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MODULES FOR CLASS XII (M.L.L.)

Relations and Functions

Concept: - Types of relations
A relation R in a set A is called
(i) Reflexive, if a, a   R for every a  A
(ii) Symmetric, if a1 , a2   R  a2 , a1   R, for all a1 , a2  A
(iii) Transitive, if a1 , a2   R and a2 , a3   R implies that a2 , a3   R for all a1 , a2 , a3  A
A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if R is reflexive,
Symmetric and Transitive.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
LEVEL –I
 Let T be the set of all triangles in plane with R a relation in T given by R={(T1,T2):T1
is congruent to T2}. Shoe that R is an equivalence relation.
 Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation in L defined as
R={(L1,L2):L1 is a perpendicular to L2}. Show that R is symmetric but neither
 Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R  {( a, b) : a  b 2 } is
neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
LEVEL-II
 Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by R={(a, b):2 divides a-b} is
an equivalence relation
 Show that the relation R in the set A  {1,2,3,4,5} given by R = {(a,b): a  b is even },
is an equivalence relation. Show that all the element of {1,3,5} are related to each
other and all the element of {2,4} are related to each other. But no element of {1,3,5}
is related to any element of {2,4}.
 Show that each of the relation R in the set A  {x  Z : 0  x  12} , given by
(i) R  {( a, b) : a  b is a multiple of 4}
(ii) R  {( a, b : a  b} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all element related to 1
in each case
LEVEL-III
 Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane given by R = {(P,Q):
distance of the point P from the origin is same as the distance of the point Q from the
origin}, is an equivalence relation. Further, show that the set of all points P≠(0,0) is
the circle passing through P with origin as centre.
 Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {(T1,T2):T1 is
similar to T2}, is equivalence relation. Consider three right angle triangle T1 with
sides 3,4,5,T2 with sides 5,12,13 and T3 with sides 6,8,10. Which triangle among
T1,T2 and T3 are related?
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 Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all polygon as R = {(P1,P2):P1 and P2
have same number of sides}, is an equivalence relation. What is the set of all element
in A related to the right angle triangle T with sides 3,4,and 5?
 Let A={1,2,3,4…..,9} and R is the relation on AXA defined by (a,b)R(c,d) if
a+d=b+c for (a,b),(c,d) in AXA. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and also
obtain the equivalent class 2,5 .
Concept: One-one (injective),Onto (surjective) and bijective
Injective: - A function f : X  Y is define to be injective, if the image of distinct
element of X under f are distinct. For every x1 , x2  X , f x1   f x2   x1  x2
Surjective:- A function f : X  Y is said to onto (surjective) if every element of Y is the
image of some element of X under f ,i.e for every y  Y there exists an element x in X such
that f ( x )  y
Bijective: A function f : X  Y is said to be bijective if f is one –one and onto

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
LEVEL – I
 Prove that the function f : R  R ,given by f x   2 x is one - one and onto
 Show that the function f : N  N given by f 1  f 2  1and f x   x  1 for every
x>2 is onto but not one-one
 Find the number of all one –one function from set A = {1,2,3} to itself.

LEVEL – II
 Let A  R  {3} and B  R  {1} .consider the function f : A  B defined
 x 2
by f ( x)    . Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
 x 3
 Let A = {-1,0,1,2}, B = {-4,-2,0,2} and f , g : A  B be a function defined by
1
f ( x)  x 2  x, x  A and g ( x)  2 x   1, x  A . Are f and g equal? Justify your
2
answer
LEVEL-III
 Show that the function f : R  R given by f x   x 3 is injective
 x  1 , x  odd
 Show that f : N  N given by f x    is both one - one and onto.
 x  1 , x  even
Concept :- Composition of function and Inverse of Function
Let f : A  B and g : B  C be two function .then the composition of f and g , denoted by
gof, is defined as the function gof: A  C given by gof  x  =g  f x , x  A
A function f : X  Y is defined to be invertible. If there exists a function g : Y  X Such
that gof  I X and fog  I Y .The function g is called the inverse of f . If f is invertible, then f
must be one one and onto.
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS
LEVEL – I
1
 If f : R  R be given by f ( x)  (3  x ) , then fof (x) is
3 3

 Consider f : N  N , g : N  N and h : N  R defined as f ( x)  2 x, g ( x)  3 y  4

and h(z )  sin z, x, y and z in N. Show that ho( gof )  (hog )of .
 4 4x
 Let f : R     R be a function defined as f ( x )  . The show that
 3 3x  4
 4 4x
inverse of f is the map g : Range f  R    is g ( x )  .
 3 4  3x
LEVEL – II
 Consider f : R  4,  given by f ( x)  x 2  3 . Show that f is invertible with the
inverse f 1 of given by f 1
( y)  y  4 , where R is the set of all non-negative real
number.
 Let f : R  R be defined as f ( x)  10 x  7 .Find the function g : R  R such that
gof  fog  1R .

Show that the function f : R  R defined by f x  

x
 , x  R is neither one-one
x 1
2

nor onto.
LEVEL – III
 Consider f : R   5,  given by f ( x)  9 x 2  6 x  5 . Show that if f is

invertible with f
1

( x)  
 
y  6 1
.
 3 
 
 Let f : N  R be a function defined as f ( x)  4 x 2  12 x  15 . Show that
f : N  S , where, S is the range of f , is invertible. Find the inverse of f .

Concept :- Binary Operations

 A binary operation * on the set X is called commutative, if a * b  b * a , for every

a, b  X .
 A binary operation *: A  A  A is said to be associative if
a * b * c  a * b * c, a, b, c, A .
 Given a Binary operation *: A  A  A , an element e  A , if it exist, is called identity
for the operation *, if a * e  a  e * a, a  A .
Given a binary operation *: A  A  A with the identity element e in A, an element a  A is
said to be invertible with respect to the operation *,If there exist an element b in A such that
a * b  e  b * a and b is called the inverse of a and is donated by a-1.
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS
LEVEL-I
 Consider the binary operation  on the set{1,2,3,4,5} defined by a  b  min{ a, b} .
Write the operation table of the operation  .
 Let * be the binary operation on N given by a*b=L.C.M of a and b. Find
(i)5*7,20*16
 Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers as follows:-
(i)a*b=a-b (ii)a*b=a2+b2 (iii)a * b=a + ab
ab
(iv)a * b = (a-b)2 (v)a * b = (vi)a * b = ab2
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Find which of binary operation are commutative and which are associative?
LEVEL – II
 Determine which of the following binary operation on the set R are associative and
which are commutative.
( a  b)
(a) a * b  1a, b  R (b) a * b  a, b  R
2
 Let A  N  N and * be the binary operation on A defined by
a, b  c, d   a  b, b  d  .Show that * is commutative and associative. Find the
identity element for *on A ,if any
 Consider a binary operation *on N defined as a * b  a 3  b 3 .Choose the correct
answer.
(A)Is * both associative and commutative?
(B)Is * commutative but not associative?
(C)Is * associative but not commutative?
(D)Is * neither commutative nor associative

LEVEL – III
 Consider the binary operation * : R  R  R and R  R  R defined as a * b  a  b
and a o b  a, a, b  R .Show that * is commutative but not associative, o is
associative but not commutative. Further, show that a, b, c  R, a * (boc)  (a * b). [If
it is so, we say that the operation * distributives over the operation o].Do o
distributive over *? Justify your answer.
 Given a non-empty set X, let *: P ( X )  P( X )  P( X ) be defined as
A * B  ( A  B)  ( B  A), A, B  P( X ) .Show that the empty set  is the identify for
the operation * and all the element A of P(X) are invertible with A 1  A .
 Define a binary operation * on the set {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} as
a  b if a  b  7
a *b  
a  b  7 if a  b  7
Write the operation table of the operation * and prove that zero is the identity for this
operation and each element a  0 of the set of the invertible with 7-a being the inverse
of a.