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Three-Point Flexural Test

How to conduct flexural characteristics testing of a polymer matrix composite

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Bassey Okon
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81 views

Three-Point Flexural Test

How to conduct flexural characteristics testing of a polymer matrix composite

Uploaded by

Bassey Okon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Three-point flexural test

The three-point bending flexural test provides values for the modulus of elasticity
in bending , flexural stress , flexural strain and the flexural stress–strain
response of the material. The main advantage of a three-point flexural test is the ease
of the specimen preparation and testing. However, this method has also some
disadvantages: the results of the testing method are sensitive to specimen and
loading geometry and strain rate.

Contents 1940s flexural test machinery


working on a sample of concrete
Testing method
Fracture toughness testing
Standards
See also
References

Testing method
The test method for conducting the test usually involves a specified test fixture on a
universal testing machine. Details of the test preparation, conditioning, and conduct
affect the test results. The sample is placed on two supporting pins a set distance Test fixture on universal testing
machine for three-point flex test
apart.

Calculation of the flexural stress

for a rectangular cross section

\sigma for a circular cross section[1]


_{f}=
{\frac
Calculation of the flexural strain

\epsilon
_{f}=
{\frac
Calculation of flexural modulus [2]

E_{f}=
{\frac
{L^{3}m}
in these formulas the following parameters are used:

= Stress in outer fibers at midpoint, M


( Pa)
= Strain in the outer surface, (mm/mm)
= flexural Modulus of elasticity,(MPa)
= load at a given point on the load deflection curve, N) (
= Support span, (mm)
= Width of test beam, (mm)
= Depth or thickness of tested beam, (mm)
= maximum deflection of the center of the beam, (mm)
= The gradient (i.e., slope) of the initial straight-line portion of the load deflection
curve,(F/D), (N/mm)

= The radius of the beam, (mm)

Fracture toughness testing


The fracture toughness of a specimen can also be determined using a
three-point flexural test. The stress intensity factor at the crack tip of
a single edge notch bending specimen is[3]

Single-edge notch-bending specimen (also called


three-point bending specimen) for fracture
toughness testing.

{\begin{aligned}K_{{{\rm {I}}}}&={\frac {4P}{B}}{\sqrt


{{\frac {\pi }{W}}}}\left[1.6\left({\frac {a}
{W}}\right)^{{1/2}}-2.6\left({\frac {a}
{W}}\right)^{{3/2}}+12.3\left({\frac {a}
{W}}\right)^{{5/2}}\right.\\&\qquad \left.-21.2\left({\frac {a}
{W}}\right)^{{7/2}}+21.8\left({\frac {a}
where is the applied load, is the thickness of the specimen, is the crack length, and is the width of the specimen. In a three-
point bend test, a fatigue crack is created at the tip of the notch by cyclic loading. The length of the crack is measured. The specimen
is then loaded monotonically. A plot of the load versus the crack opening displacement is used to determine the load at which the
crack starts growing. This load is substituted into the above formula to find the fracture toughness K_{Ic}
.

The ASTM D5045-14[4] and E1290-08 [5] Standards suggests the relation

K_{{{\rm
{I}}}}={\cfrac
{6P}
where

Y={\cfrac {1.99-a/W\,(1-a/W)(2.15-3.93a/W+2.7(a/W)^{{2}})}
{(1+2a/W)(1-a/W)^{{3/2}}}}\,.
The predicted values of are nearly identical for the ASTM and Bower equations for crack lengths less than 0.6 .

Standards
ISO 12135: Metallic materials. Unified method for the determination of quasi-static fracture toughness.
ISO 12737: Metallic materials. Determination of plane-strain fracture toughness.
ISO 178: Plastics—Determination of flexural properties.
ASTM D790: Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical
insulating materials.
ASTM E1290: Standard Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness
Measurement.
ASTM D7264: Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials.
ASTM D5045: Standard Test Methods for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness and Strain Energy Release Rate of
Plastic Materials.

See also
Bending
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
Flexural strength
Four-point flexural test
List of area moments of inertia
Second moment of area

References
1. "Chapter 4 Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials".Biomaterials – The intersection of Biology and Material Science
.
New Jersey, United States: Pearson PrenticeHall. 2008. p. 152.
2. Zweben, C., W. S. Smith, and M. W. Wardle (1979), "Test methods for fiber tensile strength, composite flexural
modulus, and properties of fabric-reinforced laminates",Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Fifth Conference),
ASTM International
3. Bower, A. F. (2009). Applied mechanics of solids. CRC Press.
4. ASTM D5045-14: Standard Test Methods for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness and Strain Energy Release Rate of
Plastic Materials, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2014
5. E1290: Standard Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement,
West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2008

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