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Particle Size Analysis PDF

The document discusses various methods for characterizing particle size, including sieving, permeametry, microscopy, electrozone sensing, and laser diffraction. Sieving is the simplest and most widely used technique, involving passing particles through woven wire meshes of different sizes. Permeametry uses fluid flow through a packed bed to calculate equivalent particle diameters. Microscopy directly measures particle sizes using light or electron microscopes. Electrozone sensing detects changes in electrical resistance from particles passing through an aperture. Laser diffraction analyzes how particles diffract laser light to determine size distributions.

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226 views

Particle Size Analysis PDF

The document discusses various methods for characterizing particle size, including sieving, permeametry, microscopy, electrozone sensing, and laser diffraction. Sieving is the simplest and most widely used technique, involving passing particles through woven wire meshes of different sizes. Permeametry uses fluid flow through a packed bed to calculate equivalent particle diameters. Microscopy directly measures particle sizes using light or electron microscopes. Electrozone sensing detects changes in electrical resistance from particles passing through an aperture. Laser diffraction analyzes how particles diffract laser light to determine size distributions.

Uploaded by

Anonymous Su5mGPPM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHE132

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS


Objectives

1. Characterize particles according to size


2. Identify different methods on precise
determination of particle size
3. Compute particle sphericity, total number of
particles, total surface area and average
particle sizes
Describing the size of a single particle

Regular-shaped
particles can be accurately
described by giving the shape
and a number of dimensions.
Describing the size of a single particle

Unfortunately,
molecular systems seldom
form regular shaped particles.
.
Describing the size of a single particle

Which dimension we do use


will in practice depend on :
What property or dimension
of the particle we are able to
measure
The use to which the
dimension is to be put
Describing the size of a single particle

Microscope diameters used in microscope


analysis:

Martin’s diameter (length of the line which


bisects the particle image)
Feret’s diameter (distance between two tangents
on opposite sides of the particle)
Shear diameter (particle width obtained using an
image shearing device)
Describing the size of a single particle
Methods of particle size measurement

1. Sieving
2. Permeametry
3. Microscopy
4. Electrozone Sensing
5. Laser Diffraction
Methods of particle size measurement

Sieving is the simplest and


most widely used technique
for powder classification
The common sieves are
made of woven wire cloth
and have square apertures
Weight distribution
Sieving
The most common modern
sieves are in sizes such that
the ratio of adjacent sieve
sizes is the fourth root of
two (eg. 45, 53, 63, 75, 90,
107 mm).

Sieving may be performed


wet or dry, by machine or by
hand, for a fixed time or
until powder passes through
the sieve at a constant low
rate
Sieving

Dry Sieving Wet Sieving


 Simple method of size • Analysis down to 5 mm
analysis
• https://www.youtube.c
 suitable for particle sizes om/watch?v=pcesrdcNz
greater than 45 mm. ig

 https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=2sZixB57G
MM
Sieving

Air Jet Sieving


 The powder on the sieve is fluidized by a jet or air, can achieve
analysis down to 20 mm.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cvYvfqYVZE
Sieving

 Advantages
– Easy to perform
– Wide size range
– Inexpensive

 Disadvantages
– Problems of reproducibility
– Damage in use or cleaning
– Irregular particles
– Labour intensive
Permeatry

 This is a method of size analysis based on fluid flow


through a packed bed.
 The particle size is measured by calculating the
equivalent volume sphere diameter, XV or the
surface-volume equivalent sphere diameter, XSV .
 In permeametry, XSV is used to measure the
particle.
 XSV is the diameter of a sphere having the same
surface area to volume ratio as the particle.
Permeatry

Worked Problem 1

Calculate the equivalent volume sphere diameter XV


and the surface-volume equivalent sphere diameter
XSV of a cuboid particle of side 1, 2, 4 mm
Permeatry

Carman-Kozeny Equation

Where, (-Δp) – Pressure drop across the bed


ε – Packed bed void fraction
H – Depth of the bed
μ – Fluid viscosity
U – Superficial fluid velocity

NOTE: This equation is for laminar flow through a randomly packed


bed of uniformly sized spheres of diameter x.
Permeatry

Derivation of the Carman-Kozeny equation for laminar flow


• In the 19th Century, Darcy observed that the flow of
water through a packed bed of sand was governed by
the relationship:

(Eq. 1)

Where, (-Δp) – Pressure drop across the bed


H – Depth of the bed
U – Superficial fluid velocity
Permeatry

• The flow of the fluid through a packed bed of solid particles


may be analyzed in terms of the fluid flow through tubes.
• The starting point is the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for
laminar flow through a tube.

(Eq. 2)

Where, D – Diameter of the tube


μ – Fluid viscosity
Permeatry

• Consider the packed bed to be equivalent to many tubes of


equivalent diameter, De following tortuous paths of equivalent
length, He and carrying fluid with a velocity, Ui
• From (Eq. 2)

(Eq. 3)
Permeatry

• The actual velocity, Ui of fluid through the interstices of the


packed bed is related to the superficial fluid, U.

(Eq. 4)

• Although the paths of the tubes are tortuous, we can assume


that their actual length is proportional to the bed depth

(Eq. 5)
Permeatry

• The tube equivalent diameter is defined as

Flow area = εA
Wetted perimeter = SB A

Where,
A – Cross-sectional area of the vessel holding the bed
SB – Particle surface area per unit volume of the bed
Permeatry

• The relationship of the surface area per unit volume of


particles with the surface area per unit volume of the bed is

(Eq. 6)

• Therefore,

(Eq. 7)
Permeatry

• Substituting Eq. 4, Eq. 5, and Eq. 7 in Eq. 3

(Eq. 4) (Eq. 3)

(Eq. 5)

(Eq. 7)

• Then,

Where, K1 K 2 = K3
Permeatry

(Eq. 8)

• This equation is known as the Carman-Konezy equation


describing the laminar flow through randomly packed
particles.
• The constant K3 depends on particle shape and surface
properties and has been found by experiment to have a
value of about 5.
Permeatry

• Taking K3=5, for laminar flow through a randomly packed bed


of monosized spheres of diameter x (for which Sv = 6/x) the
Carman-Kozeny becomes
Permeatry

• When dealing with non-spherical particles with a distribution


of sizes, the properties of the particle can be shown in terms
of mean.
• Each mean can be shown to conserve two properties of the
original population of particles.
Permeatry

 The arithmetic mean of the surface distribution


conserves the surface and volume of the original
population.

Surface-Volume Mean:
Permeatry

 The arithmetic mean of the number distribution


conserves the number and length of the original
population.

Number-Length Mean:
Permeatry

 The quadratic mean of the number distribution


conserves the number and surface of the original
population.

Number-Surface Mean:
Permeatry

Worked Problem 2

What mean particle size do we use in calculating


the pressure gradient for flow of a fluid through a
packed bed of particles using the Carman-Kozeny
equation?
Permeatry
Solution
 The Carman-Kozeny equation for laminar flow through a
randomly packed bed of particle is

• Where SV is the specific surface area of the bed of particles


(particle surface area/unit particle volume)
• To write the equation in terms of a mean particle size,
express the SV in terms of that mean
• The particle size must give the same value of SV as the
original population of particles
Permeatry

• This may be calculated as the arithmetic mean of the


surface distribution then in the Carman–Kozeny
equation we make the following substitution for SV
Permeatry

• In this method, the pressure gradient across a packed bed


of known voidage is measured as a function of flow rate.
• The diameter we calculate from the Carman–Kozeny
equation is the arithmetic mean of the surface distribution
Microscopy

 Microscopy is the use of a microscope or


investigation by a microscope.

 high precision optical instrument that uses a lens


or a combination of lenses to produce highly
magnified images of small specimens or objects
especially when they are too small to be seen by
the naked (unaided) eye.

 Light microscopy and Electron microscopy


Microscopy

 Some systems provide a number distribution of


size and shape.
 Feret and Martin’s diameter, shear and projected
area

 Light microscope – 200nm


 Electron microscope -1nm
Microscopy

Light microscope
Microscopy

Electron microscope
Electrozone Sensing

 Also known as Coulter


technique or counter.
 The Coulter Principle
 “change of resistance is
proportional to the particle
size and surface charge”.
 Resistance change can be
measured as voltage pulse.
Electrozone Sensing

vR = i / l
where
v = particle volume
l = aperture current
i = pulse intensity
R = response factor relative pulse height per unit V
Laser Diffraction

This method relies on the fact that for light passing


through a suspension, the diffraction angle is
inversely proportional to the particle size.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpsN78mQ6YY
Laser Diffraction
Advantages of Laser diffraction

 Wide dynamic range - from submicron to the millimeter size range.


 Rapid measurements - results generated in less than a minute.
 Repeatability - large numbers of particles are sampled in each
measurement.
 Instant feedback - monitor and control the particle dispersion process.
 High sample throughput - hundreds of measurements per day.
 Calibration not necessary - easily verified using standard reference
materials.
 Well established technique - covered by ISO13320 (2009).
Fraunhofer Theory
Mie Theory

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