed Load
For All Floor = 4 KN/m2
Roof = 2 KN/m2
b) Wall

Masonry Wall
Thickness = 230 mm
Solid wall weight = 230 mm x 19 KN/m2 = 4.37 KN/m2
Solid wall weight after deducting opening 75 % of 4.37 = 3.2775 KN/m2
Parapet Wall = 1 x 0.23 x 19 = 4.37 KN/m2

Basement Wall
Thickness = 280 mm

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 Solid wall weight = 280 mm x 25 KN/m2 = 7.0 KN/m2

c) Column
Square = 0.61 x 0.61 x 25 = 9.302 KN/m

d) Beam
Straight Beam = 0.61 x 0.305 x 25 = 4.651 KN/m

Second Block
a) Slab

Dead Load
Self Weight of the slab= 165 mm x 25 KN/m3 = 4.625 KN/m2
Finishes = 20 mm x 20 KN/m3 = 0.4 KN/m2
Plaster = 30 mm x 20 KN/m3 = 0.6 KN/m2
For partition = 1.0 KN/m2
Total = 6.625 KN/m2

Imposed Load
For All Floor = 4 KN/m2
Roof = 2 KN/m2
b) Wall

Masonry Wall
Thickness = 230 mm
Solid wall weight = 230 mm x 19 KN/m2 = 4.37 KN/m2
Solid wall weight after deducting opening 75 % of 4.37 = 3.2775 KN/m2
Parapet Wall = 1 x 0.23 x 19 = 4.37 KN/m2

Basement Wall
Thickness = 280 mm
Solid wall weight = 280 mm x 25 KN/m2 = 7.0 KN/m2

c) Column
Rectangular = 0.61 x 0.763 x 25 = 11.636 KN/m
Square = 0.61 x 0.61 x 25 = 9.302 KN/m
2
Circular =  x 0.61 x 25 = 7.306 KN/m
4
d) Beam
Straight Beam = 0.61 x 0.305 x 25 = 4.651 KN/m
Radial Beam = 0.61 x 0.305 x 25 = 4.651 KN/m
Curved Beam = 0.61 x 0.305 x 25 = 4.651 KN/m

e) Staircase

Dog Legged
Total thickness = 250 mm

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 Riser = 180 mm
Tread = 300 mm

Wt. of waist slab = 0.25 x 25 = 6.250 KN/m2

Wt. of each step = 0.50 x 0.18 x 0.3 x 25 = 0.675 KN/m
Wt. of landing = 0.25 x 25 = 6.250 KN/m2
Wt. of finishing = 0.09 x [22(0.18+0.3) + 0.18] x20 = 19.33 KN/m
Imposed load = 5 KN/m2

Open Well
Total thickness = 250 mm
Riser = 180 mm
Tread = 300 mm

Wt. of waist slab = 0.25 x 25 = 6.250 KN/m2

Wt. of each step = 0.50 x 0.18 x 0.3 x 25 = 0.675 KN/m
Wt. of landing = 0.25 x 25 = 6.250 KN/m2
Wt. of finishing =0.09 x [14(0.18+0.36) + 0.18] x20 = 12.42 KN/m
Imposed load = 5 KN/m2

Hellical
Total thickness = 250 mm
Riser = 180 mm
Tread = 300 mm

Wt. of waist slab = 0.25 x 25 = 6.250 KN/m2

Wt. of each step = 0.50 x 0.18 x 0.3 x 25 = 0.675 KN/m
Wt. of landing = 0.25 x 25 = 6.250 KN/m2
Wt. of finishing =0.09 x [24(0.18+0.36) + 0.18] x20 = 21.06 KN/m
Imposed load = 5 KN/m2

Straight Flight
Total thickness = 250 mm
Riser = 180 mm
Tread = 300 mm

Wt. of waist slab = 0.25 x 25 = 6.250 KN/m2

Wt. of each step = 0.50 x 0.18 x 0.3 x 25 = 0.675 KN/m
Wt. of landing = 0.25 x 25 = 6.250 KN/m2
Wt. of finishing = 0.09 x [20(0.18+0.36) + 0.18] x20 = 17.60 KN/m
Imposed load = 5 KN/m2

f) Lift
Thickness = 200 mm
Length = 8.692 m
Weight = 0.2 x 8.692 x 25 = 43.46 KN/m

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Third Block
a) Slab

Dead Load
Self Weight of the slab= 165 mm x 25 KN/m3 = 4.625 KN/m2
Finishes = 20 mm x 20 KN/m3 = 0.4 KN/m2
Plaster = 30 mm x 20 KN/m3 = 0.6 KN/m2
For partition = 1.0 KN/m2
Total = 6.625 KN/m2

Imposed Load
For All Floor = 4 KN/m2
Roof = 2 KN/m2
b) Wall

Masonry Wall
Thickness = 230 mm
Solid wall weight = 230 mm x 19 KN/m2 = 4.37 KN/m2
Solid wall weight after deducting opening 75 % of 4.37 = 3.2775 KN/m2
Parapet Wall = 1 x 0.23 x 19 = 4.37 KN/m2

Basement Wall
Thickness = 280 mm
Solid wall weight = 280 mm x 25 KN/m2 = 7.0 KN/m2

c) Column
Square = 0.61 x 0.61 x 25 = 9.302 KN/m

d) Beam
Straight Beam = 0.61 x 0.305 x 25 = 4.651 KN/m

2.3 Preliminary Design

Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members
before analysis of structure. Grid diagram is the basic factor for analysis in both Approximate and
Exact method and is presented below.

For Slab
Shorter Span
Depth of slab, (d ) 
Basic Value x Modification Factor
Taking Modification Factor, MF = 1.4
5334
d = 146.540 mm
26 x 1.4
Say d = 160 mm
Taking Effective cover = 20mm
Overall Depth of Slab, D = 185mm

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For Beam

Straight Beam
Longer Span 7203
Total Depth , (D)    600 mm
12 12
Say, D = 610 mm
Width of Beam B = D/2 = 305 mm

Curved Beam

Total Depth (D) = 610 mm

Width of Beam (B) = D/2 = 305 mm

Radial Beam

Total Depth (D) = 610 mm

Width of Beam (B) = D/2 = 305 mm

For Column

Square Column

Approximate Vertical load = 3780 KN

Factored Vertical load = 1.5 x 3780 = 5670 KN
Considering Earthquake load, total axial load = 1.5 x 5670 = 8505 KN
Required area of cross-section = 8505 x 1000 / 25 = 340200 mm2
Required size of square column = 340200 = 584 mm
Say, D = 610 mm
B = 610 mm

Similarly for,
Rectangular Column

D = 762.5 mm
B = 610 mm

Circular Column

Diameter, D = 610 mm

For Staircase

Doglegged Staircase

Span 5640
Depth of waist slab d   235 mm
20 20 x 1.2
Say Overall Depth = 250 mm

Similarly for open well Staircase

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 Overall Depth = 250 mm

Similarly for open Spiral Staircase

Overall Depth = 250 mm

2.4 Seismic Load

Seismic weight is the total dead load plus appropriate amount of specified imposed load.
While computing the seismic load weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any story
shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. The seismic weight of the whole
building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has been calculated according to IS:
1893(Part I) – 2002.
IS: 1893(Part I) – 2002 states that for the calculation of the design seismic forces of the
structure the imposed load on roof need not be considered

The seismic weights and the base shear have been computed as below:

Seismic Weight Calculation:

Specific Thickness
Description Weight Length Breadth or
Height
KN/m3 m m m
Beam 25.00 5.64 0.31 0.44
Wall 19.00 5.03 0.23 1.57
Retaining Wall 25.00 5.03 0.23 1.74
Column 1 25.00 0.61 0.61 1.57
Column 2 25.00 0.61 0.61 1.74
Cantilever Slab 25.00 0.56 1.48 0.18
Cantilever Beam 25.00 1.48 0.31 0.64
Parapet Wall 19.00 5.64 0.23 0.92

Partition wall + Floor Finish 2 KN/m2

Floor Finish For Staircase 1 KN/m2
Live Load Slab 4 KN/m2
Live Load Staircase 5 KN/m2

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 Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total
Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 479.54 176.47 274.37 165.00 Staircase 87.45 1183.00
Third 574.31 176.47 205.14 210.00 Staircase 174.90 1341.00
E-E Second 574.31 176.47 205.14 210.00 Staircase 174.90 1341.00
First 574.31 176.47 205.14 210.00 Staircase 174.90 1341.00
Ground 574.31 176.47 225.79 222.25 Staircase 174.90 1374.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 1075.67 279.27 420.08 172.50 Staircase 244.12 2192.00
Third 1081.07 279.27 323.36 217.50 Staircase 448.93 2351.00
F-F Second 1081.07 279.27 323.36 217.50 Staircase 610.09 2512.00
First 1081.07 279.27 323.36 217.50 Staircase 610.09 2512.00
Ground 1351.33 279.27 340.96 238.13 Staircase 448.93 2659.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 1022.58 280.77 99.71 127.50 Staircase 0.00 1531.00
Third 1580.35 280.77 118.91 255.00 Staircase 0.00 2236.00
G-G Second 1580.35 280.77 118.91 255.00 Staircase 0.00 2236.00
First 1509.74 275.59 118.91 255.00 Staircase 0.00 2160.00
Ground 1587.82 298.55 145.81 269.88 Staircase 0.00 2303.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 695.22 185.75 36.02 75.00 Staircase 0.00 992.00
Third 986.84 198.00 69.54 150.00 Staircase 108.85 1514.00
H-H Second 986.84 198.00 69.54 150.00 Staircase 217.70 1623.00
First 913.31 192.75 69.54 150.00 Staircase 217.70 1544.00
Ground 1611.12 290.75 85.27 158.75 Staircase 108.85 2255.00

Total
Load(KN
Frame Floor Slab Beam Wall Column Others )
Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
Fourth 695.22 185.75 58.35 75.00 Staircase 0.00 1015.00
Third 978.10 198.00 69.54 150.00 Staircase 108.85 1505.00
I-I Second 978.10 198.00 69.54 150.00 Staircase 217.70 1614.00
First 907.88 192.75 69.54 150.00 Staircase 217.70 1538.00
Ground 1611.12 290.75 85.27 158.75 Staircase 0.00 2146.00

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 Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total
Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 1034.00 276.75 162.66 165.00 Staircase 116.10 1755.00
Third 1469.43 276.75 104.31 210.00 Staircase 142.49 2203.00
J-J Second 1469.43 276.75 104.31 210.00 Staircase 142.49 2203.00
First 1399.21 271.75 104.31 210.00 Staircase 142.49 2128.00
Ground 1476.86 292.50 154.81 222.25 Staircase 142.49 2289.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 753.47 223.75 513.20 165.00 Staircase 100.26 1756.00
Third 964.20 223.75 521.55 210.00 Staircase 200.26 2120.00
K-K Second 964.20 223.75 521.55 210.00 Staircase 200.26 2120.00
First 700.34 198.00 521.55 210.00 Staircase 200.26 1831.00
Ground 700.34 198.00 658.57 222.25 Staircase 200.26 1980.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 377.27 142.25 70.53 90.00 Staircase 0.00 681.00
Third 585.13 142.25 84.14 180.00 Staircase 0.00 992.00
6-6 Second 585.13 142.25 84.14 180.00 Staircase 0.00 992.00
First 585.13 142.25 84.14 180.00 Staircase 0.00 992.00
Ground 585.13 142.25 103.18 190.50 Staircase 0.00 1022.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) Description (KN) )
Fourth 892.94 297.75 295.47 150.00 Staircase 50.05 1687.00
Third 1222.86 297.75 257.30 180.00 Staircase 171.25 2130.00
7-7 Second 1222.86 297.75 257.30 180.00 Staircase 171.25 2130.00
First 1222.86 297.75 257.30 180.00 Staircase 171.25 2130.00
Ground 1222.86 297.75 301.36 190.50 Staircase 171.25 2184.00

Total
Load(KN
Frame Floor Slab Beam Wall Column Others )
Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN)
Fourth 985.06 271.00 289.23 180.00 Staircase 171.25 1897.00
Third 1201.05 277.25 208.62 240.00 Staircase 198.65 2126.00
8-8 Second 1201.05 283.75 208.62 240.00 Staircase 225.80 2160.00
First 1201.05 283.75 208.62 240.00 Staircase 225.80 2160.00
Ground 1443.29 339.25 240.08 254.00 Staircase 198.65 2476.00

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 Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total
Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 796.12 185.75 58.35 90.00 Staircase 0.00 1131.00
Third 909.69 198.00 69.54 180.00 Staircase 72.83 1431.00
9-9 Second 909.69 198.00 69.54 180.00 Staircase 145.65 1503.00
First 873.84 198.00 69.54 180.00 Staircase 145.65 1468.00
Ground 1611.12 284.50 85.27 190.50 Staircase 72.83 2245.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 695.22 185.75 58.35 75.00 Staircase 0.00 1015.00
Third 1010.93 198.00 69.54 150.00 Staircase 72.83 1502.00
10-10 Second 1010.93 198.00 69.54 150.00 Staircase 72.83 1502.00
First 940.77 198.00 69.54 150.00 Staircase 72.83 1432.00
Ground 1611.12 284.50 85.27 158.75 Staircase 72.83 2213.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 1031.45 276.75 58.35 105.00 Staircase 0.00 1472.00
Third 1506.19 289.00 69.54 210.00 Staircase 0.00 2075.00
11-11 Second 1506.19 289.00 69.54 210.00 Staircase 0.00 2075.00
First 1438.71 284.00 69.54 210.00 Staircase 0.00 2003.00
Ground 1611.12 304.75 85.27 222.25 Staircase 0.00 2224.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 1085.40 243.00 670.70 165.00 Staircase 229.56 2394.00
Third 1180.66 243.00 542.41 210.00 Staircase 229.56 2406.00
12-12 Second 1180.66 243.00 542.41 210.00 Staircase 229.56 2406.00
First 805.57 202.50 542.41 210.00 Staircase 229.56 1991.00
Ground 805.57 202.50 595.42 222.25 Staircase 229.56 2056.00

Slab Beam Wall Column Others Total

Frame Floor Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Load(KN
Description
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) )
Fourth 155.75 52.50 432.73 90.00 Staircase 100.36 832.00
Third 0.00 52.50 209.92 60.00 Staircase 229.56 552.00
13-13 Second 0.00 52.50 209.92 60.00 Staircase 229.56 552.00
First 0.00 52.50 209.92 60.00 Staircase 229.56 552.00
Ground 0.00 52.50 257.99 63.50 Staircase 229.56 604.00

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Base Shear Calculation

According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.4.2 the design horizontal seismic coefficient A h
for a structure shall be determined by the following expression:

Z I Sa
Ah 
2R g
Where,
Z = Zone factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 2, Here for Zone V, Z = 0.36
I = Importance Factor, I = 1 for commercial building
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 7, R = 5.0
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on Fundamental
natural period of vibration (Ta).

According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.4.2

0.09 h
Ta 
d
Where,
h = height of building in m, h = 3.912 m
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level in m along the
considered direction of the lateral force.
d = 33.833 m

0.09 x 3.912
Ta   0.0605 sec
33.833

For Ta = 0.0605 and soil type III (Soft Soil) Sa/g = 2.5

Now,
0.36 x 1 x 2.5
Ah   0.09
2 x5
According to IS 1893 (Part I) : 2002 Cl. No. 7.5.3 the total design lateral force or design
seismic base shear (VB) along any principle direction is given by

VB = Ah x W

Where, W = Seismic weight of the building

According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.7.1 the design base shear (V B) computed above
shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following expression:
Wi h i2
Q i  VB n
 Wj h 2j
j1

Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i

14
 hi = Height of floor I measured from base
n = No. of storeys in the building

Center Of Mass of Central Block

X Y
Floor Resultant C.G Resultant C.G
KN m KN m
Fourth 11109.00 20.55 10424.00 16.94
Third 13214.00 19.34 13270.00 17.31
Second 13320.00 19.31 13649.00 17.21
First 12728.00 18.81 13054.00 16.84
Ground 15024.00 18.95 15006.00 17.16

Storey Shear
X
Weight Height Vb
Floor w h2 Force (Q) Storey Shear
(w) (h) = Σ w x Ah
KN m KN m2 KN KN KN
Fourth 11109.00 19.91 4405290.22 5885.55 2387.22 2387.22
Third 13214.00 16.00 3383629.75 5885.55 1833.58 4220.80
Second 13320.00 12.09 1947087.93 5885.55 1055.12 5275.92
First 12728.00 8.18 851411.17 5885.55 461.38 5737.30
Ground 15024.00 4.27 273571.95 5885.55 148.25 5885.55
10860991.0
Σw= 65395.00 Σ w h2=
2

Y
Weight Height Vb
Floor w h2 Force (Q) Storey Shear
(w) (h) = Σ w x Ah
KN m KN m2 KN KN KN
Fourth 10424.00 19.91 4133652.47 5886.27 2279.70 2279.70
Third 13270.00 16.00 3397969.33 5886.27 1873.97 4153.66
Second 13649.00 12.09 1995180.41 5886.27 1100.34 5254.00
First 13054.00 8.18 873218.21 5886.27 481.58 5735.58
Ground 15006.00 4.27 273244.19 5886.27 150.69 5886.27
10673264.6
Σw= 65403.00 Σ w h2=
2

15
 W5 = 2387.22 W5 = 2279.70

W4 = 4220.80 W4 = 4153.66

W3 = 5275.92 W3 = 5254.00

W2 = 5737.30 W2 = 5735.58

W1 = 5885.55 W1 = 5886.27

Storey Shear in X Direction Storey Shear in Y Direction

Additional Shear Calculation Due to Torsion in Building

Center of Rigidity (CR) - A point through which a horizontal force is applied resulting in translation
of the floor without any rotation

Center of Mass (CM) - Center of gravity of all the floor masses.

Structural eccentricity (e)

e= CR  CM

The eccentricity in building is calculated by

e da   e   b
e db   e   b
Where,
eda & edb = static eccentricity at floor a & b define as the distance between center of
mass and center of rigidity.
b = maximum dimension of the building perpendicular to the direction of earthquake
under consideration
 and   Dynamic magnification factors
  Accidental eccentricity factor

From IS 1893 – 2002

 1.5 ,   0.05 and  1

16
Calculation by Simplified Analysis

The location of the center of rigidity is determined by

xr 
k x y
And y r 
k y x

k y k x

EI EI
k x  12 3 And k y  12
L L3

Where kx and ky are lateral stiffness of a particular element along the x and y axes.
E= Young’s Modulus of rigidity
I= Moment of Inertia
L= Length of the Member

The total torsional stiffness of a storey Ip about the center of rigidity is given by

I p   (k x y 2  k y x 2 )

Where,
x,y = coordinates of the centroid of a particular element in plan from the
center of rigidity.
Ip = polar moment of stiffness

The additional shear on any frame on column line to a horizontal torsional moment T is given by
Tx y
Vx'  k xx
Ip

Ty x
Vy'  k yy
Ip

Where,
Vx'  Additional shear on any frame or column line in the x-direction due to
torsional moment
Vx = initial storey shear in x-direction due to lateral forces
Tx = Vx e y , torsional moment due to lateral force in x-direction only
Kxx = total stiffness of the column line under consideration in the x-direction.

The subscript y represents y-direction.

17
 Table : Floor Stiffness Table :Torsional Moment Calculation

Torsional X Y
Floor Stiffness Floor ey Vx b Ta Tb ex Vy b Ta Tb
Ip m KN m KNm KNm m KN m KNm KNm
Fourth 1062757232.32 Fourth 1.08 2387.22 33.83 7920.22 -1450.37 5.85 2279.70 40.79 24666.48 8694.80
Third 1047548907.03 Third 2.33 4220.80 33.83 21920.79 2713.74 4.49 4153.66 40.79 36436.85 10171.41
Second 1046521806.44 Second 2.24 5275.92 33.83 26618.75 2870.89 4.45 5254.00 40.79 45823.71 12688.87
First 1032361666.11 First 1.87 5737.30 33.83 25770.15 1004.35 3.96 5735.58 40.79 45777.25 11020.84
Ground 779929096.63 Ground 1.27 5885.55 33.83 21174.17 -2477.61 4.21 5886.27 40.79 49137.50 12748.74

Table: Additional Shear Calculation

Frame E-E F-F G-G H-H
Additional Additional Additional Additional
Stiffness Y bar Stiffness Y bar Stiffness Y bar Stiffness Y bar
Shear Shear Shear Shear
Floor
Kx Y Due To Kx Y Due To Kx Y Due To Kx Y Due To
Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb
Fourth 670725.59 15.86 79.26 -14.51 376355.70 10.22 28.66 -5.25 695110.16 4.58 23.72 -4.34 215565.90 -1.06 -1.70 0.31
Third 670725.59 14.97 210.12 26.01 576725.84 9.33 112.62 13.94 947074.57 3.69 73.19 9.06 215565.90 -1.95 -8.78 -1.09
Second 670725.59 14.97 255.40 27.55 576725.84 9.33 136.89 14.76 947074.57 3.69 88.96 9.59 215565.90 -1.95 -10.67 -1.15
First 670725.59 14.97 250.65 9.77 576725.84 9.33 134.35 5.24 947074.57 3.69 87.31 3.40 215565.90 -1.95 -10.47 -0.41
Ground 516629.49 15.89 222.91 -26.08 289889.72 10.25 80.70 -9.44 535411.82 4.62 67.09 -7.85 177745.25 -1.02 -4.94 0.58

Frame I-I J-J K-K

Additional Additional Additional
Stiffness Y bar Stiffness Y bar Stiffness Y bar
Shear Shear Shear
Floor
Kx Y Due To Kx Y Due To Kx Y Due To
Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb
Fourth 215565.90 -6.70 -10.76 1.97 318754.45 -12.34 -29.31 5.37 670725.59 -17.98 -89.86 16.46
Third 215565.90 -7.58 -34.21 -4.24 318754.45 -13.22 -88.20 -10.92 670725.59 -18.86 -264.74 -32.77
Second 215565.90 -7.58 -41.59 -4.49 318754.45 -13.22 -107.21 -11.56 670725.59 -18.86 -321.79 -34.71
First 215565.90 -7.58 -40.81 -1.59 318754.45 -13.22 -105.22 -4.10 670725.59 -18.86 -315.81 -12.31
Ground 177745.25 -6.66 -32.15 3.76 245522.09 -12.30 -81.99 9.59 516629.49 -17.94 -251.62 29.44

Frame 6-6 7-7 8-8 9-9

Additional Additional Additional Additional
Stiffness X bar Stiffness X bar Stiffness X bar Stiffness X bar
Shear Shear Shear Shear
Floor
Ky X Due To Ky X Due To Ky X Due To Ky X Due To
Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb
Fourth 619131.31 20.55 295.25 104.07 464348.48 14.91 160.66 56.63 834697.22 9.27 179.56 63.30 245957.44 3.63 20.72 7.30
Third 619131.31 19.34 416.52 116.27 464348.48 13.70 221.32 61.78 834697.22 8.06 234.12 65.36 491914.88 2.43 41.49 11.58
Second 619131.31 19.31 523.43 144.94 464348.48 13.67 277.92 76.96 834697.22 8.03 293.49 81.27 491914.88 2.39 51.51 14.26
First 619131.31 18.81 516.52 124.35 464348.48 13.18 271.28 65.31 834697.22 7.54 278.95 67.16 491914.88 1.90 41.40 9.97
Ground 476888.76 18.95 569.24 147.69 357666.57 13.31 299.87 77.80 642929.39 7.67 310.62 80.59 201154.47 2.03 25.72 6.67

18
 Frame 10-10 11-11 12-12 13-13
Additional Additional Additional Additional
Stiffness X bar Stiffness X bar Stiffness X bar Stiffness X bar
Shear Shear Shear Shear
Floor
Ky X Due To Ky X Due To Ky X Due To Ky X Due To
Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb
Fourth 215565.90 -2.01 -10.05 -3.54 318754.45 -7.65 -56.58 -19.94 361159.93 -13.29 -111.37 -39.26 103188.55 -20.25 -48.49 -17.09
Third 215565.90 -3.21 -24.10 -6.73 318754.45 -8.85 -98.15 -27.40 361159.93 -14.49 -182.04 -50.82 103188.55 -21.45 -76.99 -21.49
Second 215565.90 -3.25 -30.65 -8.49 318754.45 -8.89 -124.03 -34.34 361159.93 -14.53 -229.70 -63.60 103188.55 -21.48 -97.07 -26.88
First 215565.90 -3.74 -35.76 -8.61 318754.45 -9.38 -132.58 -31.92 361159.93 -15.02 -240.52 -57.90 103188.55 -21.98 -100.56 -24.21
Ground 177745.25 -3.61 -40.42 -10.49 245522.09 -9.25 -143.05 -37.11 278185.11 -14.89 -260.91 -67.69 79481.46 -21.85 -109.40 -28.38

Table: Storey Shear Calculation

Frame E-E F-F G-G H-H I-I J-J K-K
(+ve) (+ve) (+ve) (+ve) (+ve) (+ve) (+ve)
Storey Storey Storey Storey Storey Storey Storey
Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve)
Floor Shear Shear Shear Shear Shear Shear Shear
Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force
After After After After After After After
Addn Addn Addn Addn Addn Addn Addn
Fourth 247.33 326.59 326.59 465.45 494.11 494.11 337.79 361.51 361.51 241.42 241.73 241.73 242.94 244.91 244.91 375.15 380.52 380.52 359.92 376.38 376.38
Third 428.37 638.49 311.90 787.81 900.43 406.32 656.36 729.55 368.04 479.34 479.34 237.61 475.54 475.54 230.63 679.23 679.23 298.71 640.51 640.51 264.13
Second 531.72 787.12 148.63 984.44 1121.33 220.90 838.22 927.18 197.63 624.94 624.94 145.60 617.94 617.94 142.40 852.82 852.82 173.59 800.69 800.69 160.18
First 579.01 829.66 42.54 1074.41 1208.76 87.43 918.61 1005.92 78.74 688.32 688.32 63.38 680.03 680.03 62.10 929.55 929.55 76.73 863.99 863.99 63.31
Ground 592.20 815.11 -14.55 1100.34 1181.04 -27.72 941.94 1009.03 3.11 713.52 714.10 25.78 703.62 707.38 27.35 952.02 961.61 32.06 882.63 912.07 48.08

Frame 6-6 7-7 8-8 9-9

(+ve) (+ve) (+ve) (+ve)
Storey Storey Storey Storey
Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve)
Floor Shear Shear Shear Shear
Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force
After After After After
Addn Addn Addn Addn
Fourth 150.82 446.06 446.06 361.71 522.37 522.37 406.49 586.05 586.05 267.49 288.21 288.21
Third 292.68 709.20 263.13 656.60 877.92 355.55 700.66 934.78 348.72 486.04 527.53 239.32
Second 373.66 897.09 187.89 824.95 1102.87 224.95 871.27 1164.76 229.99 617.07 668.58 141.05
First 410.72 927.24 30.15 901.99 1173.27 70.40 949.35 1228.29 63.53 675.64 717.03 48.45
Ground 421.11 990.35 63.11 923.49 1223.36 50.08 973.71 1284.33 56.04 700.02 725.74 8.71

Frame 10-10 11-11 12-12 13-13

(+ve) (+ve) (+ve) (+ve)
Storey Storey Storey Storey
Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve) Storey (+ve)
Floor Shear Shear Shear Shear
Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force Shear Force
After After After After
Addn Addn Addn Addn
Fourth 242.95 242.95 242.95 324.84 324.84 324.84 460.53 460.53 460.53 153.04 153.05 153.05
Third 475.09 475.09 232.15 620.52 620.52 295.68 759.39 759.39 298.86 218.61 218.62 65.57
Second 607.62 607.62 132.52 789.31 789.31 168.79 930.00 930.00 170.61 256.04 256.05 37.43
First 665.44 665.44 57.82 863.87 863.87 74.56 994.61 994.61 64.61 273.17 273.18 17.13
Ground 689.76 689.76 24.32 886.41 886.41 22.54 1012.77 1012.77 18.16 278.28 278.28 5.10

19
 2.5 Load Combination:

Different load cases and load combination cases are considered to obtain most critical
element stresses in the structure in the course of analysis.
There are together four load cases considered for the structural analysis and are mentioned as
below:

i.) Dead Load (D.L.)

ii.) Live Load (L.L)
iii.) Earthquake load in X-direction (E.Qx)
iv.) Earthquake load in Y-direction (E.Qy)

Following Load Combination are adopted as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.3.1.2

i.) 1.5 (D.L + L.L)

ii.) 1.5 (D.L + E.Qx)
iii.) 1.5 (D.L - E.Qx)
iv.) 1.5 (D.L + E.Qy)
v.) 1.5 (D.L - E.Qy)
vi.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qx)
vii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qx)
viii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qy)
ix.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qy)
x.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.Qx
xi.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 E.Qx
xii.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.Qy
xiii.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 E.Qy

After checking the results, it was found that the stresses developed are most critical for the
following load combinations:

i.) 1.5 (D.L + L.L)

ii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qx)
iii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qx)
iv.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qy)
v.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qy)

The characteristic loads considered in the design of foundation are:

i.) Dead Load plus Live Load
ii.) Dead Load plus Earthquake Load
iii.) Dead Load minus Earthquake Load

To find the stress at the various points of the foundation, depth of footing and reinforcements
most critical factored loads are taken into account

20
 Chapter 3
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

3.1 Salient feature of SAP2000

SAP2000 represents the most sophisticated and user-friendly release of SAP series of
computer programs. Creation and modification of the model, execution of the analysis, and checking
and optimization of the design are all done through this single interface. Graphical displays of the
results, including real-time display of time-history displacements are easily produced.
The finite element library consists of different elements out of which the three dimensional
FRAME element was used in this analysis. The Frame element uses a general, three-dimensional,
beam-column formulation which includes the effects of biaxial bending, torsion, axial deformation,
and biaxial shear deformations.
Structures that can be modeled with this element include:
• Three-dimensional frames
• Three-dimensional trusses
• Planar frames
• Planar grillages
• Planar trusses
A Frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has its
own local coordinate system for defining section properties and loads, and for interpreting output.
Each Frame element may be loaded by self-weight, multiple concentrated loads, and multiple
distributed loads. End offsets are available to account for the finite size of beam and column
intersections. End releases are also available to model different fixity conditions at the ends of the
element. Element internal forces are produced at the ends of each element and at a user-specified
number of equally-spaced output stations along the length of the element.
Loading options allow for gravity, thermal and pre-stress conditions in addition to the usual
nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be in the form of a
base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base accelerations.

3.2 Inputs and Outputs

The design of earthquake resistant structure should aim at providing appropriate dynamic and
structural characteristics so that acceptable response level results under the design earthquake. The
aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being designed will
perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should
sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability
and adequate resistance to the effects of misuse and fire.
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building we used the structural analysis program
SAP2000. SAP2000 has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system.
A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so that
all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane.
This type of modeling is very useful in the lateral dynamic analysis of building. The base
shear and earthquake lateral force are calculated as per code IS 1893(part1)2002 and are applied at
each master joint located on every storey of the building.

21
The sample Input and Outputs are as follows:

Sample output for Beam

TABLE: Element Forces - Frames

Frame Station OutputCase CaseType P V2 V3 T M2 M3
Text m Text Text KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
673 0 DEAD LinStatic -27.973 -60.057 0.529 0.007 1.491 -61.963
673 2.8194 DEAD LinStatic -27.973 0.898 0.529 0.007 -0.002 45.717
673 5.6388 DEAD LinStatic -27.973 61.854 0.529 0.007 -1.494 -67.029
673 0 LIVE LinStatic -15.219 -31.605 0.360 -0.015 1.038 -34.367
673 2.8194 LIVE LinStatic -15.219 0.198 0.360 -0.015 0.022 24.851
673 5.6388 LIVE LinStatic -15.219 32.001 0.360 -0.015 -0.995 -35.485
673 0 EQXLEFT LinStatic -369.931 34.643 4.005 -0.253 12.873 102.661
673 2.8194 EQXLEFT LinStatic -369.931 34.643 4.005 -0.253 1.580 4.989
673 5.6388 EQXLEFT LinStatic -369.931 34.643 4.005 -0.253 -9.713 -92.683
673 0 EQYLEFT LinStatic 10.488 0.554 -2.721 0.296 -8.026 1.766
673 2.8194 EQYLEFT LinStatic 10.488 0.554 -2.721 0.296 -0.356 0.204
673 5.6388 EQYLEFT LinStatic 10.488 0.554 -2.721 0.296 7.315 -1.359
673 0 EQYRIGHT LinStatic 17.500 0.326 -5.516 -0.165 -17.309 0.747
673 2.8194 EQYRIGHT LinStatic 17.500 0.326 -5.516 -0.165 -1.758 -0.173
673 5.6388 EQYRIGHT LinStatic 17.500 0.326 -5.516 -0.165 13.793 -1.092
673 0 EQXRIGHT LinStatic -50.670 -32.320 6.877 0.169 20.024 -95.793
673 2.8194 EQXRIGHT LinStatic -50.670 -32.320 6.877 0.169 0.636 -4.670
673 5.6388 EQXRIGHT LinStatic -50.670 -32.320 6.877 0.169 -18.752 86.452
673 0 COMB1 Combination -64.788 -137.492 1.335 -0.012 3.793 -144.495
673 2.8194 COMB1 Combination -64.788 1.645 1.335 -0.012 0.030 105.852
673 5.6388 COMB1 Combination -64.788 140.782 1.335 -0.012 -3.733 -153.770
673 0 COMB2 Combination -495.748 -68.423 5.874 -0.312 18.482 7.598
673 2.8194 COMB2 Combination -495.748 42.887 5.874 -0.312 1.920 90.669
673 5.6388 COMB2 Combination -495.748 154.197 5.874 -0.312 -14.643 -234.235
673 0 COMB3 Combination -112.634 -148.778 9.320 0.194 27.063 -230.547
673 2.8194 COMB3 Combination -112.634 -37.468 9.320 0.194 0.787 79.077
673 5.6388 COMB3 Combination -112.634 73.842 9.320 0.194 -25.489 -19.274
673 0 COMB4 Combination -39.244 -109.329 -2.197 0.346 -6.597 -113.477
673 2.8194 COMB4 Combination -39.244 1.981 -2.197 0.346 -0.403 84.926
673 5.6388 COMB4 Combination -39.244 113.291 -2.197 0.346 5.791 -124.647
673 0 COMB5 Combination -30.831 -109.603 -5.551 -0.208 -17.736 -114.700
673 2.8194 COMB5 Combination -30.831 1.707 -5.551 -0.208 -2.086 84.474
673 5.6388 COMB5 Combination -30.831 113.017 -5.551 -0.208 13.565 -124.327
673 0 COMB6 Combination -596.857 -38.121 6.802 -0.368 21.545 61.048
673 2.8194 COMB6 Combination -596.857 53.312 6.802 -0.368 2.367 76.060
673 5.6388 COMB6 Combination -596.857 144.745 6.802 -0.368 -16.811 -239.567
673 0 COMB7 Combination -117.964 -138.565 11.109 0.264 32.272 -236.633
673 2.8194 COMB7 Combination -117.964 -47.132 11.109 0.264 0.951 61.570
673 5.6388 COMB7 Combination -117.964 44.301 11.109 0.264 -30.369 29.134
673 0 COMB8 Combination -26.228 -89.254 -3.287 0.455 -9.803 -90.296
673 2.8194 COMB8 Combination -26.228 2.179 -3.287 0.455 -0.536 68.881
673 5.6388 COMB8 Combination -26.228 93.612 -3.287 0.455 8.731 -102.581
673 0 COMB9 Combination -15.710 -89.596 -7.479 -0.237 -23.727 -91.824
673 2.8194 COMB9 Combination -15.710 1.837 -7.479 -0.237 -2.639 68.317
673 5.6388 COMB9 Combination -15.710 93.270 -7.479 -0.237 18.448 -102.182
673 0 COMB10 Combination -580.073 -2.087 6.485 -0.373 20.651 98.225
673 2.8194 COMB10 Combination -580.073 52.773 6.485 -0.373 2.368 48.630

22
673 5.6388 COMB10 Combination -580.073 107.633 6.485 -0.373 -15.915 -199.350
673 0 COMB11 Combination -101.180 -102.531 10.791 0.260 31.377 -199.456
673 2.8194 COMB11 Combination -101.180 -47.671 10.791 0.260 0.952 34.140
673 5.6388 COMB11 Combination -101.180 7.189 10.791 0.260 -29.472 69.352
673 0 COMB12 Combination -9.444 -53.220 -3.604 0.451 -10.697 -53.118
673 2.8194 COMB12 Combination -9.444 1.640 -3.604 0.451 -0.535 41.451
673 5.6388 COMB12 Combination -9.444 56.500 -3.604 0.451 9.628 -62.364
673 0 COMB13 Combination 1.074 -53.562 -7.797 -0.242 -24.621 -54.646
673 2.8194 COMB13 Combination 1.074 1.298 -7.797 -0.242 -2.638 40.887
673 5.6388 COMB13 Combination 1.074 56.158 -7.797 -0.242 19.345 -61.964

3.3 Joint Displacement at Expansion Joint

After the analysis of structure using SAP2000

the maximum displacement of nodes at the expansion
joint was found out. It is clear from table below that
the available gap for expansion joint is much greater
relative displacement of the nodes at joint. Hence the
building will not collide at the expansion joint during
earthquake condition.

Available Expansion Joint Gap = 304.8 mm

Displacement (mm)
For
Block
Expansion Relative
Dirn first next Remark
Joint Displacement

x 1 86.59 74.183 12.407 Comb 6

x 1 -88.845 -61.172 -27.673 Comb 7
y 2 63.426 0.765 62.661 Comb 6
y 2 -63.192 -1.270 -61.922 Comb 11

Chapter 4
SECTION DESIGN

23
4.1 Limit state Method:

In the method if design based on limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to
withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the serviceability
requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety and
serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a ‘limit state’. The aim of design is to
achieve acceptable probabilistic that the structure will not become unfit for the use for which it is
intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit state.

Assumptions for flexural member:

i) Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
ii) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.
iii) The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in
concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any other shape which
results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the result of test. For design
purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67
times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor γm = 1.5 shall be applied in
addition to this.
iv) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
v) The design stresses in reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for
the type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor γ m = 1.15 shall be
applied.
vi) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less
fy
than:  0.002
1.15E s

Where, fy = characteristic strength of steel

Es = modulus of elasticity of steel

Limit state of collapse for compression:

Assumption:
In addition to the assumptions given above from i) to v), the following shall be assumed:
i.) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken
as 0.002.
ii.) The maximum compressive strain at highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected
to axial compressive and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035
minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber.
The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel based on the
assumptions are as follows:

Fy xu,max
250 0.53

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 415 0.48
500 0.46

Materials adopted in our design:

M20 (1:1.5:3)
M25 (1:1:2)
Fe250-Mild Steel
Fe415
Fe500-TMT

Use of SP16, IS456-2000, IS1893-2002, IS13920-1993, SP34:

After analyzing the given structure using the software SAP2000 the structural elements are
designed by Limit state Method. Account should be taken of accepted theories, experiment,
experience as well as durability.
The code we use for the design is IS456-2000; IS1893-2002, IS13920-1993 and Design aids
are SP16 and SP34. Suitable material, quality control, adequate detailing and good supervision are
equally important during implementation of the project.

Use of different handbook for the design:

The structural elements (special staircases, lift wall, basement wall) which are not described
by the above mentioned codes and design aids were handled with the help of the handbooks viz.
Reinforced concrete Designer’s Handbook – Charles E. Reynolds and James C. Steedmann,
Reinforced Concrete Detailer’s Manual – Brian W. Boughton. For the design of mat foundation,
though there are several methods in practice, here conventional method of mat footing design is
adopted.

Design of structural elements:

The design includes design for durability, construction and use in service should be
considered as a whole. The realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined
standards for materials, workmanship, and also maintenance and use of structure in service.
This chapter includes all the design process of sample calculation for a single element as slab,
beam, column, staircases, basement wall, lift wall, ribbed slab and mat foundation.

4.2.1 Design of slab

4.2.2 Design of Beam
4.2.3 Design of Column
4.2.4 Design of Staircase
4.2.5 Design of Basement Wall
4.2.6 Design of Lift Wall
4.2.7 Design of Mat Foundation

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