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Experiment 1: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration

This experiment investigates Bernoulli's theorem using an apparatus with a tapered duct to measure flow rates and pressures. As water flows from wider to narrower sections of the duct, its velocity increases along with the dynamic head, in accordance with Bernoulli's theorem. Both the pressure difference and velocity increase with steeper tapers. Measurements show the total head is highest at the start of the converging section and lowest at the end, with the opposite in the diverging section, validating the theorem.

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59 views

Experiment 1: Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration

This experiment investigates Bernoulli's theorem using an apparatus with a tapered duct to measure flow rates and pressures. As water flows from wider to narrower sections of the duct, its velocity increases along with the dynamic head, in accordance with Bernoulli's theorem. Both the pressure difference and velocity increase with steeper tapers. Measurements show the total head is highest at the start of the converging section and lowest at the end, with the opposite in the diverging section, validating the theorem.

Uploaded by

crizel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 1: Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration

Abstract

This experiment is carried out to investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s theorem when applied
to the steady flow of water in tapered duct and to measure the flow rates and both static and
total pressure heads in a rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a range of
steady flow rates. The Bernoulli’s theorem (Bernoulli’s theorem, 2011) relates the pressure,
velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity
(internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. In order
to demonstrate the Bernoulli’s theorem, the F1-15 Bernoulli’s Apparatus Test Equipment is
used in this experiment. The pressure difference taken is from h1-h5 where the values of h1-h5
are determined to be 50m, 100m and 150m respectively. The time to collect 0.003m3 water in
the tank was measured. Lastly the flow rate, velocity, dynamic head, and total head were
calculated using the data of the results and from the data given for both convergent and
divergent flow. Based on the results taken, it has been analysed that the velocity of the fluid
is increase when it flowing from a wider to narrower tube regardless the type of flow and
pressure different. The velocity is increased as the pressure different is increased for both
types of flow. Once the velocity of fluid is increased thus the dynamic head is also increased.
Then, the total head value for convergent flow is the highest at h1 and the lowest at h5 while
the opposite situation is happened in divergent flow.

Introduction

Figure 2.1: Apparatus used to investigate the validity of Bernoulli equation

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Figure 2.2: Apparatus used to investigate the validity of Bernoulli equation

Figure 2.1 and figure 2.2 show the apparatus used to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli
equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct. The apparatus consists of
a clear acrylic duct of varying circular cross section, known as a Venturi. The duct has a
series of wall tappings that allows measurement of the static pressure distribution along the
converging duct, while a total head tube is provided to traverse along the centre line of the
test section. These tappings are connected to a manometer bank incorporating a manifold
with air bleed valve. Pressurisation of the manometers is facilitated by a hand pump.

The apparatus is mounted on an Armfield hydraulics bench. This base board has feet which
may be adjusted to level the apparatus and flow control valves are used to control the flow
rate through the Venturi. Figure 2.3 and Table 2.1 respectively show the positions (in mm) of
the pressure tapings and the dimensions of the cross-sections. The duct has an upstream taper
of 14˚ and a downstream taper of 21˚.

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Figure 2.3: Dimension of the Venturi and positions of the pressure tappings

Tapping Position Manometer Height Diameter of cross-section (mm)


A h1 25.0
B h2 13.9
C h3 11.8
D h4 10.7
E h5 10.0
F h5 25.0

Table 2.1: The dimension of cross section

A level glass is provided as part of the base. The inlet pipe terminates in a female coupling
which may e connected directly to the bench supply. A flexible hose attached to the outlet
pipe which should be directed to the volumetric measuring tank on the hydraulics bench. A
flow control valve is incorporated downstream of the test section. Flow rate and pressure in
the apparatus may be varied independently by adjustment of the flow control valve, and the
bench supply control valve.

The test section is arranged so that the characteristics of flow through both a converging and
diverging section can be studied. Water is fed through a hose connector and is controlled by a
flow regulator valve at the outlet of the test section. The Venturi can be demonstrated as a
means of flow measurement and the discharge coefficient can be determined.

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