Compound Interest

P is the principal (the money you start with, your first deposit)

r is the annual rate of interest as a decimal (5% means r = 0.05)

n is the number of years you leave it on deposit

A is how much money you've accumulated after n years, including interest.

If the interest is compounded once a year:

A = P(1 + r)n

If the interest is compounded q times a year:

A = P(1 + r/q)nq

Surface Area Formula

The following are some formulas used to calculate the surface area of three-dimensional
shapes: sphere, solid cylinder, hollow cylinder, cone and pyramid.

Surface Area of Sphere

A sphere is a solid in which all the points on the round surface are equidistant from a
fixed point, known as the centre of the sphere. The distance from the centre to the
surface is the radius.
Surface area of a sphere with radius r =

Surface Area of Solid Cylinder

A cylinder is a solid that has two parallel faces which are congruent circles. These faces
form the bases of the cylinder. The cylinder has one curved surface. The height of the
cylinder is the perpendicular distance between the two bases.

The net of a solid cylinder consists of 2 circles and one rectangle. The curved surface
opens up to form a rectangle.

Surface area = 2 × area of circle + area of rectangle

Surface area of hollow cylinder

Sometimes you may be required to calculate the total surface area of a hollow cylinder or
tube.
Total surface area of hollow cylinder

= area of internal curved surface + area of external curved surface + area of the two rings

Surface Area of Cone

A cone is a solid with a circular base. It has a curved surface which tapers (i.e. decreases
in size) to a vertex at the top. The height of the cone is the perpendicular distance from
the base to the vertex.

The net of a solid cone consists of a small circle and a sector of a larger circle. The arc of
the sector has the same length as the circumference of the smaller circle.

Surface area of cone = Area of sector + area of circle

 
Surface area of Pyramid

A pyramid is a solid with a polygonal base and several triangular lateral faces. The
pyramid is named after the shape of its base.

The lateral faces meet at a common vertex. The height of the pyramid is the
perpendicular distance from the base to the vertex.

Example:

Calculate the surface area of the following pyramid.

Solution:

Sketch a net of the above pyramid to visualize the surfaces.

Area of base = 6 × 6 = 36 cm2

Area of the four triangles = ×4× 6 × 12 = 144 cm2

Total surface area = 36 + 144 = 180 cm2

 

Surface Area Formulas

(Math | Geometry | Surface Area Formulas)

(pi = = 3.141592...)

Surface Area Formulas

In general, the surface area is the sum of all the areas of all the shapes that cover the
surface of the object.

Cube | Rectangular Prism | Prism | Sphere | Cylinder | Units

Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a2" means "a squared", which is the same as "a"
times "a".

Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples

Surface Area of a Cube = 6 a 2

(a is the length of the side of each edge of the cube)

In words, the surface area of a cube is the area of the six squares that cover it. The area of
one of them is a*a, or a 2 . Since these are all the same, you can multiply one of them by six,
so the surface area of a cube is 6 times one of the sides squared.

Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism = 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

(a, b, and c are the lengths of the 3 sides)

In words, the surface area of a rectangular prism is the area of the six rectangles that cover
it. But we don't have to figure out all six because we know that the top and bottom are the
same, the front and back are the same, and the left and right sides are the same.

The area of the top and bottom (side lengths a and c) = a*c. Since there are two of them, you
get 2ac. The front and back have side lengths of b and c. The area of one of them is b*c, and
there are two of them, so the surface area of those two is 2bc. The left and right side have
side lengths of a and b, so the surface area of one of them is a*b. Again, there are two of
them, so their combined surface area is 2ab.

Surface Area of Any Prism

 (b is the shape of the ends)

Surface Area = Lateral area + Area of two ends

(Lateral area) = (perimeter of shape b) * L

Surface Area = (perimeter of shape b) * L+ 2*(Area of shape b)

Surface Area of a Sphere = 4 pi r 2

(r is radius of circle)

Surface Area of a Cylinder = 2 pi r 2 + 2 pi r h

(h is the height of the cylinder, r is the radius of the top)

Surface Area = Areas of top and bottom +Area of the side

Surface Area = 2(Area of top) + (perimeter of top)* height

Surface Area = 2(pi r 2) + (2 pi r)* h

In words, the easiest way is to think of a can. The surface area is the areas of all the parts
needed to cover the can. That's the top, the bottom, and the paper label that wraps around
the middle.

You can find the area of the top (or the bottom). That's the formula for area of a circle (pi r2).
Since there is both a top and a bottom, that gets multiplied by two.

The side is like the label of the can. If you peel it off and lay it flat it will be a rectangle. The
area of a rectangle is the product of the two sides. One side is the height of the can, the
other side is the perimeter of the circle, since the label wraps once around the can. So the
area of the rectangle is (2 pi r)* h.

Add those two parts together and you have the formula for the surface area of a cylinder.

Surface Area = 2(pi r 2) + (2 pi r)* h

Tip! Don't forget the units.

These equations will give you correct answers if you keep the units straight. For example - to
find the surface area of a cube with sides of 5 inches, the equation is:

Surface Area = 6*(5 inches)2

= 6*(25 square inches)

= 150 sq. inches

Measurement Formulas
A graphical list of the formulas for measurement concepts. Print this page
for reference.

See the online area calculator.

Shapes
Formula

Rectangle:
Area = Length X Width
A = lw

Perimeter = 2 X Lengths + 2 X Widths

P = 2l + 2w
Parallelogram
Area = Base X Height
a = bh
 Triangle
Area = 1/2 of the base X the height
a = 1/2 bh
Perimeter = a + b + c
(add the length of the three sides)

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Trapezoid

Perimeter = area + b1 + b2 + c
P = a + b1 + b2 + c

Circle Try the Online tool.

The distance around the circle is
a circumference. The distance
across the circle is the diameter
(d). The radius (r) is the
distance from the center to a
point on the circle. (Pi = 3.14)
More about circles.
d = 2r
c = d = 2 r
A = r2
=3.14)
Rectangular Solid
Volume = Length X Width X
Height
V = lwh
Surface = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh

Prisms
Volume = Base X Height
v=bh
Surface = 2b + Ph (b is the area
of the base P is the perimeter of
the base)
 Cylinder
Volume = r2 x height
V = r2 h
Surface = 2 radius x height
S = 2rh + 2r2

Pyramid
V = 1/3 bh
b is the area of the base
Surface Area: Add the area of
the base to the sum of the areas
of all of the triangular faces. The
areas of the triangular faces will
have different formulas for
different shaped bases.
Cones
Volume = 1/3 r2 x height
V= 1/3 r2h
Surface = r2 + rs
S = r2 + rs
=r2+r

Sphere
Volume = 4/3 r3
V = 4/3 r3
Surface = 4r2
S = 4r2