SAHGB Publications Limited

The Adam Family and Arniston

Author(s): Mary Cosh
Source: Architectural History, Vol. 27, Design and Practice in British Architecture: Studies in
Architectural History Presented to Howard Colvin (1984), pp. 214-230
Published by: SAHGB Publications Limited
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 The Adam family and Arniston
by MARY COSH

In the I 720S the family of Dundas of Arniston,1 already long distinguished at the
Scottish bar, entered on the three generations of their greatest achievement and
influence. Their estate ofArniston had been acquired in 1571. Here, in about 1620, their
mansion was built by the founderof the family'slaw dynasty,JamesDundas, who was
knighted by King James. In the next six generationstheir protagonistsnumbered two
knights (SirJames and his son), six MPs for Midlothian, four Lords of Session, two
Lords Presidentof the Session and a Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.While not, it
was generally felt, particularlyremarkablefor intellect they were admiredfor equally
importantqualities,notably a strictregardforjustice- to the extent thatthe second Sir
James, createda Lord of Session in 1662, felt unableto compromise over the Test Act
even under the liberalinterpretationallowed by CharlesII, and his seat was therefore
suspended. He lived retiredon his estate, dying in 1679. Although public men deprived
of office have traditionallyamused themselves in works on their houses and estates, it
was in the lifetime of this lord's son, Robert, that estate improvements were made,
while it was his grandson, the second Robert, who began to create the Arniston of
today.
The Dundas generations are confusing, thanks to two Sir Jameses and then four
Robertsin succession, of whom Robertthe second (1685-1753), 3rdLordArniston and
builder of the house, was the first of the family to become Lord President, and Robert
the third (1713-87) was 4th Lord Arniston and second Lord President. The mild-
manneredand well-liked Robert the fourth (1758-1819), though lacking the achieve-
ments of his forebears,still attainedthe highest office in the ScottishExchequer,and to
him we owe a valuable account of laying out the estate and, to some extent, of the
building. In varying degrees Arniston is the creationof these four Roberts, whom for
clarity's sake we will term respectively old Lord Arniston, Robert II (the first
President),Robert III (the second President),and Lord Chief Baron.
A plan of Arniston before old Lord Arniston returnedfrom Holland in 1688 and
began estate improvements in 1690 shows the then house as U-plan and north-facing,
its wings extending forwardto enclose a court, in a large gardensurroundedby a wall.
In the 'Narrative'compiled in I811 by his great-grandsonthe Lord Chief Baron there
seems no suggestion that old Lord Arniston initiatedany building alterations,and the
house's rebuildingon the same site began at the end of his life under the supervisionof
his son, Robert II, who commissioned William Adam as architect. Certain works
began before his death, however, for the 'Narrative'relateshow on demolition of the
high garden walls it was discovered that one could now see the sea from the house, a
fact which the old gentleman refused to believe until he was carried into the room from
which it was visible.

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 THE ADAMFAMILYAND ARNISTON 215
RobertDundastheyounger(RobertII),astuteandindustrious,enjoyeda successful
legaland,in his youth,politicalcareerandeventuallyattainedScotland'shighestlegal
office, the LordPresidency.RomneySedgwickdescribeshim unhesitatinglyas 'the
greatestlawyerproducedby Scotlandin the i8th century'.2He was, however,more
extrovertand lively thanaestheticor intellectual,andindeedwas renownedfor his
convivialhabitsin an ageof conviviality.3An oft-quotedaccounttellsof his warning
his studentsonnot to wastemoneyin Hollandon books,for'whenthatturnsa Disease
'tis as bad as pictures'.4It was, then, possiblyfor prestigereasons- or even the
demandsof anincreasingfamily- thathe undertooktherebuildingof Arniston.Inhis
casetheactivitydidfollow shortlyon hispoliticaldisgrace,afterdismissalby Walpole
fromhispostasLordAdvocate.
At the time whenhe commissionedWilliamAdamDundaswas a littleover forty.
The architectwas fouryearsyoungerthanhis client.Forat leastfive yearspastAdam
hadbeenknownas 'architectof Kirkcaldy' - fromwherehe hadnot
yet removedto
Edinburgh - and although,compared with his achievementsoverthenextdecade,he
was stillrelativelyinexperienced, he alreadyhadbehindhimhis workat FloorsCastle
andwas well into Hopetoun.Mavisbank,for Dundas'snearneighbourthe architec-
turalpunditSirJohnClerk(who was verylikelythe connectinglinkbetweenthem),
was nearingcompletion;andAdamwas furtherengagedon thewings at Mellerstain,
the firstphaseof his reconstruction of Lawersfor SirJamesCampbell,Dalmahoyfor
Lord Stair'sbrotherGeorgeDalrymple,and work at Newliston for Stairhimself.
Contemporarywith his engagementby RobertDundas,Adamwas workingon the
Drum for Lord Somerville,and may have been involved in the remodellingof
Craigdarroch in Dumfries-shirefor AlexanderFerguson.Whilemanyof thesecom-
missionswere within reasonabledistanceof Edinburgh,enoughwere on far-flung
sites,andhis otherprojectsso widelyvaried(coalworks,saltpans,marbleworksand
so on), as to havedrawnLordAnnandale's criticismfor takingon morethanhe could
attendto.
Further,at this time Adamhadat leastconceivedthe ideaof publishingVitruvius
Scoticus,and was havinghis own drawingsengravedto takeon his plannedvisit to
Londonwith Clerk.This tripwas eventuallypostponeduntil March1727, and on
returningto EdinburghthatJune, Adambeganto collectsubscriptionsfor publica-
tion.5
In spite of his many commissions,Arnistonshouldbe regardedas belongingto
Adam'scomparativelyearlyperiod,when some of his youthfulinfluenceswere still
strongandhe hadnot yet encounteredthosewhichwerelaterto modifyhis style. In
May 1726he borrowedfromSirJohnClerkthe thirdvolumeof Vitruvius Britannicus,
publishedthe previousyear, and its Houghtonplatesin particularseem to have
influencedhis designfor Arniston.The Londonjourney,too, may marka turning-
point, especiallyif Adamwas asimpressedas Clerkby Gibbs'swork, particularly the
newly completedSt Martin's-in-the-Fields; he certainlywas to be by the Bookof
Architecture.
Documentary evidence of Arniston'sbuilding consists of the plans and elevations in
VitruviusScoticus(hereinaftertermed VS), plates 39-44 (Pls I, 2a), and on a single half-
elevation in Adam's hand of the front or north court from the centre of the house

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216 THE STUART AND GEORGIAN COUNTRY HOUSE

westwards,takenin conjunctionwithJohnAdam'ssetsof alternative1750splansof the

westjamb;thesketchyreferences in theLordChiefBaron's'Narrative';anda number
of importantbuildingaccountswhich have recentlycome to light in the Arniston
papers,notablya lengthyabstractof John Adam'sworks between 1754 and 1761.
RobertDundasII (or some successor)was very sparingin keepingcorrespondence,
andwhatletterssurviveincludenothingrelevantforthecrucialperiodsof thelate1720S
and the 1750s.Even the accountsaretantalizinglypartial:householdexpensebooks
containreferencesto furniturepurchasesandpaymentsto craftsmenfromwhichmuch
may be deduced,but theJohnAdamaccountswere fairsummariespresentedto the
clientforfinalsettlement,makingno referenceto workmenor day-by-dayjobs,which
were all paid throughhis own office. No workingdrawings,architect'snotes, or
client'sinstructionsare known. Only a renewalcontractwith the plasterer,Joseph
Enzer,survives(1732), which merelyextendsthe firstcontractof 1730for a further
threeyears.

Thedimensionsof thenewhousewerelargelydetermined by thoseof theoldon whose

site (the Chief Barontells us) it 'exactly'stood, althoughthe old house may have
occupiedonly thesiteof thecentreandeastjambof thenew. Thispossibilityseemsto
be borneoutby Adam'sground-floor plan(VSplate39),showingvaultingascovering
only the rooms in that partof the house,not the westjamb. Whilenot intendedfor
magnificence, Adam's design is for a granderhousethanhis worksfor SirJohnClerk
andLordSomerville:at 96 ft almostdoublethe widthof Mavisbank(51ft) and30 ft
widerthantheDrum.As AlanTaithaspointedout, it approximated to Clerk'ssecond
type of 'CountrySeat',that'adapted.. . for ConvenienceandUse', whereasMavis-
bankandtheDrumwereunmistakably 'littlevillas'.
Arniston'smainfront,builtin harledrubblewith pinkishsandstonedressingsand
ashlarfrontispiece,hadninebays,withthreefloorsabovea basestoreyatgroundlevel.
It was somewhatunusualin havinga five-baycentrevery slightlyrecessed,the three
middlebaysemphasizedby a trio of rusticatedround-headed archeswith grotesque
keystones- barelydistinguishingthefrontdoorfromits flankingwindows- anda
pedimentof typicallyslightproportions.Below the pediment,betweenthe engaged
Ionic columns- possibly influencedby Houghton'sportico6- where five tall
windows illuminatingthe hallor a largesaloonmighthavebeenexpected,the three
centrespaceswere nichesintendedfor busts.This againmight leadone to expecta
top-lit hall, but the interiortreatmentis slightly eccentric,as will be seen. The
frontispiece'srich, almostcrowdedimpressionwas increasedby the rusticationat
entrance-level,andby the stairwhichextendedits fullwidth,intendedto be punctu-
atedby a pairof statueson plinthsatgroundlevel.Inmid-Victorian timestheeffectof
this main front was considerably modified by the porch which now encases the
(rebuilt)front steps, concealingboth entranceand flankingwindows - undoubtedly a
much desired addition for comfort and temperature, but wreaking havoc on the
proportions, and greatly darkeningthe hall.7

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 THE ADAM FAMILY AND ARNISTON 217

Adammayalsohaveextendedthedepthof theoldhousefrontwardsby thewidthof

his coveredpassageto theservicepavilions,connectingat groundlevelwith a passage
runningthewidthof thehouse,so thatonecouldwalkby thismeansdirectlyfromone
pavilionto theother- a fairlynormalarrangement buthereunusuallyunobstructed.
The linkingpassages,each with rusticateddoorwayand aeil-de-baeuf are uniquein
Adam'swork in beingpart-octagon,with octagonaldoor-andwindow-heads,anda
precedenthasyet to be found.
Thesurvivinghalf-elevation in theArnistoncollectiondiffersfrom VitruviusScoticus
in showinga furtherpairof pavilionseastandwestof thefirst,linkedby a gatedwallto
the backcourt.Thesesingle-storeypavilions,lit by five tallround-headed windows,
would doubtlessbe intendedfor an orangery(westside)anda stablesextension(east
side). The VS arrangement is merelyfor the gatedcourt-wall,with walledpassages
extending forwards for service entrances.Neitherformof extensionwasbuilt,andthe
pavilions themselves as finished byJohnlefttheservicequartersdifferentin layoutand
plan from his father's
proposals.
By contrastwiththeentrancefront,thegardenfrontwasextremelyplain,farplainer
indeed than Adam'sintendedside elevations.Its roof-linewas a simple unbroken
cornicewith a pairof urnsat the ends, the windowsall square-headed, anda centre
door with rusticatedpillarsandratherheavysuperstructure approached by a double
staircaseabovethebase-storeyentrance.Therusticsimplicityappropriately evokesthe
as
gardenstyle, opposed to the granderIonic of the entrance front. Since Adam
intendedthe statesuitefortheupperfloor,its windowsin thedesignwerefractionally
higher than those of the entrancefloor; but in executionthese proportionswere
reversed.
The eastsideelevationwasequallyplainandorthodox,butthewest side,on which
thestateroomswereto be built,wasfarmoresophisticated, probablyborrowingfrom
VitruviusBritannicus, the alternatingtriangularandsegmentalpediments
particularly
brokeninto by the keystones.The state-floorroomswere to riseto two levels, and
insteadof falsewindowsabove(ason thesouthfront),Adamemployedluggedpanels.
JamesSimpsonhas pointedout8that, vertically,Arnistonreadsas an eleganttwo-
storey'villa'for entertaining- the
upperfloorsmarkedoff by a string-coursebelow
whichis the 'rustic'-styleentranceandbase-storeylevelcontainingfamilyandservice
rooms, the entranceflooras usualbeingslightlyset backfromthe base-storeyplinth.
Forthe most partthe show featuresarereservedfor the grandentrancefront,evenits
balustradeextendingonly alongthatsidelikea pieceof scenery.The chimney-stacks,
of Vanbrughian designwith rusticarcades,were rebuiltin the nineteenthcenturyin
plainerstyle.
In the event,thoughtransformation of theold housewas complete,only the centre
sectionandeasternjambwerecompletedin Adam'slifetime.Thewestjambwas built
by John Adam nearly thirty years later, with totally differentarrangementand
fenestration,adaptingthehouseto thetastesof a new generation.
Life while one's house is being rebuiltabout one's earsis inevitably uncomfortable.
The family may have removed temporarilyto Edinburgh, or have lived in contracted
circumstancesin the existing base storey, which alreadycontained family rooms. In
any case the money seems to have run out before the state apartmentor even all the

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218 THE STUARTAND GEORGIANCOUNTRYHOUSE
office buildings could be executed, and Robert II never saw completion of his grand
new house.
Failure to build the west jamb meant not only loss of the upstairs state-rooms
intended to function ensuite,but modificationin use of the rooms on the entrancelevel.
Their access as plannedseems awkward by our standards,though not uncommon for
the period. They formed three sets of linked rooms and closets, those on the east
probably being for Dundas, on the west for his wife, and the south range, connecting
with both, as public rooms.
According to the Chief Baron's 'Narrative' the old house's surviving 'Vaults
beneath', at base-storey level, included the south 'Parlouror Eating Room' formerly
used by old Lord Arniston, and the CharterRoom appearsto have been on the same
floor. On the entrancefloor, above the Eating Room was the panelled 'Breakfasting
Room', also retainedfrom the old house, its doorway giving on to the gardenstaircase.
(Fromthe 1750s it was supersededbyJohn Adam'snew dining-room, andJohnstyles it
'Garden Parlour':it is now named the Oak Room.) Some of its panelling may date
from the seventeenthcentury, but most was probablyinstalledunderWilliamAdam's
direction, including the unusual Corinthiancolumns. For a time, the 'Narrative'tells
us, the room was 'divided into two Apartments:one a Dining Room, used only on
great Days, & the other the PrincipalBed room, for the Strangersof Note who might
visit the Family'. As partof the rebuildingRobert II 'took down the Partition& made
the whole his Dining room - Put in the GlassDoor (afterthe new House was erected),
and formed at a very greatExpence the Cascadein the GardnersPark,which was let off
when he & his Guestssatedown to Dinner, & continuedto runfor about an Hour'. The
Chief Baron couldjust recallseeing this cascadeas a smallboy, beforeit was dismantled
about 1764. The water fallinginto a pond then at the foot of the policies, and thenceinto
a sluice, must have formed a beguiling eye-catcherand a greattalking-pointfor guests.
Omond, curiously, quoted the glass door referenceas reading'glass doors, where now
the portico stands', implying that the gardendoor was enlargedto extend the view of
the cascade,the first of severalalterationsto this entrance.9
Of the other rooms on this floor, the plan in VS plate 40 (termed 'Ist Floor') shows
three used as bedrooms; assuming that Robert II had the eastjamb suite, his bedroom
immediately adjoinedthe oval stair, with a dressing closet, and the north-east corner
room was probably a business room. If his lady's rooms were intended for the west
jamb, since that was not built she must have been accommodatedupstairsabove her
husband'ssuite. Adam's greatstairwas not then executed either, and the family must
have used the oval staircase.10The servantswould have lived below.
The great glory of Arniston'sinterioris without argumentthe magnificentarcaded
entrancehall, of three bays by two. A giant Corinthianordercarriesthe coved ceiling,
and the double row of archesaresegmentalwith keystones - double archesbecausea
gallery runs round three sides of the hall (P1.5a). The lighting today is indirect, from
two storeys of windows behind the arcadeon either side, Adam's original windows
flanking the front door having been closed up when the Victorian porch was added. On
the south side two of the bays contain fireplaces with broken-scroll pediments within
the niches formed by the arches; the middle archway leads through to the oak room.
The plaster-work was executed by the Fleming Joseph Enzer - who later worked at

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 THE ADAMFAMILYAND ARNISTON 219

Yester- between1730 and 1735to judge fromthe contract.Its weightyrichnessof

garlands,swags, and fat scrolls, with basketsof flowers at the angles, can be
appreciated atunusuallyclosequartersfromtheeastgallery.
A phenomenonof the vaultingis the steeplypointedarchesfrom arcadeto coved
ceiling, which Andor Gomme has suggested" must be one of the earliestsuch
examplesin Britain:onlyBeningborough(1719)seemsto antedateit, andAdammade
similaruse of it at Dun at muchthe sametime as at Arniston.The questionremains,
wherehe acquiredthe design,whichis unlikelyto be his own invention.Whateverits
origins,it is a masterlycreation,superblyexecutedby a mastercraftsman.
Theupper-floorstate-rooms(named'2ndfloor'in VS),whichwereto risetheheight
of two floors,ledfroma grandsaloonatthenorth-westthrougha drawingroomatthe
south-westcornerto a statebedroomand dressing-roomabove the oak breakfast-
parlour,thencethroughtwo morecornerclosetsto threelesserbedroomsin the east
jamb, theselastall accessiblefromthe gallery.Adam'sgrandstaircase,a singleflight
placedcentrallyin the stair-lobby,was plannedto ascendfromthe entrancefloorto a
half-landing,then turn right to continueto the galleryoverlookingthe hall, from
whichonewouldenterthesaloon.Accessto theeastrooms,otherthanensuitefromthe
saloon, was perhapsunusual,for althoughtwo openedon to the east gallery,the
gallerytook a dog-legturnroundtheovalstairon its way to thesouthroomsandto a
secondentranceto thesaloon.Hencetheovalstairmusthavebeenintendedforgeneral
andnot merelyserviceuse, whilethesaloonwouldhavebeena roomof passageforthe
westjamb,aswell asa roomof state.However,in thehouseasit existeduntilthe 1750s
only theovalstairwasbuilt(theabstractaccountof wrightworkfrom 1727-39shows
?14 12S. 7d.paidfor 'bothstaircases',buttheprincipalstairwouldhavebeenstopped
off at thenewlycasedwest wall).
Adam'sothermost importantroom, whichsurvivesmuchas he builtit, was the
greatlibraryon thenorthfrontabovethehall.Itis of fiveunevenlyproportionedbays
by three,its wainscotbookcasesseparated by mouldedIonicpilasters,with archesfor
bustsabove.On thenorthsidethebookcasesflankthewindowslikenarrowcolumns;
on the south,the centrebayis occupiedby thefireplace,flankedby doublebookcases
andwith doorsin the end bays- a noblyconceivedandproportionedroom, whose
'oak'-graineddecorationsmustbe eighteenth-century andmay be original.The rich
plasterceiling was also
probably by Enzer.
Building of the house continuedthroughthe years 1727 to 1733, as surviving
accountsformaterialsshow.12 Mostof theseaccountswerehandledby Adamhimself,
butsomearesignedby ThomasWinter,who laterworkedatBlairCastle.Timberwas
boughtfrom Cockenzie,Port Seaton,FisherrowandLeith,mainlydealsuntil 1729,
andthena few mahoganyplanks,presumablyfor the doors.The chiefmasonnamed
was a local man living in Temple,JamesHastie,in businesswith RobertHastie,a
jobbingmason,probablyhis son. Theirworkincludedmanyjobsabouttheparksand
dykesas well as the house.The chiefwrightwasJohnBroun;otherswere Archibald
andJames Anderson, also in Temple; the smith was Robert Grew.
During the period I735-38 the house was fitting up by wrights and upholsterers.1x
Dundas was appointeda Lordof Sessionin 1737, and as LordArnistonhe had to live in
some state. In 1748 he became Lord Presidentof the Session on the death of Duncan

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220 THE STUART AND GEORGIAN COUNTRY HOUSE

Forbes- somewhattoo latein life, forhe hadbeenin poorhealthfor some yearsand

was to die in 1753at the age of 68. He left a numerousfamily by his two wives,
includinga son Henry by the second marriagewho becamethe famousViscount
Melville.But it was Robert,heirby his firstwife ElizabethWatson,who followedin
his footstepsas builderof Arniston,takingup the taskalmostat once andemploying
JohnandJamesAdam,thesonsof William,who haddiedin 1748.
The accountsat the deathof thefirstLordPresidentshow that,in proportionto his
otherexpenses,the cost of buildinghis housewas not outrageous.?25,333hadbeen
spent on the acquisitionof land, and only ?7,885laid out to providefor his seven
younger children.In comparison,the figure of ?5,o100 'in Books Building and
DecoratingArnistonsupposed'is positivelymodest.However,it is smallwonderthat
the estatehad becomeheavilyburdened,and thathe had been obligedto limit his
buildingambitionsto a new houseonly two-thirdsof the size projected.Underthe
circumstancesit is perhapsstrangethat his heir was able almost immediatelyto
recommenceoperations.

RobertDundasthethirdinheritedhisestateatmuchthesameage- forty- ashadhis

father.14Intheyearfollowinghisfather'sdeathhewasbothelectedMPforMidlothian
andappointedLordAdvocate.From1760untilhisdeathin 1787he wasLordPresident
of the Session.
A calmandeven-tempered man,unusuallycourteousfortheScottishbar,RobertIII
wasscrupulousin law- thoughin youthhewasconsideredto haveneglectedbusiness
for social life, and he was not more bookishthan his father.As Lord President,
however,he provedphenomenally industrious,to theextentof rapidlyclearingseveral
years'backlogof legalcases.Somethingof the sameenthusiasmmusthavegone into
the completionof his mansion.
Besidesmanyimprovementsto the estate,with whichwe arenot hereconcerned,
RobertIIIset aboutbuildingthewestjambof thehouse.Thefrontwallof this(asJohn
Adam'splansshow)hadbeenbuiltupto base-storeylevel,andthehousein its lopsided
statemusthavelookeddistinctlyodd, thepedimentedcentrepiece poisedto onesideof
the building,andits outerwest wall eitherleft as it hadbeenbeforethe firstbuilding
periodbeganor elsewith windowanddoorapertures brickedup.
AlthoughJames Adamwasin partnership withhisconsiderably elderbrother,it was
John who undertookthe Arnistoncommission,Jameschieflyhelpingwith the final
accounts.These lengthy documentsin John'shands15 show that work undertheir
foremanmasonJamesFinlaysonwas continuousfrom June 1754 untilJuly 1758,
startingwith alterationsto theeastpavilionandoutbuildings.A new stable,forge,and
byre were madein the eastbackcourtbehindthis pavilion,andthe stablecourtwas
paved.Interestingly,slatesusedhereareshownto havebeentakenfromtheold house
of Shank(remainsof which arestill visible), partof an estateacquiredin the late Lord's
time. Pedestalledvases were also set up about the gardens.
The accountsalso show John finishingthe embellishmentsof balustradeand urns on
the main house roof, including I, 548 ft of'PrincipallMouldings in the lonick Entabla-

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 THE ADAMFAMILYAND ARNISTON 221

ture& Cornishes',andthe threevasesalongthe balustrade of the newjamb andtwo

moreat thesouth-westandsouth-eastcornersof thehouse.
The westernbackcourtwasalsocompleted,andin it a 'greenhouse'erected.Thisis
whatis now termedtheOrangery,hithertobelievedto be nineteenthcentury.
The most importantadditionby John Adamwas, of course,the buildingof the
missingwestjamb.His design,presumablydictatedby thewishesof his client,whose
tasteswere in keepingwith new fashionsin requiringa downstairssuite of formal
rooms, abandonedWilliamAdam'supper-floorplan, andthe positionsof the two-
storey grand rooms were reversed.As a result Arniston'sappearancepresentsa
startlinganomalywithwindowlevelsoutof phase.Roundingthecornerfromsouthto
west gives a distinctvisualshock,with a four-storeyhouseappearingto havebecome
three-storey(P1.2b).
First,by translatingtheprincipalroomsto entrancelevel, thepedimentedwindows
in John'sadditionare at the level below William's.Next, as the new drawing-and
dining-room,with theirdeeplycoved ceilings,roseto one-and-a-half storeyheight,
the roomsabovethemwereat mezzaninelevelrelativeto thoseof the eastjamb, and
werereachedby a dooron thehalf-landing of thenew mainstair,now builtasa double
returnstair,startingfromentrance-floor level.Finally,therewasnow a problemwhat
to do with thewest gallery,sincethedoublestaircouldnot approachit. John'sanswer
wasto blockit off, placingfalsedoorsalongit forsymmetryandleavingit inaccessible,
asit is to thisday.
John Adam'splansandelevationsof the newjamb show threealternativedesigns
with a furtheralternativeto one of them at base-storeylevel. His schemeshave
respectivelyfour, five, andsix windows,the lastbeingthe schemechosen(Pls 3, 4).
Althoughan east/westpartitionwall dividedthejamb into two equalhalveson the
state-roomfloor,thenew northdining-roomwas renderedconsiderably smallerthan
thedrawing-roomby introducinga staircase fromthebasestorey.Theservicestaircase
was removedin the 187os andtheroomthusenlargedby the gainof a thirdwindow-
bay. Scheme3 alsointroducedthe mainstaircaseas it now is, its bottomflighton the
northside.
The dining-roomceilingwas of a comparativelysimplegeometricaldesign, but
with a heavyfriezeanddentilmoulding.Itswallswerepanelledto takepaintings,and
an interestingrecentdiscoveryshows thatin 1757RobertAdam,secondof the three
brothersand then nearingthe end of his Italiantravels,was commissionedto buy
Italianpaintingsforthesepanels,two of whichstillhangat Arniston.
RobertAdamhadleftRomein Mayon a triumphalprogressof othercities,starting
withFlorence,where'allthevirtuosi. . . havebeencrowdingto seeme'. Amongthese
wasIgnazioHugford,thepainter,dealerandconnoisseur,whomhe hadmetthereover
two yearsearlieron GavinHamilton'srecommendation andthroughwhom he had
met Clkrisseau.16 Robertbought from Hugfordfour 'Picturesfor Arniston'.Two
wereby Florentinepainters:a sceneof StJeromekneelingin his cave,by Giovannidi
SanGiovanni,wasintendedforthedining-roomchimney-pieceon theeastwall, with
on one side, HagarandIshmaelby FrancescoCorrado,and on the other, Florastrewing
flowers, with a putto, by Giovanni Batista Gaulli, called Bacicci, a Genovese who
practisedin Rome. The fourthpainting, for the south or staircasewall, was a copy 'by a

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222 THE STUART AND GEORGIAN COUNTRY HOUSE

good Scholarof Titians'of the master'sfull-lengthportraitof theEmperorCharlesV

(misnamedby Robert'Phillipthe 5th')in thePittiPalace.Robertexplainedthathe had
boughtthislastbecauseof 'its beingan excellentCopy & the almostimpossibilityof
gettinganyHistorypeiceof theShapeof so Skeletona Pannel'- besideswhichit was
only?8 sterling'andwoudnotbepaintedby a moderatepainterfor?20'. RobertAdam
alwaysknew how to securea bargain.All the paintingswereframed,andtheirtotal
cost was only io8 sequinsor ?54. 'Iftheywerein EnglandI woud not sell themfor 3
timesthatprice.'
These paintingswere Robert'spart-fulfilmentof an order for '7 picturesfor
Arnistone'commissionedby LordHopetoun,whosebrotherLordCharlesHope had
beenhis firsttravellingcompanionin Italy.17An entryinJohn'sArnistonaccountsin
March1760 for a 'largepackingbox for picturessentto Arniston'probablyrefersto
theirarrival,forapartfromfamilyportraitsArnistonboastsfew paintingsandthefour
generationsof RobertDundasesin its 'improving'periodseem to havehad equally
littletastefor them.'8One or otherof theAdambrothers,or LordHopetounhimself,
musthaveadvisedthatafewItalianmasterswerederigueur forahouseof Arniston's status.
Anotherimportantacquisitionwas a fine Chippendalepiece,possiblyin the same
year, 1757,a rosewooddressing-table with gilt ornaments.ChristopherGilberthas
pointed out its similarities
to one illustratedin The Director,plate LII,of which
Chippendale justifiablyproud.GeorgeStevenson,Deaconof Wrightsin Edin-
was
burghfrom1753-55,who is firstrecordedatArnistonin 1741and,asFrancisBamford
shows, workedthereextensivelyfrom1756onwards,was a subscriberto TheDirector
(1754).Itis temptingto supposehimthemakerof thisadmiredpiece,whichwassoldin
1916andis now at theLadyLeverGalleryin Liverpool.19
Of the new drawingroom, with muchmorelavishdecor(P1.5b), no detailsare
known.Ithasa richplasterceilingin scrolledleaf-patterns,withbasketsof flowersand
shells,buttheartistis unfortunatelynotnamed;possiblyhewasClayton,who worked
for the Adambrothersat this time at Inverarayandelsewhere.Stuccoand chalkare
recordedasbeingsentto Arnistonin quantitiesfortheanonymousplasterer in 1758and
1759.
All the roomsin the westjambhavesufferedbadlyfromdry rot, andmuchof the
fineplaster-workis damaged,whileits upperroomsarefloorlessandinaccessible.The
timbersfor theseroomshadbeenorderedin 1755,muchof it in Rigalogs, andin 1757
also Gothenburgdeals(probablyfor the floors).Marblefor the lady'schamberwas
ordered as early as 1754, and in 1756 and 1758 dove-coloured marble for plinths and
white and veined marble for the border arrivedand were set up (1758) in the dining-
room chimney-piece by the unnamedmarblecutter;and he or anotherwas employed
in setting up Dutch white and blue-and-white 'pigs' (tiles) as fireplacesurrounds.The
new bedrooms were also fitted with marblefireplaces,white and veined for the south,
black and yellow for the north (1761). William Mathie, once Alexander Peter's
apprentice, who had finished marble chimney-pieces for John Adam at Inverarayin
1757-58, made 'carved frames to go round the marble' of these two chimneys;
henceforward he is recorded at Arniston chiefly on glasses and picture frames.20
Mason work, joinery and materials to the summer of 1758 had cost Dundas ?2,250,
much of which he had commendably paid in annual advances. Over the next six

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 THE ADAM FAMILY AND ARNISTON 223

months a great deal of finishing was done on outbuildings and colonnades, and the final
account, settled in full in November 1761 on behalf of the Lord President (as Dundas
now was) was for a balance of?283 13s. 312d., including materials and finishings.
This meant that for a sum of little over ?2,500oothe Dundases now had a house as
distinguished as was their family. Changes were to be made in the next century,
notably the raising of the south front's centre windows and installation of a pediment,
on which the Chief Baron set up the coat of arms from Edinburgh's old Parliament
House on its demolition and rebuilding by Robert Reid in I807-o10. Reluctant to
witness the total disappearance of Edinburgh's legal headquarters with which his
family had been so intimately concerned, the Chief Baron salvaged a number of the
stones and carvings, setting them on doorways and bridges about his policies. To date
the architect for these alterations has not been identified, but neither with this nor the
substantial Victorian 'improvements' of the 186os and 1870s are we here concerned.
There are still mysteries to solve, and Arniston with its anomalies of levels as well as its
unanswered riddles remains a puzzling building. Other account books may be found
and lead to further deductions. Meanwhile, the discovery ofJohn Adam's extensive
accounts, the explanation of the dining-room's decor, and the light thrown on building
works and furnishings by household books, have made possible a step towards
illumination of the hitherto almost uncharted history of this magnificent house.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am particularlyindebted to James Simpson for invaluable advice and encouragement in
compiling this article. I should also like to thank Kitty Cruft and Ian Gow, of the National
Monuments Record of Scotland, for theirhelp, particularlyover plans and illustrations.
For the new knowledge on which much of this articleis based, I am extremely gratefulto Mrs
Althea Dundas-Bekkerof Arniston, for so generouslymaking availablethe family manuscripts
and the portfolio of plans and drawings, and for her kindness in showing the house and
providing much valuableinformation.

NOTES

I Apartfrom the Arnistonmanuscripts,the chiefsourcefor the familyandhouseis GeorgeW. T. Omond, The

ArnistonMemoirs.ThreeCenturies ofa ScottishHouse1571-1838(Edinburgh,1887).The fruitof modernresearchis
containedin severalarticles,notablyAlanA. Tait,'WilliamAdamandSirJohnClerk:Arnistonand"TheCountry
Seat"',in TheBurlington Magazine,cxI (1969),132-40;andSheilaForman,'TheDundasesof Arniston',Scottish
Field,June 1953;togetherwith KittyCruft'snoteson Arnistonfor the SAHGB'sEdinburghConferencein 1983,
andJamesSimpson'snotescompiledforuse duringhis restorationwork at Arniston.
2 RomneySedgwick,TheHouseof Commons 1715-1754(London,1970),I, 629.
3 SirWalterScottrelatesin note vii to GuyMannering how one dayDundas,asLordAdvocate,wason thepointof
leavinghis chambersin Fishmarket CloseforArniston,whenhe waspersuadedto discussa certainlaw caseovera
bottleat a tavern.The discussionendedin a prolongedanddrunkendinner,afterwhichtheLordAdvocate,stillat
thetavern,calledforwritingmaterialsanddictatedtheappealbetween9 p.m. and4 a.m. Itwasthensentinstantly
to London,'a chef-d'oeuvre of its kind..,. it wasnot necessaryon revisalto correctfive words'.
4 ArnistonMSS, LettersVol. 2, 63 (13 November1733);quotedin Omond,op. cit.
5 Adamhada bettercauseforgratitudeto WalpolethanhadhisArnistonclient,forSirJohnClerkwasattempting
to secureforhimtheSurveyorshipto theKing'sWorksin Scotland,butwasfoiledby thedeathof KingGeorgeI in
GermanyinJune. The followingyearAdamwas to some extentcompensatedby his appointmentas Clerkand
Storekeeperof theWorksin Scotland,andshortlyafterwards,as Scotland'sMasonto theBoardof Ordnance.

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224 THE STUART AND GEORGIAN COUNTRY HOUSE

Informationon WilliamAdam'searlycareeris summarizedfromJamesSimpson'sintroductionto thereduced

facsimileedition of Vitruvius Scoticus(Edinburgh,1980) , pp. 2-3, 6-7, and from the Adam entry in Howard
Colvin, A Biographical ofBritishArchitects
Dictionary 16oo-184o (London,1978).
6 Vitruvius Britannicus,I1 (1725),pl. 33.
7 In the captionto a drawingof the northfrontbeforethe additionof the 1870sporch,Omond (op. cit., p. 248)
remarks:'Adam, who had drawnhis inspirationfrom Italiansources,had overlookedone materialfact, the
differencesbetweenan Italianand a Scotchclimate.His outsideflightsof stairs,thoughvery handsome,were
unsuitedto Scotland,and in many instances,Arnistonincluded,have of late yearsbeen replacedby covered
porches- less handsome,butbettersuitedto a Scotchwinter'.
8 Personalcommunication.
9 Omond, op. cit., p. 75. An unsigned,undateddrawingin the plan chest shows alternativedesignsfor the
'portogo'which RobertBell, masonin Clerkington,andBenjaminGrayrebuiltin 1817,'putingup a Stairand
alteringPortico',removingexistingworkto do so. (AccountsforImprovements1810-20, Box 23, Vol. 9, P. 29).
The sameelevationshowsthethreewindowsabovetheoakroomasroundedandso heightenedasalmostto touch
the sillsof the attic-floorwindows.
10 The rooms in the eastjamb suite were extensivelyalteredin 1866-68, when ThomasBrown and Adam
Lumsdencreatedthe presentnorth-eastlibrary,anda much-neededaccesspassageto theroomsbehind.
II At the Arnistonvisit duringthe EdinburghSAHGB Conference,1983. I am gratefulto him for further
personaldiscussionon this.
12 The relevantaccountsin the MSSfor thisperiodarein WoodenBox 20, Vol. 5 (Accounts1717-37);Personal
andHouseholdAccounts1734-44,andBox 19and20 (Miscellaneous CI8 Legal),1727-39accounts.The Enzer
renewalcontractis in Box 23, with Leases,Agreements,andFarmValuations,1677-1838.
13 In 1736a chimney-glasswassentby seafromLondon.In 1738a mahoganyclockcaseatsevenguineas,'carved
& guiltfortheHallattArnistoun'wasamongfurniturepurchasedfromtheLookingGlassandCabinetWarehouse
off Lawnmarket- the shop of Edinburgh'sleadingcabinet-maker FrancisBrodie, laterthe city's Deacon of
Wrights,andfatherto thenotoriousDeaconWilliamBrodie.AnothernotedEdinburghcabinet-maker supplying
(unspecified)furniturewas AlexanderPeter(1735),and in the sameyearand 1749LadyArnistonwas buying
bedroomequipmentandbedfurniturefromtheupholsterers YoungandTrotter(B29 and 116- see infra).
The late FrancisBamford'sinvaluablework on Edinburghcabinet-makers, which appearedwhile this article
was being drafted,suppliesinformationaboutseveralof thesecraftsmen.His own researchesat Arnistona few
yearsago uncoveredmuchthoughnot allof whathasnow cometo light, andit is especiallysadthatthesefurther
discoveriesshouldhavebeenmadeafterhis death.SeeFrancisBamford,'A Dictionaryof EdinburghWrightsand
FurnitureMakers166o-I 840',ed. Ann Bamford,JournaloftheFurniture HistorySociety,xIx (1983).
Gratesand fenders were bought for Arnistonin 1736 from WilliamMacaulyat ?24 I7s., glasses from
'MrMurray'(possiblyJohnMurray& Co.) [B91], and'MrChalmers'.In 1737threecarpetswereboughtfrom
WilliamDick [B 59]. Anothercraftsmanwas AndrewGood, Deaconof Wrights1741-43,for a walnut-treedesk
(1738).
The painterJamesNorriewas employedat LordArniston'snew Edinburghlodging(1738)andprobablyat his
'vacance'houseat Drumsheugh(1743);he mayalsohaveworkedat Arniston,beingfirstnamedin 1735:see also
n. 17.
14 Omond, p. III.
15 WoodenBox 'A', Accounts,JohnandJamesAdamwith RobertDundasof Arniston. . . for Masonwork at
Arniston I7June 1754- 26July 1758, etc. The accounts are continued up to 1761.
16 John Fleming,RobertAdamandhis Circle(1962), pp. III, 232. ForIgnazioHugford(1703-78) see Fleming's
note on p. 348, andhis article'TheHugfordsof Florence'in TheConnoisseur, 136,November1955.
17 RobertAdam'sdescriptionandaccount,withJohnAdam'sreceipt,arein the HopetounMSS, NRA(S) 888,
Box 135/5. I am gratefulto Miss lerne Grantfor showing me this importantdocumentwhen it was found.
Mr DuncanBell, AssistantKeeper,NationalGalleryof Scotland,identifiedthe painters.
RobertAdamwroteto his sisterJanet(28 May 1757,NS) thatLordHopetoun'scommissionwashischiefreason
for lingeringin Florence;'asto the picturesover doorsthey aredifficultto be foundfor whichreasonhe can'tdo
betterthanmakeOld Norie (ifYet alive)paint3 a purposeforthepannels,&prayto theEarlof Heaven&Earthto
preventthe Frenchseizingthe 41 amto sendhim fromthisTown'. PenicuikMSS, SRO GDI8/4838.
The paintingswere long ago removedfrom the dining-roomandtwo must have been sold, but 'Hagarand
Ishmael'now hangsin thefalsegalleryabovethehall,andStJeromeor Girolamoevenlessaccessibly,highon the
walls. Mrs Dundas-Bekker informs me that the presence of these 'uncharacteristic'paintings among the family
portraitshadlong beena mystery.
18 In 1737RobertII had bought at auctionseveralsubjectpicturesfrom GavinHamilton,at very low prices,
rangingfrom 5s. to ?2 10. Thesepicturesarenot now in thehouse.
19 'A Chinashelfof Chippendale',alsoboughtin April1757, is no longerat Arniston.ChristopherGilbert,The
Life and Workof ThomasChippendale(London, 1978), p. 128; FrancisBamford, op. cit., p. IiO.

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 THE ADAM FAMILY AND ARNISTON 225
20 Bamford,op. cit., p. 86. Thenameof ThomasWelsh,'Carver',is recordedin Adam'saccountsin April1757,
but only in connectionwith dispatchingto Arnistonsome 'CarvedStonework brokecoming from Bath'.The
accountsalso show a stonebroughtfromHailesquarryin April1758'forpartof a Vase',on whichan unnamed
foremanmason worked for a fortnightin Edinburgh.It is notablethat no accountshave yet been found for
quarryingor for the supplyof stonefor thebuildings,otherthanthemarbleforchimney-pieces.

16

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P1.5a Arniston
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P1.5b Arniston
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