PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Air-Conditioning Equipment

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 1

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 3
Operation 5
Types 6
Equipment 12
Equipment Parts and its Function 13
Experiments 18
Latest Equipment 24

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 2

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

I. INTRODUCTION

Air conditioning is a process that

simultaneously conditions air; distributes it
combined with the outdoor air to the
conditioned space; and at the same time
controls and maintains the required space’s
temperature, humidity, air movement, air
cleanliness, sound level, and pressure
differential within predetermined limits for the
health and comfort of the occupants, for
product processing, or both. Figure 1. Air Conditioner

The acronym HVAC&R stands for heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and

refrigerating. The combination of these processes is equivalent to the functions
performed by air-conditioning.

An air conditioner, as seen in Figure 1, is a system or a machine that treats

air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air
is removed and replaced with cooler and more humid air.

In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air

conditioning is referred to as HVAC. Heat is extracted from the home by passing
indoor air across a refrigerant coil in the indoor unit. Refrigerant lines then carry
the heat to the outdoor unit, where it is released into the outside air. The cooling
cycle continues until the indoor temperature reaches the thermostat setting.

The first modern air conditioning system was developed in 1902 by a young
electrical engineer named Willis Haviland Carrier. It was designed to solve a
humidity problem at the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company
in Brooklyn, N.Y. Paper stock at the plant would sometimes absorb moisture from

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 3

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

the warm summer air, making it difficult to apply the layered inking techniques of
the time. Carrier treated the air inside the building by blowing it across chilled
pipes. The air cooled as it passed across the cold pipes, and since cool air cannot
carry as much moisture as warm air, the process reduced the humidity in the plant
and stabilized the moisture content of the paper. Reducing the humidity also had
the side benefit of lowering the air temperature and a new technology was born.

Air conditioners use refrigeration to chill indoor air, taking advantage of a

remarkable physical law: When a liquid converts to a gas (in a process
called phase conversion), it absorbs heat. Air conditioners exploit this feature of
phase conversion by forcing special chemical compounds to evaporate and
condense over and over again in a closed system of coils.

The compounds involved are refrigerants that have properties enabling

them to change at relatively low temperatures. Air conditioners also contain fans
that move warm interior air over these cold, refrigerant-filled coils. In fact, central
air conditioners have a whole system of ducts designed to funnel air to and from
these serpentine, air-chilling coils.

When hot air flows over the cold, low-pressure evaporator coils, the
refrigerant inside absorbs heat as it changes from a liquid to a gaseous state. To
keep cooling efficiently, the air conditioner has to convert the refrigerant gas
back to a liquid again. To do that, a compressor puts the gas under high pressure,
a process that creates unwanted heat. All the extra heat created by compressing
the gas is then evacuated to the outdoors with the help of a second set of coils
called condenser coils, and a second fan. As the gas cools, it changes back to a
liquid, and the process starts all over again. Think of it as an endless, elegant cycle:
liquid refrigerant, phase conversion to a gas/ heat absorption, compression and
phase transition back to a liquid again.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 4

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

II. OPERATION

Figure 2. Air-conditioner operation

Air conditioners employ the same operating principles and basic

components as refrigerators. Refrigerators use energy (usually electricity) to
transfer heat from the cool interior of the refrigerator to the relatively warm
surroundings; likewise, an air conditioner uses energy to transfer heat from the
interior space to the relatively warm outside environment.

An air conditioner uses a cold indoor coil called the evaporator. The
condenser, a hot outdoor coil, releases the collected heat outside. The
evaporator and condenser coils are serpentine tubing surrounded by aluminum
fins. This tubing is usually made of copper.

A pump, called the compressor, moves a heat transfer fluid (or refrigerant)
between the evaporator and the condenser. The pump forces the refrigerant
through the circuit of tubing and fins in the coils.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 5

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

The liquid refrigerant evaporates in the indoor evaporator coil, pulling heat
out of indoor air and thereby cooling your home. The hot refrigerant gas is
pumped outdoors into the condenser where it reverts back to a liquid, giving up
its heat to the outside air flowing over the condenser's metal tubing and fins.

III. TYPES

In institutional, commercial, and residential buildings, air-conditioning

systems are mainly for the occupants’ health and comfort. They are often called
comfort air-conditioning systems. In manufacturing buildings, air-conditioning
systems are provided for product processing, or for the health and comfort of
workers as well as processing, and are called processing air-conditioning systems.

Based on their size, construction, and operating characteristics, air-

conditioning systems can be classified as the following:

A. Individual Room or Individual Systems

An individual air-conditioning system normally employs either a single, self-

contained, packaged room air conditioner (installed in a window or through a
wall) or separate indoor and outdoor units to serve an individual room, as shown
in Figure 3. “Self-contained, packaged” means factory assembled in one
package and ready for use.

Figure 3. An individual room air-conditioning system

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 6

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

B. Space-Conditioning Systems or Space Systems

These systems have their air-conditioning- cooling, heating, and filtration-

performed predominantly in or above the conditioned space, as shown in Figure
4. Outdoor air is supplied by a separate outdoor ventilation system.

Figure 4. A space-conditioning air-conditioning system (fan-coil system)

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 7

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

C. Unitary Packaged Systems or Packaged Systems

These systems are installed with either a single self-contained, factory-

assembled packaged unit (PU) or two split units: an indoor air handler, normally
with ductwork, and an outdoor condensing unit with refrigeration compressor(s)
and condenser, as shown in Figure 5. In a packaged system, air is cooled mainly
by direct expansion of refrigerant in coils called DX coils and heated by gas
furnace, electric heating, or a heat pump effect, which is the reverse of a
refrigeration cycle.

Figure 5. A packaged air-conditioning system

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 8

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

D. Central Hydronic or Central Systems

A central system uses chilled water or hot water from a central plant to cool
and heat the air at the coils in an air handling unit (AHU) as shown in Figure 6. For
energy transport, the heat capacity of water is about 3400 times greater than that
of air. Central systems are built-up systems assembled and installed on the site.

Figure 6. A central air-conditioning system

Packaged systems are comprised of only air system, refrigeration, heating,

and control systems. Both central and space-conditioning systems consist of the
following:

E. Air Systems

An air system is also called an air handling system or the air side of an air-
conditioning or HVAC&R system. Its function is to condition the air, distribute it,

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 9

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

and control the indoor environment according to requirements. The primary

equipment in an air system is an AHU or air handler; both of these include fan,
coils, filters, dampers, humidifiers (optional), supply and return ductwork, supply
outlets and return inlets, and controls.

Figure 7. A typical all-air conditioning system

F. Water Systems

These systems include chilled water, hot water, and condenser water
systems. A water system consists of pumps, piping work, and accessories. The

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 10

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

water system is sometimes called the water side of a central or space-

conditioning system.

Figure 8. A water air-conditioning system

G. Central Plant Refrigeration and Heating Systems

The refrigeration system in the central plant of a central system is usually in

the form of a chiller package with an outdoor condensing unit. The refrigeration
system is also called the refrigeration side of a central system. A boiler and
accessories make up the heating system in a central plant for a central system,
and a direct-fired gas furnace is often the heating system in the air handler of a
rooftop packaged system.

H. Control Systems

Control systems usually consist of sensors, a microprocessor-based direct

controller (DDC), a control device, control elements, personal computer (PC),
and communication network.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 11

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

IV. EQUIPMENT

2 3 4

1
8 5 6

9 10 7

13
11
12
14

15

1. Condenser Fan & Compressor 8. Terminal Box

Motor Switches 9. Sight Glass
2. Voltmeter 10. Filter Drier
3. Ammeter 11. Evaporator Unit
4. Temperature Controller 12. Condensing Unit
5. Low & High Pressure Gauges 13. Suction Line
6. Low & High Pressure Switches 14. Compressor Motor
7. Hand Valves 15. Circuit Breaker

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 12

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

V. EQUIPMENT PARTS AND ITS FUNCTIONS

PARTS FUNCTIONS
Condenser Fan & Compressor Motor
These switches turn on or off the
Switches
condenser fan and compressor motor,
respectively. The condenser fan motor
keeps an air conditioner’s compressor
from becoming overheated. It cools
the superheated refrigerant that
moved through condensing coils of
your outside air conditioning unit.

Voltmeter

It is an instrument used for measuring

the potential difference, or voltage,
between two points in an electrical or
electronic circuit.

Ammeter
It is an instrument used for measuring
electric current in units of amperes. An
ammeter must be connected in series
with the path of the current being
measured.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 13

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Temperature Controller

It receives sensor signals and control

heaters or other devices to maintain a
pre-set temperature.

Air conditioning gauges are used to

measure air conditioner units pressure
within a closed-system to evaluate or
Low & High Pressure Gauges
troubleshoot the central air units. Air
conditioning gauge set allows the
HVAC technician to check central air
conditioning unit operating pressures,
transfer aircon refrigerant, pressure test
system, purge the system with
nitrogen, and perform other necessary
tasks.
The AC pressure switches are safety
switch mounted on both the high and
Low & High Pressure Switches
low sides of the air conditioning
system. It monitors the pressure of the
refrigerant on its respective side of the
system. There is a high side pressure
switch, and low side pressure switch,
and they both serve to monitor the

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 14

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

system for pressure faults that can

damage the compressor.
Hand Valves

These valves regulate the flow of gases

or liquids of the HVAC/R application.

Terminal Box

An electrical junction box is an

enclosure for housing electrical
connections to protect the
connections and provide a safety
barrier.

Sight Glass
This is used for checking the refrigerant
charge. If the air conditioner is working
properly, you'll be able to see a
continuous flow of clear refrigerant
through the sight glass, with perhaps
an occasional bubble at very high
temperatures.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 15

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Filter driers are devices used in a HVAC

system that are a combination of filter
and drier. A filter is used to remove any
Filter Drier
particle such as dirt, metal or chips
from entering the refrigerant flow
control. The refrigerant flow control
device could be thermostatic
expansion valve or simply a capillary
tube.
Evaporator Unit
The reason for refrigeration is to
remove heat from air, water or other
substance. It is here that the liquid
refrigerant is expanded and
evaporated. It acts as a heat
exchanger that transfers heat from the
substance being cooled to a boiling
temperature.

Condensing Unit In a cooling cycle of a refrigeration

system, heat is absorbed by the vapor
refrigerant in the evaporator followed
by the compression of the refrigerant
by the compressor. The high pressure
and high temperature state of the
vapor refrigerant is then converted to
liquid at the condenser. It is designed

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 16

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

to condense effectively the

compressed refrigerant vapor.
Suction Line

Line connecting evaporator outlet to

compressor inlet.

The compressor is the heart of the

Compressor Motor cooling cycle. The cycle begins when

the compressor draws in cool, low-
pressure refrigerant gas from the
indoors. The motor-driven
compressor’s sole function is to
"squeeze" the refrigerant, raising its
temperature and pressure so that it
exits the compressor as a hot, high-
pressure gas.
Circuit Breaker
An automatically operated electrical
switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused
by excess current, typically resulting
from an overload or short circuit. Its
basic function is to interrupt current
flow after a fault is detected.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 17

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

VI. EXPERIMENTS

Listed below are the set of experiments that can be conducted using the
air-conditioning equipment:

 Test on vapor compression test rig

 Test on ice plant test rig
 Test on air conditioning test rig
 Trial on vapor absorption refrigeration system
 Study of installation/operation/maintenance practices for refrigeration
systems
 Determination of refrigeration load in cold storage
 Thermal analysis of any refrigeration or air-conditioning cycle

AIR CONDITIONER CYCLE

Objectives:

 To discuss the cycle of air conditioning system

 To measure related temperatures and pressure of air conditioner system
 To plot a P-H (pressure-enthalpy) diagram and to determine the coefficient
of performance (COP) of an air conditioner system

Theory:

Air conditioners are basically refrigerators whose refrigerated space is a

room or a building instead of the food compartment. A window air conditioning
unit cools a room by absorbing heat from the room air and discharging it to the
outside. The same air conditioning unit can be used as a heat pump in winter by
installing it backward. In this mode, the unit will pick up heat from the cold outside
and deliver it to the room. An air conditioning system is shown in the figure.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 18

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

The Schematic Diagram of an Air Conditioner System

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 19

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

The air conditioner cycle works the same way as refrigeration cycle. The
process is similar to each other. The refrigerant (acting as a heat transfer fluid) is
used to transfer heat from a lower temperature to a higher temperature. The
refrigerant is evaporated at a temperature lower than the desired temperature in
the freezer or cooler. The condensing temperature of the refrigerant is increased
by compression so that it can either be rejected to the environment or recovered
as useful heat. The basic air conditioner cycle, with all steps combined, is shown
below. The standard refrigeration cycle works as follows:

Adiabatic compression of gaseous (i.e. saturated or superheated

1-2
vapor) refrigerant fluid from P1, T1 to P2, T2.
Isobaric cooling and condensation of the refrigerant fluid. State 3 is
2-3 saturated liquid or compressed liquid at P3 = P2. The heat is rejected
to the environment.
Adiabatic throttling to P4 = P1. The throttling process is isenthalpic,
3-4
h3 = h4.
Isobaric evaporation (and possibly superheating) of the refrigerant
4-1
fluid, back to state 1.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 20

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

The Pressure-Enthalpy (P-H) diagram is another way of looking at the air

conditioner cycle. It has the advantage of graphically showing the process, the
cooling effect and the work required to make it happen.

Pressure-Enthalpy (PH) Diagram for the Air Conditioner Cycle

For the calculations involved, take readings of properties directly from the
pressure–enthalpy diagram. By applying the energy equation to a compressor,
we get the following equation assuming that the process is adiabatic (compressor
work in kJ/kg)

The efficiency of the Air conditioning cycle as well as of the refrigeration

cycle (COP) can be found through the ratio between the segment 4 -1 and 1-2:

h1 - h4
COP =
h2 - h1

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 21

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Procedure:

1. Fully open all valves.

2. Switch ‘ON’ Power supply.
3. Wait about 5 minutes until the system is stable.
4. Record the power of the compressor.
5. Record the pressure:
a. High pressure (HP) - Red gauge
b. Low pressure (LP) - Blue gauge
6. The pressure need to add 1 bar for atm pressure consideration.
7. Take the temperature probe.
8. At compressor:
a. Measure temperature at compressor inlet (T1).
b. Measure temperature at compressor outlet (T2).
9. At evaporator:
a. Measure temperature at before entering capillary tube (T3).
b. Measure temperature before evaporator outlet (Tevaporator).
10. Record the refrigerant flow rate at flow meter.
11. Fill data in the table.
12. Using P-H diagram, plot your data referring to the P-H chart shown
13. From the P-H diagram, determine the enthalpy (h) at the all points
measured.

Data Sheet:

Description Pressure, bar

High Pressure (HP) + 1 bar (atm)
Low Pressure (LP) + 1 bar (atm)

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 22

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Description Temperature, °C
Temperature at compressor inlet (T1)

Temperature at compressor outlet (T2)

Temperature at before capillary tube (T3)

Temperature at evaporator (Tevaporator)

Description L/min
Flow rate

1. Using the given P-H diagram, plot your data.

2. Draw the horizontal line of High Pressure (HP).
3. Draw the horizontal line of Low Pressure (LP).
4. At LP line, plot T1.
5. At HP line, plot T2 and T3.
6. At point T3, draw a vertical line that will cut the LP line. This intersection is
point T4.
7. Draw a line connecting T1, T2, T3, and T4.
8. To find the enthalpy, draw the vertical line to the x-axis. The intersection
is the enthalpy for that point.
9. Record the enthalpy in the table below

Point Temperature, °C Enthalpy, kJ/kg

T1
T2
T3
T4

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 23

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

VII. LATEST EQUIPMENT

Armfield RA3 Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit

Description

On RA3 the air out of the duct is

passed into a chamber to demonstrate
climate control. The exit duct from the
chamber is fitted with adjustable vents
allowing some of the air to be
recirculated back to the duct inlet.
Additional sensors measure the
temperature and RH at the chamber
outlet and after the recirculated air is mixed with the inlet air. Also, the flow rate
of the recirculated air.

The RA3 also includes pressure gauges and temperature sensors to allow
the refrigerant temperature change across the condenser and evaporator to be
established. The refrigerant flow rate is also measured using a variable area flow
meter.

Demonstration Capabilities

• Understanding and using psychrometric charts, relative humidity and

humidity ratios
• Sensible heating and cooling of air
• Humidification and dehumidification
• Understanding enthalpy
• Energy savings with recirculation
• Heat transfer across the evaporator

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 24

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Features

• Transparent duct for full visibility of the process and the components
• Includes pre-heaters, humidifier, chiller/dehumidifier and reheaters
• Fully instrumented, with temperature and relative humidity sensors at every
stage of the process, plus an air flow sensor
• RH sensors calibrated for maximum accuracy
• Suitable for both vocational training and for rigorous academic analysis of
the thermodynamic principles involved
• Fully computer controlled with real-time data logging of results (requires a
PC not supplied by Armfield)
• Capability of using PID control for preheat, humidity and reheat allows
stable conditions to be set up for investigations
• Enclosed climate control chamber
• Adjustable recirculation of air leaving the chamber back into the
conditioning duct
• Additional sensors, including refrigerant pressures and flow

Technical Specifications

Item Value
Duct size 200mm x 200mm
Air speed Variable to > 1m/s
Preheaters 400W
Final heaters 200W
Refrigerant R134a
Boiler power 2KW nominal
Chiller power 500W nominal
Chamber volume (RA3) 230l

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 25

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Overall Dimension

• Length 2.45 m
• Depth 0.71 m
• Height 1.20 m

Armfield RA4 Air Conditioning Unit

Description

The RA4 is based on a vapor-

compression refrigeration. Comprising
a hermetically sealed refrigerant
compressor it incorporates a brushless
three-phase DC electric motor, driven
by a variable-speed controller. The
refrigerant passes through the
condenser where it can reject absorbed heat. The cooled liquid then passes
through a receiver/dryer with built-in sight glass, through a thermal expansion
valve, which measures outlet temperatures and meters the amount of refrigerant
entering the evaporator. A refrigerant was used for air evaporation, but the
principle shown relates to any form of heat exchanger that may use vapor-
compression refrigerant within its process.

The RA4 control panel comprises standard refrigeration gauges as used by

a service technician. There are also indicators to show the status of the low-
pressure, medium-pressure and high-pressure system safety switches. Indicators
show the compressor running status. Three temperature displays indicate the air
temperatures before and after the evaporator coil and show the condenser coil
temperature.

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 26

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Many of the components used are automotive, but the process is the same
in vehicle, building services and refrigeration units. A DC compressor has been
selected to provide drive, due to its low-voltage, low-noise operation against an
automotive-style belt-driven compressor typical of high-current AC motors.

Three switches are fitted to the system to demonstrate typical faults found
in refrigeration or air-conditioning circuits. When any of the three switches are
selected, the student can observe the displayed information on the control panel
to diagnose the fault condition being demonstrated. The three faults that can be
selected are:

• Block/restriction within the high-pressure circuit

• Blocked expansion valve
• Restricted condenser heat rejection

Demonstration Capabilities

• Demonstration of component function

• Instrumented running conditions showing refrigeration pressures
• Temperature gauges showing performance under running and fault
conditions
• Fault injection through built in refrigeration circuit and electrical faults

Features

• Standalone desktop refrigeration system

• Built-in temperature and pressure gauges as used by service technicians
• Fault training through switchable fault condition switches
• Low-voltage DC compressor and control circuit
• Quiet operation for classroom use without the need for additional drive
motors and noisy belt-driven compressors
• No additional computers or diagnostic tools are required

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 27

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Technical Specifications

• Refrigerant compressor with 24V, three-phase DC motor

• Built-in low-pressure gauge
• Built-in high-pressure gauge
• Three temperature displays

Overall Dimension

• Length 0.90 m
• Depth 0.50 m

CHE 421.1 | Air-Conditioning Equipment | Santos – Sison – Torres 28