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Additional Maths Project Work SPM / 2017

1) The document discusses project work on additional mathematics involving polygons and finding the area of different shapes. It includes pictures of polygons in architecture, definitions of polygons, and methods for calculating the area of triangles. 2) It then presents a problem about designing a maximum area herb garden with a given fence length, providing calculations and determining the optimal dimensions. 3) Additional exploration is done on rectangles, circles, and rhombuses for maximum area with the same fence length.

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Quan
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49 views17 pages

Additional Maths Project Work SPM / 2017

1) The document discusses project work on additional mathematics involving polygons and finding the area of different shapes. It includes pictures of polygons in architecture, definitions of polygons, and methods for calculating the area of triangles. 2) It then presents a problem about designing a maximum area herb garden with a given fence length, providing calculations and determining the optimal dimensions. 3) Additional exploration is done on rectangles, circles, and rhombuses for maximum area with the same fence length.

Uploaded by

Quan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADDITIONAL MATHS

PROJECT WORK
SPM / 2017
Part 1
• Polygons are evident in all architecture. They provide
variation and charm in buildings. When applied to
manufactured articles such as printed fabrics,
wallpapers and tile flooring polygons enhance the
beauty of the structure itself.
a) Collect five such pictures depicting different polygons.
You may use a camera to take the pictures or get
them from magazines, newpapers, Internet or any
other resources.
b) Give the definition of polygon and write a brief
history of it.
There are various methods of findings the area of a
triangle. Satet four different methods.
a)

Quadrilateral in architecture Hexagon in architecture

Pentagon in architecture Octagon in architecture

Triangle in architecture
b)Definition of polygon
In elementary geometry, a polygon /ˈpɒlɪɡɒn/ is
a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of
straight line segments closing in a loop to form a
closed polygonal chain or circuit. These segments are
called its edges or sides, and the points where two
edges meet are the polygon's vertices (singular:
vertex) or corners. The interior of the polygon is
sometimes called its body. An n-gon is a polygon
with n sides; for example, a triangle is a 3-gon. A
polygon is a 2-dimensional example of the more
general polytope in any number of dimensions.
The basic geometrical notion of a polygon has been
adapted in various ways to suit particular purposes.
Mathematicians are often concerned only with the
bounding closed polygonal chain and with simple
polygons which do not self-intersect, and they often
define a polygon accordingly. A polygonal boundary
may be allowed to intersect itself, creating star
polygons and other self-intersecting polygons.
Brief history of polygon
Polygons have been known since ancient times. The
regular polygons were known to the ancient Greeks,
with the pentagram, a non-convex regular polygon (star
polygon), appearing as early as the 7th century B.C. on a
krater by Aristonothos, found at Caere and now in the
Capitoline Museum.The first known systematic study of
non-convex polygons in general was made by Thomas
Bradwardine in the 14th century.In 1952, Geoffrey Colin
Shephard generalized the idea of polygons to the complex
plane, where each real dimension is accompanied by an
imaginary one, to create complex polygons.
C)Method 1-Area = a*h/2

h is the height of the altitude of the triangle with base a.

The big rectangle is made up of two smaller rectangles with areas


d*h and e*h. So the big triangle is made up of two smaller right-
angled triangles whose areas are half of the smaller rectangles, i.e.
d*h/2 and e*h/2. But a=d+e so the area of the large triangle is
d*h/2+e*h/2 = a*h/2.

If one of the angles on the base is obtuse then the proof involves
subtracting one half-rectangle from another.
Method 2-Area = a*b*sin(C)/2

h=b*sin(C) so using the result of 1 above gives the area of the


triangle as a*b*sin(C)/2.

Method 3-Area = a2*sin(B)*sin(C)/(2*sin(B+C))

In the result of 2, there was nothing special about which angle and
adjacent lines were used, since the same area will result, so we
have Area = a*b*sin(C)/2 = b*c*sin(A)/2 = c*a*sin(B)/2.

This in turn leads to the sine rule: a*b*c/(2*Area) = a/sin(A) =


b/sin(B) = c/sin(C). [This turns out to be the diameter of the
circumcircle of the triangle (not proved here) so if this was D then
the Area would be a*b*c/(2*D) = D2*sin(A)*sin(B)*sin(C)/2,
providing two extra formulae.]

So we can use b=a*sin(B)/sin(A) to get the area of the triangle as


a2*sin(B)*sin(C)/(2*sin(A)).

However A=-B-C and sin(-X)=sin(X) so sin(A)=sin(B+C),


giving the result that the area of the triangle is
a2*sin(B)*sin(C)/(2*sin(B+C)).
Method 4- Area = abs((xB*yA-xA*yB)+(xC*yB-xB*yC)+(xA*yC-
xC*yA))/2

we have f=xB-xC, g=yA-yC, v=xA-xC and w=yB-yC.

the area of the triangle is (xB-xC)*(yA-yC)/2-(xA-xC)*(yB-yC)/2.


But this can be negative, depending on the direction in which the
angles are taken,
so taking the absolute value and rearranging
we can get the area as abs((xB*yA-xA*yB)+(xC*yB-xB*yC)+(xA*yC-
xC*yA))/2.

By adding triangles together, the result also extends to any simple


polygon.
Part 2

• A farmer wishes to build a herb garden on a piece of land.


Diagram 1 shows the shape of that garden, where one its
sides is 100m in length. The garden has to be fenced with a
300m fence. The cost of fencing the garden is RM20.00 per
meter.

pm
qm

100 m
a) Calculate the cost needed to fence the herb garden.
b) Complete Table 1 by using various values of p, the corresponding values of
q and θ.
c) Based on your findings in b),state the dimension of the herb garden so that
the enclosed area is maximum.
d) i) Only certain values of p and of q are applicable in this case. State the
range of values of p and of q.

ii) By comparing the lengths of p,q and the given side, determine the
relation between them.

iii) Make generalization about the lengths of sides of a triangle. State the
name of the relevant theorem.
a) 300 x 20 = RM 6000
b)

p(m) q(m) θ° Area(𝒎𝟐 )


50 150 0 0
55 145 28.25157 1887.459
60 140 38.21321 2598.076
65 135 44.81374 3092.329
70 130 49.58256 3464.102
75 125 53.1301 3750
80 120 55.77113 3968.627
85 115 57.68817 4130.678
90 110 58.99242 4242.641
95 105 59.75097 4308.422
100 100 60 4330.127
105 95 59.75097 4308.422
110 90 58.99242 4242.641
115 85 57.68817 4130.678
120 80 55.77113 3968.627
125 75 53.1301 3750
130 70 49.58256 3464.102
135 65 44.81374 3092.329
140 60 38.21321 2598.076
145 55 28.25157 1887.459
150 50 0 0
Table 1
c) The herb garden has a maximum area of 4330.127 m2
when it is an equilateral triangle with 100m on all
sides.
d) i) 55 ≤ p ≤ 145 and 55 ≤ q ≤ 145
ii)p+q > 100
iii)The sum of the length for any two sides of the
triangle is greater than the third length.This is
called the triangle inequality theorem.
Further exploration
If the length of the fence remains the same 300 m,as
stated in part 2:
a) rectangle
p q A
5 95 475
10 90 900
15 85 1275
20 80 1600
25 75 1875
30 70 2100
35 65 2275
40 60 2400
45 55 2475
50 50 2500
55 45 2475
60 40 2400
65 35 2275
70 30 2100
75 25 1875
80 20 1600
85 15 1275
90 10 900
95 5 475

The herb garden has a maximum area of 2500 m2 when it is


an square with 50 m on all sides.
b) Circle
2πr = 300
πr =150
r=47.75m
πr2 = π(47.75)2

=7163m
Semicircle
1
(2πr) + 2r = 300
2

πr + 2r = 300

r(π + 2) = 300

300
r = π+2

= 58.35 m
1 1
πr2 = π(58.35) 2
2 2

= 5348 m

Rhombus
ii) a) A mug with a shape of a circle covers more area than
a mug with a shape of a square if both mugs have the same
perimeter. For example, a round based mug can hold more
water compared to square base mug or a triangular mug if
all the mugs hve the same perimeter.
b) A mug with a shape of a circle is able to save more
space than a mug with a shape of a square if both
mugs have the same perimeter. For example, a round
based mug can
Moral Values
-Hardworking
-Responsible
-Determined
-Proactive
-Initiative
-Dedicated

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