ECHINACEA

COMMON NAMES:

American Cone Flower,

Black Sampson,
Black Susans,
Brauneria Angustifolia,
Brauneria Pallida,
Comb Flower,
Coneflower,
Echinaceawurzel,
Equinácea,
Hedgehog,
Igelkopfwurzel,
Indian Head,
Kansas Snakeroot,
Narrow-leaved Purple Cone Flower,
Pale Coneflower,
Purple Cone Flower,
Purpursonnenhutkraut,
Purpursonnenhutwurzel,
Racine d'echininacea,
Red Sunflower,
Rock-Up-Hat,
Roter Sonnenhut,
Schmallblaettrige Kegelblumenwurzel,
Schmallblaettriger Sonnenhut,
Scurvy Root,
Snakeroot,
Sonnenhutwurzel.
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION:

KINGDOM: Plantae
ORDER: Asterales
FAMILY: Asteraceae/Compositae
SUB FAMILY: Asteroideae
TRIBE: Heliantheae
GENUS: Echinacea
SPECIES: There were 9 distinct species.

 Echinacea angustifolia – Narrow-leaf Coneflower

 Echinacea atrorubens – Topeka Purple Coneflower
 Echinacea laevigata – Smooth Coneflower, Smooth Purple
Coneflower
 Echinacea pallida – Pale Purple Coneflower
 Echinacea paradoxa – Yellow Coneflower, Bush's Purple
Coneflower
 Echinacea purpurea – Purple Coneflower, Eastern Purple
Coneflower
 Echinacea sanguinea – Sanguine purple Coneflower
 Echinacea simulata – Wavyleaf Purple Coneflower
 Echinacea tennesseensis – Tennessee Coneflower

Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida and Echinacea purpurea are the

main medicinal Echinacea species.

GENERIC NAME ORIGIN:

Echinacea is derived from a Greek word “Echinos” meaning "hedgehog"

or "sea urchin," referring to the sharp pointed bracts of the receptacles,
giving the herb one of its many common names, "Hedgehog." 

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:

Echinacea is a perennial herb native to the mid western region of North

America growing from Virginia to Ohio, Michigan, south to Georgia and
Louisiana. It is found growing on road banks, prairies, fields and in dry,
open woods, from the prairie states northward to Pennsylvania and has
been widely cultivated in Europe.

SOURCE MATERIALS:

Roots and/ Rhizomes.

MORPHOLOGY:

ROOTS:
COLOUR: pale to yellowish brown.
TEXTURE: tapering, cylindrical, slightly spiral, and fibrous
ODOR: aromatic smell.
DIAMETER: 4 – 10mm
LEAVES:
COLOUR: dark green.
TEXTURE: bristly.
STEMS:
LENGTH: 2 to 3 ft.
HEIGHT: 60cm-90cm high.
TEXTURE: slender but stout, rough and bristly.
FLOWERS:
HEIGHT: 4 to 5 in.
DIAMETER: 10cm-13cm
SEED:
COLOUR: tan or two-toned tan and brown
SIZE: varies depending on species and availability of water and nutrients.
RHIZOMES:
COLOUR: pale to yellowish brown
TEXTURE: crowned with remains of the aerial stem,
and sometimes showing surface annulations up to
15mm in diameter.

MICROSCOPY:

The rhizomes and roots in transverse section show a thin outer bark
separated from a wide xylem by a distinct cambial line. The cork is
composed of several rows of thin-walled cells containing yellowish
brown pigment. The rhizome has a small circular pith, occasional small
groups of thick-walled, lignified fibers in the pericycle, and a
parenchymatous cortex. The phloem and xylem are composed of narrow
strands of vascular tissue separated by wide, non-lignified medullary
rays. Xylem vessels are lignified, 25to 75µm in diameter, usually with
reticulate thickening but occasionally with spiral or annular thickening.
Sclereids occur singly or in small groups, varying considerably in size
and shape from rounded to rectangular to elongated and fiber-like, up to
300µm long and 20to 40µm wide, with intercellular spaces forming
schizogenous oleoresin canals that are 80to 150µm in diameter and
contain a dense black deposit. The canals are present outside of the
central cylinder only (unlike Echinacea pallida, where they are present
both inside and outside of the central cylinder). Spherocrystalline masses
of inulin occur throughout the parenchymatous tissues. Lignified fibers,
300to 800µm long, are present in scattered groups, and are usually
surrounded by phytomelanin (unlike fibers in Echinacea pallida, where
they usually occur singly in the periphery of the cortex and are 100to
300µm long, with phytomelanin often absent).

PROPERTIES:

LOSS ON DRYING: Dry it at 105 for 2hours:it loses USP28not more than
10.0%.
FOREIGN ORGANIC MATTER: not more than 3.0%.
TOTAL ASH: not more than 7.0%.
ACID INSOLUBLE ASH: not more than 4.0%.
PESTICIDE RESIDUES: meets the requirements.
HEAVY METALS: 0.001%.

CULTIVATION:

Echinacea plants prefer full sun, well-drained, limey soil, and regular
watering. All species will give some germination in 2 to 3 weeks if
planted shallowly in well-drained potting soil in a warm (not too hot!)
greenhouse and watered gently. A period of cold, moist conditioning
(stratification) will improve germination rate on most species. Natural
outdoor stratification is much more successful than artificial (refrigerated)
stratification. Sow the seed directly in the garden or field in the fall or
early spring. Barely cover the seed and tamp in. Keep weeded and thin to
between 6 inches to 1 foot apart (for the tap rooted species), and 2 feet
apart for Echinacea purpurea.

HARVESTING AND PROCESSING THE ROOT:

Although all parts of the plant have some medicinal value, it is the fresh
root that is most practical and effective for home medicine making.
Echinacea root is harvested during the dormant period, preferably in the
autumn after 2 or 3 years of growth. The roots are dug up with a garden
fork or shovel, shaken free of dirt, and washed with a pressure hose.
Large crowns will need to be hacked apart with a hatchet or machete in
order to allow access to dirt and stones lodged at the base of the crown.
Echinacea roots are pretty stable after washing and may be cold-stored or
shipped over a period of several days without molding. However, it
makes sense to make the fresh root tincture as soon as possible after
washing, which will minimize oxidation.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

Echinacea Consists of

 alkamides
 betain
 echinolene
 echinacein
 echinacin
 caryophylene
 myristic acid
 copper
 esquiterpenes
 essential oil
 fatty acids
 flavonoids
 glycoproteins
 glycosides
 carbohydrates
 cynarin
 resins
 iron
 sucrose
 polyacetylenes
 polysaccharides - the important components stimulating the
immune system are the large polysaccharides, which contribute to
the herb's immune empowering effects and increases T-cell
production and other natural killer cell activity. These include:
 caffeic acid glycoside Echinacoside 
 fat-soluble alkylamides
 inulin 
 protein
 tannins
 vitamins A, C, E
 volatile oils

ROOTS:

The chemicals contained in the root differ considerably from the upper
part of the plant. The roots have high concentrations of volatile oils
(odorous compounds) while the above-ground parts of the plant tend to
contain more polysaccharides (substances known to trigger the activity of
the immune system). The beneficial effects of Echinacea appear to be due
to the combination of these active substances.

NUTRIENT COMPOSTION:

 Calcium
 Chromium

 Manganese

 Vitamin A

 Vitamin B-3

 Vitamin C

 B complex Vitamins

 Sodium

 Potassium

 UFA

ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA:

It contains not less than 0.5percent of total phenols,calculated on the

dried basis as the sum of caftaric acid (C 13H12O9),chicoric acid
(C22H18O12),chlorogenic acid (C16H18O9),dicaffeoylquinic acids
(C25H24O12),and echinacoside (C35H46O20).It contains not less than
0.075percent of dodecatetraenoic acid isobutylamides (C16H25NO) on the
dried basis. USP28

ECHINACEA PALLIDA:

It contains not less than 0.5percent of total phenols,calculated on the

dried basis as the sum of caftaric acid (C 13H12O9),chicoric acid
(C22H18O12),chlorogenic acid (C16H18O9),and echinacoside (C35H46O20).

AVAILABLE FORMS:

Three species of echinacea are commonly used for medicinal purposes:

Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea. Many
echinacea preparations contain one, two, or even all three of these
species. Different products use different parts of the echinacea plant. This
is why the effectiveness of echinacea may differ from one product to
another.
Echinacea (including one, two, or all three species) is available in
extracts, tinctures, tablets, capsules, and ointments. It is also available in
combination with other immune boosting herbs, vitamins, and minerals.
A study performed by ConsumerLab.com (an independent company that
tests the purity of health, wellness, and nutrition products) found that of
11 brands of echinacea purchased for testing, only 4 contained what was
stated on their labels. About 10% had no echinacea at all; half were
mislabelled as to the species of echinacea in the product; and more than
half of the standardized preparations did not contain the labelled amount
of active ingredients.
Buy products made by reputable, established companies that distribute
their products through trustworthy and knowledgeable establishments.
When possible, select products with guaranteed potency or standardized
extracts

IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA:

1. PRESENCE OF ECHINACOSIDE AND DICAFFEOYLQUINIC

ACIDS (CYNARIN[E]):

Thin-Layer Chromatographic Identification Test:

Test solution: Weigh and finely pulverize about 10g of Echinacea

angustifolia, and transfer 1g of the powder to a suitable extraction
thimble. Transfer the thimble to a continuous extraction apparatus, and
extract with 50mL of chloroform for 1hour.Retain the chloroform extract
for Identification testB. Continue the extraction with 50mLof methanol,
and concentrate to a small volume at 40 in vacuum. With the aid of
methanol, transfer the extract to a 10-mLvolumetric flask, and dilute with
methanol to volume.

Standard solution 1: Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of USP

Powdered Echinacea angustifolia Extract RS in methanol to obtain a
solution having a concentration of about 20USP28mg per ml.
Standard solution 2: Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of 1,3-
dicaffeoylquinic acidUSP28in methanol to obtain a solution having a
concentration of about 1mg per ml.
Developing solvent system: Prepare a mixture of ethyl acetate, formic
acid, and water (17:2:1).
Spray reagent 1: Dissolve a suitable quantity of diphenylborinic acid,
ethanolamine ester in methanol to obtain a solution having a
concentration of about 10mg per ml.
Spray reagent 2: Dissolve a suitable quantity of polyethylene glycol
4000in alcohol to obtain a solution having a concentration of about 50mg
per ml.
Procedure: Proceed as directed in the chapter. Develop the
chromatograms in Developing solvent system until the solvent front has
moved not less than 12USP28cm, and dry the plate in a current of air. Spray
the plate with Spray reagent 1followed by Spray reagent 2,and examine
the plate under UV light at 365nm:the chromatogram obtained from the
Test solution shows a yellowish zone at an RF value of 0.14characteristic
of echinacoside (absent or only traces present in Echinacea purpurea) that
corresponds in colour and RF value to that in the chromatogram of
Standard solution 1,and another zone characteristic of 1,3-
dicaffeoylquinic acidUSP28(absent in Echinacea pallida and Echinacea
purpurea) corresponding in colour and RF value USP28 to that in the
chromatogram of Standard solution 2.Other coloured zones of varying
intensities may be observed in the chromatogram of the Test solution.
2. PRESENCE OF ISOBUTYLALKENYLAMIDES
Thin-Layer Chromatographic Identification Test:
Test solution: Evaporate the chloroform extract retained from preparation
of the Test solution in Identification test A to dryness at 40 in vacuum.To
the residue,add 1mLof alcohol,and pass through a nylon membrane filter
having a porosity of 0.45µm.
Standard solution 1: Transfer an accurately weighed quantity of USP
Powdered Echinacea angustifoliaExtract RSto a centrifuge tube,and add
chloroform to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about
100USP28mg per mL.Shake by hand to disperse,sonicate for 5minutes,and
centrifuge.Use the supernatant.
Standard solution 2: Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of b-
sitosterol in methanol to obtain a solution having a concentration of about
1mg per mL.
Developing solvent system: Prepare a mixture of hexaneUSP28and ethyl
acetate (2:1).
Spray reagent: Prepare a mixture of glacial acetic acid,sulfuric acid,and p-
anisaldehyde (10:5:0.5) in an ice bath. USP28
Procedure: Proceed as directed in the chapter.Develop the chromatograms
inDeveloping solvent system until the solvent front has moved not less
than 12USP28cm,and dry the plate in a current of air. ExamineUSP28the plate
under UVlight at 254nm:the chromatogram obtained from the Test
solution shows one main zone at an RFvalue of about 0.25USP28due to
2E,4E,8Z,10E-dodecatetraenoic acid isobutylamide and dodeca-
2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (absent in E.pallida)that
corresponds in RFvalue to that in the chromatogram of Standard solution
1USP28 ,Spray the plate with Spray reagent,and then heat the plate at 100
for 5minutes:the chromatogram obtained from the Test solution shows a
zone due to b-sitosterol that corresponds in RFvalue to the principal spot
in the chromatogram of Standard solution 2,below this spot,there isUSP28a
USP28 zone USP28 due to dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide
and to dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide that
corresponds in RFvalue to that in the chromatogram of Standard solution
1,and below this spot,there are several yellowish zones due to a,b-
unsaturated isobutylamides (absent in Echinacea pallida and mostly violet
in Echinacea purpurea due to the presence of a,b,g,d-unsaturated
isobutylamides)that are not visible or are very weak when viewed under
UVlight at 254nm.
3. RETENTION TIME:
The retention time of the major peak in the chromatogram of the Test
solution corresponds to that of the echinacoside peak in the
chromatogram of Standard solution 1,as obtained in the test for Content
of total phenols. The chromatogram of the Test solution shows a peak for
1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid corresponding in retention time to that obtained
with Standard solution 1 USP28
4. CONTENT OF TOTAL PHENOLS :
Solvent: Prepare a mixture of alcohol and water (7:3).
Solution A: Prepare a filtered and degassed solution of phosphoric acid
(0.1in 100).
Solution B: Use filtered and degassed acetonitrile.
Mobile phase: Use variable mixtures of Solution Aand Solution B as
directed for Chromatographic system.Make adjustments if necessary.
Standard solution 1: Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of USP
Powdered Echinacea angustifolia Extract RS in Solvent,shaking and
heating in a water bath.DiluteUSP28with Solvent to obtain a solution having
a known concentration of about 1mg of per mL.Pass through a membrane
filter having a 0.45-µm or finer porosity.
Standard solution 2: Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of
chlorogenic acid RS in Solvent,shaking for 1minute.Dilute
quantitatively,and stepwise if necessary,with Solvent to obtain a solution
having a known concentration of about 40µg per mL.Pass through a
membrane filter having a 0.45-µm or finer porosity.
Test solution: Transfer about 125mg of finely powdered Echinacea
angustifolia (capable of passing through a 40-mesh sieve),accurately
weighed,to a round bottom flask equipped with a condenser. USP28 Add
25.0mLof Solvent,and heat under reflux,while shaking by mechanical
means,for 15minutes.Centrifuge,or pass through a membrane filter having
a 0.45-µm or finer porosity.
Chromatographic System: The liquid chromatograph is equipped with a
330-nm detector and a 4.6-mm ×25-cm column that contains 5-µm
packing L1.The column temperature is maintained at 35 .The flow rate is
about 1.5mL per minute.The chromatograph is programmed as follows.

Time Solution A Solution B

(minutes)
(%) (%) Elution
0–13 90®78 10®22 linear gradient
13–14 78®60 22®40 linear gradient
14–17 60 40 isocratic
17–17.5 60®90 40®10 linear gradient
17.5–22 90 10 equilibration

Chromatograph Standard solution 1,and record the peak responses as

directed for Procedure: The chromatogram obtained is similar to the
Reference Chromatogram for total phenols provided with the USP
Powdered Echinacea angustifolia Extract RSand the resolution,R,between
the 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer and echinacoside is not less than 1.0.
USP28 Chromatograph Standard solution 2,and record the peak responses as
directed for Procedure: The capacity factor,k¢,is not less than 3.0; USP28the
tailing factor is not more than 2.0;and the relative standard deviation for
replicate injections is not more than 2.5%.
Procedure: Separately inject equal volumes (about 5µL)of Standard
solution 1,Standard solution 2,and the Test solution into the
chromatograph,record the chromatograms,and measure the areas for the
relevant peaks.Identify the relevant analytes in the chromatogram
obtained from the Test solution by comparison with the chromatogram
obtained from Standard solution 1.Separately calculate the percentage of
caftaric acid (C13H12O9),chicoric acid (C22H18O12),chlorogenic acid
(C16H18O9),dicaffeoylquinic acids (C25H24O12),and echinacoside
(C35H46O20)in the portion of Echinacea angustifolia taken by the formula:
2500F(C/W)(ri/rS),

in whichFis the response factor and is equal to 0.695for chicoric

acid,0.729for dicaffeoylquinic acids, USP28 0.881for caftaric acid,1.000for
chlorogenic acid,and 2.220for echinacoside; Cis the concentration,in mg
per mL,of USP Chlorogenic Acid RS in Standard solution 2;Wis the
weight,in mg,of Echinacea angustifolia taken; and riand rS are the peak
responses for the relevant analyte obtained from the Test solution and the
collagen from reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Chichoric acid
and echinacoside are almost always found, their concentration depending
on the different species of Echinacea.

BIOAVAILABILITY:

“We examined the bioavailability of Echinacea phytochemicals on two

levels: in cell culture using a cell monolayer made from human colon
cancer cells, where the alkylamides were found to readily cross the
monolayer, suggesting that they will be able to cross the intestinal barrier
and be found in blood, hence gaining access to immune cells and
therefore able to modulate their actions. The caffeic acid derivatives
(cichoric acid and echinacoside) did not cross the cell monolayer. This
was an indication that they would not cross the intestinal barrier when
taken orally. These results were then confirmed in a clinical trial.
Alkylamides, but not caffeic acid derivatives, have been found in blood
samples after ingestion of Echinacea preparations.”

REFERENCE:

Matthias A, Blanchfield JT, Penman KG, et al. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2004;
29:7-13.

Matthias A, Addison RS, Penman KG, et al. Life Sciences. 2005;

77:2018-2029

Matthias, et al. Phytomedicine. 2007; in press.

USES BASED ON EVIDENCE:

Uses based on scientific evidence Grade *

Prevention of upper respiratory tract infections
(adults and children)

Preliminary studies suggest that echinacea is not

helpful for preventing the common cold in adults. A
recent meta-analysis suggested that standardized
extracts of echinacea were effective in the prevention
B
of symptoms of the common cold after clinical
inoculation, compared with placebo. In children, a
combination of echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C has
been reported to reduce the number and duration of
cold episodes. However, prevention research overall
has not been well designed, and additional trials are
needed before a clear conclusion can be drawn.
Treatment of upper respiratory tract infections B
(adults)

Although multiple low quality studies have previously

suggested that taking echinacea by mouth by adults
when cold symptoms begin may reduce the length and
severity of symptoms, a clinical trial reported in July
2005 did not demonstrate any clinical benefit. Recent
meta-analyses are conflicting; one suggested that
standardized extracts of echinacea were effective in the
prevention of symptoms of the common cold after
clinical inoculation, compared with placebo, whereas
the other reported no such benefit. Further research is
needed.
Cancer
C
There is a lack of clear human evidence that echinacea
affects any type of cancer.
Immune system stimulation

Echinacea has been studied alone and in combination

preparations for immune system stimulation (including
in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy). It remains C
unclear if there are clinically significant benefits.
Additional studies are needed in this area before
conclusions can be drawn regarding safety or
effectiveness.
Low white blood cell counts after X-ray treatment
(leukopenia)
C
Studies have reported mixed results, and it is not clear
whether echinacea has benefits for this use.
Uveitis (eye inflammation)

Oral  Echinacea purpurea  may offer some benefits in C

people with low-grade uveitis. Further research is
needed to confirm these findings.
Vaginal yeast infections

When echinacea is used at the same time as the

prescription cream econazole nitrate (Spectazole®), C
vaginal yeast infections ( Candida ) may occur less
frequently. However, further research is needed to
confirm this.
Genital herpes
D
Initial human studies suggest that echinacea is not
helpful in the treatment of genital herpes.
Treatment of upper respiratory tract infections D
(children)

Initial research suggests that echinacea may not be

helpful in children for alleviation of cold symptoms,
possibly because parents are not able to recognize the
onset of common cold symptoms soon enough to begin
treatment, or because the dose of echinacea for use in
children is not clear. There are fundamental differences
in causes of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms
in children versus adults (bacterial versus viral causes,
different viruses, different sites of infection, etc). Until
additional research is available, echinacea cannot be
considered effective in children for this use.
Furthermore, development of rash has been associated
with echinacea use, and therefore the risks may
outweigh the potential benefits in this population.

*Key to grades

A: Strong scientific evidence for this use;

B: Good scientific evidence for this use;

C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use;

D: Fair scientific evidence against this use;

F: Strong scientific evidence against this use.

ECHINACEA AND IMMUNE SYSTEM:

From Dr. Jurg Gertsch,

“We found that some of these alkylamide compounds have a very strong
effect on the regulation of tumour necrosis factor, which is a key
substance in the cellular immune system. Later we managed to find a
mechanism of action for alkylamides, namely that they bind to the type-2
(CB2) cannabinoid receptors, which are known to modulate different
aspects of immune function.”

ECHINACEA AND INFLAMMATION:

Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity comes mainly via:inhibited

oedema, antihyaluronidase activity,COX-I and COX-II enzymes
inhibition,cytokine antibody stimulation,inhibits rhinovirus induced
secretion of IL-6 (interleukin-6) and IL-8 (chemokine CXCL-8),PGE(2)
inhibition with a synergistic manner,Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme
inhibition,Inflammatory response mediators(such like Nitric oxide (NO),
tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta)
inhibition.

Anti-inflammatory principles of Echinacea got identified major comes

from high-molecular weight polysaccharides(molecular weight between
30,000 and 100,000), echinacoside(caffeoyl derivative),alkamides,such
like dodeca-2Z,4E,10Z-trien-8-ynoic acid isobutylamide (1) from E.
angustifolia and dodeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide (2)
from E. purpurea and E. pallida.

BLEND OF ECHINACEA PURPUREA AND ANGUSTIFOLIA:

By Dr. Jurg Gertsch, PhD, Dr. Gertsch, Professor Reg Lehmann, PhD

“We have also been fortunate to have had the opportunity to have this
product clinically tested as well in two trials to date and another one
underway. The first trial was with the research group of Dr. Anna
Macintosh at the National College of Naturopathic Medicine in Oregon
and showed a reduction in the incidence of winter infections in a group of
highly stressed and therefore susceptible students over those on placebo.
We have also recently published a clinical study looking at the effect of
supplementation of this combination upon the human immune response.
Specifically, it was found that supplementation for two weeks caused an
increase in white cell counts, an increase in the expression of leucocyte
heat shock proteins, and an improvement of erythrocyte antioxidant
defenses”
 Dose information expressed as “quantity dried equivalent” of
Echinacea purpurea root presented as dose per day.
QUANTITY DRIED
SUB POPULATION EQUIVALENT(root) (g/day)
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
CHILDREN 2–4y 0.15 0.8

CHILDREN 5–9y 0.23 1.1

AND
ADOLESCENTS
ADOLESCENTS 10 – 14y 0.45 2.3

ADOLESCENTS ≥ 14 y 0.90 4.5

AND ADULTS

Children and adolescent doses were calculated as a proportion of the

adult dose (JC 2008). The use of Echinacea purpurea root in children is
supported by the following references: McIntyre 2005; Bove 2001;
Schilcher 1997.
Adult dose supported by the following references: Mills and Bone 2000;
Bräunig et al. 1992
Includes pregnant and breastfeeding women.
Dose information for the pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea aerial
parts presented as dose per day.

PRESSED JUICE(AERIAL
SUB POPULATION PARTS) (ml/day)
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
CHILDREN 2 -4 y 0.7 1.7

CHILDREN 5 – 9y 1.0 2.5

AND
ADOLESCENTS
ADOLESCENTS 10 – 14 y 2.0 5.0

ADOLESCENTS ≥ 14 y 3.9 10.0

AND ADULTS

Children and adolescent doses were calculated as a proportion of the

adult dose (JC 2008). The use of Echinacea purpurea aerial parts in
children is supported by the following references: McIntyre 2005; Bove
2001; Schilcher 1997.
Adult dose supported by the following references: Schulten et al. 2001;
Hoheisel et al. 1997
Includes pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Dose information expressed as “quantity dried equivalent” of

Echinacea purpurea aerial parts presented as dose per day
 PRESSED JUICE(AERIAL
SUB POPULATION PARTS) (ml/day)
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
CHILDREN 2 -4 y 0.4 1.0

CHILDREN 5 – 9y 0.6 1.5

AND
ADOLESCENTS
ADOLESCENTS 10 – 14 y 1.3 3.0

ADOLESCENTS ≥ 14 y 2.5 6.0

AND ADULTS

Children and adolescent doses were calculated as a proportion of the

adult dose (JC 2008). The use of Echinacea purpurea aerial parts in
children is supported by the following references: McIntyre 2005; Bove
2001; Schilcher 1997.
Adult dose supported by the following reference: Mills and Bone 2000
Includes pregnant and breastfeeding women

REFERENCES:

1. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/echinacea-000239.htm
2. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-
dgpsa/pdf/prodnatur/mono_echinacea_purpurea-eng.pdf
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea
4. http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/echinacea.html
5. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-
dgpsa/pdf/prodnatur/mono_echinacea_purpurea-eng.pdf
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