ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Dr. R. Jayakumar

INTAKES:

Intakes are the structures through which the raw water from river, canal or reservoir is carry
a sump well by means of a conduit. It consists of opening, grating or a strainer.

CRITERIA FOR INTAKES:

1. The quality of water available at the sites should be good so that the treatment &
purification will involve less time & cost.
2. The water flow & the water current should be minimal there by the treatment &
intakes words are free from safety issues.
3. The intake site should draw sufficient quantity of water even in adverse conditions.
The intake site should be free from any observation.
4. The intake site should be constructed in such a way that it takes care of the future
requirement.
5. The intake site should not be located in navigation channel. The intake site should be
near to the water treatment site. The intake site should be located in the upstream
zone of river.

Intakes for Collecting Surface Water

Definition& Introduction

1. The basic function of the intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing water from
the source over a predetermined range of pool levels.

2. Then in discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit, through which it flows up to
the water treatment plant.

3. Reservoir where gravity flow is possible, the water may be directly taken through the
conduit up to the treatment plant.

4. Helping in protecting the conduit from being damaged or clogged by ice, trash, debris
etc

Factors Governing the Location of an Intake

1. As far as possible, the site should be near the treatment plant so that the cost of
conveying water to the city is less.
2. The intake must be located in the purer zone of the sources so that the best possible
quality of water is withdrawn from the source, there by reducing the load on the
treatment plant.
3. The intake must never be located at the downstream or in the vicinity of the point of
disposal of waste
4. due to the discharge of refuse and waste from ships and boats.
5. In case of rivers which meander considerably and also where there is scarcity of
water during summer seasons.

Types of Intakes

Simple submerged Intakes

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Intake towers

i. Simple submerged Intakes

1. Simple submerged intakes consists of a simple concrete block (or) it is a rock filled
timber crib supporting the starting and of the withdrawal pipe.
2. The withdrawal pipe is generally taken up to the Swamp well at shore, the water is
lifted by pumps.
3. Lakes, where silt trends to settle down, intake opening is generally kept 2-2.5m
above the bottom of the lake
4. To avoid the entry a large amounts of silt and sediment.
5. Intake structure should be placed in streams or lakes – may not get buried.

(ii)Intake Towers:

1. Used on large projects or reservoirs where occurs a large fluctuation of water level.
2. Gate control opening is through Ports and they help in regulating the flow and
selection of Quality of water.

Two major types which are Wet Intake Towers and Dry Intake Towers

Wet Intake Towers

1. It consists of a concrete circular shell filled with water up to the reservoir level
2. A vertical inside shaft which is connected to the withdrawal pipe
3. The individual may be taken directly to the treatment plant case no lift is required
4. The withdrawal conduits may lie over the bed of the reservoirs
5. Gates are usually placed on the shaft, to control the flow of water into the shaft and
the withdrawal conduit
6. Water treatment plant is located at high elevation or may be taken directly to the
treatment plant.
7. Situated at lower elevation

(ii) Dry Intake Towers

1. The essential difference between a dry intake tower and a wet intake tower
2. Water enters from the entry ports into the tower and then it enters into the conduit
pipe through separate gate controlled openings
3. Dry intake tower, the water is directly drawn into the withdrawl conduit through the
gated entry ports
4. A dry intake tower gates or closed, the wet intake tower will be full of water even if its
gates are closed.
5. Intake towers are huge structures of various designs standing in the river
6. They must be properly designed so as to withstand the worst possible combinations
of various forces, causes by waves, ice, debris etc.

Medium sized river intake structures

It constructed for withdrawing water from the almost all rivers, and are a via, media between
submerged intakes (usually adopted for small streams)

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Rivers intakes structure can be broadly classified two types:

1. Twin well type of intake structure

2. Single well type of intake structure

Typical Twin well type of river intake structures

A typical river intake structure consists of

1. inlet well
2. inlet pipe
3. jack well

Inlet well

1. The collector well is a circular or more preferably an oblong well, located in the river
bed, river bank, amidst water.
2. It always remains surrounded with water, even during low flow stage
3. River water enters into this well through openings or ports, which are left in the well
stenining, and filtered with vertical bar screens.
4. Screens may be made of vertical iron bars of 20mm dia, placed vertically @30 to 50
mm horizontal clear spacing.
5. The total area of such openings can be worked out by restricting the flow velocity
through the screens
6. To value of about 15 to 20cm/s, as to prevent entry of debris, etc..
7. Ports are in fact usually provided at 2 to 3 levels in the well.
8. The lower layer of ports permits the direct entry of water at the low flow stage of the
river.
9. The upper layer of ports meets the requirement of the high flood stage.
10. The middle level of ports is usually provided in rivers with fluctuating levels at the
normal level.
11. More helpful when river water is likely to fluctuate considerably.

Intake pipe

1. Connecting the intake well with the jack is usually of non- pressure type
2. gentle slope of 1 in 200
3. Diameter of this intake pipe depends upon its discharge capacity
4. It should be equal to the pumped discharge from the jack well
5. The flow velocity does not exceed about 1.2m/s
6. It will be under atmospheric pressure
7. bearing capacity of not loss than 450kN/m2

Single well type of a river intake

1. Alluvial rivers, water is usually ponded up by constructing a weir across the river
2. Upstream side of such a weir , channel may sometimes be taken off- usual diversion
head works scheme
3. The water entering this off take canal may be collected and lifted for supply to the
city treatment plant located at higher elevation

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4. Channel may be excavated from the deep river towards the river bank up to the site
intake
5. The construction of a separate inlet well and inlet pipe, - in the twin well type of river
intake
6. Ports fitted with bar screens are provided in the jack well itself, inlet well.
7. The sediment entering this intake will usually be less, clearer water will enter the off-
take channel
8. Sediment will partly settle down in the bottom silt zone of the jack well or may be
lifted up with the pumped water
9. The modern day pumps can easily life sedimented waters
10. The jack well can be periodically cleaned manually, by stooping the water entry into
the well

Canal Intakes

1. The intake well is generally located in the bank of the canal, and water enters the
chamber through an inlet pipe converted with a fine screen
2. The water coming out of the chamber through the outlet conduit may be taken to the
sump well or city as desired
3. The flow area in the canal is obstructed by the construction of intake well, the flow
velocity in the canal increases due to reduction in water way
4. pitching is generally provided on the upstream as well as downstream portions of the
canal near the intake
5. The entry of water in the intake well takes through a coarse screen, the top of which
is generally provided at minimum water level in the canal
6. Inlet end is of bell mouth shape with perforations of fine on its screen on its surface
7. Outlet valve, operating from the top is provided to control the entry of water into the
outlet pipe
8. The flow velocity through the outlet conduit is generally kept at about 1.5 m/sec
9. Helps in determining the area and dia at the withdrawl conduit
10. The area of coarse screen is designed by limiting the flow velocity to as 0.15m/sec
11. The velocity through the bell mouth inlet is limited to about 0.3m/sec
12. The head loss in the intake conduit upto treatment works
13. The bottom is 0.15m the canal bed to avoid entry the withdrawl conduit

Intakes for Sluice-ways of Dams

1. Reservoir is developed by constructing a dam

2. It is a common practice to fletch water through the sluiceways from inside the dam
3. This water may be used for water supplies if the reservoir is a single purpose water
supply reservoir- multipurpose the reservoir is a multipurpose reservoir
4. In case of earthen dams, the intake for withdrawing water into the sluiceway of the
dam
5. It is generally located near the upstream toe of the dam
6. Whereas for masonry dams, the intake well for withdrawing water is generally located
inside the body of the dams.
7. However, sometimes for earthen dams provided with central impervious cores, the
intake wells or valve towers have also been located within the body of the dam

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8. The intake conduits installed at different levels, let the water enter to a common
conduit which conveys the water to the sluiceway tunnel passing through the body of
the dam
9. The intake conduits are provided with valves which may be closed opened by
operating them from the control room
10. To withdraw water from any permissible desired level
11. The arrangement is similar to that it was surrounded by water on all sides and was
standing in the river
12. This valve tower is fed through conduits and is standing in the dam or very near the
dam

CONDUIT:

A pipe or a channel which carries any fluid is known as CONDUIT. A conduit may be a
pipe or tunnel, through which water or electrical wires or other designated items can pass.
For conveying water from the source of water supply to the treatment plant and then supply
it to the consumers’ different types of conduits are used.

TYPES OF CONDUITS:

a. Gravity conduits
b. Pressure conduits

Gravity conduits

1. The gravity conduits are those which flow under the action of gravity and free water
surface is developed.
2. Thus in a gravity conduit hydraulic grade line will coincide with the water surface
3. Gravity conduits may be taken along longer paths in order to avoid hills and valleys
4. The gravity conduits include open channels (or canals), flumes, aqueducts and
tunnels

Open Channels

1. An open channel is a conduit which is constructed by making an open cut in the

ground surface Or by constructing embankments on the ground surface
2. An open channels may be rectangular, triangular or trapezoidal in cross section
and these may be lined or unlined
3. The lined channels are designed for higher velocities than unlined channels
4. These are used to carry the water from the source to the treatment plant
5. There is considerable loss of water due to seepage and evaporation.
6. These are often used for irrigation

Flumes

1. A Flume is an open channel of concrete, steel or wood laid on the ground or

supported on trestles or piers.
2. These are generally used for carry water across natural streams, drains or
minor depressions.
3. These are rectangular cross section
4. They may be also have circular or semi-circular cross section.

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5. A flume of circular section runs only partly full.

Aqueducts

1. An Aqueduct is a closed of masonry or R.C.C built in suit.

2. Aqueducts are closed conduits but flow under gravity only
3. Earlier aqueducts are having rectangular cross section but now a days they
are circular and horse shoe cross section are in common use
4. These horse shoe cross section have has good hydraulic properties
5. It resists earth pressure well, is economical in use of the construction
materials and easy to build

Tunnels

1. A tunnel is conduit drilled through hill or maintain for carrying water across such an
obstruction.
2. Its cross section may be circular or horse shoe.
3. These may be designed for gravity conduits or pressure conduits.
4. These generally carry water with a free surface are usually constructed with horse
shoe cross section.
5. The tunnels may be lined with concrete or steel or may not be lined

Pressure Conduit

1. Pressure conduits are those in which water flows under pressure.

2. These conduits always run full.
3. The hydraulic grade line for such a conduit can be obtained at various places
4. The pressure pipes can follow the natural available ground surface and can freely go
up and down the hills or can dip beneath valleys or mountains, sometimes even
rising above the hydraulic gradient lines and thus requiring lesser length of conduit
5. A pressure conduit when taken along a hill may raise above the hydraulic grade line
and then it is called as siphon.
6. A pressure conduit when taken along a valley or any depression it dips and it is then
called sag or an inverted siphon or depressed pipe.
7. The pressure conduits include pipes, pressure tunnels and pressure aqueducts.
8. The pressure conduits are more economical than the gravity conduits.
9. Pressure conduits follow direct routes which always being shorter will require lesser
lengths of conduit and consequently construction will be less.
10. The maintenance cost for the pressure conduits are generally less than those for
gravity conduits.
11. The water flowing through the pressure conduits in not exposed to atmosphere and
hence there are no chances of its getting polluted.
12. Gravity conduits results in the loss of water through evaporation and seepage which
can be saved by using Pressure conduits.

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PIPES

INTRODUCTION:

Pipes are circular conduits, in which water flows under pressure. Today pressure pipes are
mostly used at every place and they have eliminated the use of channels and tunnels to
large extent. In different towns pipes are used for distribution system.

MATERIALS USED IN PIPES:

The materials used in pipes are Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, Steel, Cement, Cement Concrete,
Timber and Asbestos.

FACTORS

The selection materials for pipe are done on the following bases:

1. Carrying capacity of pipe

2. Durability and life time of the pipe
3. Availability of funds
4. Maintenance cost and repair
5. Type of water to be conveyed and its corrosive effect on the pipe material.

DESIGN OF PIPES

Introduction:

The layout of the city or town, topography etc. will greatly affect the layout and design of the
distribution system. Depending upon various factors, such as the layout of the roads,
relative levels of the different zones of the city the design of the distribution system is to
done.

DESIGN OF PIPES

Until today there are no direct methods available for the design of pipes. At first the
diameters of the pipes are assumed, the terminal pressure heads which could be made
available at the end of the each pipe section after allowing for the loss of pressure head in
the pipe section when full peak flow discharge is flowing, are then determined

DESIGN OF PIPES

HAZEN-WILLIAM’S FORMULA:

The Hazen-William formula is used to determine the velocity through pipes.

V =0.85Ch.R0.63.S0.54

Where Ch=Coefficient of hydraulic capacity ; S=Slope of the energy line; V=velocity of the
flow in m/s ; R=Hydraulic mean depth of pipe.

DESIGN OF PIPES

The head loss due to friction can be determined by the formula

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HL=1/0.094(Q/Ch) 1.85.L/d4.97

Where HL=head loss; Q=flow through pipe; L=length of pipe in m; d=diameter of the pipe

PIPE DESIGN

MANNING’S FORMULA:

HL=(m)2.(V)2.L/(R 4/3)

where, m=Manning’s coefficient; L=length of the pipe line in m; R=hydraulic mean depth of
pipe; Here R=A/P=3.14*d 2/4*3.14d=d/4

CAPACITY OF PIPES

Capacity of pipe means the amount of water flows through the pipe. Typically the pipe
capacity is given in the units of cubic feet per second or gallons per minute.The capacity of
water flow is calculated by MANNING’S FORMULA.

Types of pipes

The pipes are usually classified according to the materials of which these are made. Thus
the various types of pipes are as follows.

1. Cast Iron pipes

2. Wrought iron pipes
3. Steel pipes
4. Cement concrete pipes
5. Asbestos cement pipes
6. Galvanised iron pipes
7. Wood pipes
8. Copper pipes
9. Lead pipes
10. plastic pipes

Cast Iron pipes:

1. These are extensively used for conveyance of water in a water supply

scheme of a town or a city
2. The cast iron is highly resistant to corrosion and possess other desirable
properties.
3. Hence cast iron are quite durable and have a useful life span of around 100
or so

Wrought iron pipes

a. Wrought iron pipes are manufactured by rolling the wrought iron to proper
diameter and welding the edges.
b. Inside and outside these are coated with zinc to prevent from rusting.
c. These are used in installations with in the building where these are protected
from agents like corrosion which are more active in exposed locations.
d. These are not used in water supply schemes

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Steel pipes:

1. These are fabricated by rolling the steel sheets to the proper diameter and
either welding or reverting or riveting the edges.
2. These pipes are durable and strong enough to resist high internal water
pressure.
3. These are available to long lengths and hence the number of joints becomes
less.
4. These are likely to be rusted by slightly acidic or alkaline water

Cement concrete pipes

1. These may be of two types

2. Cement concrete pipes (unreinforced Cement concrete pipes and reinforced
Cement concrete pipes
3. The plain cement concrete pipes are used for low heads say up to 15m
4. The reinforced cement concrete pipes are used for medium heads say up to
75m.
5. Concrete pipes may be cast at the site or these may be manufactured in the
factories or casting yards and then transported to site

Asbestos cement pipes

• These pipes are manufactured by mixture of asbestos fibres and cement combined
under pressure into a dense homogeneous structure in which a strong bond is effected
between cement and asbestos.

• These pipes are highly resistant to corrosion

• The inner surface of the pipes are very smooth hence pipes are hydraulic coefficient.

Galvanised iron pipes

• These are mild steel or wrought iron pipes which are galvanised i.e., provided with a
protective coating of zinc on inner and outer surfaces of the pipes.

• These pipes may be corroded by acidic or alkalinity of water or otherwise activated

water.

• The life span of these pipes is about 20 years or so.

Wood pipes

• These pipes are made from the staves or planks of wood held together by steel
bands.

• These pipes are light weighted by they cannot with stand the water pressure.

• Wood is the least durable of the pipe materials.

• Hence these are rarely adopted for the conveyance of water.

Copper pipes

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• The copper pipes don not sag due to hot water and therefor their use is restricted for
the conveyance of the hot water in buildings and stream boilers.

• The copper pipes are highly resistant to acidic as well as alkaline water and hence
liable to corrosion.

• These pipes are vey costly so they are not used in water supply scheme.

Lead pipes

• Lead pipes are not used for the conveyance of water because these pipes may
cause lead poisoning.

• These are mostly used in sanitary fittings.

• These are used for the appliance of the adopted for alum and chlorine dosing
process in water treatment plant.

• They cannot used to carry hot water as they sag due to heat

Plastic pipes

• The use of plastic pipes being for conveyance of water has increased due to various
types of plastic pipes being manufactured.

• These pipes have inheritance characteristics of higher strength to weight ratio greater
environmental stability and flexibility and better resistance to corrosion and bacterial
contamination.

• The life span if these pipes are about 50 years and so.

• These pipes are low resistant to heat.

Pipe Joints

Pipe joints are those which are generally

used for connecting different pipe lines, water distribution channels

Generally pipes are manufactured in small lengths of about 2-6 meters for easy
transportation. These small pieces of pipes are joined after placing and make one
continuous length of pipe line.

The design of the pipe joints mainly depends on the

Internal water pressure

Condition of the pipe

Condition of the support

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VARIOUS TYPES OF JOINTS

SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINT

EXPANSION JOINT

FLANGED JOINT

MECHANICAL JOINT

FLEXIBLE JOINT

SCREWED JOINT

COLLAR JOINT

A.C PIPE JOINT

SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINTS

This joint “ Bell and spigot joint ”.

This type of joint is mostly used for Cast iron pipes.

The spigot or normal end of one pipe is slipped in socket or bell end of the other pipe until
contact is made with the base of the base. After this yarn of hemp is wrapped around the
spigot end of the is tightly filled in the joint by means of yarning iron up to 5cm depth.

The hemp is tightly packed to maintain regular annular spaces and for preventing jointing
material from falling inside the pipe. After packing of hemp a gasket or joint runner is
clamped in place round the joint so that it fits tightly against the outer edge.

• Sometimes wet clay is used to make tight contact between the runner and the pipe
so that hot lead may not run out of the joint space. The molten lead is then poured into the
V-shaped opening left in the top by the clamped joint runner. The space between the hemp
yarn and the clamp runner is filled with molten lead. When the lead is hardened, the runner
is removed. The lead which shrinks while cooling, is again tightened using chalking tool and
hammer.

Latest Development

Nowadays to reduce the cost of filling lead is replaced by compounds of sulphur and other
materials but these materials do not provide flexibility equal to lead.

EXPANSION JOINT

An expansion joint is that which is designed to safely absorb the heat-induced expansion
and contraction of various construction materials to hold certain parts together, or to allow
movement due to earthquakes.

• In this joint the socket end is flanged with cast iron follower ring, which can easily
side on spigot end an elastic rubber gasket is tightly pressed between the annular spaces of

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the socket and the spigot by using nuts and bolts. In the beginning while fixing the follower
ring some space left between spigot end and the socket base for free movement of the pipe.
The elastic rubber gasket in every position keeps the joint tight

FLANGED JOINT

These types of joints are mainly used as temporary pipe lines, such that the pipe line can be
dismantled and can be used at other place

• The pipe in this case has flanges on its ends, welded or screwed .the two ends of the
pipe which are to be jointed are brought in perfect level near one another and rubber
washers is put between the flanges and is bolted. The usage of rubber washer or rubber
gasket is to make a perfect tight joint. This joint is mainly used in places where it has to bear
vibrations or deflection in pipes.

• These joints are commonly used for pumping stations, filter plants, hydraulic
laboratories.

MECHANICAL JOINTS

• This type of joint is used for jointing cast iron, wrought iron pipes when both ends of
the pipes are plain or spigot. The are of two types

Dresser Couplings

mechanical joints

Victaulic joints

Dresser Couplings

These joints are very strong and rigid and can withstand vibrations and shocks up to certain
limit. These joints are mostly suitable for carrying water lines over bridges, where it has to
bear vibrations

Victaulic Joints

• In this type of joint a gasket or a leak proof ring is slipped over both ends of the
pipes. This gasket is pressed from all sides on both the pipes by means of half iron
couplings by bolts. The ends of the pipes are kept apart for the free expansion, contraction
and deflection. This joints are arranged to bear shocks, vibrations etc.. and mainly used for
pipe lines in exposed areas

FLEXIBLE JOINT

This joint is also called as Bell and socket or universal joint.

This joint is used at such places where settlement takes place after laying the pipes. This
joint can also be used for laying pipes on curves, because at the joints the pipes can be laid
at angle. The shape of the socket end is SPHERICAL. The spigot end is plain but has a
bead at the end

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For making this type of joint, the spigot end of one pipe is put into spherical end of the other
pipe. A retainer ring is slipped and stretched over the bead. A rubber gasket is placed
touching the retainer ring. Finally a cast iron follower ring is fixed to the socket end by means
of bolts.

SCREWED JOINT

• This joint is mainly used for connecting small diameter cast iron pipe, wrought iron
and galvanized pipes. The ends of the pipes have threads on outside, while socket has
threads on inner side. The same socket is screwed on both the ends of the pipe to join them.
For making tight joint hemp yarn should be placed in the threads of the pipe, before
screwing.

COLLAR JOINT

This type of joint is mostly used for big diameter concrete and asbestos cement pipes. The
end of the two pipes is brought in one level. The rubber gasket between steel rings soaked
in cement and the collar is placed on the joint so it should have same lap on both the pipes

COROSSION OF PIPES AND

ITS CONTROL

INTRODUCTION

MAJOR EFFECTS OF CORROSION

FACTORS THAT CONTROL THE CORROSION RATE

CORROSION PREVENTION

Summary and Conclusions

Layouts and

System Layouts

INTRODUCTION:-water distribution system usually accounts for 40 to 70% of total outlay

on water supply system.

As such proper design and layouts of distribution system is important

There are mainly four different systems of layout of distribution system. They are

1.Dead end system

2.Grid system

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3.Circular system

4.Radial system

Dead-end system:- A main pipe line run though the centre area to be served and from both
sides of the main pipe line submains take off.

The submains divide into several branches of distribution area is covered by a net-work of
pipe lines running like a branches.

There are no cross connection between submains and branches.

Since it has several dead ends these are called dead end distribution of system

Advantages and Disadvantages:

1.in this type of distribution system the pressure and discharge at any point can be worked
out accurately, hence the calculations are simple

2.Comparatively less number of cut off valves are required

3.The laying of pipes is simple

4.The system not successful in maintaining pressures in the remote parts

5.In this case damage or repair in any case of the systems ,the water supply to the entire
portion beyond that point will be completely cut off

Grid-iron system:- In this system main

pipe submarines and branches are interconnected

A main pipe line run though the center area to be served and from both sides of the main
pipe line submarine take off in perpendicular directions.

The branch lines interconnected all the submarines.

A rectangular plan resembles a grid so it is called

Grid-iron distribution of system

Circular system:- The main pipe line laid to form a closed ring, either circular or rectangular,
around the area to be served .

The entire distribution area is divided into small circular or rectangular blocks.

The submarines' take off from the main pipe line and run the interior of the area.

Radial system :- This system of layouts is just reverse of circular system of layouts water
with flowing towards the outer periphery instead of from it.

In this system the entire distribution area is divided into number of small distribution zones
and in the center of each zone a distribution reservoir is provided.

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Corrosion of pipes

Corrosion :-The phenomenon of progressive disintegration and loss of pipe material due to
the action of water is termed as Corrosion.

The continuous action of water on the pipes the material from the pipe surface may be
disintegrated and it may dissolve in water and ultimately it may lost.

The external corrosion may takes place due to atmospheric agencies such as moisture, air,
and other gases.

Effects of pipe corrosion:-1) the internal corrosion results in the roughly surface and this may
decreases the flow of water. therefore capacity of water is decreased

2) The internal corrosion may impact undesirably taste, odour, colour.

3) Due to corrosion life of pipes is very much reduced.

4) Sometimes corroded water may make dangerous for drinking

Acidity

Alkalinity

Biological action

Chlorination

Electrical currents

Minerals and Organic constituents

Oxygen

Acidity:-

The water which is acidic(having low ph value) due to the presence of carbonic acid or any
other acid invariably corrosive . Thus acidity of water is one of the most important factor
causing pipe corrosion.

Alkalinity:

The water is alkaline (i.e., having low ph value) is relatively less corrosive.

Water possessing sufficient calcium bicarbonates alkalinity is anti corrosive in nature.

Biological Action:-

The growth of iron-consuming bacteria and sulphates-reducing bacteria many cause pipe
corrosion.

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Chlorination:-

The presence of free chlorine and chloramines makes the water corrosive in nature and it
may lead to pipe corrosion.

Electrical Currents:-

The corrosion of pipes may caused by union of dissimilar metals present in the flowing
water, or by earthing of electrical system water pipes

Mineral and organic constituents.

The presence of large amount of total solids in water acceleration the process of corrosion of
pipes.

However the presence of organic matter in water makes the water anti-corrosion in nature

Oxygen:-

The presence of oxygen makes the water both corrosive and non-corrosive under ordinary
conditions.

The presence of oxygen is not the primary cause of pipe corrosion.

In some cases aeration is employed for the prevention of corrosion

Measures precautions of metal pipes against corrosion.

It is not possible to eliminate the corrosion but preventive measures can be taken by
following methods

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1) Application of coatings or lining.

2) Care in manufacture.

3) Selection of pipe material.

4) Provision of cathodic protection.

5) Treatment of water.

Application of coatings or lining.

The protection of iron and steel pipes against corrosion, coating or lining of various materials
may be provided which against included tar, asphalt, bitumen, and other chemicals.

The degree of protection achieved by any of the coating depends on the characteristics of
the material of coating as well as on the preparation of the surface on which the coating is
applied.

Care in manufacture:

pipes should be manufactured by a homogenous iron free from impurities to improve their
corrosion resistance.

Presence of impurities like copper, lead, tin, etc., the pipe metal tends to create galvanic
cells, resulting in the corrosion of the pipe.

Selection of pipe material.

Alloys of iron or steel with copper, nickel, or chromium are more resistant than ordinary iron
or steel.

As such pipes are fitted to made of alloys should be used which will be highly corrosion
resistant.

Provision of cathodic protection:

The main cause of corrosion is due to release of fe++ ions from the surface of the pipes
since it act as anode.

In this method the entire pipe is made to act as cathode instead of anode then it s protected
from corrosion.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Dr. R. Jayakumar

The cathodic protection may also be achived by connecting the pipe line to anode metals
like magnesium buried in the ground.

Treatment of water.

The water flowing through the pipe in such away that it made less corrosive.

This is accomplished by raising its ph of water.

By reducing dissolved oxygen in the water by adding chemicals like free carbon dioxide from
the water.

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