NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS

International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]

ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, July -2016
A SURVEY OF TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN FOR MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA

Mrs. Kamini U. Gaikawad

Asst Prof, E& TC Dept., MMCOE, Karvenagar, Pune
Mrs. Rashmi P. Belokar
Asst Prof, E& TC Dept., MMCOE, Karvenagar, Pune

ABSTRACT: may be understood as a pair of equivalent slots. These

In today’s growing world, Microstrip also slots have the greater directivity when the antenna has
known as patch antennas are becoming more useful an air dielectric and decreases as the antenna is loaded
as they can be printed openly onto a circuit board. by material with increasing relative dielectric constant
The Microstrip antennas are also very useful within also act as an array.
the mobile phone market. Patch antennas are low
The antenna only has a equal slot which lowers the
profile, low cost and are easily fabricated.
directivity/gain of the antenna.
In telecommunication, there are several types
of microstrip antennas and the frequently used is As compared to half-wavelength full patch, impedance
the patch antenna or microstrip patch antenna. bandwidth is slightly less
Microstrip antennas are relatively economical to also the coupling between radiating edges has been
design and assemble because of feature like simple eliminated. The antenna has a virtual shorting plane
2-dimensional physical geometry. They are usually along its center. To create a quarter-wavelength
employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the microstrip antenna it is possible to replace with a
size of the antenna is directly tied to physical shorting plane.
the wavelength at the resonant frequency. A single
patch antenna has ability to provide maximum
directive gain of around 6-9dBi. It is relatively easy
to print an array of patches. Patch arrays can gives
greater gains at little additional cost; matching and
phase adjustment is possible to perform with
printed microstrip feed structures, again in the same
operations that form the radiating patches. The
patch antenna has is able to create high gain arrays
in a low-profile which make it applicable on
airplanes as well as in other military applications.
KEYWORDS: Microstrip antenna, Dielectric, Patch
Fig 1: Structure of microstrip patch antenna
Length, feed techniques, Patch width, etc.

INTRODUCTION:
The parameters of antenna get affected because
of dielectric loading of a microstrip antenna. The
reduction in antenna bandwidth is done with increase in
dielectric constant of the substrate which is in turn helps
to increases the Q factor of the antenna which is in turn
reduces the impedance bandwidth. This relationship did
not immediately follow in cases like transmission line
model of the antenna, but is visible when using the cavity
model which was introduced in the late 1970s by Lo et Fig 2: Common shapes of microstrip patch antennas
al. The radiation from a rectangular microstrip antenna

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 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, July -2016
LITERATURE SURVEY: introduced . The techniques of enhancing the bandwidth
Mithila R. Ghuge et. al. (2014) In the recent of microstrip UWB antenna is useful to increase the
era of wireless communication, Microstrip antenna performance of the designed antenna. The UWB antenna
(MSA) is hot research topic attracting attentions of many is able of perform over an UWB as allocated by the
researchers .MSA are low profile, lightweight and have a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with good
compatibility with integrated circuit technology. There properties like radiation in excess of the entire
are several drawbacks of MSAs likes their narrow frequency range. The antenna was designed and
impedance, bandwidth, axial ratio, lower power handling simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator
capacity small gain etc. Here the overview of air fed high HFSS software packages. The effect of shifting feed line
gain patch antenna is presented. Various gain from the center of patch to the edges was also
enhancement methods like micro strip antenna array, considered in count to the effect of changing the length
super strate structure, change in dielectric material and of the ground plane.
partial removal of substrate will be studied also the
presentation of review. Air is used as dielectric medium M. H. Diallo Yaccoub et. al.(2013) In this paper, we
between feed patch and ground plane. present a new approach to improve the radiation
effectiveness and the performance of antennas by
Vikas et. al. (2014) In this paper an Ultra Wideband miniaturization of the size. The printed antenna is one of
(UWB) micro strip antenna consisting of a circular the best antenna structures, due to its low cost and
monopole patch along with stepped feed line, a 10 dB compact design. Indeed, we have studied the
return loss bandwidth from 3.1 to 10 GHz is proposed. performance of ultra wideband antenna which consists
This antenna was designed on FR4 substrate with overall of a ring-shaped patch. The complete frequency band of
size of 40 x 31.17 x 0.787 mm3 and dielectric substrate UWB which is ranging from 2.5GHz to 9.4GHz and the
with 𝜀𝑟 = 2.2 This antenna designed by using CST geometry of the antenna and to obtained results the
Software based on the characteristic impedance for the simulation software CST Studio microwaves is used.
transmission line model and operated at UWB frequency
. The parameters like feed size, ground plane and Atser A. Roy et. al. (2013) the suggested simulation
substrate dimension which affect the performance of the technique is Sonnet software and the results compared
antenna in terms of its time domain and frequency with the conventional rectangular patch antenna. In
domain characteristics are investigated. proposed method, the U, E and H are three different
geometry shapes developed from a rectangular patch of
W. Mazhar et.al. (2013) A novel design of compact the width (W) = 32mm and length (L) = 24mm. The
micro strip UWB antenna with step impedance micro substrate material used for the proposed antennas is
strip line is proposed. The proposed antenna is analyzed Alumina 96%, with loss tangent of 4.0e-4 and the
in both frequency and time domain to check its dielectric constant of 9.4. The proposed antennas may
appropriateness for UWB applications. For feeding used find applications in Wireless Local Area Network. The
connector is SMA female. Antenna features like as return results obtained clearly show that, bandwidth of
loss and radiation pattern show reasonable agreement conventional rectangular micro strip antenna can be
with the simulated results. The omni-directional enhanced from 4.81% (100MHz) to 28.71% (610 MHz),
radiation pattern on most of the operating band. 28.89% (630MHz) and 9.13% (110MHz) respectively
Radiation pattern is measured in antenna anechoic using U, H and E-patch over the substrate. As compared
chamber. Feed line used has characteristic impedance of to U-shaped & H-shaped, E-shaped patch antenna has the
50 -. The antenna consists of a partial ground with slots highest bandwidth.
at the rear end and a rectangular patch with slits on the
top face. The antenna with dimension of L=34mm £
W=36mm is fabricated on FR-4 epoxy dielectric with
relative permittivity of 4.4. The designed antenna has the
capability of operating between 3 GHz to 10.26 GHz with
a 7.26 GHz bandwidth (fh-fl).

Mustafa Abu Nasr et.al. (2013) The design and analysis

of a new ultra wideband micro strip antenna for
optimum performance which fulfilled a greatest
bandwidth starting from 3.9GHz to 22.5GHz is
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 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, July -2016

DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES:
Sr. Title Technique Input parameter Output parameter
No
1 Novel Modified UWB In this paper H- shape was 2 (VSWR<2) for frequency
Ground-22×22mm Patch length-
Planar Monopole Antenna designed on patch antenna and also band of 3.1 to over 13.9
13.5mm Patch width -10mm feed
With Variable Frequency two square slots are inserted on GHz with rejection band
line length-8mm Feed line
Band-Notch Function [3] ground plane. This DGS provide an around 5.1 to 6 GHz.
width-1.86mm
additional current path.

2 Single Layer Dual band A G- shape slot was cut on the Dielectric constant =2.2 At frequency 3 GHz
G-shaped patch patch for bandwidth magnification.
antenna[2] Substrate thickness=4mm BW= 500 MHz Gain = 7.5 dBi
Return loss= -17 dBi
Patch length (L) =30mm
At frequency 3.8 GHz
Patch width(W) =40mm
BW= 400 MHz Gain= 2.4 dBi
Return loss= -15dBi
3 An Edge Tapered A rectangular patch antenna FR4 Epoxy Glass was used as Percentage Bandwidth =
Rectangular Patch with tapered edge was designed. The substrate with thickness of 1.6 112% (centered at 6.01
Antenna with Parasitic slot and parasitic stubs were also mmDielectric constant of
Stubs and Slot for used for this design. substrate= 4.4Antenna size=35 GHz)
Wideband Applications 3
×35 ×1.6 mm . Average radiation
[1]
efficiency= 83.9%

4 Micro strip Symmetrical E shape antenna was Resonant frequency Gain = 4.7 dB

E-Shape Patch Antenna designed by cutting two slots from fr 3.1GHz co-axial feed line was Return loss = -28 dB
for the Wireless rectangular patch. 2
used. Ground plane-41×31 mm
Communication Systems
[7] 2
Patch-31×21 mm

5 Multi-Port Network Fractal Minkowski geometry was Ground plane of aluminum At first iteration
Approach for the Analysis used. In Minkowski initiator is of dimensions 2 0 cm× 20 cm
of Dual Band Fractal divided into three equal parts of length was used. Fr1= 2.95 GHz
Micro strip Antennas [4] and by two horizontal and a vertical
segment of equal length middle BW= 38 MHz Gain = 5.98
segment was replaced. nd
dBi At 2 iteration Fr2=
4.725 GHz BW= 59.8 MHz
Gain= 5.3 dBi

6 Wideband fractal shaped Fractal geometry was used. A st Bandwidth

At 1 iteration length
slot antenna for X-band second iteration fractal shaped cross
application [5] slot is fabricated along the centre of and width of + sign was 15mm magnification better than 2
the broadwall of a rectangular nd GHz and 2 GHz 3 dB
and 2mm. At 2 iteration length pattern
waveguide.
and width of + sign was
5.4mm and bandwidth was
obtained.
72mm.

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 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, July -2016
PARAMETERS OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA:
The Figure 3 shows frequency of operation of the patch
antenna determination by the length L.
The fields of the microstrip antenna are plotted in Figure

2 for W=L=0.5 .

Fig 3: Side View of Microstrip Antenna

The center frequency will be :

The above equation states that the microstrip

antenna should have a length equal to one half of a
wavelength within the substrate medium. The input
impedance of the microstrip antenna gets control with
the help of width of antenna. Increase in widths results
more bandwidth & reduction in impedance. For a square
patch antenna fed in the manner above, the input
impedance will be on the order of 300 Ohms. However,
Fig 4. Normalized Radiation Pattern for Microstrip
to decrease the input impedance upto 50 Ohms is the
(Patch) Antenna.
requirement of very wide patch antenna, which takes up
a lot of valuable space. The width also helps to controls The directivity of patch antennas is
the radiation pattern. The following equations gives approximately 5-7 dB. The fields are linearly polarized,
normalized radiation pattern: and in the horizontal direction when viewing the
microstrip antenna as in Figure 4.

APPLICATIONS:
After a number of limitations due to the several
advantages micro strip antenna found very useful in
different applications. Micro strip antenna widely used
in the defense systems like missiles, aircraft, satellites
and rockets. Now a day’s micro strip antenna is used in
commercial sectors due to its inexpensiveness and easy
to manufacture benefit by advanced printed circuit
technology. Due to the development and ongoing
research in the area of micro strip antenna it is expected
that in future after some time most of the conventional
antenna will be replaced by micro strip antenna. Some of
In the above, k is the free-space wave number, given the major applications of micro strip antennas are:
 Mobile Communication:- Antenna used in mobile
by . The magnitude of the fields, given by: applications should be light weight, small size. Micro
strip antenna possesses this entire requirement. The
most of mobile applications are handheld gadgets or
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 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, July -2016
pocket size equipment, cellular phones, UHF pagers and direction. Determining the ground soil grades Synthetic
the radar applications in vehicles like car, planes, and Aperture radar method is used.
ships. Various types of designs are made and used for  Application in Medical Science:- In medical science for
radar applications like marine radar, radar for treating the malignant tumors microwave energy is used
surveillance and for remote sensing. to induce hyperthermia. The microwave energy radiator
 Satellite Communication: - In satellite communication used for this should be adaptable to the surface being
antenna should have the circular polarization. One of the treated and should be light weight. Micro strip patch
major benefit of micro strip antenna is that one can antenna is the only one that can fulfill that requirement.
easily design an antenna with require polarization by Annular ring and circular disk micro strip antenna are
using dual feed networks and different techniques. some examples. A half circular flexible patch monopole
Parabolic antennas are used in satellite communication micro strip applicator used is shown in figure below.
to broadcasting from satellite. A flat micro strip antenna Figure shows the geometry of the applicator that how it
array can be used in the place of parabolic reflector. is conform on the curved surfaces [11].
 Global Positioning System :- Initially the satellite based
GPS system are used for only in military purposes but CONCLUSION:
now a day’s GPS found a large application in everyone’s This study provided an insight on determine
life and now used commercially. GPS found an essential the behavior of micro strip patch antenna using
requirement in vehicles, ships and planes to track the several designing techniques such as fractal, G shape, E
exact location and position. 24 satellites are working in shape, cross dipole slot , parasitic stub and edge
GPS encircling the earth in every 12 hours at altitude tapering. The limitations of conventional antenna can
20,200 km. GPS satellite using two frequencies in L-band be overcome by using the above mention techniques.
to transmit the signal which is received by thousands of The maximum value of output parameters gain by
receivers on earth. The receiver antenna should be using G- shape technique and return loss by using E-
circularly polarized. An Omni-directional micro strip shape technique is 7.5 dB and -28 dB. The techniques
antenna has wide beam and low gain can be easily discussed in this paper are based on HFSS to simulate
design with dual frequency operation in L-band. the various parameters of antenna.
 Direct Broadcast Satellite System:- In many countries
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ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, July -2016
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