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Strength of Materials: Shearing Deformation

This document discusses various types of material deformation including shearing deformation, Poisson's ratio, biaxial deformation, and triaxial deformation. It provides key definitions and equations to describe these deformations. Specifically, it defines shear strain and modulus of rigidity G for shearing deformation. It describes Poisson's ratio ν as the ratio of transverse to longitudinal strain. It gives equations for strain under biaxial and triaxial loading conditions and defines the bulk modulus of elasticity K as a material's resistance to changes in volume.

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Muhammad Asif
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100 views

Strength of Materials: Shearing Deformation

This document discusses various types of material deformation including shearing deformation, Poisson's ratio, biaxial deformation, and triaxial deformation. It provides key definitions and equations to describe these deformations. Specifically, it defines shear strain and modulus of rigidity G for shearing deformation. It describes Poisson's ratio ν as the ratio of transverse to longitudinal strain. It gives equations for strain under biaxial and triaxial loading conditions and defines the bulk modulus of elasticity K as a material's resistance to changes in volume.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Asif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Strength Of Materials

Shearing Deformation
Shearing Deformation
Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to
shear does not change in length but undergoes a change in shape.
Shearing Deformation
The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is
called the shear strain and is expressed as

The ratio of the shear stress and the shear strain is called the modulus
of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity and is denoted as G, in
MPa.
Shearing Deformation
The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied
shearing force is

where V is the shearing force acting over an area As.


Poisson's Ratio

When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in


length of the bar in the direction of the applied load, but there is also a
decrease in a lateral dimension perpendicular to the load. The ratio of
the sidewise deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation (or
strain) is called the Poisson's ratio and is denoted by ν. For most steel,
it lies in the range of 0.25 to 0.3, and 0.20 for concrete.
Poisson's Ratio

where εx is strain in the x-direction and εy and εz are the strains in the
perpendicular direction. The negative sign indicates a decrease in the transverse
dimension when εx is positive.
BIAXIAL DEFORMATION

If an element is subjected simultaneously by tensile stresses, σx and


σy, in the x and y directions, the strain in the x-direction is σx / E and
the strain in the y direction is σy / E. Simultaneously, the stress in the y-
direction will produce a lateral contraction on the x-direction of the
amount -ν εy or -ν σy/E.
BIAXIAL DEFORMATION
The resulting strain in the x direction will be
TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION
If an element is subjected simultaneously by three mutually perpendicular
normal stresses σx, σy, and σz, which are accompanied by strains εx, εy, and
εz, respectively,

Tensile stresses and elongation are taken as positive. Compressive stresses


and contraction are taken as negative.
Relationship Between E, G, and ν
The relationship between modulus of elasticity E, shear modulus G and
Poisson's ratio ν is:
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of
Volume Expansion, K
The bulk modulus of elasticity K is a measure of a resistance of a
material to change in volume without change in shape or form. It is
given as

where V is the volume and ΔV is change in volume. The ratio ΔV / V is


called volumetric strain and can be expressed as

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