Syllabus

M.A. & C.B.C.S. COURSES

Academy of International Studies

Jamia Millia Islamia
(A Central University by an Act of Parliament)
Maulana Mohammed Ali Johar Marg
Jamia Nagar, New Delhi - 110025

1
 MA IN INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES
ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

Page Nos.
1. Compulsory Courses:
i. International Political Economy: Prof Shri Prakash 4-6
ii. Introduction to Area Studies: Prof Rashmi Doraiswamy 7-8
iii. Theories of International Relations: Prof Ajay D Behera 9-11
iv. Political Geography and Geopolitics: Dr G M Shah 12-14
v. Political Thought: Dr Mujib Alam 15-17
vi. International Organizations and International Law:
Dr Mujib Alam and Dr Bijay K Pratihari 18-20
vii. Contemporary International Politics: Dr. Bijay K Pratihari 21-22
viii. Comparative Politics: Dr Angira Sen Sarma 23-24

2. Optional Courses:
Prof Shri Prakash
i. China and World Affairs 25-27
ii. Contemporary Globalization 28-29
Prof Rashmi Doraiswamy
iii. Culture and International Studies 30-31
iv. Introduction to Central Asian Studies 32-33
v. Introduction to Eurasian Studies 34-36
Prof Ajay Darshan Behera
vi. Classical Debates in International Relations Theory 37-39
vii. The Concept of Security: Theoretical Approaches and Debates 40-42
viii. India’s Foreign Policy 43-45
Dr G M Shah
ix. Development Strategies of Central Asian States 46-48
x. Geopolitics and Geo-Economics of Central Asia 49-51
xi. Regional Geography of Central Asia 52-54
Dr Mathew Joseph C
xii. Postcolonialism and International Relations 55-57
xiii. South Asia in International Politics 58-60
xiv. State, Civil Society and New Social Movements in South Asia 61-63
Dr Abuzar Khairi
xv. Foreign Policy of Central Asian States 64-65
xvi. Government and Politics in Caucasus 66-67
xvii. Government and Politics in Central Asia 68-69
Dr Sabiha Alam
xviii. Environment and Development in the Developing World 70-71
xix. Environment and International Relations 72-73
xx. International Environmental Governance 74-75

2
 Dr Mohammad Sohrab
xxi. Politics of Identity in West Asia and North Africa 76-77
xxii. Public Diplomacy in World Politics 78-79
xxiii. Religion in World Politics 80-81
xxiv. Research Methodology 82-83
Dr Mujib Alam
xxv. Foreign Policy Analysis 84-85
xxvi. International Relations of West Asia and North Africa 86-87
xxvii. Turkey in Regional and Global Affairs 88-89
Dr Bijay Ketan Pratihari
xxviii. Africa and the World 90-91
xxix. Colonialism and Political Developments in Africa 92-93
xxx. Diaspora and International Relations 94-95
Dr Aliva Mishra
xxxi. Government & Politics in South Asia 96-97
xxxii. Peace & Conflict in South Asia 98-99
Dr K N Tennyson
xxxiii. Afghanistan and Super Powers 100-101
xxxiv. Foreign Policy of Afghanistan 102-103
Dr Angira Sen Sarma
xxxv. Afghanistan and Regional Security 104-106
xxxvi. Energy and Geopolitics 107-109

3. CBCS Courses are offered by AIS at the M.A. level:

Dr G M Shah
i. Geo-Hazards and Natural Disaster Management 110-112
Dr Mohammad Sohrab
ii. An Introduction to West Asia and North Africa 113-114
iii. Multiculturalism in West Asia and North Africa 115-116
Dr Bijay Ketan Pratihari
iv. Colonialism and Political Developments in Africa 117-118
v. Contemporary International Politics: 119-120
Ms Saheli Chattaraj
vi. Elementary Chinese – I 121
vii. State and Society in China 1911 - 1978 122-123
Dr K N Tennyson and Dr Angira Sen Sarma
viii. Afghanistan Post-2001 124-126

3
 MA IN INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES
ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

COMPULSORY COURSE
INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
Course In-Charge: Prof Shri Prakash

Introduction

The term international political economy denotes the development and management of
growing interdependence between developed and developing countries and between
themselves, through negotiations between nation states on a bilateral, regional and
multilateral basis. Its origins date back to the era of mercantilism, free trade and comparative
advantages espoused by Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Karl Marx’s analysis of capitalism
provided a new dimension to our understanding of how Capitals domination over labour
produces economic growth and profits. The main features of International Political Economy
were the European Colonial Empires, the setting up of international institutions to manage
credit and monetary crisis, the World Bank, the IMF, the Asian Development Bank and more
recently the WTO and BRICS. The growth of multinational Banks and multinational
corporations are another feature of the International Political Economy which will be studied.
The flow of remittances to home countries from which there have been streams of migration
of skilled and unskilled workers and the creation of diasporas also will be analyzed.
Interventions by states to support the poor, the aged and the sick and intensified action to
fight pollution and environmental degradation are included within the ambit of political
economy Similarly the management of the workers, demands for their pay and incomes to
keep pace with inflation as well as various schemes of employee share holdings are a
growing feature of the International political economy. The maintenance of the Defence
sector and security so that conflicts do not disrupt increasing trade which provided vital
resources and consumer products to various countries and also levels out prices on a global
level will be taken into account while studying the course. The impact different political
systems have on facilitating efficiency and transparency on trade issues will be analyzed on a
comparative basis.

Unit I: Approaches to analyzing International Political Economy

• Mercantilism-Free Trade Theories of comparative advantage Neo-colonial theories;
• Core-Periphery theories, Theories of Independence.

Unit II: International Economic Institutions in a Global Economy

• Strategies proposed by World Bank IMF, WTO;
• countered by South Commision, UNCTAD, NAM, Group of 77, Cauceses of
Developing countries e.g. Brics ASEAN, African Union.

Unit III: State Interventions to manage market economics

• Keynes, Development of social Democracy, Nehruvian Mixed Economy, MDG.

4
Unit IV: Migration, Gender, Workers in International Political Economy
• Formation of Diasporas, Transfer of skills, Diffussion of technology gender
discrimination and struggle against it workers demand remedial action again MNC’s
and inequalities.

READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. P.C. Midha, Lectures on International Economics, New Academic Publishing Co.,
New Delhi, 1998
2. Jeffry A Frieden, Global Capitalism, W.W. Norton and Company , New York 2006.
3. Brian Lipping, End of Empire, Grananda Publishing Limited, London, 1985.
4. Ralph E. Gomory and William J. Baumol Global Trade and National Interests,
MITU, USA 2000.
5. Harry Makker, Alberto Martinelli + Neil Smelser, eds, The New International
Economy.
6. I.P. Khosla, The Politics and Economics of Regionalism, Konarak Publishers Ltd,
New Delhi 2014.
7. Laura Paez, Liberalizing Financial Services and Foreign Direct Investment Palgrave
Macmillan UK 2011.
8. Dreze and Seneds, The Political Economy of Hunger, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1995.
9. Charles Kindleberger, Power and Money:The economics of International Politics and
the Politics of International Economics.
10. Jayati Ghosh, Macroeconomic trends and female employment:India in the Asian
context.” In TS Papola and Alakh N. Sharma (ed.) gender and employment in India
Vikas Publishig House 1999.
11. Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen, Migration, Diasporas and Transnationalism 1999,
Edward Elgar publishers.
12. Immanuel Wallerstein, “Uncertain Worlds-World Systems Analysis in Changing
Times” Great Barrington Books, Nov 17, 2015.

Suggested Readings
1. Henk Thomased, Globalization and Third World Trade Unions Daga Ltd Hongkong,
1995.
2. Naomi Klein “This Changes Everything” AllenLane, London, 2014.
3. Joseph Stiglitz”Making Globalisation Work” Penguin Books, 2006.
4. Hempel LC Environmental Governmance: The Global Challenge Washington D.C.
1996.
5. Cavanhagh J etal (eds), Beyond Bretton Woods: Alternatives to the Global Economic
Order (London, Pluto Press)
6. Helleiner E, States and the Reemergence of Global Finance: From Bretton Woods to
the 1940s Ithaca NY Cornell 1994.
7. South Commission, The Challenge to the South Oxford, OUP, 1990
8. Amartya Sen, “Gender Inequality and Theories of Justice” in M Nusbaum.
9. J Glower (eds.) Women, Culture and Development; A study of capabilities, clarendon
Press, Oxford.

5
10. Sunanda Sen “Macro Economic Impact of stabilization and structural Adjustment” in
Haxton Eva and Olsson Chacks (eds.) Women in Development Trade Aspects of
Women in the Development Process UFFN uppasla.
11. Thomas Lacroix Diasporic Identity, Transnational Agency and the Neoliberal
Configuration of global Migration” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 16
(3).
12. Peter Dicken, GLOBAL SHIFT: An Internationalization of Economic Activity, chs
2,3,6
13. UNTAD, Trade and Development Report 2005 Chapter IV
14. Sunanda Sen, Globalization and Development National Book Trust 2007
15. Joseph Stiglitz, Gloablization and its Discontents
16. Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization.
17. Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder
18. Samir Amin, Capitalism in the age of Globalization 1997
19. Michael Hudson, Trade, Development and Foreign Debt Vol I 1992

6
COMPULSORY COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO AREA STUDIES
Course In-Charge: Prof Rashmi Doraiswamy

Introduction

Area Studies is the study of regions that may be national/geographical/cultural. It is

interdisciplinary in nature and draws on the social sciences and humanities, including
disciplines such as history, geography, history, political science, sociology, culture studies,
literature, diaspora and migration studies…. Language competency in one or more languages
of the area under study is also an important component. Area Studies as a discipline became
widely institutionalized in the West in the post Second World War Cold War period, a period
that also saw the struggles for freedom from colonisation and the independence of colonised
countries in Asia and Africa. The need to know the Soviet Union, China as well as the newly
independent countries of the developing world in terms of their politics and their historical,
economic, social and cultural contexts, necessitated the establishment of various Area Studies
centres. Much of the ‘pre-history’ of Area Studies is subsumed under ‘Oriental Studies’.
During the Cold War, Area Studies had a dual identity as an academic discipline, on the one
hand, and as a handmaiden of intelligence services, on the other. In the post Cold War period,
after the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and in the era of
globalization, Area Studies has been more more oriented towards issues of democrary and
development and transborder and transregional studies.

Unit I: History of Area Studies

• The history of the study of areas and regions prior to the Second World War
• The Cold War period.

Unit II: Debates within Area Studies

• The challenging of disciplinary boundaries
• The defining and redefining of ‘areas’.

Unit II: The Post-Cold War Period

• The shifts in Area Studies after the fall of the socialist bloc in Eastern Europe and
USSR
• The emergence of new areas of interest, such as Central Asia.

Unit IV: Globalisation and its Effects

• The rethinking of concepts of the ‘nation’, ‘state’, ‘region’ in a globalised world
• Transregional Area Studies.

READING LIST

Books
1. Amitav Acharya, Barry Buzan (eds.). Non-Western International Relations Theory:
Perspectives on and Beyond Asia, Routledge, NY, 2010

7
 2. A Vijapur, Rashmi Doraiswamy. Globalisation and the Third World, Manak, New
Delhi, 2009
3. Boris Rumer, Stanislav Zhukov. Central Asia: The Challenges of Independence,
Routledge, 1998
4. Charles King. The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus, OUP, USA, 2009
5. David L. Szanton. The Politics of Knowledge: Area Studies and the Disciplines,
University of California Press, 2004
6. Edward Said. Orientalism, Vintage, USA, 1979.
7. J Baylis, S Smith, P Owens. The Globalisation of World Politics, OUP, 2014
8. Miyoshi, Masao; Harootunian, Harry D. Learning Places: The Afterlives of Area
Studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2002.
9. M S Rajan (ed.). International and Area Studies in India, Lancers Books, New Delhi,
1997
10. Ronald J. Terchek. Theories of Democracy: A Reader, Rowman and Littlefield, 2000
11. Saadia M. Pekkanen, John Ravenhill, Rosemary Foot (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of
the International Relations of Asia, OUP, USA, 2014
12. Steven Rosefielde, Stefan Hedlund. Russia Since 1980, Cambridge University Press,
2009
13. Thomas Waal. The Caucasus: An Introduction, OUP, 2010
14. Tony Judt. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945, Penguin, USA, 2005

Articles
1. Bruce Cumings (1997). "Boundary Displacement: Area Studies and International
Studies during and after the Cold War," in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 29
2. Hans Kuijper (2008). “Area Studies versus Disciplines: Towards an Interdisciplinary,
Systemic Country Approach". The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social
Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 7.
3. Hans Morgenthau. Area Studies and the Study of International Relations
4. Ivan Karp. Does Theory Travel Area Studies and Culture Studies, Africa Today, 44/3,
1997
5. Paul Jay. Locating Disciplinary Change: The After Lives of Area and International
Studies in The Age of Globalisation, American Literary History, Vol 18, No 1, Spring
2006
6. Varun Sahni (2009). The Fallacies and Flaws of Area Studies in India in
International Studies, No 26, 1 & 2, Sage Publications, New Delhi
7. Wolf Schäfer (2010). ‘Reconfiguring Area Studies for the Global Age, Globality
Studies Journal, No. 22. 31 December 2010.

8
COMPULSORY COURSE
THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Course In-Charge: Prof. Ajay Darshan Behera

Introduction

This course is an introduction to International Relations theory. Theories provide

interpretative frameworks for understanding what is happening in the world. These
frameworks allow us to focus on factors essential in organising our thinking about
international relations. Each theory makes a series of assumptions to make sense of the
complexity of international politics. This course surveys both the mainstream and alternate
approaches to the discipline, examining how these theories conceptualise ‘the international’
as a field of study. The diverse traditions of theoretical perspectives have been categorised
under the positivist or the scientific approaches and the post-positivist and reflectivist
approaches. These major theoretical traditions link up with each other and structure the
discipline of International Relations. The course would also expose the students to
approaches that think about International Relations theory differently. The course aims to
enable students to assess the contributions and shortcomings of both mainstream and alternate
International Relations theories. It hopes to inculcate in students skills and provide them the
intellectual tools to develop the ability to examine international events and processes.

Unit I: Nature and Scope

• The Boundary Problem
• Evolution of the Discipline
• The Level of Analysis Problem
• Globalisation and International Relations Theory

Unit II: Positivist Theories

• Liberalism and Neo-Liberalism
• Realism and Neo-Realism
• Marxism and Neo-Marxism
• The English School

Unit III: Post-Positivist Theories

• Constructivism
• Critical Theory
• Post-Modernism
• Feminism

Unit IV: Thinking International Relations Theory Differently

• Post-Colonialism
• Subaltern Realism: IR Theory and the Third World
• Chinese Traditions in International Relations
• Indian Tradition and Kautilya’s Realpolitique

9
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Chris Brown, Understanding International Relations (New York: St. Martin Press,
1997)
2. Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan: 1991)
3. Jennifer Sterling-Folker, Making Sense of International Relations Theory (Boulder:
Lynne Reinner Publishers, 2006)
4. Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations (New Delhi: Kalyani, 1997)
5. John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds.), The Globalisation of World Politics: An
Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 and
later editions)
6. Karen Mingst, Essentials of International Relations (New York: W.W. Norton Co.,
2003)
7. Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen, Introduction to International Relations: Theories
and Approaches (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)
8. Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater (eds.), Theories of International Relations (New
York: St Martin Press, 1996 and later editions)
9. Stephanie Lawson, International Relations (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003)
10. Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki and Steve Smith (eds.), International Relations Theories:
Discipline and Diversity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007)

Suggested Readings
1. Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches & Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International
Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990)
2. David A. Baldwin (ed.), Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism: The Contemporary
Debate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993)
3. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis: 1919-1939 (London: Macmillan, 1981)
4. George Modelski, “Kautilya: Foreign Policy and International System in the Ancient
Hindu World,” The American Political Science Review, vol. 58, no. 2, September
1964, pp. 549-560
5. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995)
6. Herbert H. Gowen, “The Indian Machiavelli,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 44,
no. 2, 1929, pp. 173-192.
7. Ian Clark, Globalisation and International Relations Theory (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1999)
8. John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds.), The Globalisation of World Politics: An
Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 and
later editions)
9. Justin Rosenberg, The Empire of Civil Society: A Critique of the Realist Theory of
International Relations (London: Verso, 1994)
10. Ken Booth and Steve Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today
(Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995)
11. Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1959)
12. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (London: Addison-Wesley
Publishing, 1979)

10
13. Mohammed Ayoob, “Defining Security: A Subaltern Realist Perspective,” in Keith
Krause and Michael C. Williams (eds.), Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997) pp. 121-146.
14. Mohammed Ayoob, “Subaltern Realism: International Relations Theory Meets the Third
World,” in Stephanie Neuman (ed.), International Relations Theory and the Third World
(London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 31-54.
15. Peter J. Katzenstein, Robert O. Keohane and Stephen D. Krasner (eds.), Exploration
and Contestation in the Study of World Politics (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999)
16. Phil Williams, Donald M. Goldstein and Jay M. Shafritz (eds.), Classic Readings of
International Relations (Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1999)
17. R. B. J Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1995)
18. Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1986)
19. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (HarperCollins
Publishers, 1989)
20. Simon Bromley, Maureen Mackintosh, William Brown and Marc Wuyts (eds.), Making
the International: Economic Interdependence and Political Order (London: Pluto Press,
2004)
21. Steve Smith, Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski (eds.), International Theory:
Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
22. Tim Dunne, Michael Cox and Ken Booth (eds.), The Eighty Years Crisis:
International Relations 1919-1999 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)
23. V.R. Mehta, “Kautilya Arthashastra,” in V.R. Mehta, Foundations of Indian Political
Thought, (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1999), pp. 80-102.
24. William Brown, Simon Bromley and Suma Athreye (eds.), Ordering the International:
History, Change and Transformation (London: Pluto Press, 2004)

11
COMPULSORY COURSE
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS
Course In-Charge: Dr G.M. Shah

Introduction

Political Geography deals with the study of relationship between geographical factors and
political entities. Only where man’s organization of space and historical and cultural
influence upon geographical patterns are related to political organizations are we in the realm
of political geography. Geopolitics is one of the important sub-disciplines of political
geography which deals with the analysis of the geographic influences on power relationships
in international relations. Geopolitics is concerned with the spatial requirements of a state,
while political geography examines only its spatial conditions.

To determine how political organizations are influenced by and adjusted to physiographic

conditions and how the influence of politics on geography and landscape give rise to spatial
patterns of human organization is the aim of the political geography. The study of geopolitics
is very crucial to the understanding of the behaviour of political entities in general and the
great powers in particular in relation to the core and rising semi-periphery to dominate the
periphery.

The present course on Political Geography and Geopolitics has been designed to help the
post-graduation level students in developing a thorough understanding of the spatiality of
intra-national and national politics as well as international relations in the framework of
world systems approach to the political geography and geopolitics. The course has been
structured in to four broad units and each unit has been divided into three sub-units. The first
unit deals with the nature, scope and development of political geography as a distinct sub-
field of geography discipline. The second unit deals with the fundamental concepts and
theories of geopolitics which give it the recognition of a sub-discipline of political geography
sharing close relationship with international relations. The third unit deals with the geography
of imperialism, decolonization and post-colonial world to understand the contemporary world
from the prism of historical political economy processes that have shaped it since the
emergence of present world economy. The fourth unit deals with territory, state, nation and
locality in political geography to familiarize the students with spatial structure of political
entities at national and regional levels. The course can go a long way in enabling the students
to develop the understanding of political phenomenon through the interface of local
experience, national ideology and world reality. A detailed outline of the course is given as
under:

Unit I: Nature, Scope and Development of Political Geography

• Introduction to the Political Geography: Meaning, definition, subject matter, sub-
fields of political geography and its relationship with other social sciences.
• History and Development of Political Geography: Contribution of Aristotle, Strabo,
Ibn Khaldun, Jean Bodin, Charles Baron de Montesquieu, Karl Ritter and Friedrich
Ratzel to the field of political geography.
• Approaches to the Study of Political Geography: Organismic Approach, Chorological
Approach, Spatial-Behavioural Approach and World Systems Approach.

12
Unit II: Fundamental Concepts and Theories of Geopolitics
• Introduction to Geopolitics: Meaning, definition and types of geopolitics; influences
of social Darwinism and colonialism on the origin and development of classical
geopolitics.
• Theories of Geopolitics: Geopolitical ideas of Rudolph Jellen, Heartland Theory by
H.J. Mackinder; German Geopolitik of Karl Haushofer; Rimland Theory by Nicholas
J. Spykman; Sea Power Theory by Alfred Thayer Mahan; Air Power Supermacy by
Alexander Seversky; Unified Field Theory by Stephen B.Jones and Multi-Polar
World Model by Sual B. Cohen.
• Contemporary Geopolitical Discourses: Critical Geopolitics by John Agnew, Gearoid
Toal, Simon Dalby and Klaus Dodds; The Theory of Clash of Civilizations by Samuel
P. Huntington; The Grand Chessboard by Zbigniew Brzeziniski; End of History by
Francis Fukuyama; and War and Peace in the Twenty First Century by Thomas
Barnett.

Unit III: Geography of Imperialism, Decolonization and Post-Colonial World

• Formal and Informal Imperialism: Cycles of formal imperialism, geography of formal
imperialism, economics of formal imperialism; trade policy ,world economy and the
mechanism of unequal exchange under informal imperialism.
• Theories of Imperialism: Liberal theories of imperialism; Marxist theories of
imperialism; and World Systems interpretation of imperialism.
• Decolonization and Post-Colonial World: Decolonization in the periphery of Old
World; the bipolar World Order and the global implications of Cold War; the
formation of regional cooperation organizations; the geopolitical and socio-economic
impact of the disintegration of the communist bloc and the interventions of capitalist
core in the global periphery.

Unit IV: Territory, State, Nation and Locality in Political Geography

• Territory and Territoriality: Territorial structure of sovereign states with special
reference to core areas, capital cities, frontiers and boundaries; territorial behaviour,
functions and strategies of territoriality.
• Concepts and Theories of State, Nation and Nationalism: Hartshone’s Theory of
Territorial Integration; The Pluralistic Theory of State, Marxist Theories of State, the
State in the world economy; the doctrine of nationalism, nationalism in practice and
Nairn’s Theory of nationalism.
• Political Ecology of Localities: Ecological Theory- the hidden political dimension;
ecology as spatial structure; political socialization in place; the ideology and locality;
place and protest; the Political Location Theory; locational conflicts and the politics
of boundaries.

READING LIST
1. Agnew, J. (2003); Geopolitics: Re-visioning World Politics; 2nd edition, Routledge,
London.
2. Brzezinski, Zbigniew; (1997); The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its
Geo-strategic Imperatives, Basic Books.

13
3. Cohen, Saul B. (2003); Geopolitics of World System; Rowman and Littlefield;
Lanham.
4. Dikshit, R.D. (2000); Political Geography: The Spatiality of Politics; Tata Macgraw
Hill, New Delhi.
5. Dodds, K. and D. Atkinson (eds.); (2000); Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of
Geopolitical Thought; Routledge, London
6. Francis Fukuyama, (1995);“The End of History”, in Toal; Dalby and Routledge
(eds.); The Geopolitics Reader; pp. 114-124.
7. Glassner, Martin Ira and Chuck Fahrer (2004); Political Geography, John Wiley;
Danvers, Massachusetts.
8. Gray, Colins, S. and Sloan, Geoffrey (eds.); (1999); Geopolitics, Geography and
Strategy; Frank Cass, London.
9. Extracts from The Geopolitics Reader; H.J. Mackinder, “ The Geographical Pivot of
History”; Haushofer, “Why Geopolitik?”; Kennan, G., “The Sources of Soviet
Conduct, 78-81. “The Truman Doctrine”.
10. Jones, Michael, Rhys Jones and Michael Woods (2004); An Introduction to Political
Geography: Space, Place and Politics; Routledge, London.
11. Samuel, P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations”, in Toal ; Dalby; Routledge
(eds.)The Geopolitics Reader; pp. 159-169.
12. Spykman, N.J. The Geography of Place; Harcour Brace, New York.
13. Taylor, P.J. (1985); Political Geography: World Economy, Nation-State and Locality;
Longman, London, New York.
14. Thomas P.M. Barnett, (2004); The Pentagon’s New Map: War and Peace in the
Twenty-First Century; Penguin, London
15. Tuathail, Gearoid O and Dalby, Simon (eds.); (1998); Rethinking Geopolitics,
Routledge, London.

14
COMPULSORY COURSE
POLITICAL THOUGHT
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mujib Alam

Introduction

This course aims at providing students a broad-ranging but selected thematic introduction to
the political thoughts of some prominent political thinkers covering from ancient Greek times
to the contemporary period. Although political thoughts of a particular thinker are normally
reflection on their own time and space, these thoughts have shaped our understanding of
politics and society. The course reflects on the political thoughts of well-known philosophers
and intellectuals which include Plato, Aristotle, Ibn Khaldun, Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes,
John Locke, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, Edmund Burke, Jeremy
Bentham, G.W.F. Hegel, Alexis de Tocqueville, J.S. Mill, Karl Marx, Martin Luther King,
Friedrich Nietzsche, Mahatma Gandhi, Isaiah Berlin, John Rawls, Michael Foucault, and
Jurgen Habermas. The core issues that the course intends to probe include: the role of human
nature in determining social arrangements; the political significance of gender differences;
the justification for the powers of the state; liberty, rights and justice; the tension between
liberty and equality; debates on democracy and various political ideologies. Through this
course, students—with or without prior background of political science—will be imparted
both basics as well as advanced knowledge of the selected topics on politics while
introducing political thoughts of a number of prominent political thinkers.

Unit I: Introduction, Human Nature, the Justification of the State

• Introduction—Defining and understanding politics and the ‘political’; Political
thought, political philosophy, political ideology, and political theory
• Human Nature—The natural state of humankind (Aristotle, Ibn Khaldun, Thomas
Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Karl Marx & Friedrich
Engels); Man’s Nature and Women’s Nature (Plato, Aristotle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau
and J.S. Mill)
• The Justification of the State—What is the State? (John Locke, Max Webber); The
Social Contract (Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel
Kant); Against the Social Contract (Jeremy Bentham, G.W.F. Hegel); The Anarchist
Response (Michael Bakunin); Civil Disobedience (Plato, Martin Luther King, John
Rawls, Mahatma Gandhi)

Unit II: Liberty, Rights and Justice

• Liberty and Rights—What is Liberty? (Isaiah Berlin); Law and Morality (J.S. Mill);
Toleration and Free Expression (John Locke); Virtue and Citizenship (Aristotle,
Machiavelli); Rights (Jeremy Bentham, Karl Marx); Punishment (J.S. Mill, Robert
Nozick)
• Economic Justice—Private Property (John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Hegel,
Karl Marx); The Market (Adam Smith, Karl Marx); Theories of Distributive Justice
(Aristotle, David Hume, Karl Marx, John Rawls)
• Justice between Groups—Peace and War (Immanuel Kant, Michael Walzer);
Nationalism (Isaiah Berlin); Minority Rights (Thomas Hill)

15
Unit III: Democracy and its Difficulties
• Against Democracy (Plato, Frederick the Great); Democratic Ideals (Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, J.S. Mill, John Rawls)
• True and False Democracy (Lenin); Dangers in Democracy (Aristotle, Alexis de
Tocqueville)
• Democracy and Bureaucracy (Max Webber, Vilfredo Pareto); Separation of Powers
(John Locke, Montesquieu)

Unit IV: Alternatives to Liberalism

• Liberal Theory under strain (Jurgen Habermas); Conservatism (Edmund Burke, T.S.
Eliot)
• Communitarianism (Charles Taylor); Socialism (Karl Marx)
• Post-Modernism (Friedrich Nietzsche, Michael Foucault)

READING LIST
Essential Readings

1. Arora, N.D. and S.S. Awasthy, Political Theory and Political Thought, New Delhi:
Har-Anand Publ., 2007.
2. Boucher, D. and Paul Kelly (eds), Political Thinkers: From Socrates to the Present,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.
3. Cohen, Mitchell and Nicole Fermon, Princeton Readings in Political Thought:
Essential Texts since Plato, Princeton University Press, 1996.
4. Mukherjee, Subrata and Sushila Ramaswamy, A History of Political Thoughts: Plato
to Marx, PHI Learning Publications, New Delhi, 2011, 2nd edition.
5. Mukhopadhyay, Amal Kumar, Western Political Thought: From Plato to Marx,
Calcutta, K.P. Bagchi & Co., 1988, 2nd edition.
6. Nelson, Brian R., Western Political Thought: From Socrates to the Age of Ideology,
Waveland Press, 2015, 2nd edition.
7. Rosen, Michael, Jonathan Wolff and Catriona McKinnon (eds.) Political Thought,
Oxford University Press, 1999.
8. Ryan, Alan, On Politics: A History of Political Thoughts from Herodotus to the
Present, Allen Lane / Penguin, UK, 2012.
9. Wolff, Jonathan (ed), An Introduction to Political Philosophy, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2006.
10. Wootton, David (ed), Modern Political Thought: Readings from Machiavelli to
Nietzsche, Hackett Pub Co., Indianapolis and Cambridge, 1996.

Additional Readings
1. Baker, Hunter, Political Thought: A Student's Guide, Crossway, 2012.
2. Ball, Terence and Richard Bellamy (eds), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-
Century Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
3. Deutsch, Kenneth and Joe Fornieri, An Invitation to Political Thought, Cengage
Learning, 2008.
4. Miller, David (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Wiley, 1991.
5. Spellman, W.M., A Short History of Western Political Thought, Palgrave Macmillan,
2011.

16
6. Rosenthal, Frank (trans.), Ibn Khaldun’s The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to
History, Princeton University Press, 2015, abridged edition.
7. Brown, Judith, Mahatma Gandhi and Civil Disobedience: The Mahatma in Indian
Politics 1928-34, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977.

17
COMPULSORY COURSE
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mujib Alam and Dr. Bijay Ketan Pratihari

Introduction

This course introduces International Organization and International Law—two closely

interlinked, yet distinctive fields of study—which constitute major components of
International Studies. It aims at providing students an in-depth knowledge of international
organisations (IOs) and international laws which are essential for understanding international
relations. The focus of the first two sections is to familiarise students with the structure,
function and processes mainly of international governmental organizations which are more
formal and play major roles in efforts for international cooperation and global governance.
Despite these, the role and effectiveness of IOs vary extensively – across organizations,
issues, regions, and over time. A central aim of the course is to comprehend these differences
and their implications for the solution of transnational challenges. The first part of the course
dwells upon international governmental organizations – having worldwide membership (the
UN system) and some organizations which have membership at regional levels (regional
organizations/ROs) – as well as a few international non-governmental organizations
(INGOs). The last two sections provide in-depth introduction to origin, development, sources
and nature of International Law. They also intend to familiarise students with different
theoretical approaches to International Law and several core concepts essential for
comprehensive understanding of International Law and global governance.

Unit I: Introduction to IOs and Understanding the UN System

• International Organisations (IOs): definitions/meaning, types, characteristics and brief
sketch of their evolution; League of Nations: achievements and failures; Collective
security
• IOs and IR theory: Realist, liberal/institutionalist and constructivist theoretical
approaches
• Introduction to the United Nations (UN) system; Issues of global governance and, role
and significance of the principal UN organs with regard to peace & security; human
rights; development
• Role and significance of major UN programmes, specialised UN agencies and other
world bodies: UNICEF; UNEP; UNHCR; UNESCO; WHO; IAEA

Unit II: International/Regional Cooperation and Global Governance

• Global political economy and global governance: Role and importance of World Bank
(IBRD); IMF; GATT/WTO
• Regional Organisations and regional cooperation: SAARC; ASEAN; GCC; African
Union
• Global Civil Society and INGOs: Red Cross; Human Rights Watch; Green Peace
• UN reform: structural and ideational aspects; India and the UN

Unit III: The Nature and Development of International Law

• Origin, and evolution of International Law
• Sources of International Law
• International Law and Municipal Law

18
 • Theoretical approaches to International Law

Unit IV: Concepts in International Law

• State
• Recognition
• Sovereignty
• International Law for Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Archer, Clive, International Organizations: Key Concepts in International Politics,
vol.1, Routledge, 2015, 4th edition.
2. Armstrong, David (ed.), Routledge Handbook of International Law, Routledge, New
York, 2009
3. Aust, Anthony. Handbook of International Law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
4. Barkin, J.S., International Organizations: Theories and Institutions, New York, 2006.
5. Bennett, A. LeRoy and James K. Oliver. International Organizations: Principles and
Issues, New Jeresy, Prentice Hall, 2002, 7th edition.
6. Brownlie, Ian. Principles of Public International Law. New York: Oxford University
Press, 5th ed., 1998.
7. Chimni, B.S. International Law and World Order: A Critique of Contemporary
Approaches. New Delhi: Sage, 1993.
8. Daws, Sam and Natalie Samarasinghe (eds), The United Nations, 8 volume set, Sage
Publications, London, 2015.
9. Janis, Mark W. An Introduction to International Law. New York: Aspen, 3rd ed.,
1999.
10. Karns, Margaret P. and Karen A. Mingst, International Organizations: The Politics
and Processes of Global Governance, Lynner Rienner Publishers, 2010.

Suggested Readings
1. Armstrong, David, Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond, International Organisation in
World Politics, Basingstoke, UK, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, 3rd edition.
2. Bartelson, Jens. A Genealogy of Sovereignty. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press, 1995.
3. Biermann, Frank, International Organizations in Global Environmental Governance,
Taylor & Francis, 2009.
4. Boczek, Boleslaw Adam. International Law: A Dictionary. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow
Press, 2005
5. Bothe, Michael, Peter Macalister-Smith and Thomas Kurzidem, eds. National
Implementation of International Humanitarian Law. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff,
1990.
6. Brownlie, Ian, ed. Basic Documents in International Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press, 5th ed., 2002.
7. Buchanan, Allen. Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations
for International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

19
8. Byers, Michael, ed. The Role of Law in International Politics: Essays in International
Relations and International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
9. Crawford, James R. The Creation of States in International Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press, 2nd ed., 2006.
10. DʹAmato, Anthony A. International Law Sources. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2004.
11. Damrosch, Lori Fisler and David J. Scheffer, eds. Law and Force in the New
International Order. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991.
12. Diehl, Paul F. (ed.), Politics of Global Governance: International Organisations in
an Independent World, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005, 3rd edition.
13. Fox, James R. Dictionary of International and Comparative Law. Dobbs Ferry, NY:
Oceana Publ., 3rd ed., 2003.
14. Gayim, Eyassu. The Principle of Self-Determination. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of
Human Rights, 1990.
15. Goldsmith, Jack L. and Eric A. Posner. The Limits of International Law. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2005.
16. Gray, Christine. International Law and the Use of Force. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2004.
17. Greenwood, Christopher. Humanitarian Intervention: Law and Policy. Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press, 2001.
18. Higgins, Rosalyn. Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
19. Hoffman, Stanley. The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention. Notre
Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996.
20. Iriye, Akira, Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the
Making of the Contemporary World, University of California Press, 2002.
21. Jordan, Robert S. and Werner J. Feld, International Organizations: A Comparative
Approach to the Management of Cooperation, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.
22. Kelsen, Hans. Principles of International Law. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 2nd ed., 1966.
23. Krasner, Stephen D., ed. Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political
Possibilities. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
24. MacKenzie, David Clark, A World Beyond Borders: An Introduction to the History of
International Organisations, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2010.
25. Pease, Kelly-Kate S., International Organizations: Perspectives on Governance in the
Twenty-first Century, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008.
26. Reinaida, Bob, Routledge History of International Organisation: From 1815 to the
Present, London & New York: Routledge, 2009.
27. Reus-Smit. Christian, ed. The Politics of International Law. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, 2004.
28. Taylor, Paul, International Organization in the Age of Globalization, Continuum
International Publishing Group, 2005.
29. Tesón, Fernando R. A Philosophy of International Law. Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, 1998.
30. Ziring, Lawrence, Robert E. Riggs and Jack C. Plano, The United Nations,
International Organization and World Politics, Thomson, Wadsworth, 2005, 4th
edition.

20
COMPULSORY COURSE
CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Bijay Ketan Pratihari

Introduction

The course intends to provide a background and introduction to the contemporary

international order through a study of its origin and evolution. The course would also discuss
of significant milestones of its development. It would also include new and alternative
narratives of factors influencing the international politics.

Unit I: Post- Second World War Period

• Colonialism in Africa
• Colonial Policies
• Rise of Nationalism in African countries and Decolonisation process
• Independence and its Problems

Unit II: Cold War Period (1945-1991)

• Non-aligned Movement
• Cold War, New Cold War
• End of Cold War
• World after Post-Cold War Period

Unit III: Post Cold War Period

• New International Economic Order (NIEO)
• International Financial Institutions Like IMF & World Bank
• Third World in IR
• Formation of WTO and its consequences

Unit IV: Contemporary Trends

• Globalisation and IR
• Global Terrorism
• Environment and IR
• Humanitarian Intervention

READING LIST
1. Anthony Vinci, Armed Groups and The Balance of Power: The International
Relations of Terrorists, Warlords and Insurgents (London: Routledge, 2009)
2. B.C. Smith, Understanding Third World Politics (New York, Macmillan Press, 1996)
3. Barry Buzan, Peoples, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies
in Post War Era (Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1991)
4. C.A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780-1914: Global Connections and
Comparisons (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004)
5. David Campbell, Politics Without Sovereignty, Ethics and Narratives of the Gulf War
(Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1993)

21
6. David Williams, International Development and Global Politics : History, Theory
and Practice ( New York: Routledge, 2012)
7. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis(London: Macmillan, 1970)
8. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983)
9. G.H. Jansen, Afro-Asia and Non-Alignment (London: Faber & Faber, 1966)
10. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London:
Macmillan, 1977)
11. Jagdish Bhagwati (eds.), Economics and World Order (New York: Macmillan 1972)
12. John Bayllis and Steve Smith (eds.) The Globalisation of World Politics (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1999)
13. Kalus Knorr and Sidney Verb (eds.) The International System, (Princeton, Princeton
University, 1969)
14. M.S. Rajan, Post War Transformation of the Commonwealth (Bombay: 1963)
15. Marcus F. Franda, Launching into Cyberspace : Internet Development and Politics in
Five World Regions (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002)
16. Raymond Aron, Peace and War: A Theory of International Studies (London:
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966 )
17. Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1981)
18. Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nations: The Raise of Self Assertion of Asian and
African Peoples (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960)
19. Susan Calvert and Peter Calvert, Politics and Society in the Third World: An
Introduction (London: Prentice Hall, 1996)

22
COMPULSORY COURSE
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Angira Sen Sarma

Introduction

The course introduces students to various concepts critical to the study of comparative
politics. It discusses various theoretical approaches necessary for comparative analyses of the
dynamics of political developments in different political systems. It also highlights the
evolution of comparative politics as an academic discipline and the utility of comparative
politics.

Unit I: Introduction to Comparative Politics

• Theoretical Approaches to Comparative Politics
• Evolution and Development of Comparative Politics
• Methods for Comparison
• Strategies of Comparison

Unit II: Institution of State and Process of State Formation

• Theories of State and Origin of State
• Challenges of State Building
• Nationalism and Nation Building
• Political Violence and Process of State Formation

Unit III: Types of Regimes

• Parliamentary and Presidential Systems
• Federal and Unitary System
• Political Regimes: Democracy, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism and Socialist State
• Imperialism, Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism

Unit IV: Ideology and Political Processes

• Linkages between Ideology and Politics
• Parties and Party System
• Civil-Military Relations
• Interest Groups and Political Articulation

READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Arend Lijphart, “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method”, The American
Political Science Review, September 1971 (Vol. 65, No. 3), pp. 682-693.
2. G. Bingham Powell, Russell J. Dalton and Kaare Strom, Comparative Politics Today:
A World View, 11th Edition, Pearson Education, 2014.
3. Gabriel A. Almond, “Comparative Political Systems”, The Journal of Politics, August
1956 (Vol 18, No.3), pp. 391-409.

23
 4. Gabriel.A. Almond and J.S. Coleman (eds), The Politics of the Developing Areas,
Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ, 1960.
5. James A. Bill and Robert L. Hardgrave Jr, Comparative Politics: The Quest for
Theory, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co.: Columbus, 1973.
6. Patrick O’Neil, Essentials of Comparative Politics, Norton: New York, 2012.
7. Stephen Krasner, “Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical
Dynamics,” Comparative Politics January 1984 (Vol. 16, No. 2), pp. 223-46.
8. Sydney Verba, “Some Dilemma in Comparative Research”, World Politics, October
1967 (Vol. 20, No.1), pp. 111-127.
9. Tuong Vu, “Studying the State through State Formation”, World Politics, January
2010 (Vol. 62, No.1), pp 148 – 175.
10. Vivien Schmidt, “Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and
Discourse,” Annual Review of Political Science, June 2008 (Vol. 11), pp. 303-326.

Suggested Readings
1. A. Bebler and J. Seroka (eds.), Contemporary Political Systems: Classifications and
Typologies, Lynne Reinner Publishers: Boulder Colerado, 1990.
2. Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?"
Annual Review of Political Science, 1999 (Vol. 2), pp. 115–44.
3. D. A. Rustow, “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model,” Comparative
Politics, April 1970 (Vol. 2, No. 3), pp. 337-363.
4. George Tsebelis, (1995). “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in
Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism.” British
Journal of Political Science, July 1995 (Vol. 25, No.3), pp. 289-325.
5. Giovanni Sartori, “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics,” American
Political Science Review, December 1970 (Vol. 64), pp. 1033-1053.
6. J.P Nettl, “The State as a Conceptual Variable.” World Politics, July 1968 (Vol.20,
No.4), pp. 559-592.
7. Jack Synder, “Civil-Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984”,
International Security, Summer 1984 (Vol.9, No.1), pp.108-146.
8. John Huber, "The Vote of Confidence in Parliamentary Democracies," American
Political Science Review, June 1996 (Vol. 90, No. 2), pp. 269-282.
9. John M. Carey, John M. 2007. “Competing Principals, Political Institutions, and Party
Unity in Legislative Voting”, American Journal of Political Science, 2007 (Vol.51,
No. 1), pp. 92-107.
10. Michael Coppedge, “Thickening Thin Concepts and Theories: Combining Large N
and Small in Comparative Politics,” Comparative Politics, July 1999 (Vol. 31, No. 4),
pp. 465-476.
11. Patrick O’Neil, Karl Fields, and Don Share, Cases in Comparative Politics, Norton,
New York, 2012.
12. Peter C. Ordeshook and Olga V Shvetsova, "Ethnic Heterogeneity, District
Magnitude, and the Number of Parties" American Journal of Political Science,
February 1994 (Vol. 38, No. 1), pp. 100-123.
13. R. H. Chilcote, Comparative Politics: An Introduction to Theories, Concepts and
Ideas, Westview Press Inc: Boulder, 1998.
14. Shawn Treier and Simon Jackman, "Democracy as a Latent Variable”, American
Journal of Political Science, 2008 (Vol. 52, No. 1), pp. 201–217.
15. Valerie Bunce, “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Post-
communist Experience, World Politics, January 2003 (Vol.55, No.2), pp. 167-192.

24
OPTIONAL COURSE
CHINA AND WORLD AFFAIRS
Course In-Charge: Prof. Shri Prakash

Introduction

The course will focus on the impact the People’s Republic of China’s external relations and
internal development had on global affairs or what is the same international relations, Once
China became an independent state in 1949 and called itself the People’s Republic of China.
Until then in the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century China had been
important in international relations more as an object for occupation by foreign imperial
powers since the Opium Wars of the 1840s. China earned the epithet of being a semi-federal
and semi-imperial colony of Britain, Germany, Russia and then Japan known for its exports
of tea and cheap labor to work in the textile Industries started by foreign capitalists in
Shanghai and Canton. During this period of foreign rule nominal political power vested with
the Ching dynasty, but the countryside was parceled out among Chinese warlords who
prospered by extortion and enslavement of the peasantry.

The semicolonial period and its devastating consequences enabled the Chinese Communist
Party founded in 1921 to mobilize the peasantry, form the Red Army and when towards the
end of the Second World War with the imperial powers in retreat or over stretched establish
control over China with popular and military support. In the first phase after 1949 China
turned towards the Soviet Union and the Comecon hoping that the establishment of a
powerful Communist bloc would benefit China and give it an immediate entry into
influencing world issues. To an extent this turned out to be true as China could get its
Permanent Seat in the UN Security Council and promote Panchsheel as the foundation of its
foreign policy towards all newly independent countries. However, the underdevelopment of
the Soviet Union dominated Comecon countries could not provide China with the consumer
goods and services needed for modernizing and developing the Chinese economy. China tried
many domestic strategies the Great Leap Forward (1956-1960) and the Great Proletarian
Revolution (1966) to enthuse the Chinese people to build a modern technical economy on
their own. However this effort failed. Nor could China solve the issue of reunification of
Taiwan with the Mainland. The protection provided to Taiwan by USA Japan and their allies
was too powerful for China to overcome.

After Mao Tse Tung passed away, the Communist Party of China adopted the Programme of
Four Modernizations in 1978. One of the major thrust areas was the establishment of special
economic zones on the Coast with liberal incentives for attracting Foreign Direct Investments
a lot of the production being exported. Domestically also the Rural Communces founded on
collectivized land, were leased back to the peasants with a system of dual pricing. Although
the CPC formally called this as building “socialism with Chinese characteristics” this was
nothing but the introduction of the market in phases. The striking change in Chinese policy
was the replacement of the principle of “politics in command” whereby the peasants were to
be mobilized in underdeveloped neo-colonial countries to carry out China style revolutions to
“economics in command” making development and trade as being independent of the
political system of any country. For this purpose China was prepared to be a member of any
multilateral and regional organizations like IMF World Bank, WTO, ADB and starting some
of its own eg SCO and BRICS. It undertook to settle most of its boundary disputes and
succeeded with the exception of India and the South China Sea. China’s influence expanded
with its overseas economic activities and its growing military might. By the start of the

25
twenty first century China had found new friends like Russia, the Central Asian States,
ASEAN Countries and some in Africa. Its economic relations straddled the globe with Japan,
USA, Canada, the European Union Australia, Taiwan India and some African and Latin
American countries as its major partners. The Chinese role in world affairs after 1978 added
to the increasing economic interdependence among the nations especially those which were
trading nations and emphasized economic rights as the core Human Rights. China generated
an international debate by forcefully including Tibet which forced the Dalai Lama to become
a refugee in India. China was also faced with Uighur’s revolt in Xinxiang. There are theorists
who see in China is rise as a Military Power an attempt to revive the middle kingdom
syndrome. Some Chinese experts believe that there goal should be to equal USA. Hence
China’s building of nuclear deterrent and a blue water navy. However, China still a middle
income economy dependant on imported capital and technologies to sustain growth and needs
Russia as key Military supplier to further promotes its military strength. While China can
defend itself, it can hardly challenge USA and its allies for example Taiwan which continues
to be independent with US Support.

Unit I: China’s foreign policy 1949-1964 with some historical background

• China’s status as a colony after the Opium Worlds;
• China’s out reach to Soviet Union an Comecon;
• China’s solidarity with the Third World.

Unit II: The Breakup with the Soviet Union and its global impact: Preparing to turn
Westward: 1964-1977
• China’s breakup with the Soviet Union;
• Turn towards USA and Japan in 1970’s;
• Broadening of a diplomatic relations and entry into many international organization
e.g. World Bank, IMF, ADB.

Unit III: The Four Modernisations and changes in China’s external relations 1978-2000
• Economic Diplomacy and relations expand World Wide;
• Opening up to in Foreign Direct Investments;
• Creation of Special Economic Zones;
• Settlement of border disputes; the start of the silk road project.

Unit IV: China’s expanding role in the global economy: gains and challenges
• Creation of SCO;
• Improvement in relation with Russia;
• Expanding of Economic Relation with Asian Country and in Africa;
• Building of special relation with Pakistan to maintain Balance of Power in South
Asia.

26
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Immanuel CY Hsu, The Rise of Modern China (initalics), Oxford University Press,
Hong Kong,, 1983.
2. Alan Lawrence, China’s Foreign Relations since 1949, Routledge and Keyan Paul
Ltd, London, 1975.
3. Gargi Dutt and V.P. Dutt, China after Mao, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi
1991.
4. Ruchir Sharma, The Breakout Nations, Allen Lane, The Penguin Group, London,
2012.
5. Randall Peerenboom, China Modernizes threat to the west or model for the rest.
6. K Santhanam and Srikanth Kondapallieds, Asian Security and China, 2000-2010.
Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, Shipra Publicatioins, New
Delhi 2010.
7. Book Chapters Shri Prakash, “India-China Relations” Past to Present” in MK
Rasgotra and VD Chopra eds, “India’s Relations with Russia and China A New
Phase,” Gyan Publishing House New Delhi 1996. Research Papers Journals:
8. Shri Prakash, The Political Economy of China’s Relationship with the ASEAN
Countries: Conflict Management in a Multipolar World. “Strategic Analysis Vol. XX
No. 1 April 1997.
9. Shri Prakash, “Japanese Aid and Trade with China and India (in the 1980s and the
1990s),” Strategic Analysis, December 1995, Vol XVIII No. 9, IDSA.
10. Shri Prakash “Economic Dimensions of Sino-Indian Relations” China Report, Vol 30,
No. 2, 1994 SAGE Publications, New Delhi.
11. Shri Prakash, “Sino-Pakistani Relations Comparing Changes Over Three Decades”,
Peace Initiatives, Vol V Nos III-VI, New Delhi May-December 1994.

Suggested Readings
1. Michel Schuman, The Miracle, The Epic Story of Asia’s quest for wealth, Harper
Collins Publisher, New York, 2009.
2. Kuang-Sheng Liao, Politics of Economic Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region. The
Chinese University of Hong Kong 1993.
3. Sudhir T. Devare, Swaran Singh, Reena Marwah, eds. Emerging China Prospects for
Partnership in Asia.
4. Lim Hua Sing, Japan’s Role in Asia, Mutual Development or Ruthless Competition,
Eastern Universities Press, Times Media Private Limited, Singapore 2003.
5. Tanchung, Zhang Mingiu, Ravni Thakureds, Across the Himalayas. A Chinese quest
for understanding India, Konarak Publishers, New Delhi 2013.
6. Alexander Colony “Thinking Rationally about Hierarchy and global governance”
Review of International Political Economy, 2003.
7. Sunanda Sen, Global Finance at Risk: On Instability and Stagnation in World
Economy Macmillan- Palgrave, London, September 2003; Paperback OUP 2004
8. Sunanda Sen, Development on Trial: Shrinking Space for the Periphery (co-edited)
Orient Black Swan 2013 (2014)
9. Sunanda Sen, Dominant Finance and Stagnant Economies OUP 2014

27
OPTIONAL COURSE
CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION
Course In-Charge: Prof. Shri Prakash

Introduction

Globalisation is a contemporary phenomenon with historical roots. From the time of the
European imperial regimes there has been growing interdependence between the metropolitan
states and the ex-colonial nations. The interdependence between nations has various facts
economic, trade financial ecosystems political, cultural, tourism and communication
migration, sports and entertainment, religious and spiritual, strategic and military. In this
context borders constructed by human beings are effective only upto a point. The present
course proposes to introduce the various theories of globalisatioin and explain its evolution
and growth with special reference to the Post Second World War and the Post Cold War
periods upto the contemporary times. It would analyze the reasons why the growth of a
money based market economy transfers the impact of its own developments to other
countries. It would demonstrate that the role of single governments in being able to control
the growth of globalization is limited by many factors. The nation states have to adopt a
selective strategy of “opening up” to external investments by multinational companies and
Foreign Institutional Investors. At the same time they have to provide protection to
indigenous companies and the poor and lay down strict guidelines for keeping the
environment free from pollution whether this arises from fuel emissions, the burning of coal
or wood or the indiscriminate use of chemicals in the manufacture of various products. An
approach of mutual cooperation in building regional barriers against the negative pressures of
globalization checks by multilateral institutions would optimize gains from globalisation.
When the strategy of adding to our economic products whether derived from bio diversity,
health care systems or cheaper but well designed manufacturers eg textiles and jewellery this
has added another new dimension to globalization.

Unit I: The evolution of the theory of globalization

• From colonial globalization to aid and trade with peripheral countries;
• Theories proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein, Andre gunder and others;
• Globalisation as the spread of capitalism-theories proposed by Frieden and Bill
Warren.

Unit II: Globalization and Politics in the Developing Countries

• The fall of the Soviet Union followed by a wave of Democratization in the developing
countries;
• Development of resistance against western intervention and strategy of regime change
often in the form of irreational Terrorism;
• Rise of peoples expectations for a decent living.

Unit III: Globalisation and Culture

• Growth of multiculturalism through impact of media, travel and migration;
• Synthesis of a new kind and the creation of multi-ethnic societies with global
linkages.

28
Unit IV: Globalization and Economic Development in Developing Countries
• Greater movement of capital, technology, information;
• Growth of trade and manufacture;
• Skills and education as well as social and economics inequalities, diversification of
ownership.

READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Andrew Jones, Globalisation: Key Thinkers, Polity Press USA 2010.
2. Joseph Stiglitz, Making Globalisation Work Penguin England 2006.
3. Andre Gunder Frank, Re Orient Global Economy in the Asian Age Vistaar
Publications, New Delhi , 1998.
4. John Naisbitt Global Paradox, Avon Books, NY 1994.
5. Basingstoke, International Political Economy and Post Structural Politics, Palgrave
Macvillan 2006.
6. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading, U.K., 2009.
7. Rhilliams, Culture and Materialism, , London, Verso, 2005.
8. J. Tomlinson, The Globalization of Culture, Cambridge, Polity.
9. Management Systems and Workers Participation in globalised economy, Oxford
Publishing House, Kolkata, 2007.
10. Ian Goldin, Kenneth Reinert, Globalisation for Development Palgrave MacMillan and
IBRD Washington, 2006.

Suggested Readings
1. Rolph Gamory and William J Baumol MIT, USA 2000 Gloabal Trade and Conflicting
National Interests, The New International Economy Ed by Harry Makler, Alberto
Martinelli and Neil Smelser SAGE Publications 1982.
2. Development Theory in Transition by Maginns Blomstorm & Bjorn Zed
Book=London 1984.
3. Collins The Miracle –The Epic Story of Asia’s Quest for Wealth –Michel Schuman
Harper NY 2009.
4. Arthur Swan The Crash of 2008, Shree Book Centre, Mumbai, 2009.
5. M. Rogers Diffusion of Innovations Everett, Free Press, NY, 1995.
6. IP Khosla, The Politics and Economics of Regionalism, Konarak Publishers, New
Delhi, 2014.
7. CP Bhambhri, Nation State and Democracy Shipra Globalisation India, ND 2005.
8. Globalisation and Third World Trade Unions, Madhyan Publisher New Delhi, 1995
9. Roy R Anderson, Robert F Seibert, Jon G Wagner, eds Politics and Change in the
Middle East, Sources of Conflict and Accommodation Prentice Hall New Jersey 1990.

29
OPTIONAL COURSE
CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
Course In-Charge: Prof. Rashmi Doraiswamy

Introduction

The aim of this course is to understand the relationship between culture and international
studies. The many definitions of culture will be discussed, as also the ‘cultural turn’ within
International Studies. ‘Culture’ will be discussed in the historical contexts of the premodern,
modern and postmodern ages. The Marxist concept of ‘hegemony’, propounded by Gramsci,
and the liberal concept of ‘soft power’, proposed by Joseph Nye, will be analysed in the
context of the Cold War and post Cold War periods. Social identities and their ‘production’
will also be focused upon, in relation to cultural formations. Theories of Orientalism and
Postcoloniality will also be touched upon. The construction of space, region, nation, the
global, the international, the diasporic, the exilic through culture will be analysed. Culture
and its hierarchies, as well as subalternity will also be discussed.

Unit I: Definitions of Culture

• Disciplines and their definitions of culture
• Premodern, modern and postmodern culture

Unit II: Culture in relation to International Studies

• The market and the state and their relation to culture
• Culture under capitalism and socialism
• Orientalism
• Postcoloniality
• Other theories (Huntington, Fukuyama)

Unit III: Hegemony and Soft Power

• Gramsci
• Nye

Unit IV: Space, Culture and International Studies

• Identity formations
• Space, culture and constructions of Inside/Outside
• Hierarchies of culture

READING LIST

Books
1. B Ashcroft, G Griffiths, H Tiffin. The Postcolonial Studies Reader, Routledge, New
York, 1995
2. B S Chimni, Siddharth Mallavarapu (eds.). International Relations: Perspectives for
the Global South, Pearson, New Delhi, 2012
3. David Forgacs (ed.). The Gramsci Reader, New York University Press, NY, 2000
4. Edward Said. Orientalism, Penguin, India, 2001

30
 5. Francis Fukuyama. The End of History and the Last Man, Free Press, NY, 1992
6. John Tomlinson. Globalisation and Culture, Polity Press and Blackwell Publishers,
UK, 1999
7. J Macgregor Wise. Cultural Globalisation, Blackwell Publishing, Australia, 2008
8. J Paul Barker. The Clash of Civilisations. Twenty Years On, http://www.e-ir.info/wp-
content/uploads/Clash-of-Civilizations-E-IR.pdf
9. Joseph Nye.Soft Power, Public Affairs, USA, 2005
10. Kanti Bajpai, Siddharth Mallavarapu. International Relations in India: Theorising the
Region and Nation, Volume 2, Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2005
11. Michael Mazarr. Culture in International Relations, Washington Quarterly, Vol 19,
Issue 2, 1996
12. Perry Anderson. The Origins of Postmodernity, Verso, UK, 1998
13. Raymond Williams. Culture and Society 1780-1950, Columbia University Press, 1983
14. Raymond Williams. Keywords, Oxford University Press, USA, 1985
15. Samuel Huntington. The Clash of Civilisations and the Remmaking of World Order,
http://stetson.edu/artsci/political-science/media/clash.pdf
16. Simon During. The Cultural Studies Reader, Routledge, 2007
17. T Oakes, P Price. The Cultural Geography Reader, Routledge, USA, 2008

Articles
1. Bhupinder Brar. ‘Theorising Transitions: Post-Coloniality, Post-Socialism and the
Coming Age of Globalisation’ in Interpreting Globalisation: Perspectives in
International Relations,
2. RajenHarshe. Culture, Identity and International Relations, EPW, Vol 41, No 37,
Sept 16-22, 2006

31
OPTIONAL COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES
Course In-Charge: Prof. Rashmi Doraiswamy

Introduction

Central Asia has been the hub of civilisations for centuries. As part of the Silk Road, it has
been at the crossroads of trade, of the spread of religions, ideas, art, craft and culture. It has
been a region of nomadic and sedentary lifestyles, that has seen the spread of Arabic, Turkic
and Persian influences and been part of several empires. Colonised by the Russians in the
XIX century, it was also part of the Soviet Union. Five independent countries emerged after
the collapse of the Soviet Union. The transition to market economy, desovietisation and the
carving out of new political and ideological identities were part of the building of a new,
independent statehood. Rich in energy resources, and strategically located in proximity to
Afghanistan and West Asia, the Central Asian countries have become important players in
world politics. The objective of this course would be to introduce students to this culturally
rich and politically complex region, which is part of India’s larger neighbourhood.

Unit I: History of the Central Asian Region till the XIX Century
• The premodern empires, the Silk Road
• The golden age of science, philosophy and culture (VIII to the XIII centuries).

Unit II: XIX Century

• Colonisation of the Central Asian region by Tsarist Russia
• Reform movements such as Jadidism
• The Great Game

Unit III: The Soviet Period

• National delimitation and the creation of the Central Asian Republics
• Political, economic, social and cultural developments in Central Asia through the XX
century

Unit IV: The Post-Soviet Period

• Independence and transition
• The framing of the region through Mackinder’s ‘Heartland Theory’ ‘The New Silk
Road’ and ‘The New Great Game’
• The importance of this region in world politics.

READING LIST
1. Ajay Patnaik and Tulsiram (eds.). Post-Soviet States: Two Decades of Transition and
2. Transformation, Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi, 2012
3. Ajay Patnaik. Nations, Minorities and States in Central Asia, Anamika, New Delhi,
2003
4. Adeeb Khalid. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia,
University of California Press, 1998

32
5. Adeeb Khalid. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia,
University of California Press, 2007
6. Alexander Cooley. Great Game, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in
Central Asia, Oxford University Press, 2014
7. Christopher Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press, 2009
8. Frederick Starr. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age, Princeton University
Press, 2013
9. HoomanPeimani. Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus, ABC Clio,
USA, 2009
10. K Warikoo (ed.). Central Asia and South Asia: Energy, Motilal Books, New Delhi,
2011
11. K Warikoo and K Umarov (eds.). Tajikistan in the 21st Century: Society, Politicss and
Economy, Pentagon Press, New Delhi, 2015
12. Peter Golden. Central Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, 2011
13. Peter Hopkirk. The Great Game, J Murray, 1992
14. Rashmi Doraiswamy (ed.), Energy Security: India, Central Asia and the
Neighbourhood, Manak, New Delhi
15. Rashmi Doraiswamy (ed.). Cultural Histories of Central Asia, Aakar, New Delhi,
2009
16. Rashmi Doraiswamy (ed.). Perspectives on Multiculturalism: Pre-Soviet, Soviet and
Post-Soviet Central Asia, Manak, New Delhi
17. Sven Hedin. The Silk Road (Tr by F Lyons), Books Faith, 1995
18. Tom Everett-Heath (ed.). Central Asia: Aspects of Transition, Routledge Curzon,
London, 2003

33
OPTIONAL COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO EURASIAN STUDIES
Course In-Charge: Prof. Rashmi Doraiswamy

Introduction

The objective of this course is to introduce Eurasia as a geographic, political and cultural
entity. Politically, it encompasses the area of the former Soviet Union and the present CIS,
but geographically, can be defined in several ways.

Eurasianism was a philosophy propounded by a group of émigré thinkers in the 1920s – P N

Savitsky, Nikolai Trubetskoi and others. The Eurasianists believed that Russia was neither
Asia nor Europe, but a mix of both.

Eurasianism is important today as an ideology of the post-Soviet period, proposed by

President Nazarbayev and President Putin, both drawing on the theory propounded by émigré
Eurasianists in the 1920s. The Eurasian Economic Community (EEC) is a reality and the
Eurasian corridor proposes to connect Japan, China and India to Russia. The Eurasian Project
involves two big organsations: BRICS and SCO. After the bipolarity of the Cold War period,
and the unipolarity of the post -Cold War period, a multipolar construct was emerging with
China and Russia as continental powers and Japan, US and South Korea as maritime powers.
In this new architecture, the actors, unlike in the previous periods, are heavily interdependent
on each other.

The concept of the Eurasian Union is now 20 years old. The idea began with the European
Union in 1994. Nazarbayev wanted Eurasia to be like the EU. In March 1994, Nazarbayev
proposed the Euro-Asian Union, to create stability and have unity in variety, with the values
of East and West. In October 2011 in Izvestiya, President Putin wrote on the European Union
and the Eurasian Union, proposing integration.

This course would look at the major heories of Eurasianism and the issues that ‘bind’ or
‘threaten’ the Eurasinan space.Migration has emerged as one of the main problems of the
post-Soviet space. Energy politics is another issue. The concept of borders and peripheries
are also important in theorizing this vast space.

Unit I: Eurasia as an Entity

• The many definitions of what constitutes Eurasia
• The Eurasianists of the early XX century, its relation to the politics of the Soviet
Union

Unit II: The Eurasian Union

• The resurrection of an idea by President Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan)
• President Putin (Russia) and Eurasianism
• The geopolitical realities that necessitated this ideology.

Unit III: The Integration Processes

• The Customs Union, the Eurasian Economic Community
• Energy politics, transport corridors

34
 • Migration flows
• The borders of the Eurasian space
• Cultural processes
• The dynamics of politics between the Eurasian and European Unions, on the one
hand, and the Eurasian Union and East Asian countries.

Unit IV: Regional Organisations

• Eurasia and organisations such as SCO and BRICS.

READING LIST

Books
1. Ajay Patnaik and Tulsiram(eds.). Post-Soviet States: Two Decades of Transition and
Transformation edited by, Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi, 2012
2. Anita Sengupta, Suchandana Chatterjee (eds.). The State in Eurasia: Local and
Global Arenas, Knowledge World, New Delhi, 2013
3. Anita Sengupta, Suchandana Chatterjee. Globalizing Geographies: Perspectives from
Eurasia,Knowledge World Publishers, New Delhi, 2015
4. Cynthia J. Buckley , Blair A. Ruble (eds.). Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in
Eurasia, Woodrow Wilson Center Press with Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008
5. Dmitri V. Trenin.The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and
Globalization, http://jozefdarski.pl/uploads/zalacznik/7134/dmitritrenin-
theendofeurasiarussiaontheborderbetweengeopoliticsandglobalization2002.pdf
6. Jeffery Mankoff. Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics,
Rowman & Littlefield, 2011
7. Jose Cassiolato, Virginia Vitorino (eds.). BRICS and Development Alternatives,
Anthem Press, 2009
8. Michael Fredholm (ed.). The Shanghai Cooperation Organistaion and Eurasian
Geopolitics, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2013
9. Mikhail Molchanov. Eurasian Regionalisms and Russian Foreign Policy, Ashfgate,
2015
10. Richard Sakwa. The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism, and
the Medvedev Succession, Cambridge University Press, 2011
11. S V Sevastinov, Paul Richardson, Anton Kireev. Borders and Transborder Processes
in Eurasia, https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/BorderStudies/Borders-in-Eurasia.pdf
12. Stephen White Understanding Russian Politics, Cambridge University Press, 2011
13. Suchandana Chatterjee, Anita Sengupta (eds.). Communities, Institutions and
Transition in Post-1991 Eurasia, , Shipra Publications, New Delhi, 2011
14. Suchandana Chatterjee, Anita Sengupta. Asiatic Russia: Partnerships and
Communities in Eurasia, Shipra Publishers, Delhi, 2009
15. Suchandana Chatterjee (ed.). Image of the Region in Eurasian Studies, New Delhi:
Knowledge World Publishers (a MAKAIAS publication), 2014
16. Tulsiram and Ajay Patnaik, (eds.). Eurasian Politics: Ideas, Institutions and External
Relations, Knowledge World, Delhi, 2014

35
Articles
1. Madhavan K Palat. ‘Eurasianism as an Ideology for Russia’s Future’, EPW, Dec 18,
1993
2. Russian Eurasianism – Historiography and Ideology, Slawomir Mazurek, Studies in
European Thought, 54, 2002.
3. Martin Beisswenge. ‘Eurasianism’ in A History of Russian Philosophy 1830-1930:
Faith, Reason, and the Defense of Human Dignity, G M Hamburg, Randall A Poole,
Cambridge University Press, New York, 2010
4. Valery Tishkov, Zhanna Zayinchkovskaya, Galina Vitkovskaya.‘Migration in the
Countries of the Former Soviet Union’, Global Commission on International
Migration, , Sept 2005
5. James Hollifield.‘The Emerging Migration State’, Conceptual and Methodological
Developments in the Study of International Migration, Fall 2004, Vol. 38, No 3.

36
OPTIONAL COURSE
CLASSICAL DEBATES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY
Course In-Charge: Prof. Ajay Darshan Behera

Introduction

The evolution of the discipline of International Relations is based upon a series of “Great
Debates” over time which also highlight the great diversity of theoretical perspectives in
international relations. This course is an introduction to four debates also known as the
“Classical Debates.” Questioning the basic assumptions and methods of enquiry, they laid the
epistemological foundations of International Relations theory. The consequences of the First
World War defined a new discipline and outlined the first Great Debate – Idealism versus
Realism. The influence of behaviouralism after the Second World War brought in the
positivist turn leading to the second debate. The third debate known as the inter-paradigm
debate hinted at a kind of intellectual pluralism – three approaches explaining the same
world, but in reality they were focusing on different features of international relations. The
debate was influenced by Thomas Kuhn’s idea of paradigms and pointed to why International
Relations theory was not making progress as a result of a lack of debate within the
paradigms. The fourth debate was an attack by the post-positivists on the rationalists,
introducing many reflectivists methods of enquiry in international relations. They challenged,
interrogated and deconstructed many of the mainstream assumptions of International
Relations theory. This course will be useful to students to strengthen methodological tools to
analyse International Relations.

Unit I: Idealist versus Realist Approach

• The Purpose of Knowledge
• Morality versus Power
• Utopia versus Reality

Unit II: Traditional versus Scientific Approach (Realism/Behaviouralism)

• Rise of Behaviouralism
• Traditional Approach and its Critique
• Scientific Approach and its Critique

Unit III: Inter-Paradigm Debate: Realism/Pluralism/Marxism

• Positivism and the Scientific Turn
• Thomas Kuhn and the idea of Paradigms
• Incommensurability of Different Theoretical Perspectives

Unit IV: Rationalism versus Reflectivism

• Explaining and Understanding
• The Agent-Structure debate
• Deconstructing Anarchy and Sovereignty

37
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Chris Brown, Understanding International Relations (New York: St. Martin Press,
1997)
2. Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002)
3. Ken Booth and Steve Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today
(Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995)
4. Klaus Knorr and James Rosenau (eds.), Contending Approaches to International Politics
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969)
5. Martin Hollis and Steve Smith (eds.), Explaining and Understanding in International
Relations (Oxford: Polity Press, 1990).
6. Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen, Introduction to International Relations: Theories
and Approaches (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)
7. Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater (eds.), Theories of International Relations (New
York: St Martin Press, 1996)
8. Steve Smith, Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski (eds.), International Theory:
Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
9. Tim Dunne, Michael Cox and Ken Booth (eds.), The Eighty Years Crisis:
International Relations 1919-1999 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)
10. Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki and Steve Smith (eds.), International Relations Theories:
Discipline and Diversity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007)

Suggested Readings
1. A.J.R Groom and Margot Light (eds.), Contemporary International Relations: A Guide
to Theory (London: Pinter Publishers, 1994)
2. Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy is What States Make out of it: The Social Construction
of Power Politics,” International Organization, vol. 46, no. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 391-
425.
3. Alexander Wendt, “Bridging the Theory/Metatheory Gap in International Relations,”
Review of International Studies vol. 17, no. 4, October 1991, pp. 383-392.
4. Alexander Wendt, “Levels of Analysis vs. Agents and Structures: Part III,” Review of
International Studies vol. 18, no. 2, April 1992, pp. 181-185.
5. Alexander Wendt, “The Agent-Structure Debate in International Relations,”
International Organization, vol. 41, no. 3, Summer 1987, pp. 337-370.
6. Andrew Linklater (ed.), Critical Concepts in Political Science, Vol. 2, (New York:
Routledge, 2000)
7. Cameron G. Thies, “Progress, History and Identity in International Relations Theory:
The Case of the Idealist–Realist Debate,” European Journal of International
Relations, vol. 8, no.2, 2002, pp.147–85
8. David Dessler, “What’s at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?,” International
Organization, vol. 43, no. 3, Summer 1989, pp. 441-473.
9. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis 1919-1939 (London: Macmillan, 1981)
10. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995)
11. John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds.), The Globalisation of World Politics: An
Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 and
later editions)
12. L. Casti, Paradigms Lost: Images of Man in the Mirror of Science (NewYork: William
Morrow, 1989)

38
13. Margot Light and A.J.R Groom (eds.), International Relations: A Handbook of
Current Theory (London: Frances Pinter, 1985)
14. Michael Banks (ed.), Conflict in World Society: A New Perspective on International
Relations (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1984)
15. Peter J. Katzenstein, Robert O. Keohane and Stephen D. Krasner (eds.), Exploration
and Contestation in the Study of World Politics (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999)
16. R. B. J Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1995)
17. R.B.J. Walker, “Security, Sovereignty, and the Challenge of World Politics,”
Alternatives, vol. 15, no. 1, Winter 1990, pp. 3-27.
18. R.B.J. Walker, “State Sovereignty and the Articulation of Political Space/Time,”
Millennium, vol. 20, no. 3, Autumn 1991, pp. 445-461.
19. Stephan Chan and Cerwyn Moore (eds.), Theories of International Relations, Vol. 1,
(Sage, 2006)
20. Tim Dunne, Michael Cox and Ken Booth (eds.), The Eighty Years Crisis:
International Relations 1919-1999 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)
21. Walter Carlsnaes, “The Agent-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis,”
International Studies Quarterly, vol. 36, September 1992, pp. 245-270.
22. James Der Derian & Michael Shapiro (eds.), International/Intertextual Relations:
Postmodern Readings of World Politics (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989).
23. Yosef Lapid, “The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-
Positivist Era,” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 33, 1989, pp. 235-254.

39
OPTIONAL COURSE
THE CONCEPT OF SECURITY: THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND DEBATES
Course In-Charge: Prof. Ajay Darshan Behera

Introduction

Traditional security studies were overwhelmed with the problem of force in international
politics. Therefore, military-focused, state-centrism was at the heart of traditional security
studies. Beginning with the Cold War period, security studies have evolved and are subject to
debates as a result of the transformation in international politics. This course, following a
discussion of traditional understandings of security, discusses various other contemporary
attempts which are broader in purpose and scholarly treatment than were Cold War period
security studies. The objective of the course is to understand the conceptions of security in its
historicity and the underlying debates. The course also critically analyses the changing
connotations of security and evaluates the assumptions and theories that underpin alternative
conceptualisations of security as reflected through recent debates – like the most appropriate
‘referent object’ for security, ‘broadening’ security beyond military issues, and the concept of
‘securitisation.’ The differences and common ground between these approaches is
highlighted through a consideration of key debates in contemporary security studies. Finally,
the course re-examines security conceptions in the light of globalisation.

Unit I: The Concept of Security

• Traditional/Realist and Neorealist Conceptions
• Liberalism
• Post-Positivist Conceptions
• Post-Cold War and Post 9/11: The Crisis in Security Studies

Unit II: Theoretical Approaches

• Structural Realism
• Social Constructivism
• Critical Security Studies
• Feminist Conceptions

Unit III: The Changing Connotation of Security

• The Level of Analysis Problem
• Copenhagen School and the Securitisation Model
• Deepening and Broadening the Security Debates
• Human Security and the Debate on Security Referent

Unit IV: Globalisation and Security

• The Changing World Order
• Globalisation, Development and Security
• Neoliberalism and Security
• Intervention and the Challenges to Sovereignty in the Post-Cold War Period

40
READING LIST

Essential Reading
1. Alan Collins (ed.), Contemporary Security Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2010)
2. Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde (eds.), Security: A New Framework for
Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998)
3. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies
in the Post- Cold War Era, 2nd ed. (Boulder: Lynne Reinner; 1991)
4. Brian L. Job, (ed.), The (In)Security Dilemma: National Security of Third World
States, (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992)
5. Caroline Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations
(Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1987).
6. Keith Krause, and Michael C. William (eds.) Critical Security Studies, (Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 1997)
7. Michael Sheehan, International Security: An Analytical Survey (New York: Lynne
Rienner Publisher, 2006)
8. Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional
Conflict, and the International System (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995)
9. Robert Patman, Security in a Post-Cold War World (London: Macmillan Press
Limited, 1999)
10. Ronnie Lipschutz (ed.), On Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995)

Suggested Readings
1. Anthony F. Lang (ed.), Just Intervention (Washington: Georgetown University Press,
2003)
2. Barry Buzan and Ole Waever, (ed.), Regions and Powers: The Structure of
International Security , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004
3. Christopher Bertram (ed.), Third World Conflict and International Security (London:
Macmillan Press Ltd., 1982)
4. Edward E. Azar and Chung-in Moon, (eds.), National Security in the Third World:
The Management of Internal and External Threats¸ (College Park: Centre for
International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, 1988)
5. Edward A. Kolodziej, Security and International Relations (New York: Cambridge,
2005)
6. ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission on
Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa, December 2001)
7. Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Social Relations and State
Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988)
8. Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalisation and Its Discontents (New Delhi: Penguin Books,
2002)
9. Ken Booth (ed.), Critical Security Studies and World Politics (Boulder: Lynne
Rienner Publishers, 2005)
10. Ken Booth, (ed.), Statecraft and Security: The Cold War and Beyond (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998)
11. Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (eds.) Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of
Global Order (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002)
12. Lloyd Pettiford and Melissa Curley, Changing Security Agendas and the Third World
(London: Pinter, 1999)

41
13. Michael E. Brown, (ed.), Ethnic Conflict and International Security (New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1993)
14. Michael E. Brown (ed.), Grave New World: Security Challenges in the 21st century
(Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2003)
15. Michael T. Klare and Daniel C. Thomas (eds.), World Security: Trends and
Challenges at Century's End (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991)
16. Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influence
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998)
17. Richard Wyn Jones, Security, Strategy and Critical Theory (Boulder: Lynne Rienner
Publishers, 1999)
18. Robert J. Art and Kenneth N. Waltz (eds.), The Use of Force: Military Power and
International Politics (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2004)
19. Robert Patman, (ed.), Globalisation and Conflict: National Security in a ‘New’
Strategic Era (New York: Routledge, 2006)
20. Roger Carey and Trevor C. Solomon, (eds.), International Security in the Modern
World, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992).
21. Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds.), Global Dangers: Changing
Dimensions of International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995)
22. Stephanie G. Neuman and Robert Harkavy (eds.) Changing Security Agendas and the
Third World (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1979)
23. Stuart Croft and Terry Terriff, (eds.), Critical Reflections on Security and Change
(London: Frank Cass, 2000)

42
OPTIONAL COURSE
INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Course In-Charge: Prof. Ajay Darshan Behera

Introduction

The objective of the course is to acquaint students with the outlines of India’s foreign policy
from a historical and contemporary perspective. The course builds on a critical analysis of
Indian thinking and practice as a case of a developing country now a rising power, dealing
with a complex external environment. With the end of the Cold War, the dissolution of the
Soviet Union, and the collapse of the old economic order in India, the methods India had
employed for four decades to engage the world have undergone revision. There have been
some major transformations in India’s foreign policy since the 1990s along with much
continuity. The conceptual underpinnings guiding India’s foreign policy since independence
have seen some revision; there has been a weakening of its non-alignment and Third World
solidarity. Even while being opposed to Western hegemony, anti-Westernism and the
idealism of the past has been substantially diluted. In the last twenty years, its rise as an
economic power and a nuclear weapons state has made it imperative to engage with the world
more. This course examines the complex dynamics of India’s rise, focusing on the major
shifts in its foreign policy and its approach to some of the major issues in the post-Cold War
world order.

Unit I: Foundations of India's Foreign Policy

• Basic Determinants: Geography, Economic Development, Political Traditions
• Ideational Influences: Civilizational, Historical and Cultural Influences
• Anti-imperialism and Third Worldism
• Lack of a Strategic Culture

Unit II: Principles and Conduct of Foreign Policy

• Liberal Internationalism
• Non-alignment and Nehruvian Consensus
• Post Nehru Era: Modified Structuralism
• India’s Neighbourhood: Regional Hegemony

Unit III: New Directions after the Cold War

• Impact of New Economic Reforms on Foreign Policy
• Aspirations of a Rising Power
• From Non-alignment to Multi-alignment
• Adjusting to its Nuclear Status

Unit IV: India and the New World Order

• Addressing Climate Change
• India and International Financial Institutions
• Arms Control and Disarmament
• Role of force, Humanitarian Intervention and Terrorism

43
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. A. Appadorai, Domestic Roots of India’s Foreign Policy 1947-1972 (New Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 1981)
2. A.P. Rana, The Imperatives of Non Alignment: A Conceptual Study of India’s Foreign
Policy Strategy in Nehru Period (New Delhi: Macmillan, 1976)
3. C. Raja Mohan, Crossing the Rubicon: The Shaping of India’s New Foreign Policy
(New Delhi: Viking/Penguin, 2003)
4. David Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook
of Indian Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015)
5. Harsh V. Pant (ed.), Indian Foreign Policy in a Unipolar World (New Delhi:
Routledge, 2009)
6. Jayantanuja. Bandopadhyaya, The Making of India’s Foreign Policy: Determinants,
Institutions, Process and Personalities (New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1984)
7. Rajen Harshe and K. M Seethi (eds.), Engaging with the world: Critical Reflections
on India’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2009)
8. Stephen P. Cohen, India: Emerging Power (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Press,
2001)
9. Sumit Ganguly (ed.), India’s Foreign Policy: Retrospect and Prospect (New Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 2012)
10. V. P. Dutt, India’s Foreign Policy in a Changing World (New Delhi: Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1999)

Suggested Readings
1. A. Appadorai and M.S. Rajan, India’s Foreign Policy and Relations (New Delhi:
South Asian Publishers, 1985)
2. Alokesh Barua and Robert M. Stern (eds.), The WTO and India: Issues and
Negotiating Strategies (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2010)
3. Baldev Raj Nayar and T.V. Paul, India in the World Order: Searching for Major-
Power Status (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
4. David Malone, Does the Elephant Dance? Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011)
5. David Scott (ed.), Handbook of India’s International Relations (London: Routledge,
2011)
6. Dennis Kux, India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991
(Washington, D.C: National Defence University Press, 1992)
7. George K. Tanham, Indian Strategic Thought: An Interpretative Essay (Santa
Monica, CA: RAND, 1992)
8. Harish Kapur, India’s Foreign Policy, 1947-92: Shadows and Substance (New Delhi:
Sage Publications, 1994)
9. Harsh V. Pant, Contemporary Debates in Indian Foreign and Security Policy: India
Negotiates its Rise in the International System (New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
2008)
10. J. N. Dixit, India’s Foreign Policy 1947-2003 (New Delhi: Picus, 2003)
11. Jakub Zajaczkowski, Jivanta Schottli and Manish Thapa (eds.), India in the
Contemporary World: Polity, Economy and International Relations (New Delhi:
Routledge, 2014)
12. Jawaharlal Nehru, Discovery of India (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2004)

44
13. ______________, Glimpses of World History (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2004)
14. Jaswant Singh, Defending India (New Delhi: Macmillan, 1999)
15. Jayanta Kukmar Ray, India’s Foreign Relations, 1947-2007 (New Delhi: Routledge,
2011)
16. K. P. Misra and K.R. Naranayan (eds.), Non-alignment in Contemporary
International Relations (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1981)
17. Kanti Bajpai, Amitabh Mattoo and George Tanham, Securing India: Strategic
Thought and Practice (New Delhi: Manohar, 1996)
18. Lalit Mansingh, M. Venkatraman, Dilip Lahiri and J.N. Dixit, (eds.), Indian Foreign
Policy: Agenda for the 21st Century, Volumes 1 and 2 (New Delhi: Konark
Publishers, 1998)
19. M.S. Rajan, Studies in India’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi: ABC Publishing House,
1993)
20. P.N. Haksar, India’s Foreign Policy and its Problems (New Delhi: Atlantic
Publishers, 1993)
21. Ramesh Thakur, Politics and Economics of India’s Foreign Policy (New Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 1994)
22. S.D. Muni, India’s Foreign Policy: The Democracy Dimension (New Delhi:
Foundation Books, 2010)
23. Surjit Mansingh, India’s Search for Power: Indira Gandhi’s Foreign Policy, 1966-
1982 (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1984)
24. Sanjaya Baru, Strategic Consequences of India’s Economic Performance (New Delhi:
Academic Foundation, 2006)
25. Sunil Khilnani, Rajiv Kumar, Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Lt. Gen (Retd.) Prakash Menon,
Nandan Nilekani, Srinath Raghavan, Shyam Saran, Siddharth Varadarajan,
Nonalignment 2.0: A Foreign and Strategic Policy for India in the Twenty-First
Century (2012)

45
OPTIONAL COURSE
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF CENTRAL ASIAN STATES
Course In-Charge: Dr. G.M. Shah

Introduction

The concept of ‘development’ refers to ‘the process of economic and social transformation
that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions’. This
economic and social transformation can be achieved through three basic types of
development strategies. These are: (a) incremental: slow but steady approach (without
attempting a leap) in which an already conceived end result is aimed at; (b) evolutionary:
slow but steady approach (without attempting a leap) in which there is no preconceived end
result but each successive design or product is a refinement of the previous one; and (c) grand
design: total transformation through a right-the first time approach. The development
strategies adopted by the post-independence Central Asian States belong to one or the other
among these three basic categories depending upon their peculiar natural, economic, social
and political conditions.

The economy of Central Asian Republics was centrally planned during the Soviet era, and
followed the development strategies determined in Moscow. Following the disintegration of
Soviet Union in 1991 the independent Central Asian States despite some similarities in
economic structures, pursued different development strategies. The five Central Asian States
i.e. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were similar in their
primary products, although natural resource base varied from country to country. The five
countries gradually became more distinct from one another as their governments introduced
national strategies for transition to market-based economies. Although the inherited political
structures were identical, the national leaders adopted diverse economic strategies.

During the post-independence period the Central Asian States were politically and
economically integrated with the world political and economic systems. A number of
development policies informed by different development perspectives such as economic
growth-led and technology driven development, export-based development, participatory
development, gender-based development, stake holder- based development , sustainable
development and market-oriented development were introduced and experimented in the
region. The governmental and non-governmental international organizations and agencies
took active part in rapid socio-economic and politico-administrative transformation in post-
Soviet Central Asia. The multi-lateral, multi-level and multi-dimensional development
strategies were formulated and implemented in the Central Asian States to build the physical
infrastructure, combat desertification, arrest land degradation, ameliorate the climate change,
conserve ecosystems, create livelihood opportunities, reduce poverty ,carry out industrial and
agrarian reforms, generate inclusive economic growth, improve the status of human
development and ensure good governance.

The present course on Development Strategies of Central Asian States has been structured in
to four units. The first unit is an introductory one which deals with concepts, models, theories
and approaches of development as well as the UN visions and goals of development. The
second unit deals with the area development strategies of Central Asia States with special
reference to eco-development, pastoral development and backward area development
strategies of the region. The third unit highlights the sectoral development strategies of
Central Asian States including natural resource conservation, economic development and

46
human resource development. The fourth unit deals with the settlement development
strategies of Central Asian States with special emphasis on the development of physical,
economic and social infrastructure in the settled areas of the region. A detailed course outline
is given as under:

Unit I: Introduction to Development Strategy

• Concepts, Theories and Models of Development: Definition of ‘development’,
‘strategy’ and ‘development strategy’; theories of development- a critical evaluation;
and W.W. Rostow’s model of ‘stages of economic development’ and John Friedman’s
‘core-periphery model’.
• Approaches to national development: multi-dimensional development approach; and
integrated development approach.
• UN Development Decades: Post-1945 International Development Discourses; UN
Millennium Development Goals of 2000-2015.

Unit II: Area Development Strategies of Central Asian States

• Eco-Development Strategies: Desert development strategy; and watershed
development strategy.
• Pastoral Development Strategies: Forest area development strategy; and pasture area
development strategy.
• Backward Area Development Strategy: Border area development strategy; mountain
area development strategy and slum area development strategy.

Unit III: Sectoral Development Strategies of Central Asian States

• Natural Resource Development Strategies: soil conservation strategy; moisture

conservation strategy
• Economic Development Strategies: Agricultural development strategy; horticultural
development strategy, livestock development strategy; industrial development
strategy; tourism development strategy and the strategy for development of allied
sectors.
• Human Resource Development Strategies: skill development strategy; poverty
reduction strategy; employment generation strategy; women empowerment strategy;
and child development strategy.

Unit IV: Settlement Development Strategies of Central Asian States

• Physical Infrastructural Development Strategies: strategies for development of roads,
railways, electricity, tape water and sewerage facilities.
• Economic Infrastructural Development Strategies: strategies for the development of
irrigation canals, market complexes, financial institutions, work places and hotels and
restaurants.
• Social Infrastructural Development Strategies: strategies for development of health
centres, educational institutions, information and entertainment facilities and cultural
centres.

47
READING LIST
1. Asian Development Bank; (2010); Central Asia: Atlas of Natural Resources;
Published under (CACILM) Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management;
Manila, Philippines.
2. Central Asia: Economic Transition in Central Asia; www.asc-
centralasia.edu.pk/issue…/03-ECONOMIC_TRANSITION-html.
3. Central Asia After Two Decades of Independence;
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.446.1210.
4. Economist Intelligence Unit; (2004); Country Report (Central Asian States);London.
5. Madminov, A.A.; (1982); “Ways of Increasing Productivity of Mountain Pastures and
Grasslands in Tajikistan” in, Problems of Mountain Development; Frunze.
6. Misra, R.P. and Achutha, R.N.(1990); Micro-Level Planning :Principles, Methods
and Case Studies; Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
7. Misra, R.P.,(ed.); (1991); Rural Development: Capitalist and Socialist Paths;Vol.I,
Concept Publishing Company; New Delhi.
8. Raeva Damira; (2005); “ Development of Rural Regions of Kyrgyzstan Through
Investments into Community Based Tourism” in, Strategies for Development and
Food Security in Mountainous Areas of Central Asia”, Invent, Aga Khan Foundation
and GTZ, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
9. Richards, Pomfret, (2001); “Economic Development Strategies in Central Asia Since
1991”; Asian Studies Review; Vol.25, Issue 2;onlinelibrary.wiley.com
10. Richards, W.T. Pomfret; (2006); “The Central Asian Economies Since Independence”
in, Business and Economics; https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0691124655
11. The UN and Development Strategies; www.unhistory.org/briefing/7UN
Dev.strategies.pdf
12. Tuck, Laura (ed.), (2000); Rural Development Strategy: Eastern Europe and Central
Asia; World Bank Publication; Amazon.
13. United Nations Millennium Development Goals; www.un.org.millennuimgoals
14. Walker, B.H.,(ed.);(1991);Management of Semi-Arid Ecosystems; Elsevier,
Amsterdam.

48
OPTIONAL COURSE
GEOPOLITICS AND GEO-ECONOMICS OF CENTRAL ASIA
Course In-Charge: Dr. G.M. Shah

Introduction

Geopolitics has a venerable tradition as an academic discipline going back to the late -19th
century. As an applied field of study geopolitics has informed strategic thinking of great
powers seeking territorial expansion or global influence. The Eurasian heartland, and
especially its southern fringe comprising Central Asia, has continuously been at the centre of
the interpretation of the whole world situation from a spatial perspective. The pioneering
British geopolitical thinker H.J. Mackinder has referred to the Central Asian region as the
‘geographical pivot of world history’ in 1904. During the pre-Columbian era it was the
physical terrain of the region which favoured the mobility of ruling dynasties to expand their
influence far and wide. The location of Central Asia along the historical Silk Route did
further enhance the region’s significance as an economic hub where from trade routes
radiated in all directions. The commercial cotton cultivation, extensive wheat cultivation and
the development of vast oil, gas and coal fields during the Soviet period increased the geo-
economic significance of Central Asia for the rest of the world in general and the former
Soviet Union in particular. The extensive exploration of hydrocarbon resources in
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan during the post-independence era has increased
the geo-economic importance of Central Asia for the large economies of the world in general
and the Russia, China and E.U. in particular. The Central Asian countries like Tajikistan and
Kyrgyzstan which have comparatively little proven hydrocarbon resources have a huge
potential for renewable hydro-electricity generation which makes them geo-economically far
more important for their water and energy deficient immediate and extended neighbourhood.

The geopolitical and geo-economic significance of Central Asia for the major world powers
in general and its powerful neighbours in particular has ushered in a new phase of
competition for exerting influence if not overt control of the region. This new inter-national
competition has been referred to as “New Great Game” in Central Asia reminding the 19th
century Anglo-Russian competition for domination in the region what the Captin Arthur
Connolly of East India Company had termed as the “Great Game” in 1839.Keeping in view
the geo-strategic significance of Central Asia for its geopolitical and geo-economic
importance for the major contemporary geopolitical players in the region such as U.S.A.,
China, Russia, E.U., Japan, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, India and Pakistan etc. it will be
academically fruitful to devise a course on Geopolitics and Geo-economics of Central Asia
for the benefit of post-graduate students interested in the field of Central Asian Studies.

The present course has been designed to discuss the roots of contemporary geopolitical
thought centred round the Central Asian region, focusing on the British, German, American
and Russian contributions. It also examines the practical manifestations of geopolitics in the
region during World War IInd and the Cold War before moving to an analysis of
contemporary Central Asia through the prism of great power competition if not rivalry
involving China, Russia, the USA and other regional actors. The course has been structured
into four units. The first unit pertains to the geographic, historical and economic importance
of Central Asia. The second unit highlights the geostrategic significance of Central Asia in
classical British, German, American and Russian geopolitical discourses. The third unit
involves the contemporary geopolitical competition in Central Asia; and the fourth unit
encompasses the contemporary geo-economic significance of the region for different players

49
involved in the “New Great Game” in Central Asia”. A detailed course outline is given as
under.

Unit I: Introduction to Geopolitics and Geo-Economics of Central Asia:

• Introduction to the Geopolitics of Central Asia: Meaning, definition and types of
geopolitics; centrality of Central Asian region in geographical and historical terms;
• Introduction to Geo-Economics of Central Asia: Geo-economic significance of
Central Asia during the pre-Columbian and post-Columbian Eras.
• Geo-Economic Approach to the Study of Central Asian Geo-politics: The study of
geopolitics from the world economy perspective with special reference to Central
Asian region.

Unit II: Classical Geopolitics and Geo-Economics in Central Asia:

• Geopolitical and Geo-Economic Importance of Central Asia during the Pre-
Columbian Era: H.J. Mackinder’s characterization of Central Asia as the “geographic
pivot of history”; Caravan trade through Central Asia along the historical “Silk
Route” during the pre-Columbian era.
• Geopolitical and Geo-economic Importance of Central Asia During the Colonial
Period: Friedrich Ratzel’s “ Lebensraum”; H.J. Mackinder’s “ Heartland Theory”;
Karl Haushofer’s “Geopolitik”; and French “Geopolitique”; Anglo-Russian “Great
Game” in Central Asia and its implications for Caravan trade along the “ Silk Route”.
• Geopolitical and Geo-Economic Importance of Central Asia During the Cold War
Period: Cold War through the prism of geopolitics; geopolitical views of Kennan;
Geopolitical centrality of Central Asia in Nicholous Spykman’s “Rimland Theory”;
Sual B. Cohen’s “Shatterbelts” and Russian geopolitical discourse of Slavophiles ; the
importance of the Southern Tier to the US geopolitical objectives; Soviet geo-
economic interests in Central Asia and development of railways, oil and gas pipelines,
coal fields, irrigation canals and “virgin lands campaign” in the region.

Unit III: Centrality of Central Asia in Contemporary Geopolitical Discourses:

• Re-Emergence of the Southern Tier in the US foreign policy; Containment of Russia,
China and Iran in Central Asia; Russian geopolitical discourse of “Eurasianism”;
Central Asia in the geo-strategic thinking of China.
• Competing visions of China, Turkey and Iran in Central Asia: “New Great Game” in
Central Asia; latest trends and developments of cooperative security environment in
Central Asia;
• Soft Power in Central Asia: Politics of aid, export of democracy, the role of supra-
national identity with special reference to Islam, Persian and Turkic language and
culture.

Unit IV: Contemporary Geo-Economic Imperatives of Geopolitics in Central Asia:

• Alternative “New Silk Road” visions and the emergence of new road corridors,
railway lines, oil pipeline, gas pipelines and hydropower transmission lines in Central
Asia.
• Energy security, Foreign Direct Investment and competition among the foreign
MNC’s for the development of hydrocarbon and hydropower resources of Central
Asia.

50
 • Foreign trade, food security, regional economic cooperation and the economic issues
of Central Asian region.

READING LIST
1. Bassin, Mark and Konstantin E. Aksimov; (2006); “Mackinder and the Heartland
Theory in Post-Soviet Geopolitical Discourse” in Geopolitics, Volume 11, No.1.
2. Cohen, Saul B.(2003); Geopolitics of World Systems; Rowman and Littlefield;
Lanham.
3. Dixit, R.D.,(2000); Political Geography: The Spatiality of Politics; Tata Macgraw
Hill, New Delhi.
4. Geoffrey Parker ; (1998);Geopolitics: Past, Present and Future; London.
5. Extracts from The Geopolitics Reader; H.J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of
History”; Haushofer, “Why Geopolitik ?”; Kennan, G. “The Sources of Soviet
Conduct”, 78-81, “The Truman Doctrine”.
6. Glassner, Martin Ira and Chuk Fahrer (2004); Political Geography; John Wiley;
Danvers, Massachusetts.
7. Kreutzmann Hermann; (2005); “The Significance of Geopolitical Issues for
Development of Mountainous Areas of Central Asia”, in Strategies for Development
and Food Security; Agha Khan Foundation, Invent and GTZ, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
8. Laruelle, Marlene and Payrouse, Sabastien;(2015); Globalizing Central Asia:
Challenges of Economic
Development;https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1317469631
9. Malik, Hafeez ; (1994); Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects;
St. Martins Press, New York.
10. Spykman, N.J., The Geography of Place; Harcour Brace, New York.
11. Taylor, P.J. (1985); Political Geography: World Economy, Nation-State and Locality;
Longman, London, New York.

51
OPTIONAL COURSE
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL ASIA
Course In-Charge: Dr. G.M. Shah

Introduction

The identity of an area as a region having internal homogeneity of characteristic feature(s) is

an important tool of geographic analysis which dates back to the time Strabo who wrote
pioneering treatises on regional geography in first century A.D. The geography does not
speak but it is always there to shape the destiny of human communities, societies and
civilizations through its varied locational, physical, climatic, hydrological, pedalogical and
bio-geographic conditions.

The academic advantage of regional geography over the systematic geography is that it
enables to make a synthetic analysis of inter-dependent and inter-related physical, economic,
social and cultural factors of a given region. The inter-regional variations in physical,
economic, social and cultural conditions help the students of regional geography to
understand the logical association among inter-related variables to explain and interpret the
spatial differentiation through cause and effect relationship.

The regional geography of Central Asia has its origin in the writings of Alexander Von
Humboldt, Vidal de Lablache and Von Richthofen who have extensively travelled in the
region during the 19th century. The contribution of contemporary geographers like George B.
Cressy, Paul Lydolph and J.P. Cole to the regional geography of Central Asia is very
significant. In order to better appreciate the geographic influences on history, economy,
society, culture and polity of Central Asia as well as to understand the degree of
anthropogenic impact in different areas of its vast and varied landscape it is very essential to
study the regional geography of this ancient cradle of human civilization. The present course
can go a long way in sharpening the understanding of the regional geographic imperatives of
the evolution and development of human, economic, social, cultural and political
characteristics of the Central Asian macro region.

The present course on Regional Geography of Central Asia has been structured into four
units. The first unit is a theoretical one which deals with the basic concepts, approaches and
methods of regional geography. The regionalization scheme of Central Asia is also an
important component of this unit. The second units deals with the regional personality of
mountain and river valley region. The third and fourth units are devoted to the study of the
characteristic features of desert and semi-desert region; and steppe and wooded steppe
regions respectively. The distinctive characteristics of each region have been listed in the
present course to highlight the geographic association and combination of various physical,
economic, social and cultural variables in different natural regions of Central Asian
landscape. A detailed outline of the course is given as under:

Unit I: Concepts, Approaches and Methods of Regionalization

• Fundamental Concepts of Regional Geography: Definition of ‘region’, types of
regions, hierarchy of regions and the concept of ‘hinterland’ in regional geography.
• Dichotomy of Approaches of Geographical Analysis: Systematic approach vs regional
approach.

52
 • Methods of Regionalization: Methods of delimitation of formal regions; methods of
delineation of functional regions. Regionalization scheme of Central Asia.

Unit II: Characteristic Features of Mountain and River Valley Region

• Physical Charactersitics: Mountain building activity in the geological past, formation
of moraines and river valleys, mountain topography, glaciers, drainage, climate, loess
formation along the foothills, undifferentiated mountain soils, alpine and sub-alpine
flora and Central Asian highland fauna.
• Economic Characteristics: River valley irrigated agriculture, vegetable cultivation;
cultivation of fruits and nuts; pastoralism, household industry, mountain transport and
communication system, trade and service sector.
• Social Characteristics: Sparse population distribution, diverse ethnicity, diverse
dialects and languages, influences of mountain ecosystem rituals and religion and
tribal culture of felts and yurtas.

Unit III: Characteristic Features of Desert and Semi-Desert Region

• Physical Charactersitics: Aeolian depositional and erosional features of desert and
semi- desert landscape, inland drainage network, Egyptian summers and Siberian
winters of Central Asian deserts, desert soils, ephemeral vegetation and desert fauna
of Central Asia.
• Economic Characteristics: Oasis agriculture, citrus fruit cultivation; pastoralism,
transportation amidst of shifting sands, oil and gas fields; and trade and services in the
Central Asian deserts and semi-deserts.
• Sparsely distributed population living in rural settlements; inter-ethnic segregation,
diverse lingual distribution and tribal culture of Central Asian deserts and semi-
deserts.

Unit IV: Characteristic Features of Steppe and Wooded Steppe Region

• Physical Characteristics: geological formation of steppe region, physiography of
steppes, drainage network, chestnut and black soils, grasslands dotted with bushes and
trees, and the steppe fauna of Central Asia.
• Economic Characteristics: Extensive agricultural farms of spring wheat, cultivation of
fresh fruit, domination of pastoral activity, oil, gas and coal fields; modern road and
railway networks connecting sparsely distributed small towns; trade and services.
• Social Characteristics: Moderately distributed population, sparsely distributed rural
settlements and small towns; diverse ethnic communities, diverse languages and
dialects and hierarchic of Kazakh jooz and multi-religious society.

READING LIST
1. Asian Development Bank, (2010); Central Asia: Atlas of Natural Resources;
Published under (CACILM) Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management;
Manila, Philippines.
2. Blij, de, H.J., Muller, Peter, O. and Nijman, Jan, (2010); The World Today: Concepts
and Regions in Geography;https://books.google.co.in/books? Isbn=0470646381
3. Berglee, R.,(2012); World Regional Geography: People, Places and Globalization;
https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/BookDetail.aspx?bookId=78

53
4. Bertholomew and Lewis, A.G.; (1983); Times Atlas of the World; Times Books,
London.
5. Cole, J.P., (1977); Geography of Soviet Union; Butterworths, London.
6. Lewis, Robert,(2003);Geographic Perspectives on Soviet Central Asia;
https//books.google.co.in/books? isbn=1134903391
7. Lydolf, Paul E.; (1979); Geography of USSR: Topical Analysis; Most Valley
Publishing Company.
8. Maksudov, A.H., (1964); Basic Problems of Dry Land Farming in Tajikistan,
Dushanbe, Vols. 1 &II.
9. Prokhorov, A.M.,(ed.); Great Soviet Encyclopedia; Macmillan INC, New York,
10. Vol. 31.
11. Shah, G.M.,(2007); Central Asia: Habitat, Society and Economy; Academic
Excellence, Delhi.
12. Theodore, Shabad,(ed.); (1997); Post-Soviet Geography and Economy.
13. West, Neil, E., (1983); Ecosystems of the World: Temperate Deserts and Semi-
Deserts; Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company; New York, Vol.5.

54
OPTIONAL COURSE
POSTCOLONIALISM AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mathew Joseph C.

Introduction

The course exposes students to an alternate view on International Relations. The existing
literature on International Relations predominantly originated from the West and clearly
exhibits Eurocentrism in many ways. The major epistemological foundations of the discipline
of International Relations were evolved in the context of Colonialism. Even after
decolonization the curriculum and pedagogical practices of International Relations continue
in the same mode. Of late this has been questioned by scholars of International Relations
largely of non-Western origin who are influenced by Postcolonialism and Postcolonial
thinkers. Their writings have opened new ways to look into the workings of nation-states and
international relations. This course is designed in a manner to equip the students to make
sense of the changes which are taking place in the field of International Relations due to the
emergence of Postcolonialism.

Unit I: Introduction
• The Pre-colonial World – Empires, Kingdoms and Principalities
• Linkages during the Pre-colonial period – Trade, Travel and Migration
• Colonialism: Evolution and Ideology
• Colonial Modernity and Anti-colonial nationalism

Unit II: Colonialism and its Critique

• Interrogating the Moral Foundations of Colonialism: M. K. Gandhi
• Racism, Subjugation and the Recovery of the Colonized Self: Frantz Fanon
• Pan-Africanism, Cultural Integration and Inclusive Socialism: Kwame Nkrumah
• Revolution, Violence and Decolonization: Ho Chi Minh

Unit III: Postcolonial Theory

• Questioning the Western Representations: Edward W. Said
• Representation, Resistance and Hybridity: Homi K. Bhabha
• Nationalist Thought and Subaltern Conciseness: Partha Chatterjee and Gayatri
Chakravorty Spivak
• Identity and Cosmopolitanism: Kwame Anthony Appiah

Unit IV: Postcolonialism and International Relations

• The Provinciality of IR
• Eurocentrism and/in IR
• Postcolonial Critique of IR: Major Themes
• Postcolonial Critique of IR: Major Thinkers

55
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Albert J. Paolini, Navigating Modernity: Postcolonialism, Identity and International
Relations (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999).
2. Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (London: Routledge, 2005).
3. Arif Dirlik, Global Modernity: Modernity in the Age of Global Capitalism (Boulder,
CO: Paradigm, 2007).
4. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin (eds.), The Post-Colonial Studies
Reader (London: Routledge, 2004).
5. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
2000).
6. Edward W. Said, Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient (New Delhi:
Penguin Books, 2001).
7. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (London: Penguin Books, 1990).
8. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of
the Vanishing Present (London: Harvard University Press, 1999).
9. Geetha Chowdhry and Sheila Nair (eds.), Power, Postcolonialism and International
Relations: Reading Race, Gender and Class (London: Routledge, 2004).
10. Ho Chi Minh, Selected Writings 1920-1969 (Honolulu: University Press of the
Pacific, 2001).
11. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 2004).
12. Kwame Anthony Appiah, In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
13. Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (Bedford: Panaf
Books, 1974).
14. M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule (Ahmedabad: Navjivan Publishing
House, 1975).
15. Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial
Histories (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).
16. Philip Darby, The Fiction of Imperialism: Reading Between International Relations
and Postcolonialism (London: Cassel, 1998).
17. Samir Amin, Eurocentrism, Modernity, Religion and Democracy: A Critique of
Eurocentrism and Culturalism (New Delhi: Aakar Books, 2012).
18. Sanjay Seth (ed.), Postcolonial Theory and International Relations: A Critical
Introduction (New York: Routledge, 2013).
19. Shankaran Krishna, Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka and the Question of
Nationhood (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
20. Sucheta Mazumdar, Vasant Kaiwar and Thierry Labica (eds.), From Orientalism to
Postcolonialism: Asia, Europe and Lineages of Difference (London: Routledge,
2009).

Suggested Readings
1. Arlene Tickner and Ole Waever (eds.), Global Scholarship in International Relations:
Worlding Beyond the West (Geo-cultural Epistemologies), Vol.1 (London: Routledge,
March 2009).
2. Ashish Nandy, Intimate Enemy: The Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983).
3. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Books, 2008).

56
4. Itty Abraham, How India Became Territorial: Foreign Policy, Diaspora and
Geopolitics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014).
5. K.M. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance (London: George Allen & Unwin,
1959).
6. Kanti Bajpai and Siddharth Mallavarapu (eds.), International Relations in India:
Bringing Theory Back Home (Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan, 2009).
7. Kanti Bajpai and Siddharth Mallavarapu (eds.), International Relations in India:
Theorising the Region and Nation (Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan, 2005).
8. Navnita Chaddha Behera (ed.), International Relations in South Asia: Search for an
Alternative Paradigm (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2008).
9. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative
Discourse (London: Zed Press, 1993).
10. Philip Darby, At the Edge of International Relations: Postcolonialism, Gender and
Dependency (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2000).

57
OPTIONAL COURSE
SOUTH ASIA IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mathew Joseph C.

Introduction

This course intends to introduce students to how South Asia as a region figured in the arena
of International Politics. According to conventional wisdom, nation-states are considered to
be the bedrock of international politics. Now regions are also considered to be significant
players in politics at the international level. South Asia as a region was conceived outside the
region and it has undergone many changes over a period of time. Being the most populous
region in the world, South Asia occupies an important place in International Politics. The
internecine rivalry between India and Pakistan – two nuclear armed neighbouring states and
internal fault lines within the countries in the region in terms ethnicity, language and religious
divide make this region volatile and vulnerable to instability. Big Power rivalry during the
Cold War and their interventionist policy in the region only accentuated regional conflicts.
The situation is no better in the Post-Cold War context also. The International Politics within
the region is tremendously influenced by the International Politics outside the region. The
course is divided into four units covering both the Cold War and Post-Cold War periods and
also discusses the contemporary period in which strategic realignments are taking place.

Unit I: Introduction
• Nation-states, Regions and International Politics
• Colonialism and South Asia
• Conceptualizations of South Asia as a region
• State and Society in South Asia

Unit II: Cold War and South Asia

• Big power rivalry in South Asia
• Non – alignment: Ideology and Practice
• Ethnicity, Nationalism and Revolutionary Movements
• China as a factor in South Asia

Unit III: Post–Cold War Scenario and South Asia

• Globalization and its impact on South Asia
• Post–Cold War Strategic Realignments
• Enduring Conflicts and Regional Instability
• South Asia and the New World Order

Unit IV: Contemporary South Asia

• Post–colonial predicament of South Asia
• Perspectives on Changing Power Structure in South Asia
• Indian Ocean as a theatre of Conflict
• Regional and Sub-regional Cooperation in South Asia

58
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Achin Vanaik, India in a Changing World (Hyderabad: Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd.,
1995).
2. Amita Shastri and A. J. Wilson (eds.), The Post – Colonial States of South Asia:
Democracy, Identity, Development and Security (Richmond: Curzon Press, 2001).
3. Baldev Raj Nayar and T. V. Paul, India in the World Order: Searching for Major-
Power Status (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
4. Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization and Nationalism (New Delhi: Sage, 2001).
5. Barry Buzan, The United States and the Great Powers: World Politics in the Twenty-
First Century (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004).
6. Bhumitra Chakma (ed.), South Asia in Transition: Democracy, Political Economy and
Security (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
7. David Brewster, India’s Ocean: The Story of India’s Bid for Regional Leadership
(London: Routledge, 2014).
8. Denis Rumley and Sanjay Chaturvedi (eds.), Geopolitical Orientations, Regionalism
and Security in the Indian Ocean (New York: Routledge, 2004).
9. Devin T. Hagerty (ed.), South Asia in World Politics (New York: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers, 2005).
10. Graham P. Chapman, The Geopolitics of South Asia (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).
11. Itty Abraham, South Asian Cultures of the Bomb: Atomic Publics and the State in
India and Pakistan (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009).
12. Lawrence Saez, The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An
Emerging Collaboration Architecture (London: Routledge, 2011).
13. Linda Racioppi, Soviet Policy towards South Asia since 1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1994).
14. Michael Mann, South Asia’s History: Thematic Perspectives (London: Routledge,
2015).
15. Mohammad Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional
Conflict and the International System (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995).
16. Natasha Miskovic, Harald Fischer-Tine and Nada Boskovska (eds.), The Non-Aligned
Movement and the Cold War: Delhi-Bandung-Belgrade (London: Routledge, 2014).
17. Paul M. McGarr, The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the
Indian Subcontinent, 1945-1965 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
18. Shahid Javed Burki, South Asia in the New World Order: The Role of Regional
Cooperation (London: Routledge, 2011).
19. Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political
Economy (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004).
20. Urmila Phadnis and Rajat Ganguly, Ethnicity and Nation – building in South Asia
(New Delhi: Sage, 2001).

Suggested Readings
1. A.P. Rana, The Imperatives of Nonalignment (Delhi: The Macmillan Company of
India Ltd., 1976).
2. Ashok Kapur, India and the South Asian Strategic Triangle (London: Routledge,
2011).
3. C. Raja Mohan, Crossing the Rubicon (New Delhi: Viking, 2003).

59
4. Eric Gonsalves and Nancy Jetly (eds.), The Dynamics of South Asia: Regional
Cooperation and SAARC (New Delhi: Sage, 1999).
5. Kishore C. Dash, Regionalism in South Asia: Negotiating Cooperation, Institutional
Structures (London: Routledge, 2008).
6. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Lloyd (eds.), Making US Foreign Policy
Toward South Asia (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2008).
7. Praful Bidwai and Achin Vanaik, South Asia on a Short Fuse (Delhi; Oxford
University Press, 2002).
8. Rasul B. Rais, The Indian Ocean and the Super Powers (New Delhi: Vistaar
Publishers, 1987).
9. S. D. Muni and Tan Tai Yong (eds.), A Resurgent China: South Asian Perspectives
(New Delhi: Routledge, 2012).
10. Srinath Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India: A Strategic History of the Nehru
Years (Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2010).

60
OPTIONAL COURSE
STATE, CIVIL SOCIETY AND NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH ASIA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mathew Joseph C.

Introduction

This course intends to introduce theories of State, Civil Society and New Social Movements
in general and South Asia in particular. The importance of civil society as a notion and as an
entity increased manifold in the context of the spread of Neo-liberalism and Globalization.
The general tendency is to assume that the institution of State is increasingly losing its
significance in the contemporary times of Globalization. However, in the Post-colonial world
the coercive apparatus of the State is getting strengthened and it is withdrawing from other
areas and leaving those spaces for civil society organizations and NGOs. This historical
juncture witnesses the emergence of New Social Movements all over the world. The New
Social Movements are fundamentally different from the existing or old social movements in
very many ways. The emergence of New Social Movements and vibrant civil societies has
resulted in expanding the meaning and process of democratization. They question both the
authoritarian tendencies of the State and the ‘un-civil elements in the civil societies. The
linkages between State and Civil Society assume significance in this context. The course is
divided into four units dealing with State, Civil Society and New Social Movements in both
theoretical and empirical terms.

Unit I: State
• Theories of State
• Typology of States
• State and Social Classes
• State and Nation-building in South Asia

Unit II: Civil Society

• Conceptions of Civil Society
• Civil Society – State Linkages
• Neo-liberalism and the Rise of Civil Society
• Civil Societies in South Asia

Unit III: New Social Movements

• Social Movements: Old and New
• New Social Movements: Issues and Concerns
• New Social Movements: Structure and Praxis
• NGOs and Social Activism

Unit IV: New Social Movements in South Asia

• Environmental and Anti-Nuclear Movements
• Feminist Movements
• Subaltern Movements
• Human Rights Movements

61
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. A.C. Sinha, Bhutan: Ethnic Identity and National Dilemma (New Delhi: Reliance
Publishing House, 1991).
2. Amita Shastri and A.J. Wilson (eds.), The Post – Colonial States of South Asia:
Democracy, Identity, Development and Security (London: Routledge Curzon, 2013).
3. Anita M. Weiss and S. Zulfiqar Gilani (eds.), Power and Civil Society in Pakistan
(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001).
4. Ayesha Jalal, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia (New Delhi: Cambridge
University Press, 1995).
5. Carolyn M. Elliot (ed.), Civil Society and Democracy: A Reader (New Delhi: Oxford
University Press, 2003).
6. David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State: Essays on State, Power and
Democracy (New Delhi: Maya Polity, 1998).
7. David Lewis, Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society (Delhi: Cambridge
University Press, 2011).
8. Gail Omvedt, Dalit Visions: The Anti-cast Movement and the Construction of Indian
Identity (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2006).
9. Ghanshyam Shah (ed.), Social Movements and the State (New Delhi: Sage
Publications, 2002).
10. Iftikhar H. Malik, State and Civil Society in Pakistan: Politics of Authority, Ideology
and Ethnicity (London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1997).
11. Neera Chandhoke, State and Civil Society: Explorations in Political Theory (New
Delhi: Sage Publications, 1995).
12. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (eds. and translated), Selections from the
Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan, 2010).
13. Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance
in the Himalaya (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
14. Ravinder Kaur, Religion, Violence and Political Mobilization in South Asia (New
Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005).
15. Rita Manchanda (ed.), States in Conflict with their Minorities: Challenges to Minority
Rights in South Asia (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2010).
16. Robert D. Crews and Amin Tarzi, The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
17. S. D. Muni, Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: The Challenge and the Response (New
Delhi: Rupa Publishing Company, 2003).
18. Sudipta Kaviraj and Sunil Khilnani (eds.), Civil Society: History and Possibilities
(New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
19. Tom Brass, New Farmers’ Movements in India (London: Routledge, 1995).
20. Ujjwal Kumar Singh (ed.), Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and
Movements (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2009).

Suggested Readings
1. Amita Baviskar, In the Belly of the River: Tribal Conflicts over Development in the
Narmada Valley (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).
2. Christophe Jaffrelot, India’s Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Low Castes in North
Indian States (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003).

62
3. Eva-Maria Hardtmann, The Dalit Movement in India: Local Practices, Global
Connections (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010).
4. Gail Omvedt, Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and Socialist Tradition
in India (London: M.E. Sharpe Inc., 1993).
5. Ishtiaq Ahmed, State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia (London:
Pinter, 1998).
6. Janet M. Conway, Identity, Place, Knowledge: Social Movements Contesting
Globalization (New Delhi: Aakar Books, 2007).
7. Khawar Mumtaz and Farida Shaheed, Women of Pakistan: Two Steps Forward, One
Step Back? (Lahore: Vanguard Books (Pvt.) Ltd., 1987).
8. Paul R. Brass (ed.), Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal (London: Routledge, 2010).
9. Ponna Wignaraja (ed.), New Social Movements in the South: Empowering the People
(New Delhi: Vistar Publications, 1993).
10. Saadia Toor, The State of Islam: Culture and Cold War Politics in Pakistan (London:
Pluto Press, 2011).

63
OPTIONAL COURSE
FOREIGN POLICY OF CENTRAL ASIAN STATES
Course In-Charge: Dr. Abuzar Khairi

Introduction

The emergence of newly independent states of Central Asia has created the importance of
external players to the domestic politics of Central Asia. Foreign policies in the region
generally aim to maintain balance among great powers and to ensure regime security. This
course will provide in-depth knowledge of foreign policies of the countries in these regions.
The course will enable the students to develop their understanding of the attractiveness of this
region with reference to its richness in natural resources (e.g., oil and gas, gold, cotton,
uranium, and other non-mineral resources).It evaluates the political processes, challenges,
achievements specific to the regional countries, and also to explore the issues of international
relations, governance, energy, security and conflict resolution in the region.

Unit I: Introduction to Foreign Policy Formulation

• General introduction to Foreign Policy
• Evolution of Foreign Policy of Central Asia
• Determinants of Foreign Policy
• Foreign Policy in post-Cold War period

Unit II: Central Asian states and Regional Powers

• CIS and China
• CIS and Turkey
• CIS and India

Unit III: Major Powers and Central Asian states

• CIS and USA
• CIS and Russia
• CIS and EU

Unit IV: Regional Organizations and CIS

• SCO
• Eurasian Union
• Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

READING LIST
1. Berryman John, “Geopolitics and Russian Foreign Policy”, International Politics,
Vol.49, No.4, 2012.
2. Burbank, Jane and Frederick Cooper, Empires in World History: Power and Politics
of Difference, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010
3. Cooley, Alexander, Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in
Central Asia, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
4. Haslam, Jonathan, Russia cold war: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the
Wall, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012

64
5. Kanet, Roger E., & Freire, Maria R., Key Players and Regional Dynamics in Eurasia:
The Return of the Great Game, New York: Palgrave, 2010
6. Kanet, Roger E., Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, Basingstoke: Palgrave,
2011
7. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy аnd Its
Geostrategic Imperatives, New York: Basic Books, 1997

65
OPTIONAL COURSE
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN CAUCASUS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Abuzar Khairi

Introduction

This course provides an in-depth understanding of each of the three independent Caucasus
countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia). This course will discuss the key aspects of
Soviet-era transformation and post-Soviet transition in the Caucasus region. It will also
provide an introduction to the political processes in the Caucasus region.

Unit I: Introduction to the Caucasus Region

• History & Culture of the Caucasus region
• Population of the region
• Political System of the Caucasus region
• Caucasus in the modern world

Unit II: Emergence of the Caucasus Region

• Caucasus during the Soviet times
• Role of Soviet in the nation-building process
• Soviet collapse and emergence of Caucasus region
• Ethnicity & Identity Politics

Unit III: Political Institutions in the Caucasus Region

• Nature and Type of Political Systems
• Structure and Processes of Politics
• Political Parties and Pressure Groups

Unit IV: Contemporary Issues & Challenges

• Religion and Politics
• Ethnic violence
• Role of International organization in political discourse

READING LIST
1. Anna Zelkina, ‘Islam and Politics in the North Caucasus’ Religion, State and Society,
Vol. 21, No. I, 1993.
2. Piemani, Hooman, ‘FieldTransition, Bleak Future? War and Instability in Central
Asia and
3. Caucasus, London: Green wood Publisher, 2002.
4. Dawisha, Karen and Parrott, Bruce, eds., Conflict, Challenge, and Change in Central
Asia and
5. Caucasus, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997
6. Gammer, Moshe, Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post
Soviet Disorder, New York: Routledge, 2008

66
7. Wooden, Amanda E. and Christoph H. Stefes, eds., The Politics of Transition in
Central Asia and the Caucasus: Enduring Legacies and Emerging Challenges,
London: Routledge, 2012

67
OPTIONAL COURSE
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN CENTRAL ASIA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Abuzar Khairi

Introduction

This course provides an in-depth understanding of each of the five independent Central Asian
countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) during the
M.A. programme in Area Studies. This course will discuss the key aspects of Soviet-era
transformation and post-Soviet transition in Central Asia. It will also provide an introduction
to the political processes in Central Asia. And course will enable the students to develop their
understanding of the role of identity politics based on religion, language, clan and regional
factor in the region. By developing a comprehensive understanding of the encounters
between Soviet legacy and post-socialist transition, the course will enable the students to
assess and engage in a comparison of the divergent trajectories of post-Soviet transition in the
region.

Unit I: Introduction to Central Asia

• History of Central Asian region
• Demography of Central Asian region
• Political System of Central Asian region
• Central Asia in present world

Unit II: Emergence of Central Asia

• Soviet Modernity and Socialist Transformation
• Socialist construction and nation-building under Soviet rule
• Soviet collapse and emergence of newly independent Republics
• Ethnicity & Identity Politics

Unit III: Political Institutions in the Central Asian States

• Government Structures
• Political Institutions
• Democratic processes

Unit IV: Contemporary Issues

• Religion
• Gender
• Role of Civil Society, NGOs, and International organization in political discourse

READING LIST
1. Ahrens, Joachim and Herman W. Hoen, eds., Institutional Reform in Central Asia:
Politico-Economic Challenges, London: Rutledge. 2012.
2. Cooley, Alexander, Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in
Central Asia, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
3. Cummings, Sally N., Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested
Transformations, London: Rutledge. 2012

68
4. Cummings, Sally N., ed., Symbolism and Power in Central Asia Politics of
Spectacular, London: Routledge, 2010.
5. Dawisha, Karen and Parrott, Bruce, eds., Conflict, Challenge, and Change in Central
Asia and Caucasus, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
6. Dave, Bhawna, ed., Politics of Modern Central Asia, London: Routledge, 2010
7. Heat, Tom Everett, ed., Central Asia Aspects of Transition, London: Routledge, 2003
8. Schendel, Willem Van and Zurcher Erik J, ed., Identity Politics in Central Asia and
the Muslim world, Nationalism, Ethnicity And Labor In the Twentieth Century,
London: I.B Tauris, 2001
9. Vassillev, Alexei, ed., Central Asia: Political and Economic Challenges in the Post
Soviet Era, London: Saqi Book, 2001.
10. Wooden, Amanda E. and Christoph H. Stefes, eds., The Politics of Transition in
Central Asia and the Caucasus: Enduring Legacies and Emerging Challenges,
London: Routledge, 2012

69
OPTIONAL COURSE
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Course In-Charge: Dr. Sabiha Alam

Introduction

Environment and Development is an interdisciplinary field of study seeking to provide

students with essential knowledge within different social and natural science disciplines. Air
pollution, climate change, tropical deforestation, biodiversity loss are some issues that the
world is experiencing with rapid and unprecedented changes to its natural environment at
local, regional, and global scales. At the same time, human societies and economies are
undergoing profound changes, through the processes of globalization and urbanization.
Economic development affects and is it affected by natural resource exploitation and
management. The role of policy in influencing possible linkages between environment and
development is extremely important. The course aims to provide students with a rigorous
training in environmental and development policy management, theoretical understanding of
sustainable development within a developing country context. It also seeks to integrate key
concepts and perspectives from core science and social science disciplines.

Unit I: Introduction to Environmental Studies

• Concept of ecosystem
• Major ecosystems of the World
• The biogeochemical and hydrological cycles
• Resource base of developing countries

Unit II: Environment and Development

• Environmental thought; the environment-development debate
• Environment technology and society
• Environment-poverty linkages
• Rural and urban environments
• Gender issues
• Environmental economics

Unit III: Environmental Issues of the Developing World

• Climate change-science of climate change, impact, adaptation and mitigation
• Biodiversity: geographical distribution and evolution, management and conservation
• Climate change and biodiversity
• Sustainable development: Global commons and the developing world
• The concept, indicators, social and economic dimensions of sustainability
• Globalization environment and sustainable development

Unit IV: Environmental Governance

• International environmental politics
• Policies and institutions
• Environmental law and regimes
• Multinational corporations
• Civil society

70
 • Environment and international relations

READING LIST
1. Ramchandra Guha.2014. Environmentalism A Global History. Penguin Books.
2. Jennifer A.Elliot.2013.An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge
3. Anil Agarwal, Sunita Narain 1992.Towards a Green World .Centre for Science and
Environment
4. World Commission on Environment and Development.1987.Our Common Future.
Oxford University Press.
5. Ranjit Dwivedi.2011.Environmental Movements in the Global South: Issues of
Livelihood and Beyond. International Sociology 16(1):11-31.
6. Rabindra N.Bhattacharya.2006.Environmental Economics, An Indian Perspective.
Oxford India Press
7. William.M.Adams.2009.Environment and Sustainability in a Developing
World.Earthscan Publications.
8. Jean-Frederic Morin, Amandine Orsini.2015.Essential Concepts of Global
Environmental Governance.Earthscan Publications.
9. Kate O’Neill.2009.The Environment and InternationalRelations.Cambridge
University Press.

71
OPTIONAL COURSE
ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Sabiha Alam

Introduction

Environmental issues have become a fundamental element of the international political

agenda due to their relationship with economy, natural resources and human security. This
course is important from both the perspective of environmental studies and international
relations. The course aims to equip the students of International and Area Studies with an
understanding of the functioning of governments, international institutions, corporations and
society address global environmental problems (including climate change, biodiversity loss,
trade in hazardous waste, ozone depletion). It attempts to introduce the theories of
international relations to address global environmental problems.

Unit I: International Environmental Problems

• Globalization of Environmental Concerns and Political Action
• Global commons issues, transboundary environmental problems
• Local cumulative problems (national) problems
• Environmental change and human security

Unit II: Actors in International Environmental Politics

• Nation States and North-South divide
• State led Environmental governance
• Non- State Environmental governance

Unit III: Environmental Treaty Regimes

• Study of Climate Change
• Biodiversity and Hazardous Waste Trade Regime their effectiveness and role in
environmental protection and sustainability.

Unit IV: International Relations and Environmental Politics

• Contributions of the environment to International Relations Theory
• Political economy
• Globalization and Political Ecology
• Trans-national Movements linking environment and social justice

READING LIST
1. Anderson, Steiner, Geir Homeland (eds).2012. International Environmental
Agreements. Routledge, New York.
2. Barret Scot. 2003. Environment and Statecraft: the strategy of environmental treaty
making: Oxford Univ. Press.
3. Edith Brown Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson. 1998. Engaging Countries:
Strengthening Compliance with International Environmental Accords. Cambridge
Press.

72
4. Jean- Frederic Morin and Amandive Orsini. 2015. Essential Concepts of Global
Environmental governance. Earthscan Publications.
5. Jennifer A. Elliot. 2013. An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge
Publication.
6. John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens. 2011. The Globalization of World Politics:
An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford Univ. Press.
7. Lynn M. Wagner. 2013. “A Forty Year Search For a Single Negotiating Text: Rio+20
as a Post- Agreement Negotiation”. International Negotiation 18 (3): 333- 366.
8. Pamela S. Chasele, David L. Dawine, Janet Welsh Brown. 2006. Global
Environmental Politics. Westview Press.
9. Regina Axelrod, David Leonard Downie and Norman J. Vig. 2005 (ed) The Global
Environment: Institutions, Law and Policy. Earthscan Publication.
10. World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our Common Future.
Oxford Univ. Press.

73
OPTIONAL COURSE
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Course In-Charge: Dr. Sabiha Alam

Introduction

The environment has become a major focal point of international cooperation and conflict.
Responding to growing threats of environmental degradation, countries have signed over 700
international treaties designed to protect and manage the environment. They have developed
elaborate tools and systems for observing and modelling of the international environment,
translating this knowledge into policy instrument for governance. This course aims to provide
an understanding of the processes and paradigms of international environmental governance.
The fact that the boundaries of States rarely coincide with those of ecosystems or systems of
human activity implies that effective governance of natural resources and environmental
services requires international cooperation. The course aims to examine the concept and
approaches to international environmental governance.

Unit I: Essential concepts of global environmental governance

• Interdependence between environmental problems and solutions
• The concept of sustainable development

Unit II: Global environmental politics, International environmental regimes

• History of environmental policy making from the 1970s
• Legal and political aspects of environmental treaty formulation
• North-South Politics and environmental cooperation
• NGO’s, the corporate sector and environmental governance
• Science and policy of environmental diplomacy.

Unit III: Introduction to International environmental law

• International environmental negotiations-Climate change
• Biodiversity, Hazardous waste trade
• Techniques and procedures
• World Trade Organisation

Unit IV: International economic governance and the environment

• International trade regime
• Managing conflict between environmental and economic regimes
• Environment and International Relations

READING LIST
1. Adil Najam, Mahaela Paqa and Nadaa Taiyab. 2006. Global Environmental
Governance: A Reform Agenda. International Institute of Sustainable Development.
2. Bharat H. Desai. 2014. International Environmental Governance: Towards UNEP.
Brill Oulive Book and Journal.

74
3. Cashore, B. 2002. Legitimacy and Privatization of Environmental Governance: How
Non- State Market Driven Governance Systems Gain Rule Making Authority.
Governance 15: 502- 529.
4. Clapp, J. 2005. Transnational corporations and global environmental governance.
Handbook of Global Environmental Politics. P. Dauvergne (eds). Cheltenham,
Edward Elgar: 284- 297.
5. Malgosia Fitznaurice. 2009. Contemporary Issues in Internatioal Environmental Law.
Edward Elgar Publishing.
6. Nelson L. 2007. The Role of the United Nations: from Stockholm to Johannesburg.
Handbook of Globalization and Environment. CRC Press: 155- 176.
7. Robert Falker. 2003. Private Environmental Governance and International Relations:
Exploring the Links. Global Environmental Politics 3 (2): 72- 87.
8. Robert Falker. 2013. The Handbook of Global Climate and Environmental Policy.
Wiley and Sons.
9. Saito Jensen, M. 2015. Theories and Methods for the Study of Multilateral
Environmental Governance. Centre for International Forest Research (CIFOR),
Bogor, Indonesia.
10. Sheila Aggarwal. 2011. The Policy Process in International Environmental
Governance. Palgrave Macmillan.

75
OPTIONAL COURSE
POLITICS OF IDENTITY IN WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mohammad Sohrab

Introduction

West Asia and North Africa (WANA) is not a monolithic sub-region in wider sense.
Elements of convergence and divergence have been operating through multiple layers
involving cooperation and confrontation on matters subjects to time and situation. This reality
debunks the monolithic ideas of the WANA as being propounded by the Orientalists. This
reality functions in deterministic way in defining the politics and the politics of identity in the
region.

This region has been the victim of long irredentist behavoiur of the European (Western)
powers. The uninterrupted foreign interventions have also played in creating new grounds for
politics with implications on identity.

The intra region dynamics of change has always been controversial and sometimes full with
warring elements. This has also played factor in deciding the contours of the identity politics
in the region.

The history of state formation and the dynamics of the formation of various social and
economic classes have always been at the core of the identity politics n the region.

The preceding decades have witnessed the dramatic rise of religious assertion in political
matters with huge implications on the entire gamut of other aspects of society and politics.

Last but not the least, this region is the most vital and integral part of the global system or
order because of its unique geostrategic, geo-economic and geopolitical groundings.
Therefore, this part has never been immune to the change taking place outside of its
traditional thinking boundaries.

This course has been designed to facilitate the higher academic pursuit in the field of the
politics of identity in the context of WANA region by applying the modern conceptual-
theoretical frame of critical analysis with the hope that this would produce more tenable
literature on the subject matter.

Unit I: Introduction
• Definitional Frameworks of Politics and Identity
• Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks of the Politics of Identity
• Changing Meaning and Contours of Identity in Modern World.
• Place of Identity in Modern Politics: An Over View

Unit II: Linkage between Politics and Identity

• Political Anthropology and the Politics of Identity
• Politicisation of Identity or the Politics of Identification: A Theoretical Approach
• Globalisation and the Rise of Politics of Identity at the Sub-Regional Levels
• Changing Global Order and the Pressing Issues in the Politics of Identity

76
Unit III: Politics and Identity in West Asiaand North Africa
• Colonialism, Nationalism and the beginning of new politics and Identity Formation
• Arab Nationalism, Iranian Nationalism and Turkish Nationalism and the Meta
Narratives on Islam and Nationalism and the Perennial Question of National Identity
• History and the Dynamics of Modern State Formation and the Identity Question
• The Project of Zionism, Creation of Israel and the Beginning of New Politics for
New Identity

Unit IV: New West Asia and North Africa

• The Politics of Islamism and the Formation of Religious–Political Identity
• Lingering of the Question of Palestine and the Geopolitics of the Politics of Identity
• Arab Uprising and the New Direction in the Politics of Identity
• New Demographic Landscapes, New Ethno-Sectarian and Gender Politics of Identity.

READING LIST
1. Michael G. Schatzberg, Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001).
2. Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Politics, new ed. (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 2003).
3. Jonathan Spencer, “Post-colonialism and the Political Imagination,” Journal of the
Royal Anthropological Institute 3, no. 1 (March 1997)
4. David D. Laitin, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the
Yoruba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986
5. Lynch, Marc. The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle
East. New York: PublicAffairs, 2012.
6. Owen, Roger. State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East.
3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2004
7. Brumberg, Daniel. “Democratization in the Arab World? The Trap of Liberalized
8. Bellin, Eva. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism
in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 36, no. 2 (January 2004):
9. Cook, Steven A. Ruling But Not Governing: The Military and Political Development
in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
10. Bayat, Asef. Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist
Turn. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
11. Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky. Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political
Change in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
12. Bayat, Asef. Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.
13. Halliday, Fred (1993) 'Orientalism and its Critics,' British Journal of Middle Eastern
Studies 20(2),
14. Lebovic, James and William Thompson (2006) 'An Illusionary or Elusive
Relationship? The Arab Israeli Conflict and Repression in the Middle East,' Journal of
Politics 68(3),
15. Fuller, Graham (2002) 'The Future of Political Islam,' Foreign Affairs 81(2), pp. 4860.
16. Kepel, Gilles and Anthony Roberts (2006) Jihad: The train of political Islam. London:
I.B. Tauris.

77
OPTIONAL COURSE
PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN WORLD POLITICS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mohammad Sohrab

Introduction

The idea of Public Diplomacy (PD) has gained traction in world politics over the decades. It
is widely seen as the transparent means by which a sovereign country communicates with
publics in other countries aimed at informing and influencing audiences overseas for the
purpose of promoting the national interest and advancing its foreign policy cause and goals.
This conventional view portrays the PD as an integral part of state-to-state diplomacy but
certainly with difference of sui generis characteristics. Though the PD is being played out by
the traditional state power but its value is primarily rooted in the software of the Soft power
of each nation-state society. Thus it acquires new importance and rationale for further
pursuing in the academic world. This uniqueness accords PD a cynosure place in the world of
ideas and politics and gives enormous academic relevance. Public diplomacy does accords
new roles and space for civil society institutions in the promotion of public to public
relationship not as a supra state approach but as addition to the normal domains of the
traditional diplomacy. Here the PD provides not only additional space of manoeuvrability but
also strengthens the norms, values and efficacy of the traditional diplomacy.

This course is intended to develop a meticulous understanding of the PD in the conceptual

and theoretical frameworks. Its history, its rationale, and how it relates to traditional
diplomacy and other instruments of national power in pursuing and securing national interests
are the guiding principles of framing this course module. Its frequent use in foreign policy
arena for achieving certain objectives in the post cold war globalized world politics is one of
the inspiring spirits behind the formulation of this course.

The development of the ICT and its revolutionary role in augmenting the efficacy of the PD
has expanded the scope of the PD by bringing the media and cultural diplomacy as major sub
areas of the PD. Therefore this course takes cognizance of the importance of the cultural and
media diplomacy as integral parts of the PD.

Unit I: Introduction
• Definitional Aspects
• Taxonomy of Public Diplomacy
• The History and the Changing Nature of Public Diplomacy
• Public Diplomacy, Public Affairs and Propaganda

Unit II: Conceptual and Theoretical Formulation

• Theory of Public Diplomacy
• Difference between diplomacy and Public Diplomacy
• Hard power, Soft Power and Public Diplomacy
• Smart Power and Public Diplomacy

Unit III: Issues in Contemporary Public Diplomacy

• Globalization
• Cultural Imperialism

78
 • Clash of Civilizations vs. Dialogue Among Civilizations
• Emerging New Regionalism based on Regional Cultural and Civilizational
Consciousness

Unit IV: Tools of Public Diplomacy

• Media-Print as well as Electronic
• The international Civil Society Institutions
• The Social Media
• The Internet and Noopolitik

READING LIST
1. Melissen, Jan, (edit) The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International
Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005.
2. Cull, Nicholas J., “Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories”, in Cowan,
Geoffrey and Nicholas Cull, Eds., Public Diplomacy in a Changing World, in The
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, March 2008
3. Brown, John, “Public Diplomacy and Propaganda: Their Differences”, Knol, 2008
http://knol.google.com/k/john-brown/public-diplomacy-and-propaganda-
their/1xhips574mqk3/2#
4. Cull, Nicholas J., “Public Diplomacy Before Gullion: Evolution of a Phrase”, USC
Center on Public Diplomacy:
http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/newsroom/pdblog
_detail/060418_public_diplomcy_before_gullion_the_evolution_of_a_phrase/.
5. Gilboa, Eitan, “Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy”, Cowan, Geoffrey and
Nicholas Cull, Eds., Public Diplomacy in a Changing World, in The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, March 2008
6. Gregory, Bruce, “Public Diplomacy: Sunrise of an Academic Field”, in Cowan,
Geoffrey and Nicholas Cull, Eds., Public Diplomacy in a Changing World, The
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, March 2008
7. Joseph Nye “Public Diplomacy and Soft Power” The ANNALS of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science 2008
8. Richard Arndt, The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the
Twentieth Century, Potomac Books, 2005
9. David Caute, The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy during the
Cold War, Oxford University Press, 2003
10. Nigel Gould–Davies, ‘The Logic of Soviet Cultural Diplomacy’ Diplomatic
History,Volume 27 Issue 2, April 2003
11. David Ronfeldt & John Arquilla “The Promise of Noopolitik” First Monday 12 n. 8-6
(1999/2007).
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1971 /1846
12. Robert Entman – Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: the U.S. Case, The
International Journal of Press/Politcs 13 (2008)
13. Shawn Powers and Eytan Gilboa “The Public Diplomacy of Al-Jazeera”

79
OPTIONAL COURSE
RELIGION IN WORLD POLITICS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mohammad Sohrab

Introduction

The subdued, implicit and behind the door role of religion in world politics is in the process
of fast becoming explicit with great recognized potential to influence the dynamics of inter-
states relationship. Its resurgent role is greatly affecting the language of today’s global
politics. It has greatly contributed in new identity politics throughout the world. It has
acquired the centre stage position in the clash of civilizations thesis as well as in the idea of
dialogue among civilizations narratives.

It does have huge potential to affect the entire gamut of world politics and major issues in
international relations like inter-state war, ethnic conflict, civil war, terrorism, democracy,
democratization and many other staples of international relations theory and practice.
Religious consideration has been behind the politics of the framing of the transnational
religious movements and the terrorist outfits. Role of religion as one of the motivating factors
behind numerous religious movements of international implications and the involved
duplicity of politics behind the framing and counter narratives are definitely posing
existential threats to the world order and the peace at large. Religious dimensions of modern
politics need debunking through critical analysis and rational construction. This is one of the
major objectives of this study.

The resurgent political role of religion is a global phenomenon. West is not exception to this
phenomenon. This fact exposes the tenuous character and easily susceptible nature of West’s
enlightened secular democracy more than the post-colonial societies of the global South. This
development is puzzling because it either nullifies or questions the scientific predictions of
modernization theorists and the dominant view of the “secularization thesis” which is/was
being premised on the idea that religion would finally become redundant and irrelevant in
international politics and therefore not a guiding or at least an influencing factor. The post
cold war developments have produced the reality contrary to this dominant view.

The aim of this course structure is underscore the crucial role of religion in the post cold war
global politics. It is accepted wisdom that religion is resurgent and matters, but exactly what
this entails and precisely how religion matters in international politics is less understood.
Another vital aim of this exercise is to explore the causes and consequences of what seems to
be as a “God’s Century”.

Unit I: Introduction: An Overview

• Religion in the Political and Social Lives of Pre-Westphalian Social and Political
Order
• The Evolution of the Westphalian State System and its Relationship with Religion
• The history of State Formation in the Post Colonial Societies of Afro-Asian and Latin
American Countries and the Role of Religion
• Religion and the Perennial Question of National Identity

Unit II: Modernity, Religion and Socio-Political Order

• The Eurocentric Project of Modernity

80
 • Modernity, Modernization and Modernism
• The Idea of Multiple Modernities and Secularities
• Varieties of Secularism and Secularization

Unit III: Religion and State-Society Relations

• Religion and the Social and Political Transformation
• Contestation Between Religion and Civil Society
• Religion and Multiplicity of Social and Political Conflicts
• Religion, Human Rights and the Universal Social Justice

Unit IV: Religion and the Question of National Identity

• Modernity and Democratization
• Democracy and Multiculturalism
• National and Transnational Social and Political Movements( International Civil
Societies)
• Religious Fundamentalism-A Social and Political Constructivism

READING LIST
1. Robert Opello and Stephen Rosow, The Nation-State and Global Order: A Historical
Introduction to Contemporary Politics (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 004)
2. Fox, Jonathan (2012) An Introduction to Religion and Politics: Theory and Practice,
London and New York: Routledge.
3. Rowe, Paul S. (2012) Religion and Global Politics, Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford
University Press.
4. Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, The Politics of Secularism in International Relations
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008)
5. Bruce, Steve (2013) Secularization: In Defence of an Unfashionable Theory, Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
6. Toft, Monica Duffy, Daniel Philpott, and Timothy Samuel Shah (2011) God’s
Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics, New York: Norton.
7. Robert Wuthnow and Stephen Offutt (2008) Transnational religious connections,
Sociology of Religion 69 (2): 209-232.
8. Mark Juergensmeyer (2008) Transnational networks: global jihad, in id., Global
Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to Al
Qaeda, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 193-211.
9. Mark Lilla (2007) The Stillborn God: Religion, Politics, and the Modern West, New
York: Alfred A. Knopf
10. Timothy Samuel Shah and Daniel Philpott (2011) The fall and rise of religion in
international relations, in Snyder, Jack (ed.) Religion and International Relations
Theory, New York: Columbia University Press
11. Jonathan Fox (2012) Secularization and secularism, in id., An Introduction to
Religion and Politics: Theory and Practice, London and New York: Routledge
12. Elizabeth Shakman Hurd (2008) Varieties of secularism, in id., The Politics of
Secularism in International Relations, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

81
OPTIONAL COURSE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mohammad Sohrab

Introduction

M.A Politics (International & Areas Studies) course is of interdisciplinary nature. As is

explicit from the title itself, M.A. Politics has two major tracks: International and Areas
studies. Both tracks promote the development of analytical research and writing skills that are
necessary for critically reflection on contemporary international issues, political behaviour,
identity politics and institutions.

The students are supposed to study and acquire understanding not only about the
complexities of world politics and relations, but also to develop understanding of specific
anthropology, cultures, societies, economies, history, environment, gender, and languages, in
order to confront the challenges of our increasingly globalized world. Taking cognizance of
this fact and necessity, the course of the research methodology has been designed. The
objective of this course is to satisfy the basic parameters for pursuing research in international
and area studies.

Unit I: Theories and Importance of International and Area Studies

• Fundamental parameters of International and Area Studies
• Methodological approaches: Political Economy, Social, Cultural and Environmental
perspectives to International and Area studies
• Domestic politics, Regionalism and foreign policy: Interface and Decision Making
Dynamics
• Ideology: International and Area studies research

Unit II: Methodological Approaches

• Functionalist Approach
• Marxist Approach
• Environmentalist Approach
• Feminist Approach

Unit III: Definition and Scope of Social Science Research

• Methods in social research.
• Definitions of research, Functions of research, objectives and significance
• Limitations of social science research; Importance of theories and facts in research
• Research Ethics and the Question of Objectivity in Social Science Research

Unit IV: Research Methods/Techniques

• Descriptive, Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods
• Identification and Description of a Research Problem and Writing a Research
Proposal
• Research Question, Types and Formulation of Hypothesis, Sources of Information
and techniques of Data Collection and Classification, Sampling: its types, Importance,
Characteristics and Criteria

82
 • Importance and Approaches to Ethnographic Research, Research Design and Case
Studies in Area Studies

READING LIST
1. Seale, Clive (2008) (ed.) Social Research Methods: A Reader, London & NY.
2. Elliot, Anthony (2010), Contemporary Social Theory: An Introduction.
3. Tarling, Roger (2008), Managing Social Research: A Practical Guide, London & NY,
Routeledge.
4. Bryman, Alan (2012): Social Research Methods, 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
5. Babbie, Earl (2010): The Practice of Social Research, 12th ed., Belmont: Wadswort
6. Bryman, Alan (2012): Social Research Methods, 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University
Press
7. della Porta, Donatella and Michael Keating (2008): “How Many Approaches in the
Social Sciences? An Epistemological Introduction”, in: Donatella della Porta and
Michael Keating (eds.), Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Kunnath, G.J. 2013. Anthropology’s Ethical Dilemmas: Reflections from the Maoist
Fields of India. Current Anthropology, 54 (6)
9. John Gerring (2004) ‘What is a Case Study and What is it Good For? American
Political Science Review, 98 (2) (May): 341-354.
10. Sanjek, R. 1996. ‘Ethnography’ in A. Barnard and J. Spencer (eds.). Encyclopedia of
Social and Cultural Anthropology. London: Routledge.
11. Jonh Gerring (2004) ‘What is a Case Study and What is it Good For? American
Political Science Review, 98 (2) (May): 341-354.
12. Denzin, Norman and Yvonna Lincoln (2013): “Introduction: The Discipline and
Practice of Qualitative Research”, in Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, Collecting
and Interpreting Qualitative Materials, London: Sage.
13. Nagel, Ernest (1979): The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific
Explanation, Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing.
14. Weber, Max & Edward Shils ( 1949): The Methodology of the Social Sciences, New
York, Free Press.
15. Mathukutty M. Monippally & Badrinarayan Shankar Pawar ( 2010), Academin
Wrting: A Guide for Management Students and Researchers, RESPONSE, Business
Books, SAGE New Delhi
16. Peter Sutch and Juanita elias ( 2010), The Basics International Relations, Routledge,
New York

83
OPTIONAL COURSE
FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mujib Alam

Introduction

This course aims to familiarize students with Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) – a well-defined
and one of the major subfields of International Relations (IR) – which deals with the analyses
of processes, outcomes and theories of foreign policy. The core of the course revolves around
the examination of the question as to ‘why do states behave as they do in international
system?’ The behavior of a state towards other country/countries in the international system
is broadly defined as foreign policy. From this standpoint, the course explores the factors and
constraints that shape a state’s foreign policy. The course has been designed by following
‘levels of analysis’ approach. The primary focus of the course is to analyse various
theoretical and methodological approaches to foreign policy in general, besides providing due
consideration to actor-specific focus of FPA.

Unit I: Introduction and Analytical Framework

• Meaning of foreign policy; introduction to foreign policy analysis (FPA)
• FPA as a field of study: A brief historical overview
• Introduction to analytical frameworks: Levels of analysis and units of analysis;
Agent-structure debate; Actors and structures in foreign policy making process

Unit II: Systemic/Structural-Level Foreign Policy Analysis

• Rational actor theories of foreign policy: Realism and foreign policy; Liberalism and
foreign policy
• International Norms and Foreign Policy (Constructivism)
• Transnational advocacy groups/MNCs/diasporas/other non-state actors and foreign
policy

Unit III: State/Societal-Level Theories of Foreign Policy

• Organisational theory; Bureaucratic politics/Organisational processes model;
Groupthink; Elite theory
• Government factors/domestic structure and foreign policy-making
• Media; Public opinion; Interest groups; National culture

Unit IV: Individual-Level Analysis and Case Studies

• Psychological theories; Personality and Leadership
• Foreign policy making in India
• Case studies from India’s foreign policy: India and the WTO (system level analysis);
India-US Nuclear Deal (state/societal level analysis); India’s foreign policy under
Narendra Modi (individual level analysis)

84
READING LIST

1. Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield and Tim Dunne, Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors,
Cases. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012, 2nd edition.
2. Mark Webber and Michael Smith, Foreign Policy in a Transformed World,
Routledge, 2013.
3. Valerie M. Hudson, Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory,
Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2013, 2nd edition.
4. Laura Neack, J. Hey, and P. Heaney, Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change
in Its Second Generation. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995.
5. Chris Alden and Amnon Aran, Foreign Policy Analysis – New Approaches, London:
Routledge, 2012.
6. Marijke Breuning, Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction, Palgrave
Macmillan, 2007, 1st edition.
7. Derek Beach, Analyzing Foreign Policy, Palgrave & Macmillan, 2012.
8. Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave,
2003.
9. Walter Carlnaes, “The Agency-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis”,
International Studies Quarterly, 36 (September 1992), pp. 245-70.
10. J. Bandyopadhyaya, The Making of India’s Foreign Policy, New Delhi: Allied
Publishers, 2003, 3rd edition.

85
OPTIONAL COURSE
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mujib Alam

Introduction

This course provides an in-depth introduction to historical as well as contemporary

international relations of West Asian and North African states. The region, called by many as
‘Middle East’, is characterised as a unique sub-system of the larger international system due
to its historical and socio-cultural antecedents. The course is designed at exploring mainly the
political, economic and cultural relationships between and among states of the region as well
as their interactions with external powers having implications for the region. The period of
exploration spans from World War I to the present times and the aspects of analysis include
conflict/war, efforts at peace and conflict resolution, incidence of cooperation in the form of
alliance and regional integration, inter-state relations based on natural resources (especially
oil), identity and religion. Besides, the course explores the role and involvement of selected
external and regional players that shape and charecterise the international relations of the
region.

Unit I: Introduction and Historical Overview

• A general introduction to the region; explanation of geographical terminologies
relevant for the region like Middle East, Levant, Mashriq, Maghrib, Anatolia, and
MENA/WANA; people and their contemporary sociological makeup; The study of
WANA region as an international sub-system
• The Ottoman and Qajar Empires and their interactions with Western powers during
the 20th century; World War I, western colonial policy in the region and the
international agreements; disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, the Mandate system
and emergence of the modern state system in the WANA region
• An overview of inter-state relations in the region post-World War II (during the Cold
War and post-Cold War periods)

Unit II: Themes and Issues in International Relations of the Region-I

• The Arab-Israeli conflict and aspects of peace-making efforts
• Other major conflicts and wars in the region: Three Gulf Wars and inter-state
relations in the region (Iran-Iraq War; Second Gulf War; 2003 Iraq War)
• The ‘Arab Spring’ and its effects on the international relations of regional states

Unit III: Themes and Issues in International Relations of the Region-II

• Regional and international dimensions of oil politics
• Islam, identity and inter-state relations of the region
• Regionalism, regional organizations, alliances and intra-regional cooperation

Unit IV: Actors in International Relations of the Region

• External powers (United States, Russia, Europe & China) in the region: Their
involvement in regional affairs and interactions with regional countries
• Interactions between/among major regional players (Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia &
Egypt)

86
 • India and West Asia: nature and aspects of contemporary relations, especially with the
GCC countries

READING LIST

1. Louise Fawcett (ed.), International Relations of the Middle East, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2013, 3rd edition.
2. Fred Halliday, The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and
Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
3. Mehran Kamrava, International Politics of the Persian Gulf, Syracuse University
Press, Syracuse, 2011.
4. William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton, A History of the Contemporary Middle
East, Westview, Boulder, CO, 2009.
5. Raymond Hinnebusch, The International Relations of the Middle East, Manchester
University Press, Manchester & New York, 2003.
6. Carl Brown (ed.), The Diplomacy of the Middle East: The International Relations of
Regional and Outside Powers, I.B. Tauris, New York, 2001.
7. Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehteshami (eds.), The Foreign Policies of
the Middle East States, Lynne Rienner Pub., Boulder, CO, 2001.
8. F. Gregory Gause, III, The International Relations of the Persian Gulf, Cambridge
University Press, 2009.
9. Nonneman G. (ed.), Analyzing Middle East Foreign Policies, Routledge, 2005.
10. Milton-Edwards, Beverly, Contemporary Politics in the Middle East, Cambridge,
UK: Polity Press, 2006, 2nd edition.

87
OPTIONAL COURSE
TURKEY IN REGIONAL AND GLOBAL AFFAIRS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mujib Alam

Introduction

This course explores and analyses the role of Turkey in various regions and selected world
affairs in the post-Cold War international settings. The course has been designed by taking
into account a broader framework of analysis of the role of a ‘Regional Power’ or ‘Middle
Power’ in the international system. Turkey, an emerging power and a multi-regional player of
the 21st century, is an important case study for the students of international studies especially
for examining its foreign, security and international economic policy. It investigates in depth
the background and consequences of Turkey’s involvement and role in various regions such
as West Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Europe, the Balkans, Africa and South Asia;
regional organisations like NATO, OSCE, BSEC, Blackseafor, Economic Cooperation
Organisation, OIC and D-8; its involvement in G-20, role in issues like nuclear non-
proliferation, counter-terrorism and fight against human trafficking, and role in humanitarian
aid and assistance. Though the course covers foreign policy/relations of Turkey mainly of the
post-Cold War period, ample references will be made to post-World War II period.

Unit I: Introduction
• Introduction to contemporary Turkey: people, polity and economy; geographical and
regional settings
• Contemporary Turkish foreign policy and an overview of general trends and major
issues in Turkish foreign policy post-World War II
• The concept of middle power (realist and liberal perspectives); Assessment of Turkey
as a regional/multi-regional power

Unit II: Turkey and the Different Regions

• Turkey and West Asia: Security issues with Turkey’s West Asian neighbors (Syria,
Iraq and Iran); Palestinian issue and Turkey-Israel; Turkey’s trade and economic
relations with the GCC countries; Turkey’s involvement in democratisation process in
the region
• Turkey and Central Asia & the Caucasus: The post-Cold War developments in the
region and Turkey’s position; Geopolitics of the Caspian basin and Turkey’s role in
energy politics; Inter-state regional conflicts and Turkey
• Turkey and Europe: EU membership issue; Balkan conflicts and Turkey; Cyprus
problem and Turkish-Greek relations
• Turkey and South Asia (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan); Turkey and Africa

Unit III: Turkey’s Role in Regional Organisations

• NATO and Turkey’s post-Cold War security issues; OSCE
• Turkey’s role in BSEC, Blackseafor; Economic Cooperation Organisation
• OIC; D-8

Unit IV: Turkey in World Affairs

• Turkey and G-20

88
 • Turkey’s Role in humanitarian aid and assistance
• Issues of nuclear proliferation, terrorism; trafficking in human beings

READING LIST
1. William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge,
2013, 3rd edition.
2. Barry Rubin and Kemal Kirisci, Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional
Power, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner Pub., 2001.
3. Mujib Alam (ed.), Perspectives on Turkey’s Multi-regional Role in the 21st Century,
Delhi, Knowledge World, 2015.
4. Mesut Özcan, Harmonizing Foreign Policy: Turkey, the EU and the Middle East,
Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008.
5. Idris Bal (ed.), Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era, Universal-Publishers,
2004.
6. Nasuh Uslu, Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Period, Nova Publishers,
2003.
7. Philip Robins, Suits and Uniforms: Turkish Foreign Policy since the Cold War, C.
Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003.
8. Baskın Oran and Mustafa Aydin (eds), Turkish Foreign Policy 1919-2006: Facts and
Analyses with Documents, University of Utah Press, 2008.
9. Aaron Stein, Turkey’s New Foreign Policy: Davutoglu, the AKP and the Pursuit of
Regional Order, Routledge,
10. Tareq Y. Ismael and Mustafa Aydin, Turkey's Foreign Policy in the 21st century: A
Changing Role in World Politics, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003.

89
OPTIONAL COURSE
AFRICA AND THE WORLD
Course In-Charge: Dr. Bijay Ketan Pratihari

Introduction

The focus of the course is to study Africa and the world. In the Cold War Period the
relationships among the nation states were different. The international system was dominated
by block systems. The end of Cold War had changed that scenario. The disintegration of
Soviet Union had further closed a policy option for many Third World states. Now USA
became the most dominating power in the world. The New World Order has been defined
USA as the most dominating power of the world with regional powers dominating various
regions. In the present scenario the new world order is also affecting Africa in many ways.
One view is that Africa is marginalized in the world politics as other areas like Eastern
Europe is attracting greater attentions. As a result there will be less focus towards Africa by
world powers. Many of the problems faced by Africa may remain unsolved.

Unit I: The New World Order

• The world in the post Cold War period.
• Features of the new world order
• Changing nature of state relations
• How it is affecting Africa?

Unit II: Major Powers & Africa

• USA & Africa
• EU & Africa
• China & Africa
• India & Africa

Unit III: The formulations of African foreign policy

• Foreign policy issues of under develop states
• Determinants of foreign policy of African countries
• Changing context of African Foreign Policies
• Foreign policy in the Post Cold War period

Unit IV: Fragile States and new patterns of conflicts

• Concept of Fragile state in IR
• Conflicts in Africa
• State failure in Africa: causes and consequences
• The crisis in Somalia

READING LIST
1. William Zartman, “Collapsed States: The disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate
authority”, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1995
2. Basil Davidson, “The Black man’s Burden: Africa and the curse of the nation state”,
Times Books, New York.

90
3. Basil Davidson, “The search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics”, Random House,
New York, 1994
4. Ali A Mazrui, (ed.), “Africa since 1935”, University of California Press, Berkeley,
1999
5. John Iiiff, “Africans: The History of a Continent”, Cambridge University Press, New
York, 1995
6. Basil Davidson, “Modern Africa: A social and Political History, Longman, New
York, 1994
7. Jakki Cilliers, “The African Standby Force: an update Progress”, ISS Occasional
Paper, no. 160, 2008
8. John Ghazvinian, “Untappedthe Scramble for Africa’s Oil”, Orlando, Harcourt, 2007
9. Fareed Zakaria, “ The Post-American World”, London, Allen Lane, 2008
10. ………………, “The Future of American Power: how America can survive the Rise
of the Rest”, Foreign Affairs, No.87(3), May/June 2008
11. Peter J Schraeder, “United states Foreign Policy Towards Africa: Incrementalism,
Crisis, Change” Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1994
12. Ian Clark, Globalisation and International Relations, Millennium Press, Buckingham,
1991
13. Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations, Macmillan, London, 1991
14. John Baylis and Steve Smith (ed.) The Globalisation of World Politics, OUP, Oxford,
2001
15. Joseph Nye, Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and
History, Longman, New York, 2003
16. Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional
Conflict, and the Internatioanl System, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1995
17. Nicole Ball, Security and Economy in the Third World, Princeton University Press,
Princeton, 1988
18. Stephen Wright, “The Changing Context of African Foreign Policies” in Stephen
Wright (ed.), African Foreign Policies, Boulder, Westview Press, 1990
19. William Zartman, “Inter-African Negotiations and Reforming Political Order”in John
Herbeson and Donald Rothchild (eds.) Africa in World Politics: Reforming Political
Order, Fourth Edition, Boulder, Westview Press 2008
20. Paul Williams, “State Failure in Africa: Causes, Consequences and Responses” in
Europa World Plus, London, Taylor and Francis
21. Stephan John Stedman and Terrence Lyons, “Conflict in Africa”, in E. Gyimah-Boadi
(ed.) Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Progress, Boulder. Lynne Rienner,
2004

91
OPTIONAL COURSE
COLONIALISM AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Bijay Ketan Pratihari

Introduction

African countries are the latest in the block to get independence in the 1960s. Unlike in Asia
the national movement in Africa was very short and in some countries it was non-existent.
Independence has brought its own problems. New problems like national integration, ethnic
strife, problems of governance, political corruption, and economic underdevelopment, social
unrests surfaced. The African leaders thought that independence would solve these problems
by bringing a new political and economic order. But the euphoria did not last long. The
dreams of economic development, national self-reliance and African unity remained elusive.
African countries became increasingly impoverished and more dependent on foreign aid than
ever before. Therefore Africa is the classic case of lack of governance.

Unit I: Colonialism and its Impact

• Colonial Empires
• Scramble for Africa
• African resistance and reaction
• Various colonial policies and its impact on Africa
• Economic undevelopment of Africa
• Colonial Legacies

Unit II: Origin and Evolution of African Nationalism

• Evolution of African nationalism after World War II
• Nationalist Movement in major African countries
• Achievement of independence

Unit III: Problems of Independence

• Political, & Economic situation in African Countries at the time of Independence
• Problems of Integration & Nation- building
• Social Change
• Economic Underdevelopment

Unit IV: Democratic Development in Africa

• Party System in Africa
• One-party rule in Africa
• Democratic Movements in Africa (second phase)
• Evolution of democracy in Africa

Unit V: Military Rule in Africa

• Military as an institution in Africa
• Military as an alternate model in Africa
• Military coups in Africa

92
READING LIST
1. Mahamood Mamdani, “Citizen and Subjects: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of
late Colonialism”, Princeton University press, 1996
2. -------------------, “When victims become killer: Colonialism, Nationalism, and
Genocide in Rwanda”, Princeton University Press, 2001
3. William Zartman, “Collapsed States: The disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate
authority”, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1995
4. W. Rodney, “How Europe Underdeveloped Africa”, TPH, Dar-es-Salaam, 1991.
5. Basil Davidson, “The Black man’s Burden: Africa and the curse of the nation state”,
Times Books, New York.
6. Thomas Hodgkin, “Nationalism in Colonialism Africa”, Frederick Muller, London,
1956
7. Basil Davidson, “The search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics”, Random House,
New York, 1994
8. Ali A Mazrui, (ed.), “Africa since 1935”, University of California Press, Berkeley,
1999
9. John Iiiff, “Africans: The History of a Continent”, Cambridge University Press, New
York, 1995
10. John D Hargreaves, “Decolonisations in Africa”, Longman, London, 1996
11. John D Fage & William Tordoff, “A History of Africa”, Routledge, New York, 2001
12. David Birmingham, “The Decolonisation of Africa”, Ohio University Press, 1995
13. Basil Davidson, “Modern Africa: A social and Political History, Longman, New
York, 1994
14. David N Abdulai, “African Renaissance: Challenges solutions and the Road Ahead”,
Asean Academic, London, 2001
15. Samir Amin, “Imperialism and Unequal Development”, Sussex, 1977
16. J. S. Coleman & Roseberg, “Political parties and national Integration in Tropical
Africa”, Berkley, California, UCP, 1964
17. Anirudha Gupta, Government and Politics in Africa, Delhi, Vikas Publishing House,
1974
18. A. R. Zolberg, “Creating Political Order”: The Party –States of West Africa, Chicago:
Rand McNally, 1966
19. D. Austin, “Politics in Ghana”, Oxford University Press, London, 1964
20. C. G. Rosberg, Jr (ed), “Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa”,
University of California Press, Berkeley, 1964
21. R. B. Collier, “Regimes in Tropical Africa: Changing Forms of Supremacy.1945-75”,
University of California Press, Berkeley, 1982

93
OPTIONAL COURSE
DIASPORA AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Bijay Ketan Pratihari

Introduction

Since the end of Cold War Diasporas has emerged an as important determinant in foreign
policies and international relations. The transnational linkages of Diasporas have significant
impact on foreign policies of home and host countries. The course intends to discuss the role
and impact of Diasporas in international relations, on foreign policies of home and host
countries and in international civil society.

Unit I: Diaspora as a Concept

• Definition of Diaspora
• Migration process in the global context
• Diaspora’s rise in the respective host countries
• Diaspora as an influence in the global context

Unit II: Diaspora and International Relations

• Diaspora in World Affairs
• Diaspora as an instrument of foreign policy
• Diaspora as an asset
• Neo-liberalism and Diaspora

Unit III: Migration

• Transnationalism
• Transnational Migration
• Transnational Relations
• Diaspora and citizenship issues

Unit IV: Diaspora as an Asset

• Diasporas and transnational business network
• Diaspora as a driver for home and host countries
• Diasporas and lobby politics
• Diaspora and international civil society

READING LIST
1. Cohen, Robin, 1944- (2006) “Diasporas: Changing meanings and limits of the
concept”. In Les diasporas dans le monde contemporain: un état des lieux. Hommes
et societies, edited by Berthomière, William andChivallon, Christine, 39-48. Paris ;
Pessac: Karthala
2. Knott, Kim and Seán McLoughlin. 2010. Diasporas: Concepts, Intersections,
Identities. Zed Books
3. Milton J. Esma. 2009. Diasporas in the Contemporary World. Polity

94
4. Ragazzi, Francesco et al. (2012) Contributions to the Forum: Diaspora Politics and
IR: Do We Need to Rethink the Theory? International Political Sociology, doi:
10.1111/j.1749-5687.2011.00152.
5. Robin Cohen. 2008. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. Rouletdge
6. Shain, Yossi and Aharon Barth. 2003. “Diasporas and International Relations
Theory.” International Organization 57: 449-479
7. Shain, Yossi. 2002. “The Role of Diasporas in Conflict Perpetuation or
Resolution.” SAIS Review 22 (2): 115–144.
8. Shain, Yossi. 2008. Kinship and Diasporas in International Affairs. University of
Michigan Press
9. Sheffer, Gabriel, ed. 1986. Modern Diasporas In International Politics. St. Martin's
Press
10. Sheffer, Gabriel. 2003. Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad. Cambridge University
Press
11. Tölölyan, Khachig. “Rethinking Diaspora(s): Stateless Power in the Transitional
Moment.”Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 5.1 (1996): 3–36.
12. Totoricagüena, Gloria Pilar. 2007. Opportunity structures in diaspora
relations: comparisons in contemporary multilevel politics of diaspora and
transnational identity. Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada,
13. Varadarajan, Latha. 2010. The Domestic Abroad: Diasporas in International
Relations. Oxford University Press, USA
14. Vertovec, Steven and Robin Cohen. 1999. Migration, Diasporas, and
Transnationalism. Edward Elgar
15. Vertovec, Steven. 2009. Transnationalism (Key Ideas). Routledge
16. Charles King and Neil J. Melvin. 1999. “Diaspora Politics Ethnic Linkages, Foreign
Policy, and Security in Eurasia.” International Security 24 (3): 108-138
17. Cohen, Robin. 2005. "New Roles for Diasporas in International Relations." Diaspora:
A Journal of Transnational Studies 14 (1): 179-183
18. DeWind, Josh and Renata Segura. 2014. “Diaspora-Government Relations in Forging
US Foreign Policies.” In Diaspora Lobbies and the US Government: Convergence
and Divergence in Making Foreign Policy, edited by Josh DeWind and Renata
Segura, 3-28. NYU Press
19. Helmreich, Stefan. "Kinship, Nation, and Paul Gilroy's Concept of
Diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 2.2 (1992): 243-249.
20. Lacroix, Thomas. 2007. Diasporic Identity, Transnational Agency, and the Neoliberal
Reconfiguration of Global Migration.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies
16 (3): 401-415
21. Larkin, Edward. 2006. “Diaspora and Empire: Toward a New Synthesis?” Diaspora:
A Journal of Transnational Studies 15 (1):167-184

95
OPTIONAL COURSE
GOVERNMENT & POLITICS IN SOUTH ASIA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Aliva Mishra

Introduction

Comprising 8 states and one fifth of the humanity, South Asia is one of the world’s complex
regions. All the states except Afghanistan have had shared colonial past, which has greatly
influenced the post-independence developments creating almost identical challenges to state-
making and nation-building process. In the decade following the end of the Cold War, the
region has seen a wave of democratic transition though marked by chaos and violence
including religious terrorism. Apart from providing a brief historical context to understand
the problematic process of state formation in the region, this course aims at acquainting the
students with the dynamics of political change unfolding in the post-Cold War decades.

Unit I: Introducing South Asia

• Regional Profile & Peculiarities
• Historical Background
• Emergence of Modern State System
• Typology of Regime

Unit II: Post-Independence Political Structure & Processes

• Obstacles to Constitutionalism in Pakistan, Sri Lanka & Nepal
• Unitary Form of Government and Ethno-nationalist Challenge
• Party System in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan & Maldives
• Military in Politics in Pakistan & Bangladesh

Unit III: Political Developments since the End of Cold War

• Democratic Transition in Pakistan, Bangladesh & Nepal
• Post-Conflict Reconstruction Challenges in Sri Lanka & Afghanistan
• Religious Fundamentalism & Terrorism in Pakistan, Bangladesh & Afghanistan
• People’s Movement in Nepal, Bhutan & Maldives

Unit IV: Civil Society & Mass Media

• NGOs & Human Rights Groups in Democratic transition &Consolidation
• Role of NGOs in Economic Development
• Mass Media in Shaping Public Opinion
• State & Civil Society Relations

READING LIST
1. Ayesha Jalal, Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia, New Delhi, 1995.
2. J.C.Johari, Governments and Politics of South Asia, New Delhi, Sterling, 1991
3. S.K.Mitra and Dietmer Rothermund (eds.), Legitimacy and Conflict in South Asia,
Delhi, Manohar, 1998.
4. R.P.Sinha and Surya Dandekar, South Asian Politics: Ideological and Institutions,
New Delhi, Kanishka, 1998.

96
5. P.C.Mathur (ed.), Government and Politics in South Asia, Jaipur, Printwell, 1985.
6. Carol Appadurai Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds.), Orientalism and the
Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, University of Pennsylvania
Press, Philadelphia, 1993.
7. Craig Baxter, Government and Politics in South Asia, London, Westview Press, 1998.
8. Douglas Allen (ed.), Religion and Political Conflict in South Asia: India, Pakistan,
and Sri Lanka, Praeger/Greenwood, 1992.

97
OPTIONAL COURSE
PEACE & CONFLICT IN SOUTH ASIA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Aliva Mishra

Introduction

Conflicts differ in nature, cause and the actors involved, based on which they can be broadly
divided into three categories. While the religious/sectarian variety is related to
group/community identity, in the ehtno-territorial category territory represents a major source
of group survival and hence, the struggle for autonomy or independence. Lastly, the anti-
systemic conflicts are the product of people’s movement for change in the nature of polity
(from monarchical to democracy, for instance). Apart from an enduring rivalry between India
and Pakistan that dominates the South Asian politics, the region is home to decade-old
conflicts, some are violent and others, latent containing the seeds of future violence.Given the
complex nature of inter-and intra-state conflicts in South Asia, the proposed course has been
designed to disentangle causes of conflict formation involving different levels and actors.
Based on the inter-disciplinary approach, this course aims at providing theoretical
understanding of the conflict causation, conflict process and methods of conflict-
management/resolution.

Unit I: Conflict Analysis

• Conflict Structure and Actors
• Stages of Conflict Expansion
• Typology of Conflict
• Sources & Causes of Conflict

Unit II: Conflicts in South Asia

• Introducing the Region
• Inter-state Conflicts: Territorial and Dispersal of People in more than one state
• Intra-State Conflicts: Identity-related, Sectarian/Communal & Anti-Systemic
• Conflict Causation: Colonial legacy, Political Character of Nation-State, Socio-
economic Inequalities, Identity Politics and Role of External Actors

Unit III: Conflict Consequences

• Regional Level: Competitive Security and Militarization
• Bilateral Level: Failure of Cooperative Initiatives
• Domestic Level: Systemic Instability and Vulnerability
• Popular Level: Mutual Mistrust and Limited Interconnectedness

Unit IV: Case Studies

• Inter-state Conflict: India-Pakistan
• Religious/Sectarian: Pakistan and Bangladesh
• Ethno-territorial: Sri Lanka and Post-Taliban Afghanistan
• Anti-systemic Conflicts: Jan Andolan in Nepal & Transition to Democracy in Bhutan.

98
READING LIST
1. Galtung, Johan (1996), Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development
and Civilization, Oslo: PRIO.
2. Mitchell, C.R.(1981), The Structure of International Conflict, London: Macmillan.
3. Azar, Edward E. (1990), TheManagement of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and
Cases, Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company Ltd.
4. Ayoob, Muhammed (1996), "State-Making, State-Breaking and State Failure:
Explaining the Roots of Third World' Insecurity", in Lucvan De Goor, Kumar
Rupesinghe and Paul Sciarone, eds., Between Development and Destruction: An
Enquiry into the Causes of Conflict in Post-Colonial States, New York: St. Martin's
Press.
5. Chandran, Subha D. and P. R. Chari, eds. (2013), Armed Conflict in South Asia 2012:
Uneasy Stasis and Fragile Peace, New Delhi: Routledge
6. Cordell, Karl and Stefan Wolff (2010), Ethnic Conflict: Causes-Consequences-
Responses, Cambridge: Polity Press.
7. Gellner, David N, “Nepal and Bhutan in 2006: A Year of Revolution”, Asian Survey,
Vol. XLVII, No. 1, January/February, 2007.
8. Fischer, Alexander and Clemens Spiess eds. (2014), State and Society in South Asia:
Themes of Assertion and Recognition, New Delhi: Samsikriti.
9. Mishra, Aliva (2012) “Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: A Comparative Study
of Pakistan and Bangladesh”, India Quarterly, Vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 283 -296.
10. Crews, Robert D. And Amin Tarzi, eds. (2008), The Taliban and the Crisis of
Afghanistan, Harvard University Press.
11. Roy, Arpita Basu and V. K. Mishra (2011), Reconstruction of Afghanistan, New
Delhi: Shipra Publishers.
12. Jaffrelot, Christopher, ed. (2002), Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation?, London:
Zed Books.
13. Khan, Adeel (2005), Politics of Identity: Ethnic Nationalism and the State in
Pakistan, New Delhi: Sage Publication.
14. Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012), The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan, London:
Rouledge.
15. Islam, Taj ul (1994), “Islam in Bangladesh Politics” , in Hussin Mutalib and Taj ul
Hashmi, eds Islam Muslim and the modern state, New York : St Martin’s press,
pp.124 -136.
16. Bandarage, Asoka (2009), The Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism, Ethnicity
and Political Economy, Vijitha Yapa Publications, Colombo.
17. DeVotta, Neil (2009), “Sri Lanka at Sixty: A Legacy of Ethnocentrism and
Degeneration”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.44, no. 5, 31 January- 6
February, pp. 46 -53.
18. Gellner, David N. (2007), “Democracy in Nepal: Four Models”, Seminar, No. 576,
pp. 50 -56.

99
OPTIONAL COURSE
AFGHANISTAN AND SUPER POWERS
Course In-Charge: Dr. K. N. Tennyson

Introduction

Afghanistan is a landlocked country, but strategically located. Therefore, it is not an isolated

tract of land. It was the country’s pivotal geographical location that compelled the external
powers to frequently intervene in the politics of Afghanistan to take control of its strategic
location. Afghanistan today has the unique distinction of being a country where three
superpowers have come to varying degree of grief and defeat in their effort to control it. The
course intended to help students acquire a sound conceptual and practical understanding of
Afghanistan’s relations with the super powers and the role the super powers played in
shaping Afghanistan’s domestic and foreign policy.

Unit I: Geopolitical Importance of Afghanistan

• Great Game
• State-building and Political Instability
• Post Cold War Geopolitics

Unit II: Afghanistan’s Relation with USSR/Russia

• Afghanistan’s Relations with Czarist Russian
• Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan and Afghans Resistance
• Russia’s Relations with Afghanistan

Unit III: Afghanistan and the United States

• The US and Cold War Politics
• US’s interest in Afghanistan: Geo-politics to Geo-economics
• The US’s War on Terror

Unit IV: State-Rebuilding in Afghanistan: Role of Super Powers

• US, NATO and ISAF
• Russia and Afghanistan Post 9/11
• Aid and Development in Afghanistan

READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Alireza Nader, et al, Iran’s Influence in Afghanistan: Implications for the U.S.
Drawdown, RAND Corporation, 2014.
2. Arpita Basu Roy, et al, International Intervention in Afghanistan: Motives and
Approaches (New Delhi: Shipra Publications, 2012)
3. Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse
in the International System, Second Edition (New Haven & London: Yale University
Press, 2002).

100
 4. Eikenberry, Karl W., “The Limits of Counterinsurgency Doctrine in Afghanistan: The
Other Side of the COIN”, Foreign Affairs, September-October 2013, 92
5. Hafeez Malik (ed), Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan
(London: Macmillan Press, 1987).
6. Mohammad Amin Wakman, Afghanistan, Non-Alignment and the Super Powers
(New Delhi: Radiant Publisher, 1985)
7. Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin, Afghanistan The Bear Trap: The Defeat of a
Superpower (Casemate, 2001).
8. Nabi Misdaq, Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference (London and
New York: Routledge, 2006).
9. Peter Hopkirk , The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia (London: John
Murray, 1990)
10. Peter Marsden, Afghanistan: Aid, Armies & Empire (London. New York: I.B. Tauris,
2010).

Suggested Readings
1. Ahmad Shayeq Qassem, Afghanistan's Political Stability: A Dream Unrealised
(Farnham: Ashgate, 2009)
2. Amin Saikal, Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival (London &
New York: I.B.Tauris, 2004)
3. Frank Clements, Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia (California:
ABC-CLIO, 2003)
4. Jeffery J. Roberts, The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan (Westport: Praeger
Publishers, 2003)
5. Stephen E. Atkins, The 9/11 Encyclopedia, Vol. 2 (Westport: Praeger Security
International, 2008).
6. Wolfgang Danspeckgruber and Robert P. Finn (ed), Building State and Security in
Afghanistan (Lynne Rienner Publisher, 2010).
7. The World Bank, Afghanistan in Transition: Looking Beyond 2014, Vol. 1, Overview,
May, 2012.

101
OPTIONAL COURSE
FOREIGN POLICY OF AFGHANISTAN
Course In-Charge: Dr. K. N. Tennyson

Introduction

Afghanistan is economically weak and geographically landlocked, yet, it plays an important

role in the politics of the world due to its geo-strategic location. For centuries, Afghanistan
had acted as the cross-over point of the Silk Route from China to West Asia and at the same
time the hub of India-Europe trade. The objective of the course, therefore, is to understand
Afghanistan’s role in regional and international politics. It also focuses on the contagious
issues like terrorism that impinged not only on the Afghans, but, the international community
as a whole, and the problems of state-rebuilding. The course is designed to critically analyst
Afghanistan’s foreign policy and the challenges that the policy-makers of Afghanistan face.

Unit I: Foreign Policy: Objectives and Determinants

• Afghanistan Foreign Policy: Objectives and Foundations.
• Afghanistan Constitution and Foreign Affairs.
• Determinants of Afghanistan Foreign Policy.
• Compulsion of Foreign Policy.

Unit II: Factors Influencing Afghanistan’s Foreign Policy

• Afghanistan’s Internal Faultlines.
• Non-Alignment and Cold War.
• Anti-Soviet war.
• War on Terror.

Unit III: Afghanistan and External Powers

• Afghanistan and the US and USSR.
• India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Afghanistan and its other Neighbours: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and China.
• Afghanistan and European Powers: Germany and United Kingdom.

Unit IV: Afghanistan’s Foreign Policy Post-Taliban

• Securing Afghanistan.
• Role of External Powers.
• Role of International Organizations: EU, NATO, SAARC and UNO.
• Post Bonn Agreement: Foreign Policy of Karzai and Ghani.

READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, “Afghanistan Foreign
Policy,” http://mfa.gov.af/en/page/3883.

102
 2. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia,
Second Edition (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2010).
3. Gareth Price, “Afghanistan and its Neighbours: Forging Regional Engagement,”
Briefing, Asia Programme, May 2015, Afghanistan: Opportunity in Crisis Series No.
9
4. K. Warikoo (ed), Afghanistan Crisis (New Delhi: Bhavan Books, 2002).
5. Shanthie Mariet D`Souza (ed), Afghanistan in Transition Beyond 2014? (New Delhi:
Pentagon Press, 2012).
6. William Maley, The Afghanistan Wars (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
7. Zubeida Hasan, “The Foreign Policy of Afghanistan,” Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 17, No.
1 (First Quarter, 1964), pp. 48-57.
8. Zubeida Mustafa, “Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations & Central Asian Politics (1973-
1978),” Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Fourth Quarter, 1978), pp. 14-37.
9. The World Bank, Afghanistan in Transition: Looking Beyond 2014, Vol. 1, Overview,
May, 2012.

Suggested Readings
1. Alireza Nader, et al, Iran’s Influence in Afghanistan: Implications for the U.S.
Drawdown, RAND Corporation, 2014.
2. Arpita Basu Roy, et al, International Intervention in Afghanistan: Motives and
Approaches (New Delhi: Shipra Publications, 2012).
3. Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse
in the International System, Second Edition (New Haven & London: Yale University
Press, 2002).
4. Hafeez Malik (ed), Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan
(London: Macmillan Press, 1987).
5. Mohammad Amin Wakman, Afghanistan, Non-Alignment and the Super Powers
(New Delhi: Radiant Publisher, 1985).
6. Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin, Afghanistan The Bear Trap: The Defeat of a
Superpower (Casemate, 2001).
7. Nabi Misdaq, Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference (London and
New York: Routledge, 2006).
8. Stephen E. Atkins, The 9/11 Encyclopedia, Vol. 2 (Westport: Praeger Security
International, 2008).

103
OPTIONAL COURSE
AFGHANISTAN AND REGIONAL SECURITY
Course In-Charge: Dr. Angira Sen Sarma

Introduction

The fall of the Taliban regime and the formation of a government under Hamid Karzai
ushered a new beginning for Afghanistan. However, Afghanistan still faces political,
economic and security challenges. The Taliban, despite having been weakened, continue
with the attacks. The State rebuilding process in the country is slow. Instability in
Afghanistan has deep repercussions on regional security, a concern for the neighbouring
countries. At a time, when the number of international forces has been reduced in
Afghanistan, there are talks of promoting greater cooperation among regional countries. Are
the regional countries capable of addressing the security challenges emanating from
Afghanistan? How far integrating Afghanistan in the regional economic structure help in
stabilising Afghanistan? The course intends to give students an overview of the conditions
prevailing in Afghanistan and its ramifications on the region. It aims to introduce students to
the various security threats emanating from Afghanistan and study the challenges for regional
security and how to address them.

Unit I: Security Framework

• The Concept of Security
• Regions and Regional Security Post-Cold War
• ‘War on Terror’ and Afghan Security
• Security Sector Reforms in Afghanistan

Unit II: Afghanistan and Security Challenges

• Resurgence of the Taliban (and now ISIS)
• Unfinished Agenda of State Rebuilding
• Warlordism and Drug Trafficking
• Assessing the Capacity (or training) of State Security Forces

Unit III: Regional Actors: Interests and Concerns

• Central Asian Republics
• Iran and Turkey
• India and Pakistan
• Russia and China

Unit IV: Addressing Regional Security Concerns

• The Imperative of Domestic Stability
• Addressing Security Concerns of Regional Powers or Actors
• Silk Route Strategy and Afghanistan
• Will Regional Cooperation work in Afghanistan? Can SCO and SAARC play a role?

104
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Amin Tarzi, “The Neo-Taliban” in Robert D. Crews & Amin Tarzi (eds.) The Taliban
and the Crisis of Afghanistan, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 2008, Chap. 8,
pp. 274-310.
2. Andrew Hurrell, “One World? Many Worlds? The Place of Regions in the Study of
International Society”, International Affairs, 2007 (Vol. 83, No. 1), pp. 127-146.
3. Astri Suhrke, “Reconstruction as Modernisation: The ‘Post-conflict’ Project in
Afghanistan”, Third World Quarterly, 2007 (Vol. 28, No.7), pp. 1291-1308.
4. Barnett Rubin, “Peace Building and State-Building in Afghanistan: Constructing
Sovereignty for Whose Security?”, Third World Quarterly, 2006 (Vol. 27, No. 1), pp.
175-185.
5. Barry Buzan and Ole Waever, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International
Security, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2003, pp.3-127.
6. Jessica Matthews, “Redefining Security”, Foreign Affairs, 1989 (Vol. 68, No. 2), pp.
162-177.
7. Mark Sedra, “The Hollowing-out of the Liberal Peace Project in Afghanistan: The
Case of Security Sector Reform”, Central Asian Survey, 2013 (Vol.32, No.3), pp.
371-387.
8. Mohammed Ayoob, “The Security Problematic of the Third World”, World Politics,
January 1991 (Vol.43), pp. 257-283.
9. Thomas Barfield, Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History, Princeton University
Press: Princeton & London, 2010, pp. 272-350.
10. William Maley (ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban, New
York University Press: Washington Square, New York, 1998, pp. 135-144, 199-211.

Suggested Readings
1. “Aid and Conflict in Afghanistan”, International Crisis Group: Kabul, 2011.
2. Amin Saikal, Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival, I.B. Tauris &
Co. Ltd.: London, 2004.
3. Antonio Giustozzi, Koran, Kalashnikov, and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in
Afghanistan, Columbia University Press: New York, 2008.
4. Ashley Tellis, “Reconciling with the Taliban: Toward an alternative Grand Strategy in
Afghanistan”, Carnegie Endowment: Washington DC, 2009, URL: http://carnegieend
owment.org/files/reconcilingwith taliban.pdf.
5. Barnett, R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan, Yale University Press: New
Haven, 2002.
6. Berman, Sheri. “From the Sun King to Karzai: Lessons for State Building in
Afghanistan”, Foreign Affairs, March/April, 2010 (Vol.89, No.2), pp. 2-9.
7. David M. Rodriguez, “Leaving Afghanistan to the Afghans: A Commander’s Take on
Security”, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2011 (Vol.90, Issue 5), pp. 45-53.
8. Gilles Dorronsoro, “The Taliban’s Winning Strategy in Afghanistan”, Carnegie
Endowment: Washington DC, 2009.
9. Hamish Nixon, “Aiding the State? International Assistance and the State building
Paradox in Afghanistan”, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) Briefing
Paper Series, AREU: Kabul, 2007, URL:
http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/703EAiding%20the%20State-BP-
print.pdf.

105
10. Jonathan Goodhand and Aziz Hakimi, “Counterinsurgency, Local Militias and
Statebuilding in Afghanistan”, Peaceworks, January 2014, No. 90, United States
Institute of Peace: Washington DC.
11. Jonathan Goodhand, “Frontiers and Wars: The Opium Economy in Afghanistan”,
Journal of Agrarian Change, April 2005 (Vol. 5, No.2), pp. 191-216.
12. K. Warikoo (ed), The Afghanistan Crisis: Issues an Perspectives, Bhavna Books:
New Delhi, 2002.
13. Karl. W Eikenberry, “The Limits of Counterinsurgency Doctrine in Afghanistan: The
Other Side of the COIN”, Foreign Affairs, September-October 2013 (Vol. 92, No.5),
pp. 59-74.
14. Lauren McNally and Paul Bucala, “The Taliban Resurgent: Threats to Afghanistan’s
Security”, Afghanistan Report II, Institute for the Study of War: Washington, March
2015, URL:
http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/AFGH%20Report.pdf.
15. Robert I. Rotberg (ed), Building A New Afghanistan, World Peace Foundation:
Massachusetts, 2007.
16. Seth G. Jones, Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan, RAND Counterinsurgency Study,
RAND National Defense Research Institute, Office of the Secretary of Defense: U.S.,
2008 (Vol. 4).
17. The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR), “Narco-Jihad: Drug Trafficking and
Security in Afghanistan and Pakistan, NBR Special Report, No.20, December 2009.
18. Willaim Maley, Rescuing Afghanistan, C. Hurst & Co Ltd.: United Kingdom, 2006.

106
OPTIONAL COURSE
ENERGY AND GEOPOLITICS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Angira Sen Sarma

Introduction

Hydrocarbon resources are strategic assets of a country. It is often used by countries to

portray their national power. The oil crisis of 1973 and the formation of OPEC had deep
impact on the global hydrocarbon politics. Access to safe and reliable sources of energy
supply is an important component of national security. Securing the sea lanes and pipelines
transporting hydrocarbon is crucial. With several new pipelines emerging, pipeline politics in
several parts of the world has intensified. New discoveries like shale gas has added new
dimension to the discourses on energy politics. The objective of the course is to introduce
students to various aspects of energy politics. It would help students to understand how
geopolitics of energy determines the foreign policy dynamics of energy producing and energy
consuming countries.

Unit I: Geopolitics: Concepts and Theories

• Definition and Concept
• Classical Theories of Geopolitics
• Critical Geopolitics
• Geopolitics of Energy

Unit II: Politics of Hydrocarbon Resources

• Oil as a Strategic Resource
• Oil Industry and International Politics
• The 1973 Oil Crisis
• The Rise of OPEC

Unit III: Energy Security

• Energy Security: Concept, Role in Foreign Policy
• The New Great Game
• Discovery of Shale Gas
• Energy and Climate Change Debate

Unit IV: The Geopolitics of Energy

• Persian Gulf Countries and Energy Politics
• Central Asia and Caspian Energy Pipeline Politics
• Energy Politics: Russia and Europe
• Energy in National Security Strategy of India and China
• African Energy Resources and Geopolitics

107
READING LIST

Essential Readings
1. Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World,
Penguin Books: London, 2012, pp. 21-344.
2. David S. Painter, “International Oil and National Security”, Daedalus, Vol. 120, No.
4, Searching for Security in a Global Economy, Fall, 1991, pp.183-206.
3. Edith Penrose, “Oil and International Relations”, British Journal of International
Studies, April 1976 (Vol. 2, No. 1), pp. 41-50.
4. H.J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal,
April 1904, (Vol.23, No.4) pp. 421-437.
5. Ian Bremmer & Robert Johnston, “The Rise and Fall of Resource Nationalism”,
Survival, 2009 (Vol. 51, No. 2), pp.149-158.
6. John Agnew, Geopolitics- Revisioning World Politics, Routledge: London, 2003.
7. Marcus DuBois King and Jay Gulledge, “The Climate Change and Energy Security
Nexus”, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Summer 2013 (Vol.37, No.2), pp.25-
44.
8. Michael L. Ross, “Blood Barrels: Why Oil Wealth Fuels Conflict”, Foreign Affairs,
May – June 2008 (Vol. 87, No. 3), pp. 2-8.
9. Michael Ross, “The Political Economy of the Resource Curse”, World Politics,
January 1999 (Vol. 51), pp. 297-322.

Suggested Readings
1. Anant Sudarshan and Ligia Noronha, “Contextualizing India’s Energy Security”, in
India’s Energy Security, Ligia Noronha and Anant Sudarshan (eds), Routledge:
London, New York, 2009, pp. 3-18.
2. Andreas Goldthau and Jan Martin Witte, “Back to the Future or Forward to the Past?
Strengthening Markets and Rules for Effective Global Energy Governance”,
International Affairs, 2009 (Vol. 85, No. 2), pp. 373-390.
3. Ann Florini and Benjamin K. Sovacool, “Bridging the Gaps in Global Energy
Governance”, Global Governance, 2011 (Vol.17), pp. 57-74.
4. Bruce Jones, David Steven, and Emily O’Brien, “Fueling a New Order? The New
Geopolitical and Security Consequences of Energy”, Project on International Order
and Strategy at Brookings, March 2014.
5. Catherine Locatelli, “Russian and Caspian Hydrocarbons: Energy Supply Stakes for
the European Union”, Europe-Asia Studies, 2010 (Vol. 62, No. 6), pp. 959-971.
6. Christian Egenhofer, Fabio Genoese and Anna Dimitrova, “Making the most of
Energy Union”, CEPS Commentary, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, 16
December 2014.
7. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Quest for Oil, Money & Power, Simon & Schuster:
London, 2012.
8. Fan He, Donghai Qin, “China’s Energy Strategy in the Twenty-first Century”, China
& World Economy, 2006 (Vol. 14, No. 2), pp. 93-104.
9. Fred B. Olayele, “The Geopolitics of Oil and Gas”, International Association of
Energy Economics, Second Quarter 2015, pp. 29-31.
10. Gearoid Tuathai and Simon Dalby (eds.), Rethinking Geopolitics, Routledge: London,
1998, pp. 1-38.

108
11. Iana Dreyer and Gerald Stang, “Energy Moves and Power Shifts: EU Foreign Policy
and Global Energy Security”, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris,
Report No. 18 February 2014.
12. James Appleyard, “The Transformation of the Global Oil Industry and Its Impact on
International Relations” International Journal (Vol. 49, No. 3), The World Trade
Regime (Summer, 1994), pp. 635-672.
13. James T. Bartis, Tom LaTourrette, Lloyd Dixon,D.J. Peterson, Gary Cecchine, “Oil
Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and Policy Issues”, RAND
Infrastructure, Safety and Environment, 2005.
14. Jennifer G. Cooke and David L. Goldwyn, “Africa’s New Energy Producers: Making
the Most of Emerging Opportunities”, Center for Strategic and International Studies,
January 2015.
15. Jim Krane and Mark Agerton, “OPEC Imposes ‘Swing Producer’ Role upon U.S.
Shale: Evidence and Implications”, International Association of Energy Economics,
Third Quarter 2015.
16. K. Warikoo (ed), Central Asia and South Asia: Energy Cooperation and Transport
Linkages, Pentagon Press: New Delhi, 2011.
17. Klaus J. Dodds , “Geopolitics, Experts and the Making of Foreign Policy”, Area,
March1993 (Vol. 25, No. 1), pp. 70-74.
18. Ladis K. D. Kristof, “The Origins and Evolution of Geopolitics”, The Journal of
Conflict Resolution, March 1960 (Vol. 4, No. 1), The Geography of Conflict, pp. 15-
51.
19. Lauren Goodrich and Marc Lanthemann, “The Past, Present and Future of Russian
Energy Strategy”, Stratfor, 12 February 2013.
20. Luke Anthony Patey, “State Rules: Oil Companies and Armed Conflict in Sudan”,
Third World Quarterly, 2007 (Vol. 28, No. 5), pp. 997-1016.
21. Miguel S. Wionczek, “Energy and International Security in the 1980s: Realities or
Misperceptions?”, Third World Quarterly, October 1983 (Vol. 5, No. 4), pp. 839-847.
22. Nazli Choucri, “Power and Politics in World Oil”, MIT, October 1982 (Vol.85, No.7).
23. Paul Kubicek, “Energy Politics and Geopolitical Competition in the Caspian Basin”,
Journal of Eurasian Studies, 2013 (Vol. 4), pp. 171-180.
24. Saul B. Cohen, Geopolitics of the World System, Rowman and Littlefield: Lanham,
2003, pp. 11-63.
25. Shannon O'Lear, “Resources and Conflict in the Caspian Sea”, Geopolitics, 2004
(Vol. 9, No.1), 161-186.
26. Toyin Falola and Ann Genova, The Politics of Global Oil Industry: An Introduction,
Praeger: Westport, Connecticut, London, 2005.

109
 MMAJ ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
JAMIA MILLIA NISLAMIA

CBCS COURSE (MA)

GEO-HAZARDS AND NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Course In-Charge: Dr. G.M. Shah
Introduction
Disasters are as old as human history but the dramatic increase and the damage caused by
them in the recent past have become a cause of national and international concern. Over the
past decade, the number of natural and manmade disasters has climbed inexorably. From
1994 to 1998, reported disasters average was 428 per year but from 1999 to 2003, it went up
to an average of 707 disaster events per year showing an increase of about 60 per cent over
the previous years. The biggest rise was in countries of low human development, which
suffered an increase of 142 per cent. Drought and famine have proved to be the deadliest
disasters globally, followed by flood, technological disaster, earthquake, windstorm, extreme
temperature and others. Global economic loss related to disaster events average around US
$880 billion per year. The scenario in India is no different from the global context. About 59
per cent of the land mass is susceptible to seismic hazard; 5 per cent of the total geographical
area is prone to floods; 8 per cent of the total landmass is prone to cyclones; 70 per cent of
the total cultivable area is vulnerable to drought. Apart from this the hilly regions are
vulnerable to avalanches/ landslides/ hailstorms/ cloudbursts. It is therefore important that we
are aware of how to cope with their effects.
The course on Geo-Hazards and Disaster Management is an academic endeavour to develop
the understanding of the causes, distribution pattern, consequences and mitigation measures
of various natural hazards at the international, national and intra-national levels. The course
can go a long way in creating the knowledge based society conscious about the need for
developing a harmonious man-milieu relationship to avoid the human-induced geo-hazards.
The scientific understanding of the occurrence of natural hazards can help in bringing about
attitudinal changes in the society towards the natural calamities to create a regime of disaster
preparedness at the individual, community and national levels.

Structure of the Course

The present course has been structured into four units. The first unit is an introductory unit
which deals with the fundamental concepts geo-hazards and disaster management; history of
natural calamities and methods of natural disaster management. The second unit deals with
the causes, distribution pattern and mitigation measures of geo-hazards having geological
origin. The third unit deals with the causes, distribution and mitigation measures of geo-
hazards related to hydrology and climate. The fourth unit deals with the causes, distribution
pattern and management strategies of geo-ecological hazards which are related to the misuse
and overuse of the natural renewable and non-renewable resources. A detailed account of the
course outline is given as under:

Unit I: Introduction to Geo-Hazards and Natural Disaster Management

• Introduction to Geo-Hazards: Meaning, definition and origin of the concept;
classification of geo-hazards; history of the occurrence, spatial distribution and
consequences of major geo-hazards of the world.

110
 • Introduction to Natural Disaster Management: Meaning, definition, history and
strategies of natural disaster management at the international level.
• Introduction to Geo-Hazards and Natural Disaster Management in India: Major geo-
hazards of India their history and distributional pattern; history and strategies of
natural disaster management in India at intra-national and national levels.

Unit II: Geo-Hazards of Geological Origin

• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures: Earthquakes, tsunamis
and volcanic eruptions.
• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures: Landslides, dam bursts
and mine fires.
• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures: Snow avalanches and
sea erosion.

Unit III: Geo-Hazards of Hydrological and Climatic Origin

• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures: Tropical cyclones,
tornadoes and hurricanes.
• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures: Floods, droughts and
natural forest fires.
• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures: Hail storms, cloud
bursts, heat waves and cold waves.

Unit IV: Geo-Hazards of Ecological and Anthropogenic Origin

• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures: Land degradation,
desertification and deforestation.
• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measure: Soil salinization, air
pollution and water pollution.
• Distribution, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures: Human and animal
epidemics.

READING LIST
1. CBSE, (2006); Natural Hazards and Disaster Management (A Supplementary Text
Book in Geography for Class XI), Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.
2. Disasters and Their Management; download.nos.org/333course E/12.pdf
3. Government of India; (2011); Disaster Management in India; Ministry of Home
Affairs; www.undp.org/content/dam/india/management_in_india.pdf
4. http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/rn/resume/landslide/ lsl.htm (Landslide Information System
- Center for Studies in Resource Engineering IIT Mumbai.
5. http://landslides.usgs.gov ( USGS National Landslide Hazards Program ,NLHP)
6. http://www.fema.gov/hazards/landslides/landslif.shtm (Federal Emergency
Management Agency FEMA, USA is tasked with responding to, planning for,
recovering from and mitigating against disasters).
7. http://ilrg.gndci.pg.cnr.it/ The International Landslide Research Group (ILRG) is an
informal group of individuals concerned about mass earth movement and interested in
8. Schramm, Don and Dries, Robert, (1986); Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects;
Study Guide for Course Text for Disaster Management, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, USA.

111
9. SRISTI, (2015); Disaster Management Information System: A Global Initiative for
Preparing Civil Society to Meet Emergency; www.sristi.org/dmis/plan_manage
10. UNISDR, (2005); Disaster Management in
India;www.unisdr.org/2005/mdgs/national-reports/India-report.pdf

112
CBCS COURSE (MA)
AN INTRODUCTION TO WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA
[Social and Cultural Anthropology, Political Economy and Religion]
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mohammad Sohrab
Introduction
This course intends to introduce the West Asia and North Africa in terms of evolution of its
political and social geography, cultural anthropology and the role of religion in shaping its
civilizational foundation and cultural attributes. Another vital objective of this paper is to
introduce the region in its own perspective(s).
West Asia and North Africa is endowed with strong elements for defining its organic unity in
terms of common tribal social anthropology, language, ethnicity and common cosmology.
The tragic irony is that despite this, the region is fragmented and has been undergoing
implosion. This paper definitely intends to critically analyze the factors and historical and
contemporary reasons for the contemporary conflict ridden scenarios.
West Asia and North Africa is at the crossroads connecting three continents and therefore
acquires immense geostrategic significance in regional and world politics. This paper is also
designed to shed light on the patterns of its relationship with outside world and the
perennially working dynamics for defining and sustain the relationship.
Finally, this paper also supposes to highlight the salient features of the ongoing identity
politics in the region which is at the core of regional and international politics today.

Unit I: West Asia and North Africa

• Historical Evolution
• Major Civilizations
• Cultural Anthropology
• Evolution of Religion

Unit II: Political History of West Asia and North Africa

• Imperial Period
• Colonial Period
• Post-Colonial History
• Modern State Systems

Unit III: Political Economy of West Asia and North Africa

• Fundamental Characteristics of the Political Economy
• Political Economy of the existing Politics
• Rentier Economy, Society and State
• Political Economy of Regional Cooperation

Unit IV: Society, Religion and Civilization

• Fundamental Characteristics of Modern Day Society
• Elements of Organic Social Unity and the Philosophy of Social Cosmology
• Societal Values, Religion and Identity
• Religion, Culture and Gender

113
READING LIST
1. Fahd al- Semmari ( Edt), ( 2010), A History of the Arabian Peninsula, I.B. TAURIS,
London
2. Jorg Matthias Determann ( 2014): Historiography in Saudi Arabia: Globalization and
the State in the Middle East, I.B. TAURIS, London
3. Michaelle L. Browers ( 2009): Political Ideology in the Arab World: Accommodation
and Transformation, Cambridge University Press, London
4. Rodney Wilson ( 2015): Islam and Economic Policy, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY
PRESS, EDINBURGH
5. Charles Tripp ( 2006): Islam and the Moral Economy, Cambridge University Press,
London
6. Jonathan Lyons ( 2014): Islam Through Western Eyes: From the Crusades to the War
on Terrorism, Colombia University Press, New York
7. Tariq Ramadan ( 2012): Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press,
London
8. Edward Said ( 1978), Orientalism, Penguin Press, London
9. Madawi Al-Rasheed ( 2015): Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in
Saudi Arabia, Hurst & Company, London
10. Oliver Roy ( 2007) : The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East, HURST &
COMPANY, LONDON
11. Luke M. Herrington, Alasdairy Mackay & Jeffrey Haynes (edts) ( 2015), Nationa
Under God: The Geopolitics of Faith in the Twenty-First Century, E-
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PUBLISHING.

114
CBCS COURSE (MA)
MULTICULTURALISM IN WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Mohammad Sohrab
Introduction
Multiculturalism as an idea and practice has never been alien to West Asia and North Africa
[henceforth: WANA]. This reality is that the WANA, being the birth place of three greatest
monotheistic religions-Judaism, Christianity and Islam, possesses enough rational and
justified claims to be the sole repository of multiculturalism in terms of ideas and practice.
The basic philosophy of multiculturalism is organically structured in the societal reality and
cultural ethos of the region.
Due to diversity in religious practices and faith, societal differences, interface between many
civilizational bases like the Babylonian, Nile...civilizations, WANA being at the crossroads
for meeting peoples from different anthropological backgrounds, multiculturalism has been
the bedrock of their social and cultural foundation of the collective life of the people therein.
This course is designed to study multiculturalism in the context of the WANA through their
own perspective(s), rather than studying the WANA through the perspective of
multiculturalism reflecting outsiders (read: West) viewpoints and perspectives. In this
context, one can say that this course is a kind of cultural study of the WANA region in
holistically by taking into account the historical, cultural and societal evolution of the region
in its own way.

Unit I: Concept and Perspectives

• Conceptual-Theoretical Frameworks
• Perspectives on Multiculturalism
• Multiculturalism: Historical, Ethnic, and Legal terms
• Culture and Multiculturalism

Unit II: Religion, Cultural Pluralism and Multiculturalism

• Religious and Cultural Diversity
• Cultural Pluralism and Politics
• Multiculturalism and Identity
• Minorities Rights and Identity

Unit III: Religion, Politics and Multiculturalism

• Religion and Multiculturalism
• Politicization of Religion and Multiculturalism
• Religion, Identity Politics and Multiculturalism
• Religion, National Identity and Multiculturalism

Unit IV: Politics, Conflict and Multiculturalism

• Roots of Modern Day Conflict and Multiculturalism
• Social and Religious Diversity and Its Politicization—Implications for
Multiculturalism
• Societal Imperatives and the Emerging Identity Politics
• Gender Question, Emerging New Public Space and Multiculturalism

115
READINGS LIST
1. Smith, Anthony D, the Ethnic Origins of Nation, Oxford: Basil Blackwell (1998).
2. Nationalism and Modernism; A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and
Nationalism, (1986), London; Routledge
3. Barth, Fredrick: “Introduction”, in Fredrick Barth (ed), Ethnic Grous and
Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference, 1969, London: Allen and
Unwin.
4. “Enduring and Emerging Crisis in the analysis of ethnicity”, In Hans Vermeulen and
Cora Govers (eds), The Anthropology of ethnicity: ‘Ethnic Groups and BOoundaries,
1994’Amesterdam: Het Spinhuis.
5. Hannan, Michael: “The Dynamics of Ethnic Boundaries in Modern States”. In J.
Meyer and M. Hannan (eds), National Development and the World System, 1979,
Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
6. Hannan Michael: Ethnic Gropus in Conflict, 1085, Berkely, CA, University of
California Press
7. Gerd Baumann and Andre Gingrich (edts), (2006), Grammers of Identity/Alternity: A
Structural Approach, BERGHABN BOOKS, NEW YORK.
8. Edward Said, (1978) Orientalism, Penguin, London
9. CRAIG CALHOUN, MARK JUERGENSMEYER, AND JONATHAN VAN
ANTWERPEN (EDTS) ( 2011), RETHINKING SECULARISM, Oxford University
Press
10. Charles Taylor ( 2007), A Secular Age, Harvard University Press
11. Charles Taylor ( 2006) MULTICULTURALISM, Harvard University Press

116
CBCS COURSE (MA)
COLONIALISM AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA
Course In-Charge: Dr. Bijay Ketan Pratihari

Course Outline:
Unit I: Colonialism and its Impact
• Colonial Empire
• Scramble for Africa
• African resistance and reaction
• Various colonial policies and its impact on Africa
• Economic undevelopment of Africa
• Colonial Legacies

Unit II: Origin and evolution of African Nationalism

• Evolution of African nationalism after II World War
• Nationalist movement in major African countries
• Achievement of independence

Unit III: Problems of Independence

• Political, & economic situation in African countries at the time of independence
• Problems of Integration & nation building
• Social Change
• Economic Underdevelopment

Unit IV: Democratic Development in Africa

• Party system in Africa
• One-party rule in Africa
• Democratic Movement in Africa (second phase)
• Evolution of democracy in Africa

Unit V: Military Rule in Africa

• Military as an institution in Africa
• Military as an alternate model in Africa
• Military coups in Africa

READING LIST

1. Mahamood Mamdani, “Citizen and Subjects: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of
late Colonialism”, Princeton University press, 1996
2. -------------------, “When victims become killer: Colonialism, Nationalism, and
Genocide in Rwanda”, Princeton University Press, 2001
3. William Zartman, “Collapsed States: The disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate
authority”, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1995
4. W. Rodney, “How Europe Underdeveloped Africa”, TPH, Dar-es-Salaam, 1991.

117
5. Basil Davidson, “The Black man’s Burden: Africa and the curse of the nation state”,
Times Books, New York.
6. Thomas Hodgkin, “Nationalism in Colonialism Africa”, Frederick Muller, London,
1956
7. Basil Davidson, “The search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics”, Random House,
New York, 1994
8. Ali A Mazrui, (ed.), “Africa since 1935”, University of California Press, Berkeley,
1999
9. John Iiiff, “Africans: The History of a Continent”, Cambridge University Press, New
York, 1995
10. John D Hargreaves, “Decolonisations in Africa”, Longman, London, 1996
11. John D Fage & William Tordoff, “A History of Africa”, Routledge, New York, 2001
12. David Birmingham, “The Decolonisation of Africa”, Ohio University Press, 1995
13. Basil Davidson, “Modern Africa: A social and Political History, Longman, New
York, 1994
14. David N Abdulai, “African Renaissance: Challenges solutions and the Road Ahead”,
Asean Academic, London, 2001
15. Samir Amin, “Imperialism and Unequal Development”, Sussex, 1977
16. J. S. Coleman & Roseberg, “Political parties and national Integration in Tropical
Africa”, Berkley, California, UCP, 1964
17. Anirudha Gupta, Government and Politics in Africa, Delhi, Vikas Publishing House,
1974
18. A. R. Zolberg, “Creating Political Order”: The Party –States of West Africa, Chicago:
Rand McNally, 1966
19. D. Austin, “Politics in Ghana”, Oxford University Press, London, 1964
20. C. G. Rosberg, Jr (ed), “Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa”,
University of California Press, Berkeley, 1964
21. R. B. Collier, “Regimes in Tropical Africa: Changing Forms of Supremacy.1945-75”,
University of California Press, Berkeley, 1982

118
CBCS COURSE (MA)
CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
Course In-Charge: Dr. Bijay Ketan Pratihari

Introduction

The course intends to provide a background and introduction to the contemporary

international order through a study of its origin and evolution. The course would also discuss
of significant milestones of its development. It would also include new and alternative
narratives of factors influencing the international politics.

Unit I: Post-Second World War Period

• Colonialism and its Impact
• Rise of Nationalism in colonies
• Decolonisation Process
• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

Unit II: Cold War Period

• Cold War and Bloc Politics
• New Cold War
• End of Cold War
• World after post-Cold War period

Unit III: Post Cold War Period

• Current World Order
• New International Economic Order (NIEO)
• Formation of WTO and its consequences
• Role and functions of International Financial institutions

Unit IV: Contemporary Issues

• Globalisation and IR
• Global Terrorism
• Environment and IR
• Humanitarian Intervention

READING LIST
1. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (London: Polity Press, 1991)
2. Anthony Vinci, Armed Groups and The Balance of Power: The International
Relations of Terrorists, Warlords and Insurgents (London: Routledge, 2009)
3. B.C. Smith, Understanding Third World Politics (New York, Macmillan Press, 1996)
4. Barry Buzan, Peoples, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies
in Post War Era (Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1991)
5. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1983)
6. C.A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780-1914: Global Connections and
Comparisons (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004)

119
7. David Campbell, Politics Without Sovereignty, Ethics and Narratives of the Gulf War
(Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1993)
8. David Williams, International Development and Global Politics : History, Theory
and Practice ( New York: Routledge, 2012)
9. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis(London: Macmillan, 1970)
10. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983)
11. G.H. Jansen, Afro-Asia and Non-Alignment (London: Faber & Faber, 1966)
12. Gabriela Kutting, Environment, Society, and International Relations, (Routledge,
London, 2000)
13. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London:
Macmillan, 1977)
14. John Vagler and Mark Imber (ed.), Environment and International Relations:
Theories and Processes, (Routledge, London, 2005)
15. Jagdish Bhagwati (eds.), Economics and World Order (New York: Macmillan 1972)
16. James M Lutz and Brenda J. Lutz, Global Terrorism, 3rd Edition, (Routledge, Oxon,
2013)
17. J.L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane, Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal,
and Political Dilemmas,( Cambridge University Press, UK, 2003)
18. John Bayllis and Steve Smith (eds.) The Globalisation of World Politics (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1999)
19. Kalus Knorr and Sidney Verb (eds.) The International System, (Princeton, Princeton
University, 1969)
20. Marcus F. Franda, Launching into Cyberspace : Internet Development and Politics in
Five World Regions (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002)
21. Raymond Aron, Peace and War: A Theory of International Studies (London:
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966 )
22. Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1981)
23. Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nations: The Raise of Self Assertion of Asian and
African Peoples (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960)
24. Susan Calvert and Peter Calvert, Politics and Society in the Third World: An
Introduction (London: Prentice Hall, 1996)
25. Thomas G Weiss, Humanitarian Intervention , 2nd Edition,( Polity Press, UK, 2012)

120
CBCS COURSE (MA)
ELEMENTARY CHINESE 1
Course In-Charge: Ms Saheli Chattaraj

Introduction

This is an Elementary Course in Chinese language. It is a one semester course designed for
those who have no or very little knowledge of the Chinese language. The Course shall
introduce the basic Chinese grammar with training in Chinese phonetics. The Course shall
teach pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar fundamentals as the essential components of
reading, writing and understanding elementary Chinese. Along with the preliminary teaching
in reading and writing of the Chinese characters as well as listening, comprehension and
speaking. The course shall also introduce basic knowledge on Chinese culture and history
which is considered as an indispensible part of learning the Chinese language.

Evaluation

After the completion of the course students shall be evaluated on the basis of both a written
and an oral examination. A student needs to attain 40 percentage marks in both the written
and the oral exam in order to successfully qualify.

Course Outline

八月 1-5 Lesson1 How much

August 8-12 Lesson2 Shopping
15-19 Lesson2
22-26 Lesson3 Payment
29-2 Lesson3
九月 5-9 Lesson4 Making phone call and appointments
12-16 Lesson4
September
19-23 Lesson5 Where is it
26-30 Lesson5
十月 3-7 Lesson6 Looking for a place to live
10-14 Lesson6
October
17-21 Lesson7 Renting a place
24-28 Lesson7
十一月 31-4 Lesson8 How troublesome
7-11 Lesson8
November
14-18 Lesson9 Making friends
21-25 Lesson9
28-2 Lesson10 Mailing
十二月 5-9 Lesson11 What should we eat
12-16 Lesson12 Dining at a restaurant
December

Recommended Course Text Book

1. Far East Everyday Chinese, Book 1, The Far East Book Co. Ltd., 2005

121
CBCS COURSE (MA)
STATE AND SOCIETY IN CHINA: 1911 - 1978
Course In-Charge: Ms Saheli Chattaraj

Introduction

The Chinese State has continuously experienced a shift in regime power since the imperial
period till the present day and along with the Chinese society has also undergone a series of
changes which are no less significant. Therefore this course would introduce how the Chinese
state and society has evolved and interacted over the course of time.
We start from the early period since the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911 till
the post reform period (post 1978). The course shall be divided into three broad units which
are as follows

Unit I:
• Introduction to China
• China in the Early Twentieth Century: the Quest for Modernity and Learning from the
West
• Peasant Revolution and Social classes, pre 1949

Unit II:
• State Building and Regime Consolidation in China
• The Great Leap Forward, The Cultural Revolution
• Mao and his socialist vision

Unit III:
• Economic Reforms and the New Chinese Leadership
• Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
• State and Governance in post-reform China
• The Tiananmen Incident, 1989

Learning Outcomes
Understand the interrelation between the recent historical events in China and how they have
shaped the contemporary Chinese society.
Gain a diverse knowledge about the contemporary State and Society in China.
Understand the social issues prevailing in China and conduct in-depth research on them.

Evaluation
End-semester examination, Student Presentations and Term Papers.

READING LIST
1. Dickson, Bruce J., (2007), “Integrating Wealth and Power in China: The Communist
Party’s Embrace of the Private Sector”, The China Quarterly.

122
2. Goldman, Merle(ed.) (1988), China’s intellectuals and the State In Search of a New
Relationship, Harvard University Asia Centre.
3. Joseph, William A. (2010), Politics in China: An Introduction, New York: Oxford
University Press.
4. Meisner, Maurice J. (1999), Mao's China and After: A History of the People's
Republic, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Free Press.
5. Migdal, Joel S. (1988), Strong Societies and Weak States: State-society Relations and
State Capabilities in the Third World, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
6. Oi, Jean C., (1989), Peasant and State in Contemporary China, University of
California Press.
7. Perry, Elizabeth and Wasserstrom, Jeffrey, (1992), Popular Protest and Political
Culture in Modern China: Learning from 1989, Michigan:Westview Press.
8. Saich, Tony, (2001), Governance and Politics in China, New York: Palgrave.
9. Schwartz, Benjamin I., (1951), Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao, Harvard
University Press.
10. Shue, Vivienne, (1988), The Reach of the State Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic,
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
11. White, Gordon et al. (1996), In Search of Civil Society: Market Reform and Social
Change in Contemporary China, Clarendon Press.
12. Wright, Teresa, (2010), Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in
China's Reform Era, Stanford University Press.

123
CBCS COURSE (MA)
AFGHANISTAN POST-2001
Course In-Charges: Dr. K. N. Tennyson and Dr. Angira Sen Sarma

Introduction

The terrorist attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001 had a great impact on
international politics. The consequent ‘War on Terror’ and the subsequent fall of the Taliban
regime in December 2001 marked a new turning point in the history of Afghanistan. The
Bonn Agreement signed in December 2001 set the blueprint for the institution-building
process in Afghanistan, but still the country faces daunting challenges, ranging from the
threat of a resurgent Taliban, a weak economy and under-trained security forces. Despite the
prevailing uncertainties and challenges, the country is making incremental progress in areas
such as the democratisation process, military and police reforms, judicial system, education
and health sector, and in counter-narcotics. While keeping the historical context in the
background, the course aims at a far more rigorous understanding of the developments taking
place in Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban regime and analyse the prospects for security
and stability in the short and long-term. This course will be useful to students interested in
contemporary international politics across disciplines of political science, sociology,
journalism and conflict studies.

Unit I: Introducing Afghanistan

• Formation of the Afghan State
• Understanding Afghan Society and Religion
• The Great Game
• Cold War Politics and the anti-Soviet War

Unit II: End of the Cold War

• The New Great Game
• The Rise of the Taliban
• September 11 and the ‘War on Terror’
• The Fall of the Taliban

Unit III: External Intervention and State-Rebuilding

• The Bonn Process
• State-Rebuilding
• Role of Pakistan and other Regional Actors
• Negotiating with The Taliban

Unit IV: Afghanistan’s Future

• Analysing US Objectives and Achievements
• Engaging with the new International Security Environment
• New Actors in the Afghan Quagmire
• Prospects for Security and Stability

124
READING LIST

Books
1. Arpita Basu Roy, et al, International Intervention in Afghanistan: Motives and
Approaches (New Delhi: Shipra Publications, 2012).
2. Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 2002).
3. K. Warikoo (ed), Afghanistan: The Challenge (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2007).
4. Michel Chossudovsky, America’s“War on Terrorism”, Second Edition, (Canada:
Global Research, 2005).
5. Peter Marsden, Afghanistan: Aid, Armies & Empire (London. New York: I.B. Tauris,
2010).
6. Shanthie Mariet D`Souza (ed), Afghanistan in Transition Beyond 2014? (New Delhi:
Pentagon Press, 2012).
7. Thomas Barfield, Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History (Princeton &London:
Princeton University Press, 2010).
8. William Maley, Rescuing Afghanistan, (London: Hurst & Company, 2006).

Articles
1. Alexander Thier and Jarat Chopra, “The Road Ahead: Political and Institutional
Reconstruction in Afghanistan”, Third World Quarterly, October 2002, (Vol. 23, No.
5), pp. 893-907.
2. Anthony Hyman, “Nationalism in Afghanistan”, International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 2002, (Vol. 34, No. 2), pp. 299-315.
3. Antonio Giustozzi, “March Towards Democracy? The Development of Political
Movements in Afghanistan”, Central Asian Survey, 2013, (Vol. 32, No. 3), pp. 318-
335.
4. Astri Suhrke, “Statebuilding in Afghanistan: A Contradictory Engagement”, Central
Asian Survey, 2013, (Vol. 32, No. 3), pp.271–286.
5. Barnett R. Rubin and Andrea Armstrong, “Regional Issues in the Reconstruction of
Afghanistan”, World Policy Journal, Spring 2003, (Vol. 20, No. 1), pp. 31-40.
6. Jonathan Goodhand, “Frontiers and Wars: The Opium Economy in Afghanistan”,
Journal of Agrarian Change April 2005, (Vol.5, No.2), pp. 191-216.
7. Jonathan Steele, “A Tale of Two Retreats: Afghan Transition in Historical
Perspective”, Central Asian Survey, 2013, (Vol. 32, No. 3), pp. 306–317.
8. Kathryn Stoner, “Russia’s 21st Century Interests in Afghanistan Resetting the Bear
Trap”, Asian Survey, March/April 2015, (Vol. 55, No. 2), pp. 398-419.
9. Kimberly Marten, “Warlordism in Comparative Perspective”, International Security,
Winter 2006/2007, (Vol.31, No. 3), pp. 41-73.
10. Peter Marsden, “Afghanistan: The Reconstruction Process”, International Affairs,
January 2003, (Vol. 79, No. 1), pp. 91-105.
11. Richard Kraemer, “Towards state legitimacy in Afghanistan”, International Journal,
Summer 2010, (Vol. 65, No. 3), pp. 637-651.
12. Seth G. Jones, “The Rise of Afghanistan's Insurgency: State Failure and Jihad”,
International Security, Spring 2008, (Vol. 32, No. 4), pp. 7-40.
13. Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, “Post-War on Terror? Implications From a Regional
Perspective”, NOREF Report, Norwegian Peace Building Resource Centre, August
2011.

125
14. Sven Gunnar Simonsen, “Ethnicising Afghanistan?: Inclusion and Exclusion in Post-
Bonn Institution Building”, Third World Quarterly, 2004, (Vol. 25, No. 4), pp. 707-
729, 2004.

126