Tadeja, Nikka Joi L.

04 – 30 - 18
BSCE – 3 7:30 – 8:30 M

I. LIGHTING
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting
includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination
by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the
main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting,
which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance
task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on
occupants.

 AMBIENT LIGHTING (GENERAL LIGHTING)

This is one of the most common types

of lighting. Ambient light is a soft glow
that blankets your space just enough
for you to function without causing a
harsh glare. In photography and
cinematography, ambient light is
considered the “natural light” within a
room. In décor, ambient light is very
similar, except you create the ambient
light by making the room’s lighting as
natural and flat as possible.

Atmosphere: When used correctly, ambient light

creates a fantastic environment to relax from an overly
stressful day or to have a warm conversation with an old
friend. Ambient lighting is often referred to as mood
lighting, because this light captures the soft curves of
your face and allows your pupils to dilate slightly (a
physical sign of affection). Some yoga studios have even
begun using the softer ambient lighting in their classes
to help draw stress from the body.

Types of fixtures that provide ambient Types of fixtures that provide ambient
Indoor lighting: Outdoor lighting:

 Chandelier  Spotlight
 Ceiling mounted fixture  Hanging fixture
 Wall-mounted fixture  Post lantern
 Recessed fixtures and down-light  Wall lighting
 Track light  Recessed fixture used in overhanging structure
 Floor lamp
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 RECESSED LIGHTING
Recessed lighting, sometimes referred to as can lighting, is
installed into the ceiling. Basically, the lights are mounted to
the ceiling joists using hanger bars, and they create
intermittent sources of light along the ceiling according to the
arrangement of the lights. There are no blatantly visible,
hanging light fixtures, but the lights themselves may not
always be flush with the ceiling. Some recessed lights will
extend slightly beneath the ceiling surface, like short cylinders.

 TRACK LIGHTING
Track lighting involves a series of hanging lamps arranged
along a narrow track on the ceiling. The entire track is
mounted to a junction box, providing power to the lights.
There are three kinds of track-lighting systems: a basic track
system, a monorail system and a cable system. A basic track
system is connected directly to the ceiling, while a monorail
system features a track that hangs a few inches below the
ceiling. A cable system, more common in commercial
buildings, involves steel cables arranged like a train track,
with lights usually hanging from the center.

 ACCENT LIGHTING

This is a very concentrated light with the intention of

drawing the eye to its focal point. Accent lighting is a way
of adding style and drama to your home. This will help you
illuminate the pieces you want on display, while shadowing
dull areas. People use accenting for wall washing, artwork,
bookcase displays, and pieces of furniture, collections and
the general architecture of their homes. Outdoor accent
lighting is when you highlight parts of the architecture of
your home or yard. This is very popular during the holidays,
especially Halloween and Christmas.

Types of Fixtures that Provide Accent Lighting:

 Track light
 Directional recessed fixture or downlight
 Wall-mounted fixtures
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 TASK LIGHTING

Task lighting sheds light on the tasks that a person

carries out in a given space such as reading, sewing,
computer work, where a brighter light is required in a
smaller focal point of the room.

For more congenial lighting, it is often best to avoid

harsh lights or lighting that casts troublesome shades.
It is also quite practical to install a single switch for
focal lighting, independent from the room’s overall
lighting switch.

Types of Fixtures that Provide Task Lighting:

 Directional recessed fixture or downlight

 Pendant lighting
 Portable or desk lamp

 LASER LIGHTING DISPLAY

A laser lighting display or laser light show involves the

use of laser light to entertain an audience. A laser light
show may consist only of projected laser beams set
to music, or may accompany another form
of entertainment, typically musical performances.

Laser light is useful in entertainment because the

coherent nature of laser light allows a narrow beam to
be produced, which allows the use of optical scanning
to draw patterns or images on walls, ceilings or other
surfaces including theatrical smoke and fog without refocusing for the differences in distance, as is
common with video projection. This inherently more focused beam is also extremely visible, and is often
used as an effect. Sometimes the beams are "bounced" to different positions with mirrors to create laser
sculptures.

 SECURITY LIGHTING

In the field of physical security, security lighting is lighting that

intended to deter or detect intrusions or other criminal activity on a
piece of real property. It can also be used to increase a feeling of
safety. Lighting is integral to crime prevention through
A SODIUM VAPOR LIGHT . THIS TYPE IS environmental design.
OFTEN USED AS SECURITY LIGHTING .
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 SAFELIGHT

A safelight is a light source suitable for use in a photographic darkroom.

It provides illumination only from parts of the visible spectrum to which
the photographic material in use is nearly, or completely, insensitive.

A safelight usually consists of an ordinary light bulb in a housing closed

off by a colored filter, but sometimes a special light bulb or fluorescent
tube with suitable filter material coated directly on the glass is used in an
ordinary fixture.

 FLOODLIGHTS

Floodlights are broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial lights.

They are often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields while an
outdoor sports event is being held during low-light conditions.
More focused kinds are often used as a stage lighting
instrument in live performances such as concerts and plays.

 STROBE LIGHT

A strobe light or stroboscopic lamp, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes
of light. It is one of a number of devices that can be used as a stroboscope. The word originated from the
Greek strobos (Greek: στρόβος), meaning "act of whirling."

A typical commercial strobe light has a flash

energy in the region of 10 to 150 joules, and
discharge times as short as a few milliseconds,
often resulting in a flash power of
several kilowatts. Larger strobe lights can be used
in “continuous” mode, producing extremely
intense illumination.

The light source is commonly a xenon flash lamp,

or flashtube, which has a complex spectrum and
a color temperature of approximately
5,600 kelvins. To obtain colored light, colored
gels may be used.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHTS IN LIGHTING SYSTEM

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAMPS

In the 19th century, the first practical incandescent
lamp was invented by Thomas Edison and Joseph
Swan. Since then there has been significant
improvements in different types of bulbs and their
efficiencies. There are different types of lights or
lamps around, and they all being designed with a
conceived image in mind. Major types of lamps or
bulbs are commonly found in the lighting systems of
homes, offices, factories, electrical devices etc. The performance of a light fixture depends on the bulb we
use. Different types of light bulbs produce different lighting effects.
A lamp is a device that produces light by the flow of electrical current, and it is a general form of artificial
lighting. Lamps or lights are vital for a lighting system and offer efficient lighting. Generally, electrical
lighting is powered by centrally generated electrical power. If main lights fail, lighting can also be powered
by battery systems, mobiles or generators. This article describes different types of lights, their working
and uses. To conserve energy, select an efficient light bulb, which is capable of providing the type of
lighting you need.

The different types of lights or lamps include

the following
 Incandescent lamps
 Compact fluorescent lamps
 Halogen lamps
 Metal halide Lamps
 Light Emitting Diode
 Fluorescent tube
 Neon lamps
 High intensity discharge lamps
 Low pressure sodium lamps

TYPES OF LAMPS

 INCANDESCENT LAMPS
Incandescent bulbs are standard bulbs and many
people are quite familiar with these bulbs. These
incandescent bulbs are available in a broad range of
sizes and voltages. An incandescent bulb glows and
produces heat when electricity passes through the
tungsten filament present inside the bulb. The
filament of this bulb is placed either in a mixture of
nitrogen gas or in a vacuum. These bulbs are being
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gradually replaced by LEDs, fluorescent lamps, and other service based new technologies.
The reason for this is that when this bulb is switched on, the sudden flow of current, energy and heat
penetrate the thin areas, which in turn heat up the filament; once the filament heats up, it tends to break
and burns out the bulb. Incandescent bulbs can last for 700 – 1000 hours and can also be used with a
dimmer. Incandescent bulbs generate steady heat, which is quite good for house hold applications.
Luminous efficiency of incandescent lamp is about 15 lumens per watt.

 COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

A compact fluorescent lamp is a modern type of light bulb that
works like a fluorescent lamp. It contains mercury, which
cause difficulties to its disposal. A CFL is designed to replace
an Incandescent lamp. Generally, CFLs use less power,
produce same amount of light and have long lifespan. Most of
the compact fluorescent lamps consist of two or three tubular
loops. Sometimes they even look quite similar to incandescent
bulbs. These lamps cannot be used with dimmers, and usually
they can last for 10,000 hours. Luminous efficiency of a
compact fluorescent lamp is about 60 lumens per watt.

 HALOGEN LAMPS
A halogen lamp consists of a tungsten filament, which is sealed with
a compact transparent envelop and filled with an inert gas and
small amount of halogen (bromine or iodine). These lamps are
smaller than the conventional lamps. Halogen increases the
lifetime and brightness of the lamps. Luminous efficiency of a
halogen lamp is about 25 lumens per watt.

 METAL HALIDE LAMPS

Metal halide lamps consist of a discharge tube or arc tube within a bulb.
This tube can be made from either ceramic or quartz and contains
mercury, MH salts and a starting gas. Metal halide lamps produce a great
amount of light for their size, and these lamps are one of the most
efficient lamps. These lamps are most commonly used in halls, traffic
lights, on stages and in outdoor lighting systems for commercial
purposes.
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 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

LED lamp is an electrical component that emits light through
the movement of electrons in a semiconductor device. It lacks
a filament, uses less power and has a long lifespan. LEDs
produce more light than incandescent lamps and help save
energy in energy-conserving devices. LEDs are usually
assembled into a light bulb to be used as a LED lighting system.
These diodes can emit light of an intended color without the
use of color filters. The initial cost of a LED is generally high and
these are used to build electronic projects.

 FLUORESCENT TUBE
A fluorescent tube is a gas discharge tube that uses a fluorescence to
produce visible light. Luminous efficiency of a fluorescent tube is about
45 to 100 lumens per watt. Compared with the incandescent bulbs,
fluorescent tubes use less power for the same amount of light, and are
usually more complex and expensive than the incandescent lamps.
Fluorescent lamps do not have good color representation ability, but
these tubes are cool in appearance and color. Fluorescent tubes can be
used in many places around a home, but cannot be used with dimmers.

 NEON LAMPS
A neon lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that contains gas at low
pressure. It is assembled by mounting two electrodes within a
small glass envelop. Standard brightness bulbs are filled with an
argon or neon gas mixture, and high-brightness lamps are filled
with a pure neon gas. When a voltage is applied, then the gas
ionizes and starts to glow allowing a very small current to travel
from one electrode to the other electrode. Once the gas ionizes,
the operation of the lamp can be maintained at a lower voltage,
and the maintaining voltage may vary between 10-20 volts depending on the lamp and operating current.

 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS

Metal halide, mercury vapor, self-ballasted-mercury lamps

and high-pressure-sodium lamps all are high intensity
discharge lamps. These lamps are specially designed with
inner glass tubes that include tungsten electrodes with
electrical arc. This inner glass tube is filled with both
metals and gas. With the immunity of the self-ballasted
lamps, auxiliary equipment (starters and ballasts) must be
provided for proper operation of each bulb. These lamps
produce a large quantity of light compared to the
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fluorescent and incandescent lamps. High-intensity-discharge lamps are normally used when high levels
of light are required over large areas which include outdoor activity areas, gymnasiums, large public areas,
pathways, roadways and parking lots.

 LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

Low-pressure-sodium lamp is the first sodium lamp
which has the maximum efficiency than all the other
lighting systems. These lamps operate much like a
fluorescent lamp and there is a brief heat up period
for the lamp to reach full brightness. Low pressure
sodium lamps are commonly used in places like
roads, pathways, outdoor areas and parking lot
wherein color is not important as such.

II. LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION

LUX
The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI derived unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous
flux per unit area.[1] It is equal to one lumen per square meter. In photometry, this is used as a measure
of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is
analogous to the radiometric unit watt per square meter, but with the power at
each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual
brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used as both the singular and plural form.

ILLUMINANCE
Illuminance is a measure of how much luminous flux is spread over a given area. One can think of luminous
flux (measured in lumens) as a measure of the total "amount" of visible light present, and the illuminance
as a measure of the intensity of illumination on a surface. A given amount of light will illuminate a surface
more dimly if it is spread over a larger area, so illuminance is inversely proportional to area when the
luminous flux is held constant.
One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter: 1 lx = 1 lm/m2 = 1 cd·sr/m2.
A flux of 1000 lumens, concentrated into an area of 1 square meter, lights up that square meter with an
illuminance of 1000 lux. However, the same 1000 lumens, spread out over 10 square meters, produces a
dimmer illuminance of only 100 lux.
Thus, lighting a larger area to the same level of lux requires a greater number of lumens.
As with other SI units, SI prefixes can be used, for example a kilo lux (klx) is 1000 lux.
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 OUTDOOR LIGHT LEVELS

The outdoor light level is approximately 10000 lux on a clear day. In a building in the area closest to the
windows the light level may be reduced to approximately 1000 lux. In the middle area it may be as low
as 25 - 50 lux. Additional lighting is often necessary to compensate low levels.
Common outdoor light levels at day and night:
ILLUMINATION
CONDITION
(ftcd) (lux)
Sunlight 10000 107527
Full Daylight 1000 10752
Overcast Day 100 1075
Very Dark Day 10 107
Twilight 1 10.8
Deep Twilight 0.1 1.08
Full Moon 0.01 0.108
Quarter Moon 0.001 0.0108
Starlight 0.0001 0.0011
Overcast Night 0.00001 0.0001

 INDOOR LIGHT LEVELS

Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 - 300 lux for normal activities. Today the light
level is more common in the range 500 - 1000 lux - depending on activity. For precision and detailed
works the light level may even approach 1500 - 2000 lux.
Recommended light levels for different work spaces:

LIGHT LEVEL LIGHT LEVEL IECC 2015 LIGHTING POWER

ROOM TYPE
(FOOT CANDLES) (LUX) DENSITY (WATTS PER SF)

Bedroom - Dormitory 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.38

Cafeteria - Eating 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.65

Classroom - General 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.24

Conference Room 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.23

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Corridor 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.66

Exhibit Space 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.45

Gymnasium - Exercise /
20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.72
Workout

Gymnasium - Sports / Games 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.20

Kitchen / Food Prep 30-75 FC 300-750 lux 1.21

Laboratory (Classroom) 50-75 FC 500-750 lux 1.43

Laboratory (Professional) 75-120 FC 750-1200 lux 1.81

Library - Stacks 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 1.71

Library - Reading / Studying 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.06

Loading Dock 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.47

Lobby - Office/General 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.90

Locker Room 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.75

Lounge / Breakroom 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.73

Mechanical / Electrical Room 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 0.95

Office - Open 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 0.98

Office - Private / Closed 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.11

Parking - Interior 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.19

Restroom / Toilet 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.98

Retail Sales 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 1.59

Stairway 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.69

Storage Room - General 5-20 FC 50-200 lux 0.63

Workshop 30-75 FC 300-750 lux 1.59

III. PROVISIONS OF PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE RELATED TO

PREPARATION OF ELECTRICAL PLAN
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REFERENCES

Davies, D (1998). "Diver location devices". Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society. 28 (3).

"Early industry leaders", of fluorescent fixture manufacturing, Paul Levy (1998)

NIST Guide to SI Units. Chapter 9 – Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names, National Institute of
Standards and Technology.

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/recessed-vs-track-lighting-31887.html

http://www.standardpro.com/3-basic-types-of-lighting/

https://www.delmarfans.com/educate/basics/lighting-types/

https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/electrical/recommended-lighting-levels-in
buildings.html

https://www.efxkits.us/different-types-of-lamps-in-lighting-system/