DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT-1

BIT1028- BIO INSPIRED DESIGN

REG. NO: - 17BEM0018 SLOT: - G2 + TG2

SELF HEALING ENGINEERING PRODUCTS USING THE IDEA

Healing is an ability of all the organisms in the plant and Self-repairing concrete: - This new form of concrete uses
animal kingdom and has developed due to the process of microfibers in the place of coarser bits of sand and gravel that
evolution. Plants and animals heal themselves in different traditional cement mix uses. The fibres allow the final composite
ways. The various methods adopted by organisms to heal to bend with minimal fracturing and if fracturing occurs, the
themselves include reversible muscle control, clotting, cracks tend to be less than 50 microns wide. When these tiny
regeneration, cellular response, layering, protective cracks form, the dried concrete absorbs moisture from the air.
surfaces, vascular networks or capsules, exposure, and Due to this, the concrete in the crack becomes softer and
replenishable functional coatings. eventually grows until the crack is filled in. Simultaneously,
Coagulation: - (also known as clotting) is the process by calcium ions within the crack absorb the moisture along with
which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood carbon dioxide from the air. This reaction forms a calcium
clot, It potentially results in haemostasis, the stoppage of carbonate material. This regrowth and solidifying of calcium
blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. The carbonate renews the strength of the cracked concrete.
mechanism of coagulation involves activation, adhesion, The rigidity of traditional concrete leads to the formation of
and aggregation of platelets along with deposition and large cracks that can seriously degrade the integrity of
maturation of fibrin. Coagulation begins almost instantly important structures. Furthermore, when damage does occur to
after an injury damages the endothelium lining of the blood concrete, expensive and resource-consuming measures must
vessel. be taken to repair the concrete, usually from the outside. Or, if
Cellular response: - There are three main steps in this repair measures are insufficient, the structure must be
pathway: signal reception, which is when the target cell demolished and rebuilt which further expands the need for
receives a signalling molecule; transduction, which is a resources. This new cement composite, while currently three
series of events that converts the signal to something the times the price of traditional concrete, promises to pay for itself
target cell can respond to; and cellular response, which is to with reductions in repair costs over the life time of the
when the target cell responds to the signal. structure.
Protective surfaces: - secretion of some protective material Self-healing and self-repair is a common theme in biological
which protects the wounded region. For example, many systems from trees to human skin. These cement like
plants secrete latex to protect the wounded region. composites mimic natural systems in their structure by
minimizing damage when it occurs, which leads to the ability to
repair themselves quickly and effectively.
It solves the problem of degrading concrete structures,
pollution and resource usage from the manufacturing of
traditional concrete and energy consumption of traditional
concrete production.
 HUMANS MICROSTOMUM LINEARE
POTATO TUBER (TURBELLARIA-PLATYHELMINTHES)
Wound healing is a complicated process in which the skin repairs itself
after injury. In undamaged skin, the epidermis and dermis form a A break or cut occurs first Immediately after the wound the open
protective barrier against the external environment. When the barrier through the skin this causes wound is minimised by contracting
is broken, a regulated sequence of biochemical events is repair the accumulation of damaged cells circular muscle fibres. Wound
damage. This process is divided into predictable phases: blood clotting epidermis is cellular with thin parts of
(haemostasis), inflammation, tissue growth (proliferation), and tissue
on the surface of the skin of the
epidermal cells. These cells maintain
remodelling tuber. This gives the microbes a close contact with each other.
(maturation). Blood clotting may be considered to be part of the chance to enter the tuber and Underlying gastrodermal neoblasts and
inflammation stage instead of a separate stage. cause diseases. Below the skin mesenchymal cells proliferate and
Haemostasis (blood clotting): Within the first few minutes of injury, come at the top. Final epidermis is
platelets in the blood begin to stick to the injured site. This activates
layer are storage cells which
formed by conjugation of newly formed
the platelets, causing a few things to happen. They change into an store starch and intercellular epidermis and wound epidermis.
amorphous shape, more suitable for clotting, and they release spaces have water and
chemical signals to promote clotting. This results in the activation of nutrients in them. Due to the
fibrin, which forms a mesh and acts as glue to bind platelets to each
other. This makes a clot that serves to seal the break in the blood
cut these fluids leak out and
vessel, slowing and hence preventing further bleeding. cause shrinkage.
Inflammation: During this phase, damaged and dead cells are cleared First few hours lignin and pectin
out, along with bacteria and other pathogens or debris. This happens are produced to form cross
through the process of phagocytosis, where white blood cells eat the
dead cells by engulfing it. Platelet-derived growth factors are released
links in the intercellular space.
into the wound that cause the migration and division of cells during This inhibits the entry of
the proliferative phase. bacteria. Next is deposition of
Proliferation (growth of new tissue): In this phase, angiogenesis, suberin in the cell walls to
collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization,
and wound contraction occur. In angiogenesis, vascular endothelial
prevent entry of water, this
cells form new blood vessels. In fibroplasia and granulation tissue prevents fungal infection. Lastly
formation, fibroblasts grow and form a new, provisional extracellular is formation of flat rectangular
matrix by excreting collagen and fibronectin. Simultaneously phellum cells which is done by
reepithelialization of the epidermis occurs, in which epithelial cells
proliferate and come at the top of the wound bed, providing cover for
cell division of parenchyma
the new tissue. In wound contraction, myofibroblasts decrease the cells under the suberised layer.
size of the wound by gripping the wound edges and contracting using Together these layers form the CAULERPA TAXIFOLIA
a mechanism that resembles that in smooth muscle cells. When the new skin of potato tuber.
cells' roles are complete the unneeded cells undergo apoptosis that is
. These algae reproduce by
self-destruction.
fragmentation. When its strand like
Maturation (remodelling): During maturation and remodelling,
structures separate to form a new
collagen is realigned along tension lines, and cells that are no longer
organism the parent cell heals itself by
needed are removed apoptosis.
producing a fast-acting natural glue.
When this alga cell is wounded a
chemical caulerpenin is broken down
by enzymatic reaction to oxytocin 2 this
binds together proteins to form a
gummy gel in the cell which heal the
reproductive scar in 30 seconds by
forming a plug.
.

REFERENCES

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5
870156/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_healing
3. https://asknature.org/idea/self-repairing-
concrete-2/#.W1RJUtIzZPY
4. https://www.nature.com/news/2005/05031/full/ne
ws050321-11.html
5. https://www.asknature.com
6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226537
283_Cell_migration_and_differentiation_du
ring_wound_healing_and_regeneration_in_Micro
stomum_lineare_Turbellaria