Open navigation menu
Close suggestions
Search
Search
en
Change Language
Upload
Sign in
Sign in
Download free for days
0 ratings
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
726 views
Solutions For Exercises Simatic S7
training for automation and industrial solutions
Uploaded by
Neagoe Cristian
AI-enhanced title
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here
.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Download now
Download
Save Solutions for exercises Simatic S7 For Later
Download
Save
Save Solutions for exercises Simatic S7 For Later
0%
0% found this document useful, undefined
0%
, undefined
Embed
Share
Print
Report
0 ratings
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
726 views
Solutions For Exercises Simatic S7
training for automation and industrial solutions
Uploaded by
Neagoe Cristian
AI-enhanced title
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content,
claim it here
.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Download now
Download
Save Solutions for exercises Simatic S7 For Later
Carousel Previous
Carousel Next
Save
Save Solutions for exercises Simatic S7 For Later
0%
0% found this document useful, undefined
0%
, undefined
Embed
Share
Print
Report
Download now
Download
You are on page 1
/ 44
Search
Fullscreen
SIEMENS Solutions for the Exercises SIMATIC S7 ae oe mz toman oe Oee Contents Page Ch3 Ext: Using the Electronic Manuals 3 ‘Ch3 Ex2: Wiring the Signal Modules : 4 ‘Ch4 Ext: Performing a CPU Memory Reset and Warm Restart, 5 Ché Ex2: Retrieving a Project and Save As 6 ‘ChS Ext: Adapting the Setpoint Configuration 7 Ch5 Ex2: Assign Parameters to CPU Clock Memory and Test 8 Ch5 Ex3: Configuration of the DP System 9 Ch5 Ex4: Downloading the Program and Testing It. 10 ChS ExS: Upload Program and Actual Configuration. " Ch6 Ex1: Testing the Conveyor Model's Sensor (Input) Wiring. 12 Ch6 Ex2: Testing the Conveyor Model's Actuator (Output) Wiring. 13, Ch7 Ex1: Adding a Lock-out Function (FC. 16). 14 Ch7 Ex2: Calling FC 16 in OB 1 7 15 ‘Ch8 Ext: Creating a Symbol Table for the Conveyor Model. 16 Ch9 Ex1: Mode Section of the Distribution Conveyor. 18 ‘Ch9 Ex2: Testing the Conveyor Operation in AUTO Mode. 19 Ch9 Ex3: Edge Detection... 20 Exercise: Number Formats. 2 Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18, C 18). 22 Exercise: Timer Diagrams. 23 SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives. Page 1 SolutionsSIEMENS Solutions for the Exercises SIMATIC $7 owe cacao STRAIN taro Contents Pag e Exercise: Monitoring the Transport Functions (FC 17) 24 Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (Arithmetic), Part 1 25 Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (Arithmetic), Part 2 26 Exercise: Checking the Interface of the TP170B, 27 Exercise: Copying a ProTool/Pro Project 7 28 Exercise: Preparing the ProTool/Pro Project Download. 29 Exercise: Downloading a ProToo! Project 30 Exercise: Controlling the Jog Operation from the TP170B... 31 Hardware Diagnosis when a Slave Fails... 32 Exercise: Preparing to Rewire. 33 Exercise: Rewiring with the SIMATIC Manager. 34 Exercise: Rewiring with "Leading Symbols". 35 Exercise: Comparing Blocks. 36 Exercise: Reset to Factory Default a7 Exercise: Using the BOP as Command Source. 38 Exercise: Setting the Command Source to Profibus, Ramp-up Time, Coast to Standstil Time 39 Exercise: Operating the Drive from the TP170B. 40 Exercise: Documenting a Block and Printing It Out. 4 Exercise: Saving a Program and Hardware Configuration (PLC Copy) 42 Exercise: Archiving a Project onto Diskette. 43 Exercise: Deleting a Project and Retrieving It from the Diskette. 44 SITRAIN Training tor ST-SERVi ‘Automation and Drives Page 2 SolutionsExercis : Using the S7-300 Manuals 1. How many racks, with how many modules each can be installed in the $7-300? MAK. ons RACKS With ......8,.... Modules each 2, Onwhich mains voltages can you operate the power supply modules PS. 307, 5A? Mains voltage AC 120 / 230V. 3. Which range is permitted for the CPU's power supplay voltage? Le 4. How long does the back-up battery backup the user program when you have uninterrupted backup? Atleast......1 Year (25 degrees C). 5. How many digital inputs and outputs can the CPU 314 address and how large is the process-image input table (Pll) and the process-image output table (PIQ)? Process-image input table: .128... bytes Preess-image output table: .128... bytes 1024... digital inputs 1024... digital outputs 6. Atwhich voltage levels does the digital input module SM321; DI32/24V deliver signal state ‘0’: 3... Vto #5... V signal state 1’: +15...V to ...#30... V 7. What is the maximum output current that the digital output module M322; D032; DC24VI0,5A delivers at signal state ‘0°: ..0,5.mA (residual current) signal state “1°: ..0,6..A 8. Whatis the maximum operating frequency of the output module? for resistive load: 100. Hz for inductive load: ...0,5.. Hz 9. Is the output module short-circuit proof? yes (electronical) SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives Page 3 Solutions‘SIEMENS Exercise: Wiring the Signal Modules MC.Sw1 MC.Sw2 LED Power supply | | i 2X7 Lt L- ] | slolo|. —s[aje|s Tlajal* | @/@/ 2 @o@ - + + + by : = Do 323 x frais 6 6 7 8 8 1 12 13 4 6 1 OT te 19 20 SIMATIC S7 ome cz SITRAIN reat SITRAIN Training for ‘Automation and Drives Page 4 ST-SERV1 Solutions.‘SIEMENS. Exercise: Performing a CPU Memory Reset and Warm Restart After Insert Manually From the PG Momony Car 7 Mode selector ~ Mode selector 7 Mode selector in in "STOP" position jin *RUN-P” position “STOP” position ~ Hold mode selector = Menu options: + Insert Memory Gard in "MRES" postion PLC -> Operating (Glow flashing of Request until the "STOP" LED Mode -> Stop || "STOP" LED indjcates Memory flashes twice (slowly) fequest for memory nee - Menu options: Teset) ~ Release mode |” PLC-> ClearReset i | ‘selector (returns | ih automatically to the “STOP” position) = Switch the mode - Confirm Memory - Switch the mode selector quickly to the Reset by clicking the selector quickly to the Perform "MRES" position again )K" button "MRES" position and Memory and release (fast (fast ashing of release (fast flashing of Reset flashing of STOP" LED|| —"STOP* LED indicates *sTOP" LED indicates memory reset || memory reset being indicates memory _| | being performed) performed) reset being performed) |} Perf ~ Switch mode selector ~ Menu options: ~~ Switch’ perform to"RUN" or RUN-P" |] PLC-> Operating to "RU! farm Restart! position Mode -> Warm Restart position SIMATIC S7 gai SITRAIN Training tor ‘Automation and Drives Page 5 ST-SERV1 SolutionsSIEMENS SIMATIC S7 ae gnanz8 STRAIN rm EeraneAG206 Signe mane oe BRA. SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 Automaton and Drives Page 6 SolutionsSIEMENS Exercise: Adapting the Setpoint Configuration SIMATIC S7 cue eeeas08 srTRAl SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives Page 7 Solutions‘SIEMENS. Exercise: Assign Parameters to CPU Clock Memory and Test SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives Page 8 SolutionsSIEMENS Exercise: Configuration of the DP System | Steer ES ret BC Yow ere re H DlesE IS Ie) B) ele] ee eles) 2 ve) | : etugioraml 3 i 2 2 ef oy sara : sel 9m kl tame | aasien | Cameos a erento — sass beast fuer sr -eoooma0 3 = toroeaw’st “fas nizsoooaaa ea Soo ce mmST fase 00a OES WOOEAIAST |e T0OO AP aT Fini SIMATIC S7 oe ees FA SPAN ot 'SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Dives. Page 9 SolutionsSIEMENS Exercise: Downloading the Program and Testing It (cA 31520 c ¢ | ‘ej Dero 1 |) Quoten a Fog | SIMATIC S7 bee sons SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automaton and Daves Page 10 SolutionsExercise: Upload Program and Actual Configuration Stee © Conia mcesby ner gm [eSSrcmnm tee ‘mal Nester Senne Rem. ee draen, SIMATIC S7 SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 Automation ang Drives Page 11 Solutions,SIEMENS Exercise: Testing the Conveyor Model's Sensor (Input) Wiring Vi © Conveyor Me SEAVI_AE\S7_ 900 Stauon\GPU 315.2 DP\Demo 1 ONLINE] MM 01> lek Eo tet AC Veiwie Ven Onion Wason Hep 2st) 2) dleial ai xeliol | “i Fal wl Slee el sie «| iE Disa] Satis value Moy vale] oT gitar oeaTANT] O00 Fim a1 emery Cote” 00L eke @2 pends Praha 3: arma Cotas Push Butcn at Conveyor End, Momertaay Cc ‘Prony Benor at ay | a Prout Se a? BOD. fae ODL ie SIMATIC S7 pee Bea SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 Automation and Drives. Page 12 Solutions,SIEMENS Exercise: Testing the Conveyor Model's Actuator (Output) Wiring | Ware Cenrepes noel — SSE APT soo, SiotonCPU HS TP Wenn + OMNI] 1G Tele Esl root PLC: Vote Yeu Dotine Wray Heb olBd3 | Dicsital @ seal [| Jie 8] he) lari sal) [eA Aan Sync [Syl cement [Dexia] Svat rnty vate | ito GAYT incale ghia S00: © ie | fa] G82“ aAv2 inset Lapa Bev 2 200 tate | 0 83 pAv3 indeourtsreattoy 2001 tate Fe] G84 “Act Ineater ght Seize ano. Betoke IG) 85 CAT uno Aight ue wwe 20 86 ALT PunConweyr Lh 001 a SERVIAENS?. 20 Stetorh.Deot 2 =r | SIMATIC S7 ome emp 208 STRAIN SITRAIN Training tor ‘ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives. Page 13 SolutionsSIEMENS Exercise: Adding a Lock-out Function (FC 16) ro Teg, a Sybol snformation: | : | | SIMATIC S7 owe s302208 SITRAIN Training or ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives. Page 14 SolutionsSIEMENS SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives. Page 15 SolutionsSIEMENS Exercise: Creating a Symbol Table for the Conveyor Model as) “Toste'ype [comment BOO. Pushahond Bay 3 Nome tay Cone 200.” an atmo Conveyo re Mone try Cv 500.” Posty Sensor 800. B00. 500. 00. SITRAIN Training for ‘Automation and Drives ST-SERV1 Page 16 Solutions,SIEMENS Normally Open and Normally Closed Contacts ‘Tas: nal hee examples the ight should be on when 81s activated and 82 not activated! = _—_> a reyse || esr bee fs | T15 TH Te Tr To TH | perme come Pravonnee corte Provermecoute’ | | cao a0 a0 Que on ue Sotware no yeaa |[p ie rir eae|[ pro ns aap >|] HHA J J] HHA ie) I ioe no *@ 10 —d & (le L | a40 | peso na 40} Aino rants aN 110 [cst AN itt Aout Aina a 2 oto = dso SIMATIC S7_ ome one2 2006, STTRAIN trong tor SITRAIN Training for ‘ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives Page 17 Solutions‘SIEMENS Exercise: Mode Section of the Distribution Conveyor SIMATIC S7 “A_Jog_xig "Tdog_RT” "T_Jog iT” “L_Manual” nt” VE}——-| b——( }—+| Retwork 2: Jog left | 200.17" "TSog_RT" “L Manual” = "K_LT™ r V}-———| /_—{}-—| SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation ane Drves Page 18 Solutions,SIEMENS Exercise: Testing the Conveyor Operation in AUTO Mode SIMATIC S7 om nam SITRAN ramet SITRAIN Training fr ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drves Page 19 Solutions‘SIEMENS Exercise: Edge Detection Netmrk 3: [memrk 9: ~~ Auco wode aowe eight (aeaney nan) m_auro_ x ant SIMATIC S7 a 2am. soutien SITRAIN Training tor ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives. Page 20 SolutionsSIEMENS Exercise: Number Formats ‘MO_REAL” ” MO REAL SIMATIC S7 oe BERR, Pi STN ree SITRAIN Training for ST-SERVi Automation and Drives Page 21 Solutions,‘SIEMENS Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18, C 18) sate SIMATIC S7 ge sense SITRAIN Training for ‘Automation and Drves Page 22 ST-SERV1 Solutions2 = 2 ‘SIEMENS FE SAN ao SIMATIC S7_ ‘ST-SERVi Solutions Page 23 SITRAIN Training for ‘Automation and Drives‘SIEMENS Exercise: Monitoring the Transport Functions (FC 17) fee Peale Latch and aake feule ight fas [ om pels tanie” | mere eimeoue” GT gh bem [opus ease” SIMATIC S' om ogre SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation and Drives Page 24 SolutionsSIEMENS Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (Arithmetic), Part 1 Network 3: Auto Hode nove raght ( memory bit } oBLaute_eaghe” | | “wLpete_taute’ — | SIMATIC S7 owe eae AFA STRAIN rae SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 Automation ang Drives Page 25 Solutions,Exercise: Counting the Transported Parts (Arithmetic), Part 2 Network 3: Presee value for number of parte ce wake, rend an and convert r : 88 i cor} setpoint’ | Motwork 4: Preset te Actual Compare ( tee if ali parts have been wade) 4 a a ome_varce” = “tm_getpoine” Ne | SIMATIC S7 SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 ‘Automation ang Drives Page 26 SolutionsSIEMENS Exercise: Checking the Interface of the TP170B SIMATIC ST ae sonsoe SITRAIN Training for ST-SERV1 Automation and Drives Page 27 SolutionsSIEMENS ‘Ble Eck "PLE. View Options Wedow Help es| Blan| x imele | ale Sui 45 Exercise: Copying a ProTool/Pro Project [=] _| etme) ae [epene | TPiTis Cane in| Deno? “pjdem.3 ‘)Demo.5 Bway = 7-20 Statin = M)cunsz0r * {a} Demo.1 & MCAOMASTER_ 420 Senoraush) Prack pal id SIMATIC S7 SITRAIN rig SITRAIN Training for ‘Automation and Drives Page 28 ‘ST-SERVI Solutions‘SIEMENS Exerc! : Preparing the ProTool/Pro Project Download cf Byte oi pretties et: SIMATIC S7 eee BA STRAN are 'SITRAIN Training for ‘ST-SERV1 ‘Automation anc Drives Page 29 Solutions‘SIEMENS Exercise: Downloading a ProToo! Project SSI sere © Gates BF lestiepticLies Bi conser A ediihiceded Up 0 [immnuencind =] ad x sigs) SIMATIC S7 ome saszame [SITRAIN iar SITRAIN Training for Automation and Daves Page 30 ST-SERV1 SolutionsSIEMENS | Exercise: Controlling the Jog Operation from the TP170B Training for i ‘Automation and Drives Jo tight Setpoint no. Actual ne, |
You might also like
TIA Pro1
PDF
No ratings yet
TIA Pro1
29 pages
PRO2 - 03e Instructions With REAL Numbers
PDF
No ratings yet
PRO2 - 03e Instructions With REAL Numbers
7 pages
TIA Pro1
PDF
No ratings yet
TIA Pro1
29 pages
Profibus Diagnostic PDF
PDF
No ratings yet
Profibus Diagnostic PDF
10 pages
Serv1 06e HW Com
PDF
No ratings yet
Serv1 06e HW Com
16 pages
SERV1 14e What's Next
PDF
No ratings yet
SERV1 14e What's Next
22 pages
SERV1 01e SystemFamily
PDF
No ratings yet
SERV1 01e SystemFamily
19 pages
Digital Operations: CMP I
PDF
No ratings yet
Digital Operations: CMP I
34 pages
Introduction To Micromaster MM420: Simatic S7
PDF
No ratings yet
Introduction To Micromaster MM420: Simatic S7
22 pages
SERV1 13e Solutions
PDF
No ratings yet
SERV1 13e Solutions
25 pages
PRO1 03e SimaticManager
PDF
No ratings yet
PRO1 03e SimaticManager
18 pages
SERV1 04e SIMATICManager
PDF
No ratings yet
SERV1 04e SIMATICManager
18 pages
Rewiring A User Program: Simatic S7
PDF
No ratings yet
Rewiring A User Program: Simatic S7
16 pages
Infoplc Net Sitrain04 Hardware Configuration
PDF
No ratings yet
Infoplc Net Sitrain04 Hardware Configuration
32 pages
16 Motor Syn0 S
PDF
100% (1)
16 Motor Syn0 S
55 pages
SERV1 09e BinaryOp
PDF
No ratings yet
SERV1 09e BinaryOp
21 pages
SERV1 05E Symbolic
PDF
No ratings yet
SERV1 05E Symbolic
14 pages
PRSERV - 05E - SW Commissioning and Troubleshooting
PDF
No ratings yet
PRSERV - 05E - SW Commissioning and Troubleshooting
12 pages
0 IK-PBSYS Cover15 V201
PDF
33% (3)
0 IK-PBSYS Cover15 V201
1 page
00 Register 15 en
PDF
No ratings yet
00 Register 15 en
1 page
1SIMATIC TIA Flyer EN Verlinkt Final PDF
PDF
100% (1)
1SIMATIC TIA Flyer EN Verlinkt Final PDF
20 pages
12 OP177 - S
PDF
No ratings yet
12 OP177 - S
17 pages
Communication Profibus-Fms: Automation and Drives
PDF
No ratings yet
Communication Profibus-Fms: Automation and Drives
1 page
SISTRAIN PRO3 02E FBs Multi Instances - 2 PDF
PDF
No ratings yet
SISTRAIN PRO3 02E FBs Multi Instances - 2 PDF
32 pages
SERV1 01E SystemFamily
PDF
100% (1)
SERV1 01E SystemFamily
44 pages
1day Plc2013 06 TIA STEP 7 Basic
PDF
No ratings yet
1day Plc2013 06 TIA STEP 7 Basic
16 pages
Programming Steps and Transitions: Simatic S7
PDF
No ratings yet
Programming Steps and Transitions: Simatic S7
21 pages
Simatic S7 TIA Portal Programming: Name
PDF
No ratings yet
Simatic S7 TIA Portal Programming: Name
29 pages
05 Bico Technology
PDF
No ratings yet
05 Bico Technology
0 pages
Introduction To Safety Integrated .......................................................................... 9-2
PDF
No ratings yet
Introduction To Safety Integrated .......................................................................... 9-2
17 pages
PRO2 06E FC FB MultiInstances
PDF
No ratings yet
PRO2 06E FC FB MultiInstances
16 pages
Training Curriculum: TIA Portal Module 010
PDF
No ratings yet
Training Curriculum: TIA Portal Module 010
29 pages
MCD_NX
PDF
No ratings yet
MCD_NX
74 pages
Digital Operations: Simatic S7
PDF
100% (1)
Digital Operations: Simatic S7
35 pages
TIA PRO3 09 Fail-Safe Controllers
PDF
No ratings yet
TIA PRO3 09 Fail-Safe Controllers
17 pages
Curso ST-PPDS Safety
PDF
No ratings yet
Curso ST-PPDS Safety
1 page
SCOUT Getting Started
PDF
No ratings yet
SCOUT Getting Started
134 pages
De St-Ppfs en 01 v6.2
PDF
No ratings yet
De St-Ppfs en 01 v6.2
368 pages
SERV1 17E TrainingAndSupport
PDF
No ratings yet
SERV1 17E TrainingAndSupport
10 pages
PRO1 02E TrainingUnits and Addressing
PDF
No ratings yet
PRO1 02E TrainingUnits and Addressing
33 pages
TIA PRO3 09 IntroductionToSTL en
PDF
100% (1)
TIA PRO3 09 IntroductionToSTL en
21 pages
S120 Drive FCT Man 0620 en-US
PDF
No ratings yet
S120 Drive FCT Man 0620 en-US
1,006 pages
DR-S12-PM V473 en
PDF
No ratings yet
DR-S12-PM V473 en
534 pages
00 Register 20 en - S
PDF
No ratings yet
00 Register 20 en - S
1 page
TIA PRO1 06 Binary Operations 1
PDF
No ratings yet
TIA PRO1 06 Binary Operations 1
25 pages
PLC Sinumerik8 840Dsl
PDF
No ratings yet
PLC Sinumerik8 840Dsl
47 pages
PRSERV 04E Analyzing Diagnostic Data
PDF
No ratings yet
PRSERV 04E Analyzing Diagnostic Data
24 pages
Operating and Monitoring With Wincc: Simatic Hmi
PDF
No ratings yet
Operating and Monitoring With Wincc: Simatic Hmi
1 page
TIA PRO1 15 Drive With Startdrive ENG
PDF
No ratings yet
TIA PRO1 15 Drive With Startdrive ENG
35 pages
Online-Training - SIMATIC Service 1
PDF
No ratings yet
Online-Training - SIMATIC Service 1
2 pages
05 Motion Control
PDF
No ratings yet
05 Motion Control
63 pages
SCE - EN - 040-020 - R1209 - Startup S7-SCL PDF
PDF
No ratings yet
SCE - EN - 040-020 - R1209 - Startup S7-SCL PDF
30 pages
Analog Value Processing: High Level
PDF
No ratings yet
Analog Value Processing: High Level
16 pages
V20 Launched
PDF
No ratings yet
V20 Launched
147 pages
TIA PRO1 17 Training and Support V15.01.01 en
PDF
No ratings yet
TIA PRO1 17 Training and Support V15.01.01 en
21 pages
PRO2 01e
PDF
No ratings yet
PRO2 01e
14 pages
Service TIA2
PDF
No ratings yet
Service TIA2
288 pages
PRO1 07e BinaryOp
PDF
No ratings yet
PRO1 07e BinaryOp
17 pages
Creating A Program For An Assembly Line: Simatic S7
PDF
No ratings yet
Creating A Program For An Assembly Line: Simatic S7
24 pages
S 7 PLC Lesson 1
PDF
No ratings yet
S 7 PLC Lesson 1
32 pages
PRO1 07E BinaryOperations
PDF
No ratings yet
PRO1 07E BinaryOperations
23 pages
Documenting, Saving, Archiving: Simatic S7
PDF
No ratings yet
Documenting, Saving, Archiving: Simatic S7
22 pages
Hardware Configuration: Simatic S7
PDF
100% (1)
Hardware Configuration: Simatic S7
25 pages
Block Architecture and Block Editor: OB1 FB FC FB
PDF
No ratings yet
Block Architecture and Block Editor: OB1 FB FC FB
25 pages
Introduction To PROFIBUS and Profinet: Andy Verwer Technical Officer For PROFIBUS UK Verwer Training & Consultancy LTD
PDF
No ratings yet
Introduction To PROFIBUS and Profinet: Andy Verwer Technical Officer For PROFIBUS UK Verwer Training & Consultancy LTD
31 pages
SERV1 02e TrainingUnits
PDF
No ratings yet
SERV1 02e TrainingUnits
7 pages
Hardware Configuration: Simatic S7
PDF
100% (1)
Hardware Configuration: Simatic S7
25 pages
Instructor S Guide ST-7PRSERV, A5.2: Project Structure - Solutions
PDF
100% (1)
Instructor S Guide ST-7PRSERV, A5.2: Project Structure - Solutions
2 pages
Information and Training Automation and Drives PDF
PDF
100% (1)
Information and Training Automation and Drives PDF
345 pages
08 Symbols Simatic S7
PDF
No ratings yet
08 Symbols Simatic S7
15 pages