Additional Examples of Chapter 2:

Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

Example E2.1: Analyze the block diagram of the LTI discrete-time system of Figure E2.1 and
develop the relation between y[n] and x[n].

_ _
x[n] + z 1 z 1 + y[n]
_1
d1
+ +
d2

Figure E2.1

Answer: From the figure shown below we obtain

v[n] –1 v[n–1] –1 v[n–2]
x[n] z z y[n]

–1
d1
w[n] u[n]
d2

v[n] = x[n] − w[n], w[n] = d1v[n − 1] + d2 u[n], and u[n] = v[n − 2] + x[n]. From these
equations we get w[n] = d 2x[n] + d1x[n − 1]+ d2 x[n − 2] − d1w[n − 1] − d2 w[n − 2]. From the
figure we also obtain y[n] = v[n − 2] + w[n] = x[n − 2] + w[n] − w[n − 2], which yields
d1y[n − 1] = d1x[n − 3] + d1w[n − 1] − d1w[n − 3], and
d 2y[n − 2] = d 2 x[n − 4] + d2 w[n − 2]− d2 w[n − 4], Therefore,
y[n] + d1y[n − 1] + d 2 y[n − 2] = x[n − 2] + d1x[n − 3] + d2 x[n − 4]
+ (w[n]+ d1w[n − 1] + d2 w[n − 2]) − (w[n − 2] + d1w[n − 3] + d 2w[n − 4])
= x[n − 2] + d 2x[n] + d1x[n − 1] or equivalently,
y[n] = d2 x[n] + d1x[n − 1] + x[n − 2] − d1y[n − 1] − d2 y[n − 2].
__________________________________________________________________
{
Example E2.2: The sequence 0 − 2 −2 − 2 0 2 2 }
2 represents one period of
a sinusoidal sequence x[n] = A sin(ω on + φ). Determine the values of the parameters A, ω o ,
and φ .

{
Answer: Given x[n] = 0 − 2 −2 − 2 0 2 2 }
2 . The fundamental period is N =
4, hence ω o = 2π / 8 = π / 4. Next from x[0] = Asin(φ) = 0 we get φ = 0, and solving x[1] =
π
A sin( + φ) = A sin(π / 4) = − 2 we get A = –2.
4

-1-
 Additional Examples of Chapter 2:
Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
__________________________________________________________________
Example E2.3: Determine the fundamental period of the periodic sequence x˜ [n ] =
sin(0.6πn + 0.6π).

2π r 2π r 10
Answer: Here, ω o = 0.6π. From Eq. (2.47a), we thus get N = = = r = 10 for
ωo 0.6π 3
r = 3.
__________________________________________________________________
Example E2.4: Determine the fundamental period of the periodic sequence y˜ [n] =
3sin(1.3πn) − 4 cos(0.3πn + 0.45π).

2π r1 20 2π r2 20
Answer: N 1 = = r1 and N 2 = = r . To be periodic we must have N1 = N2 .
1.3π 13 0.3π 3 2
20 20
This implies, r1 = r . This equality holds for r1 = 13 and r2 = 7, and hence N =
13 3 2
N1 = N 2 = 20.
__________________________________________________________________
Example E2.5: Let {y[n]} = {−1 −1 11 −3 30 28 48} obtained by a linear convolution
of the sequence {h[n]} = {−1 2 3 4} with a finite-length sequence {x[n]}. The first sample
in each sequence is time instant n = 0. Determine x[n].

Answer: The length of x[n] is 7 – 4 + 1 = 4. Using x[n] =

1
h[0]
{ }
y[n] − ∑ k=1 h[k]x[n − k] , we
7

arrive at x[n] = {1 3 –2 12}, 0 ≤ n ≤ 3.

__________________________________________________________________
Example E2.6: Determine the expression for the impulse response of the LTI discrete-time
system shown in Figure E2.2.

h 4[n]

h1[n] h2[n] + h3[n] +

h5[n]

Figure E2.2

Answer: From the figure shown below we observe

-2-
 Additional Examples of Chapter 2:
Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
v[n]
x[n] h1[n] ↓ h [n]
2 y[n]

h 5[n]
h 3[n] h 4 [n]

v[n] = (h1[n] + h3[n] * h5[n]) * x[n] and y[n] = h2[n] * v[n] + h3[n] * h4[n] * x[n].
Thus, y[n] = (h2[n] * h1[n] + h2[n] * h3[n] * h5[n] + h3[n] * h4[n]) * x[n].
Hence the impulse response is given by

h[n] = h2[n] * h1[n] + h2[n] * h3[n] * h5[n] + h3[n] * h4[n].

__________________________________________________________________

Example E2.7: Determine the total solution for n ≥ 0 of the difference equation
n
y[n] + 0.1y[n − 1] − 0.06y[n − 2] = 2 µ[n],
with the initial condition y[−1] = 1 and y[−2] = 0 .

Answer: y[n] + 0.1y[n − 1] − 0.06 y[n − 2] = 2n µ[n] with y[–1] = 1 and y[–2] = 0. The
complementary solution y c [n] is obtained by solving y c [n] + 0.1y c [n − 1] − 0.06y c [n − 2] = 0 .
To this end we set y c [n] = λn , which yields
λn + 0.1λn−1 – 0.06 λn −2 = λn −2 (λ2 + 0.1λ – 0.06) = 0 whose solution gives λ1 = –0.3 and
λ 2 = 0.2 . Thus, the complementary solution is of the form y c [n] = α 1(−0.3)n + α 2 (0.2)n .
n
For the particular solution we choose y p [n] = β(2) . ubstituting this solution in the difference
n n−1 n−2 n
equation representation of the system we get β 2 + β(0.1)2 – β (0.06)2 = 2 µ[n]. For
−1 −2
n = 0 we get β + β(0.1)2 – β (0.06)2 = 1 or β = 200 / 207 = 0.9662 .
200 n
The total solution is therefore given by y[n] = yc [n] + y p [n] = α1 (−0.3) n + α 2 (0.2) n + 2 .
207
200 −1
From the above y[−1] = α1 (−0.3) −1 + α 2 (0.2)−1 + 2 = 1 and
207
200 −2 10 107
y[−2] = α1 (−0.3) −2 + α 2 (0.2)−2 + 2 = 0 or equivalently, – α1 + 5α 2 = and
207 3 207
100 50
α 1 + 25α 2 = – whose solution yields α1 = –0.1017 and α2 = 0.0356. Hence, the total
9 207
n n n
solution is given by y[n] = − 0.1017(−0.3) + 0.0356(0.2) + 0.9662(2) , for n ≥ 0.
__________________________________________________________________

Example E2.8: Determine the total solution for n ≥ 0 of the difference equation
y[n] + 0.1y[n − 1] − 0.06y[n − 2] = x[n] − 2x[n − 1],
with the initial condition y[−1] = 1 and y[−2] = 0 , when the forcing function is x[n ] = 2n µ[n] .

-3-
 Additional Examples of Chapter 2:
Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

Answer: y[n] + 0.1y[n − 1] − 0.06 y[n − 2] = x[n] − 2 x[n − 1] with x[n ] = 2n µ[n] , and y[−1] = 1
and y[−2] = 0 . For the given input, the difference equation reduces to
y[n] + 0.1y[n − 1] − 0.06 y[n − 2] = 2n µ[n] − 2(2n −1 )µ[n − 1] = δ[n]. The solution of this
equation is thus the complementary solution with the constants determined from the given initial
conditions y[–1] = 1 and y[–2] = 0.

From the solution of the previous problem we observe that the complementary solution is of the
form y c [n] = α 1(−0.3)n + α 2 (0.2)n .

For the given initial conditions we thus have

y[−1] = α1 (−0.3) −1 + α 2 (0.2)−1 = 1 and y[−2] = α1 (−0.3) −2 + α 2 (0.2)−2 = 0 . Combining these
⎡−1 / 0.3 1 / 0.2 ⎤ ⎡ α1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
two equations we get ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ which yields α1 = − 0.18 and α2 = 0.08.
⎣1 / 0.09 1 / 0.04⎦ ⎣α 2 ⎦ ⎣0 ⎦
Therefore, y[n] = − 0.18(−0.3) n + 0.08(0.2)n .
__________________________________________________________________

Example E2.9: Determine the impulse response h[n] of the LTI discrete-time system described
by the difference equation
y[n] + 0.1y[n − 1] − 0.06y[n − 2] = x[n] − 2x[n − 1].

Answer: The impulse response is given by the solution of the difference equation
y[n] + 0.1y[n − 1] − 0.06 y[n − 2] = δ[n] . From Example E2.7, the complementary solution is
given by y c [n] = α 1(−0.3)n + α 2 (0.2)n . To determine the constants α1 and α 2 , we observe y[0]
= 1 and y[1] + 0.1y[0] = 0 as y[–1] = y[–2] = 0. From the complementary solution
0 0
y[0] = α 1(−0.3) + α 2 (0.2) = α1 + α 2 = 1, and
1 1
y[1] = α 1(−0.3) + α 2 (0.2) = –0.3α1 + 0.2α 2 = −0.1. Solution of these equations yields
α1 = 0.6 and α2 = 0.4. Therefore, the impulse response is given by
h[n] = 0.6(−0.3)n + 0.4(0.2)n .
__________________________________________________________________

-4-