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(Golden Maths Series) N.P. Bali-Real Analysis-FirlNknlknewall Media (2005)

Maths

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1K views420 pages

(Golden Maths Series) N.P. Bali-Real Analysis-FirlNknlknewall Media (2005)

Maths

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Arduino
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98 2 “GOLDEN MATHS SERIES 6 REAL 0 ’ ANALYSIS a By NP.BALL : FIREWALL MEDLA (An imprint of Laxeni Publications Pvt. Ltd.) BANGALORE © CHENNAL @ COCHIN — @-GUWAHAT! © HYDERABAD IALANDHAR © KOLKATA @ WCKNOW @ MUMBAI © ANH < NEW DELHI ¢ BOSTON, USA CONTENTS Chapters 1, Sets and Functions Countability of Sets and the Real Number System ‘Topology of Real Numbers Se 11. Improper Integrals : 12, Beta and Gamma Punctions 13, Differentiation Under the Integral Sign 14. Indeterminate Forms ind Minima Pages 34 69 Ho 193 336 409 475 551 610 659 8 78 806 827 99 99 229999 290 o sep ©} sBuojaq y2Kgo semnanyred v a2My—yN ‘ (L's'e=V \ ‘iy 20,903 wT ‘OT WHR S99] sOquINE TEIN PPO JO 98 9H TV : “(syyoeug Aamo) so7e39 UTE ‘wow Buisojoue pur seurwos £4 wory Bupesedes ‘syuowoyo se Ife BonsH Aq peat 1 ‘poWeLE SR Uy (BoMeRY BOREMARL, 20 PoMoN SUIT JO) poOTY 207904 (1) “as v Bnq1osap Jo spoyyous ag oF 93204, 4138 v oNigTuosaa 40 SGOHLAA Zt aydurexe 205 ass ‘a79 ‘aL ‘ae ways ‘ezequinu outzd jo 398 ays 94 d 997 (#9) aut ‘ase ‘ects ‘a2 vuoyp ‘Sxgqumnu yeangeu wox9 yo 395 949 24 3 207 (1) A?) ‘N82 Kam ‘hao s2dq PInoys sjuomoyins Suymoyjoy ox 36 2u0 Aouxe “d yoafqo ue PUE g 395 B WOAIE) “y 328 ay Jo uu We OU SI = \¥ 8 xen”, Jo quowo to you st, 20 01 Btiojoq ou Soop, oyeorpur b3 Pash st 3 oqUIAS a4, "¥ 398 oMp Jo quo le st xe y 9 x snug, “Jo guoWIa we sy 30 9 SB, aywo7pUF } Posm 3 ToqUIAS 94, ma ''9 “oss0y49] 2589 1oAo] hq squamd}s oy} PUL 299g°Y YN “eV stoNe} TendeD Aq panovsp Ayperisn ‘aw wag -y96'94p Jo (2aquioUr v 20) yuoUaTO Ue Pole s} 798 ¥ 04 TULFUO|OG 39640 YoE os 8 ur uede 2940 Pe z2A0 300{qo ue yeodos jou op om suvout gounsyp, aze 399 w SwelKO OI, "300 ‘suvoU Aq (So[n 30) apna wt azotp GEN UroUH am Spo"Go Jo LORDOT}O0,POUYOP-T19a, vA ‘sjatyo jounsyp Jo 01221100 pouafop jam 0:81 728 Y sias‘ SLAS—I NOILOES suonoun pue sjag L Stn tn oapasd anu +ta—'n + n= In dane Sopewsoyt® $89 Fn bn sata rau Aoyx aoy worpuny eet ‘ype aunsopp ‘v0 198 poatrop yo son39u pooganoqsiou 955 vjoxsoqm pasos 92> » eazy ued jo anyea onqoaqe 180 (pumog Joo 80222220) wren {$39 (pumog zon yuo 20) rmenseds (xstopu oases ou ue 820,01 xBu0qoq, Bevooy SNOLLVIATUAAY ONV STOSINAS JO ISTT Sascewn amas vyeu0 ie GOLDEN REAL ANALYSIS (Gi) iB is exe et letters ofthe word FOLLOW, then in roster form, B=(F,0,L,W) (Gropping the repetitions) ‘When a set is described in roster form, the order of its elements is immaterial ie., the loments may be written down in any order. ‘Thus B=(F,0,L, W= (FL, W, 0} =(W, 0, FU (2) Set Byilder Method (or Property Method or Rule Method). Listing the ele- ments of a set sometimes difficult and s impossible, We do not have a rater form of the sot Q of rational nimbers or the set R of real numbers. Inset builder method, a set is ‘eacribed by means of some property which is shared by all the elements of the set. thin braces a variable Lx, y ee) followed by a of property, in st be satisfied by each element sd by a property P, we write For example. (i) ifP is the set of all prime nurnbers, then P= (e:x is a primenumber), ‘A is the sot of all natural numbers betwen 10 and 100, then Astrxe Nid 10 A. If V is the set of vowels in English alphabet and $ is the sot of all, = [e:xisa multiple of 10, then 1.7. EQUALITY OF SETS. ‘Two sets A and B are said to be equal iffthey eontain exactly the same clements and =e write A=B. Thus, A = Bi every clement of Ais an clement of B and every element of B is en element ofA, InaymbolA«Biffce A > xeBandze Bore Or AsBiffAcBandBcA. For example.(#)if A= (4,5,6,71 ami B= (x: 4 G:=1 and B then A = B. ‘A=(2) and B=(p:pisan even prime number, then A= B. 1.8. PROPER SUBSET AE A.and Bare two sots such that Ac Band A B, then A is called a proper subset of B. ‘Thus A isa proper subset of B = every element of A isan element of B but there js not in A. For examples) A= (2,3,4,5,6, Vis proper subset ofN, because ACN and A#N, (2 Le Nhut Lea ) Nisa proper subset of Z because every natural number isan integer (ce, NZ) but very integer nent be a natural number (ie, NZ). — ‘Theorem I. Huery set is a dubset of itself: LatAbeany et. Since xeK 3 x4 2 ACA ‘Theorem IL. Empty set is o subset of every set. I possible, suppose ¢ cA for some get A. EA = thete is at least one element in ¢ which ie not in A But this onteadicts the definition of + Our supposition is wrong. Hence §

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